cupikfisf; NfhUk; ngz;fs;:

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy;>Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

ngz;fs; njhlHghd fw;if:
jdpikg;gLj;jg;glYk;> tWikAk;:
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;>
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;:
fhzp cupikfSk;>cs;sf td;KiwAk;
vd;gd njhlHgpy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l rk;gtq;fs;
UNSCR 1325 kw;Wk; CEDAW,d; xOq;FKiw tiuGefy;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
52
cupikfisf; NfhUk; ngz;fs;:
UNSCR 1325 kw;Wk; CEDAW,d; xOq;FKiw
tiuGefy;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy;>
Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; njhlHghd fw;if:
jdpikg;gLj;jg;glYk;> tWikAk;:>
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;> Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;:
fhzp cupikfSk;> cs;sf td;KiwAk; vd;gd
njhlHgpy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l rk;gtq;fs;
cupikfisf; NfhUk; ngz;fs;: UNSCR 1325 kw;Wk; CEDAW,d;
xOq;FKiw tiuGefy;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy;>Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lngz;fs;
njhlHghdfw;if:
jdpikg;gLj;jg;glYk;>tWikAk;>ngz;fs;
jiyikapyhdFLk;gq;fs;>Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;>fhzpcupikfSk;>
cs;sftd;KiwAk; vd;gdnjhlHgpy; njupTnra;ag;gl;lrk;gtq;fs;
Kjy; gjpg;G: ngg;utup 2014
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G
ISBN 978-955-1770-17-4
njhFg;G ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G
tbtikg;G re;uFg;jNjDtu> RNue;jpud;
Ma;Tf; FO
m~;uh mg;Jy; fhjpH (Ma;TMNyhrfHkw;Wk; JizMrpupaH)
FKjpdprhKty; (Ma;TMNyhrfHkw;Wk; JizMrpupaH)
[ae;jp FU cJk;gy (Ma;TxUq;fpizg;ghsH)
rush ,khDty; (Kd;dzpMa;thsHkw;Wk; Ma;TMNyhrfH> #upahkfspHmgptpUj;jpepiyak;).
mDuhjh ,uh[ul;zk; (juTNrfupg;gtHkw;Wk; gFg;gha;thsH> #upahkfspHmgptpUj;jpepiyak;)
rhe;jprr;rpjhde;jk; (Ma;TMNyhrfH>kdpjtsmgptpUj;jpf;fhdtpOJepiyak;)
nrupd; NrtpaH (Ma;TMNyhrfH>kdpjcupikfs; ,y;yk;)
&ghfkNf (Ma;TMNyhrfH> u[ul;lgpu[h Nfe;jpua)
md;ngupah `dp/gh (Ma;TMNyhrfH> K];yPk; kfspHMa;Tkw;Wk; eltbf;ifkd;wk;)

,e;jMa;Tf;Fk;>gjpg;gpw;Fk; FOKUSMjutspj;jJ.
gpuRupj;NjhH:
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G
56/1, rurtpxOq;if>fhry; tPjp>nfhOk;G 8> ,yq;if
njhiyNgrp: 94-115632045, 5335800, 5335800, 2690201
njhiyefy;: 94-112690201, 2690192
kpd;dQ;ry;:wmcsrilanka@gmail.com
,izak;: womenandmedia.org
ed;wp.
