1.

,
,
.

..
..
a = a a a , : a0=1, a1=a, a2=a a, a3=a a a,

a a = a +

(a )

= a

a
= a
a

a =

1
a

(a ) = a

a
a
=
b
b

a = a

.
1.

a =

3.

2.

4.

( a )

( )

10

10 .
:

0.0235 = 2.35 10 2

10000 = 10 5
7

1
= 10 3
0.001

1
= 10 7
7
10
0.0049 = 49 10 4 = 7 10 2

33400 = 3.34 10 4

10.

200 500 4 10 6
=
2 20 2
2 102 5 102 4 10 6
2 2 101 2
2
5 10
=
10
= 5 10 3

D=

10 15 106 2

=
=

8 103 10 5

10 9 2
4 2 10 2
2 10 7
4 2

10 7
=
2
10 10 8
=
2
= 5 10 8

G=
=

4 10 9 5 10 10
C = 9 10
0.15 10 3 0.3

0.02 (10 + 190)

=
100 10 3

9 10 9 4 10 9 5 10 10
15 10 2 10 3 3 10 1
45 4 10 10
=
45 10 6
= 4 10 4

2 10 2 2 102
102 10 3
4
= 1
10
= 40

E = 3 6 10 2

0.2
2 9 10 9

= 3 6 10 2

10 1
1 9 10 9
1

= 3 6 10 2
= 3 6 10 2

F = 5 10 9 109

1
1

= 50

1
1

10 9 5 10 4 5 10 8
1
1

10

10
9

= 50

10 10

5 10 4 5 10 8
9 10 3

25 10 3
10 3

= 50 25

= 25

10 5
= 3 6 10
3
= 6 10 7
2

=5

4 0.04
50 (60 10 5 2 10 4 ) 0.5

H=

4 4 10 2
5 10 (6 10 4 2 10 4 ) 5 10 1

4 2 0.015
4 10 6 (2 10 2 )2 2000 10

4 2 15 10 2
4 10 4 10 4 2 103 10
15 10 2
=
4 10 6
15 10 4
=
4
15 102 102
=
4
= 15 25 102

4 4 10 2
5 10 4 10 4 5 10 1
4 10 2
=
24 10 4
4 102
=
25
= 44
= 16

= 37.5 103


..

..
. .

, , ,

(A = 90 )
0

, , .
:

=

=

:
:

. .
:
2 + 2 = 1

=(900-)

900.
,

=(900+)
=(900-)

(1800-)=

(1800-)=-

(-)=-

(-)=

1800.

:
1200=(180-60)=600
1350=(180-45)=-450=-0,707

. .

30

45

60

90

/6

/4

/3

/2

0
=0
2

1 1
=
2
2

2
= 0,707
2

3
2

4
=1
2

4
=1
2

3
2

2
= 0,707
2

1 1
=
2
2

0
=0
2

i.

n
, n=0,1,2,3,4 0, 30 , 45 , 60 90 .
2
ii.

10

..

..

1. :

( b )2 = a 2 2ab + b 2

a c
= ad = bc
b d

( b )3 = a 3 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 b 3

a c
a c a+c
= = =
b d
b d b+d

(a + b )(a b ) = a 2 b 2

a c
ab cd
=
=
b d
b
d

2. S
( ).
:

S = a2 =

d2
2

a , d .
:
S = ab

a b .
:
S = ah = ab

a b , h .
:
S=

a+b
h = ch
2

a b , h c .

11

S=

1
ah
2

a h .
:

S = r2 =

d2
4

r , d .
3. V
.
:

V = abc
a, b, c .
:

V = a3
a .
:

1
V = Sh = r 2 h = d 2 h
4
S , r , d h .
:
V=

4 3 1 3
r = d
3
6

r , d .

12


..

..
. :
1. x = <=>

=
<=> x =

( ).

:
. 5x = 10 <=> x =

10
<=> x = 2
5

. -2x = 3 <=> x =

3
3
<=> x = 2
-2

2.

x
= <=> x =

:
.

x
= 4 <=> x = 4 5 <=> x = 20
5

.
3.

x
= 1 <=> x = -3 1 <=> x = -3
3

=
<=> x = <=>
=
<=> x =

:
5x
7
21
7
= - <=> 65x = -73 <=> 30x = -21 <=> x = <=> x = 10
3
6
30

4.

= <=>
=
<=> = x <=>
=
<=> x =
x
x
1

:
5
5
= 6 <=> x =
x
6

5. x + = <=> x = - <=> x =

:
13

. 5x + 4 = 9 <=> 5x = 9 - 4 <=> 5x = 5 <=> x =

5
x=1
5

. -2x + 4 = - 12 <=> -2x = -12 - 4 <=> -2x = -16 <=>

x =

- 16
x=8
-2
, .

6.

