PlotMaker

Mining Methods
5
th
December 2008
VENKAT M.
Team Lead Minex, INDIA
Mining Methods
Coal is mined by two main methods - surface
or opencast mining and underground
mining.
The choice of method is largely determined by
the depth, geology of the coal deposit and the depth, geology of the coal deposit and
other factors.
The majority of the world's coal production is
coming fromOpencast mines.
This scenario is same in India also.
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
Drill machines (rotary/percussive)
|
SMS, emulsion, Primer, Nonel, etc
|
Shovels, Draglines, etc
|
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
|
Front-end loader, etc
|
Dumpers, Conveyors, etc
|
Coal washeries
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
DRAG LINE
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
SURFACE MINER
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
IN-PIT CRUSHING &
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
IN-PIT CRUSHING &
CONVEYING
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
Coal drill
|
Permitted explosives
|
Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper
|
UNDERGROUND
Supporting
Ventilation
Pumping
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
|
Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper
|
Tubs, Conveyors, etc
|
Coal washeries
Pumping
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
ROAD HEADERS
CONTINUOUS MINERS
UNDERGROUND
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
SDL/ LHD/
UNDERGROUND
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
SDL/ LHD/
SCRAPER
Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
LONGWALL
UNDERGROUND
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
LONGWALL
Selection of Mining Equipment
Stripping Ratio in case of Opencast.
Life of the mine
Infrastructure available
Proposed annual output Proposed annual output
Technology available
OPENCAST
MINING MINING
Different OC Machinery
1. Shovel + Dumper
2. Dragline
3. Surface Miner
4. Bucket Wheel Excavator 4. Bucket Wheel Excavator
5. In-pit crushing + Spreader
Schematic diagram of Opencast
Heavy blasting in open cast benches
Shovel + Dumper
1. Multi seam extraction
2. More flexibility
3. Can work in steep gradients upto 1 in 5
Shovel + Dumper
Rope Shovel and Dumper
Hydraulic Shovel and Dumper
Surface Miner
1. Selective mining.
2. Particularly suitable for coal having
compressive strength below 250 kg/cm
2
.
3. Suitable in gradient of 1 in 10 and flatter.
Surface Miner
Surface Miner
Bucket wheel excavator
1. Used mainly for lignite extraction.
2. Particularly suitable for coal having low
compressive strength upto 100 kg/cm
2
.
Bucket wheel excavator
DRAGLINE
1. Gradients flatter than 1 in 6.
2. Seams should be free of faults & other
geological disturbances.
3. Deposits with Major Strike length.
4. A hilly property is not suitable. 4. A hilly property is not suitable.
5. Deposit should have atleast 15 years life.
DRAGLINE
Giant Dragline bucket
In-pit crusher conveyor technology
In-pit crusher conveyor technology
In-pit crusher conveyor technology
UNDERGROUND MINING
Incline entry into a seam.
Entry through a shaft
Entry
through a
shaft
Man riding systems in the mines
A well supported underground roadway
Coal train - 1919, Pennsylvania
Drilling operation in the coal face
MANUAL COAL LOADING
LOAD HAUL DUMPER
Capacity 2/2.7 Cu.M
Production 150/200 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 6 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m
SIDE DUMP LOADER
Capacity 1.0 Cu.M
Production 120 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 3.5 m
MECHANISED DRIVAGE MACHINES
Rate of drivage 6 meters/day
Production 150 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 4 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m
Continuous Miner
Rate of drivage 50 meters/day
Production 1500 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 3.0 m to 4.0 m
Mechanised Roof Bolter
Bolting -240 bolts/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 5.0 m
FACE
TOP Gate
LONGWALL GENERAL LAYOUT
Bottom
Gate
Dip direction
- Longwall mining method includes drivage of two long roadways in coal and joining them
at the end by a perpendicular drivage forming a face.
LONGWALL MINING
SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE
SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE
POWERED ROOF SUPPORT AT LONGWALL FACE
LONGWALL MAIN GATE
NEW CONCEPTS
(Going to be implemented in INDIA) (Going to be implemented in INDIA)
Highwall Mining
Trench Mining
Bench Mining
Highwall Mining
Highwall Mining
Punch Longwall
Advantages
Step change in cost and productivity
More production capacity
High productivity & low cost
Longer term and higher % of reserves extraction
Punch Longwall
Longer term and higher % of reserves extraction
Easy logistics near surface
High gate road development rates feasible
Higher and faster returns on investment
Total investment ~ $100 million compared with > $300
millions UG
Punch Longwall
Punch Longwall
Erection of Arches
Erection of Arches
Meshing & Lagging with special sleepers
Punch Longwall
1st pressure
peak
Rock stress Low stress Stress
abrupt drop
2nd pressure
peak
Compact
stress
Pressure curve of top coalseam
Technical Principle Of Top Caving
Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC)
goaf
Virgin
coal
Fracture
Coal
Broken Coal
caving
Working
Height
Front AFC Rear AFC
2
8
0
0
5
6
0
0
back
back back
Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC)
Modulator
Link Data Link
Antenna
(Surface or
Underground)
PED schematic operation
PC for
entering
messages.
PED Receivers can be:
BeltPED Personal Receiver (shown)
AutoPED Vehicle Receiver
ControlPED for Equipment Switching
BlastPED for Remote Blast Initiation
Modulator
Transmitter
Ultra Low Frequency Transmission
Through Rock
PED receiver cap lamps
Questions
Please Please
VENKAT M.
TL-Minex-INDIA