CEDAWkw;Wk; UNSCR 1325,d; tiuG efy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;jf;fw;ifia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
Jizahf ,Ue;j nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Kd;dhs; JizNte;jUk;> Kd;dhs;
CEDAWFO cWg;gpdUkhd> kfspH Ma;Tf;fhd epiyaj;jpd; NguhrpupaH rhtpj;up FzNrfu>
Mrpa gRgpf; rHtNjr kfspH cupikfs; eltbf;if fz;fhzpg;gfj;jpidr;NrHe;j>
Kd;dhs; CEDAWFO cWg;gpduhd Ms.rhe;jp ijupak; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd
td;Kiw njhlHghd ,e;NjhNdrpa Njrpa Mizf;FOthd Komnas Perempuan,d; Kd;dhs;
jiytUk;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; gapw;rpapy; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rk; njhlHghd I.eh
nraw;FOtpd; ,d;dhs; jiytUkhd Ms.fkyhre;ufpudh MfpNahUf;F ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Clff; $l;likg;G jkJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. fUj;JrhH tiugpid
toq;fpa Ms.mk;gpfh rw;Fzehjd; mtHfSf;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfis njuptpf;ftpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
Ma;tpid tbtikg;gjpy; epGzj;Jt cjtpia toq;fpaikf;fhfTk;> Ma;thsHfSf;F
gapw;rp kw;Wk; MNyhrid toq;fpaikf;fhfTk; Ms.m];uh mg;Jy; fhjpH mtHfSf;Fk;
vkJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhFfpd;wd. fs Ma;TfSf;Fj; Njitahd Mtzq;fspd; kPsha;tpy;
xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa Ms.#ydp nfhbf;fhu> Ms.rhe;jp rr;rpjhde;jk;> Ms.n]upd; NrtpaH kw;Wk;
jpU. kpuf; u`Pk; MfpNahUf;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfs;. ,e;jf; fw;ifia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F vk;Kld;
ifNfhHj;j #upah kfspH mgptpUj;jp epiyak; kw;Wk; Nfhuisg;gw;W tlf;F mgptpUj;jp
xd;wpak;> kl;lf;fsg;G tpOJ: kdpjts mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epiyak;; kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yk;;
u[ul;lgpu[h Nfe;jpua kw;Wk; K];ypk; kfspH Ma;T kw;Wk; eltbf;if kd;wk; Nghd;w
MW epWtdq;fspd; tpiykjpg;gw;w kw;Wk; mHg;gzpg;Gldhd nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhfNt
,e;jf;fw;if ntw;wpfukhf epiwtile;Js;sJ. rush ,khDty;> ,uh[ul;zk; mDuhjh>
,e;jpud; n[ae;jp kw;Wk; #upah kfspH mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpd; (SWDC) Ma;T FO kw;Wk;
Nfhuisg;gw;Wtl mgptpUj;jp xd;wpak; (KPNDU)> kl;lf;fsg;G rhe;jp rr;rpjhde;jk;> ,e;Jkjp
`up`ujhNkhjud; kw;Wk; tpOJ Ma;T FO: kdpjts mgptpUj;jp epiyak;; n]upd; NrtpaH>
udpj;jh Qhduh[h kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yj;jpd; (HHR) Ma;Tf; FO md;ngupah `dP/
gh> /GHfhd; ghD kw;Wk; K];ypk; kfspH Ma;T kw;Wk; eltbf;if kd;wj;jpd; (MWRAF)
Ma;T FO kw;Wk; ]Pyhuj;dhaf;Nf> &ghfkNf kw;Wk; u[ul;lgpu[h Nfe;jpuatpd; (RPK)
Ma;T FOtpdUf;Fk; vkJ tpNrl ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. fw;iffis
tbtikj;jy;> Ma;thsHfSf;F gapw;rp mspj;jy; kw;Wk; MNyhrid mspj;jy;> KbTfis
gFg;gha;T nra;J gupe;Jiufis cUthf;fy; vd;gtw;wpy; topfhl;bahf mtHfs; ,Ue;jdH.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw njhlHghd ,e;jf;fw;ifahdJ> MWRAF,d; MW epiya
KfhikahsHfshd V.rp.gJupahghD> V.vk;.v];. [_khdh `rpd;> Nf.tpNdh[h> A.vy;. `/gPyh>
vk;.vk;.n[. /gHtpd; kw;Wk; MH. Nyhfpj;jh MfpNahuhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. mtHfSf;Fk;
vkJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
Ie;J Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; ,e;jgjpg;G vd;gtw;wpd; ntw;wpfukhd ntspaPl;bw;F ngUk; Jizahf
,Ue;j NehHNtapd; FOKUS epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; vkJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpg;gjw;F
flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;. ,e;j mwpf;ifia tbtikj;j jpU.re;uFg;jNjDtu> ,.RNue;jpud;
mr;rpl;l FNshgy; gpupd;bq; NtHf;]pw;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
FKjpdp rhKty;
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clf $l;likg;gpd; rhHgpy;
53
CBO Community Based Organisation
CDF Civil Defence Force
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women
CENWOR Centre for Womens Research
CEPA Centre for Poverty Analysis
COHRE Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions
CPA Centre for Policy Alternatives
CSD Civil Security Department
DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
DHS Demographic and Health Survey
DS Divisional Secretary
DSD Divisional Secretariat Division
EHRN Exploring Human Rights and Norms
FHH Female Headed Households
GN/GS Grama Niladhari / Grama Seveka