+
=
<=>
+
=
<=> x+ = <=> x=-

<=> x =

:
3x
2
2
3x
2
2
+
= <=> 10
+ 10
= -10
<=> 6x + 2 = -4 <=>
5
10
5
5
10
5

<=> 6x = -4 -2 <=> 6x = -6 <=> x =

(x - ) (x - ) = 0 <=>

-6
<=> x = -1
6

x-=0

x=
<=>

x-=0

x=

:
(x - 2) (x + 3) = 0 <=>

x-2=0

x=2

<=>
x+3=0

. :
1. x2 = <=> x =

:
x2 = 4 <=> x =

4 <=> x = 2

14

x = -3

 !!!
(, ..)
, .
2. x2 = <=> x2 =

<=> x =

:
2x2 = 18 <=> x2 =

18
<=> x2 = 9 <=> 9 <=> x = 3
2

3. x2 + x = 0 <=> (x + )x = 0 <=>

x=-

x + = 0
<=>
x=0

x=0

:
2x2 + 3x = 0 <=> (2x + 3)x = 0 <=>

x=-

2x + 3 = 0

3
2

<=>
x=0
2

4. x + x + = 0 <=> x 1,2

x=0

- 2 - 4
=
2

: = 4 0
2

:
x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
x1 =
x1,2 =

25 - 4 1 6
5
=
2 1

25 - 24
5 1
5 1
=
=
<=>
2
2
2

<=>
x2 =

<=> x1 = 3, x2 = 2

15

5 + 1 6
=
2
2

5-1 4
=
2
2

..

..
:
1. ()
, : S = t. , () t
().

:
t 0

S
S t
=
<=> =
t
t
t

S t
S
=
<=> t =

S = t <=>

S = t <=>

2.
: = 0 + t. 0, , t.

= 0 + t <=> - t = 0 <=> 0 = - t

= 0 + t <=> - 0 = t <=>

= 0 + t <=> - 0 = t <=>

t 0

- 0 t
- 0
=
<=> =
t
t
t

- 0 t
- 0
=
<=> t =

3.
: x = x0 + 0 t +

1 2
t . 0, , t.
2

:
x = x0 + 0 t +

1 2
1 2
t <=> x - x0 t = 0 t <=>
2
2

1
x - x0
x - x0 - t2
t
2
<=>
= 0 <=> 0 =
t
t
t 0

x = x0 + 0 t +

1
- t2
2
t

1 2
1
t <=> x - x0 - 0 t = t2 = <=>
2
2

16

1 2
t
x - x 0 - 0 t 2
2 (x - x 0 - 0 t )
<=>
=
<=> =
1 2
1 2
t2
t
t
2
2
t 0

x = x0 + 0 t +

<=> t 1,2

1 2
t <=>
2

1 2
t + 0 t + (x 0 - x ) = 0 <=>
2

1
- 0 02 - 4 (x 0 - x )
2
=
1
2
2

<=> t 1,2 =

17

- 0 02 - 2 (x 0 - x )

..
..

1. x =

2. y =

3. y = x

>0

<0

4. y = x +

y
> 0, > 0

> 0, < 0

y
< 0, > 0

< 0, < 0

(.. t: = f(t))
(.. = 3 - 7 t),

.

18

:
= 0 + t,
0 = 2 m/s, = 5 m/s2. N
( = f(t)).

:
:

=2+5t

(m/s)

t(s)

(m/s)

12

12

2
0

t (s)

.
1. y = x2

y
y
>0

<0

x
2. y = x2 +

>0
>0

<0
>0

x
x

<0

<0

19

3. y = x2 + x +

>0

2 - 4
4

2
x

2 - 4
4

<0

:
,
: S =

1
t2, = 4 m/s2.
2

(S = f(t)).

:
S = 2 t2

S (m)
8

:
t(s)

S(m)

2
0

.
y=

x
>0

<0

20

t (s)


..

AB ,
.
x

.
, xx

, .
.
,

AB .
(+) (
),
(-) (
)

 !!!
,
: ,
.

21

,
.

,
.

, .

,
.

,
.

, ,
.

,
.

 !!!
:

22

 a b

c = a 2 + b 2 + 2 a b

:

a.
b + a

a
c

c = a 2 + b 2 + 2 a b

,
:

a
a

c 2 = () 2

23

= ( ) + ( )
2

= ( + ) 2 + ( ) 2
= (b + a ) 2 + (a ) 2
= b 2 + a 2 2 + 2 a b + a 2 2
= b 2 + a 2 ( 2 + 2 ) + 2 a b
= a 2 + b 2 + 2 a b
: c =

a 2 + b 2 + 2 a b

a
b + a

( ) = ( ) = a
( )
() + ( )
b + a

a
c

( ) = a
( )
c

C :
i.

b
=00 (=1).
:

c = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab c =

(a + b )2

c=a+b

24

 ,
, .
ii.

a
c

=1800 (= -1).
:

c = a 2 + b 2 2ab c =

(a b )2

c= ab

,
,
.
iii.

=900 (=0).
: c =

a 2 + b2

a
b

,
,
.
. a=b, :

25

c = a 2 = 1 = 45 o

.
a

a b .
d , :

( )

d = a b = a + b

. b = b ,
a

b .

d = a 2 + b 2 + 2 a b = 2 + b 2 2b

:

a
b + a

a
d

26


..
--

.
= - , :
= -
> 0,
< 0, .

,
, .
,
.

-
=
t
t - t

> 0 <=> > 0, .

t

< 0 <=> < 0, .

t

 !!!
, :
- = -

27

 :
1 = 36 km/h 2 = 72 km/h t
= 10 sec,

1 = 5 m/sec 2 =

20 m/sec t = 30 sec. ,
;

.
(SI).

km
1000m
m
= 36.
= 10
h
3600 sec
sec
km
1000m
m
2 = 72
= 72.
= 20
h
3600 sec
sec
m
(
20 10 )
2 1
sec = 1 m
=
=
10 sec
t
t
t
sec 2
m
(
20 5)
' ' 2 '1
sec ' = 0,5 m
=
=
30 sec
t '
t '
t '
sec 2
1 = 36

, 1m/sec, 1sec,
0,5m/sec 1sec.
.

28


..

-- --

.
,
.
, , .

.
.

.

.

,
.
:

.
, , , .

: ) ( )
) () ) .
: , , , .

.
,
.

29


.
(S.I.).

()

()

Kg

()

()

()

()

cd

()

mol

,
( ) (S.I.), .
,
( ), .

. ( - )

deci

10-1

deka

101

centi

10-2

hecto

102

milli

10-3

kilo

103

micro

10-6

Mega

106

nano

10-9

Giga

109

pico

10-12

Tera

1012

fempto

10-15

Peta

1015

30

:
. 15 ms = 1510-3 s = 0,015 s
. 2,28 = 2,2810-6 A = 22810-8 A = 0,00000228 A (A: A)
. 1 ml = 10-3 l = 0,001 l (l: )
. 400 nm = 40010-9 m = 410-7 m = 0,0000004 m
. 24 kg = 24103 g = 24.000 g (g: )
. 18 GW = 18109 W = 18.000.000.000 W (W: )

. :
.

.

L M T

] S.I.

1:
, :

u=

s
[ L]
[ u] =
[ u] = [ L1 M 0 T 1 ] .
t
[T]

: (m1)
(s-1),
: 1 m/s.

,
.

:
. ,

, .

31

2:

( s = u 0 t +

1 2
t ) .
2

: [s] = L M T
1

() . :

] [

[ u 0 ][ t ] + [ ][ t ]2 = L1 M 0 T 1 [T1 ] + L1 M 0 T 2 [ T1 ]2 = L1 M 0 T 0 + L1 M 0 T 2 [T 2 ] =

] [

= L1 M 0 T 0 + L1 M 0 T 0

, .

32

..

:
1. = 0 + t, :
. t, = 20, 0 = 10, = 2 ( t)
. 0, = 25, = 1, t = 5 ( 0)
2. F = m , :
. F = 0,4 m = 0,25
. F = 3,75 m = 0,05

:
3. x = x0 + 0 t +

1
t2, t :
2

. x = 20, x0 = 12, 0 = 0, = 4
. x = 8, x0 = 14, 0 = 5, = 5
. x = 22, x0 = 18, 0 = 7, = 4

4. : = 0 + t, 0 = 5, = 2.
5. : S = t, = 10.

6. : y =

g 2
x (
2 02

), g = 10, 0 = 5.
7. : F = m , m = 5.

33

8. : x = x0 + 0 t +

1
t2, x0 = -5, 0 = 3,
2

= 2.

9.
60 : = 3 = 5.
10.
60 : = 2 = 8.

-
11. 20 m/s 50 m/s t = 5
s , t = 10 s. :
. ()
. (t)
. (

)
t

12. x = 30 m t = 3 s x = 55 m
t = 5 s. :
. (x)
. (t)
. (

x
)
t

13. :
. 2570 m km, cm, mm
. 1200 mm m, cm, dm
. 5,2 km m, cm
. 0,05 m2 cm2, mm2, km2

34

. 2,03 km2 m2
. 0,03 m3 cm3, mm3
. 30000 ml l (), m3, cm3
14. :
. 2,5 h min, s
. 75 min h, s
. 200 s min, h

15. x = t +

1
t2 , x
2

, , t .
16. 2 = 02 + 2 x , 0 ,
x .
17. :
. ( E k =

1
m u2 )
2

. ( G = m u r )

35