HHR Home for Human Rights
ICES International Centre for Ethnic Studies
ID Investigations and Documentation
INGO International Non-governmental Organization
IWRAW AP International Womens Rights Action Watch Asia Pacifc
LD Legal Defence
LKR Sri Lanka Rupee
LLRC Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
MMDA Muslim Marriages and Divorce Act
MWRAF Muslim Womens Research and Action Forum
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NRC Norwegian Refugee Council
O/L Ordinary Level
PAMA Public-Assisted Monthly Allowance
PARC Protective Accommodation and Rehabilitation Centre
PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
RPK Rajarata Praja Kendraya/ Rajarata Community Centre
SWDC Suriya Womens Development Centre
UN United Nations
UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution
VCHRD Viluthu Centre for Human Resource Development
WDO Women Development Ofcer
WD Womens Desk
WMC Women and Media Collective
WRDS Women Rural Development Societies
Acronyms
nghUslf;fk;;
mwpKfk; 2 - 4
mj;jpahak; 1
,yq;if> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ngz;fs;
jdpikg;gLj;jg;glYk;> tWikAk; 6 - 16
mj;jpahak; 2
,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; kPs;jpUk;gy;:
kl;lf;fsg;G> aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk;
tTdpah khtl;lq;fspd;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfspy;
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs; kPjhd jhf;fk; 18 - 24
mj;jpahak; 3
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfs;: aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp>
Ky;iyj;jPT> kd;dhH> tTdpah> kl;lf;fsg;G>
mk;ghiu kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiyapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; mDgtq;fs; 26 - 33
mj;jpahak; 4
Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fspd; fhzp cupikfs;:
mDuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
%d;W vy;iyg;Gwf; fpuhkq;fspd; rk;gtk;. 35 - 41
mj;jpahak; 5
ePjpf;fhd mZFk; trjp kw;Wk; ghugl;rk;:
mk;ghiu kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lq;fspy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfspy; cs;sf
td;Kiwf;fhf gupfhuk; NjLk; K];ypk; ngz;fs; 43 - 51
#Hah kfspH mgptpUj;jp epiyak;
tpOJ - kdpjts mgptpUj;jp epiyak;
kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yk;
u[ul;l gpu[h Nfe;jpu epiyak;
K];yPk; ngz;fs; Ma;T kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L kd;wk;
aho;g;ghzk;
fpspnehr;rp
Ky;iyj;jPT
jpUNfhzkiy
nghyd;eWit
kd;dhh;
tTdpah
mEuhjGuk;
Gj;jsk;
fk;g`h
nfhOk;G
fSj;jiu
fhyp
khj;jiu
,uj;jpdGhp
mk;ghe;Njhl;il
nkhdwhfiy
EtNuypah
mk;ghiw
kl;lf;fsg;G
khj;jis
fz;b
gJis
Nffhiy
FUehfy;
2
mwpKfk;.
Aj;jk; epiwT ngw;W 15 khjq;fspd; gpd;dH> 2010Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjj;jpy;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd kPl;rp nraw;ghl;by; ngz;fs; vt;thW <Lglyhk; vd;gJ njhlHgpYk;> Kuz;ghl;Lj;
jPHT> ey;ypzf;fk;> kPl;rpailjy; kw;Wk; epiykhw;wk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd nraw;ghL njhlHgpYk;
fye;JiuahLtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l midj;J khtl;lq;fisAk;
NrHe;j vz;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ngz;fisf; nfhz;l FO xd;Wk;> nfhOk;ig jiyikafkhf
nfhz;l epWtdq;fSk; Kjd; Kiwahf xd;wpize;jd. njhlHr;rpahd ciuahly; nraw;ghL
xd;wpw;F ,e;jf; fye;jha;T top tFj;jJ. mj;Jld; ngz;fs; gzpahw;Wk; kw;Wk; njhlHe;J
gzpahw;w Ntz;ba gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; milahsk; fz;lJ. ngz;fspd; rkj;Jtj;jpw;F
murpayikg;G rhHe;j cj;juthjq;fis cWjp nra;Ak; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j
cghak;rhH ,ilaPLfis tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; I.eh ghJfhg;Gg; Nguitapd; jPHkhdk;
1325 kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd midj;J tifahd ghugl;rq;fisAk; xopg;gjw;fhd
rhrdk; vd;gtw;iw Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;if #o;epiyapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjid
tYg;gLj;jy; Fwpj;Jk; ,jd; NghJ fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. Nkyjpf cghakhf;fy; kw;Wk;
nraw;ghLfSf;fhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;l Kd;Dupikg; gFjpfshtd: jw;fhg;G kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G:> tho;thjhuq;fs;:> ,lg;ngaHTk;> kPs;FbNaw;wKk;:> jLj;J itf;fg;gl;ltHfSk;>
Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSk;:> murpay; gq;Fgw;wYk;> jPHkhdk; vLj;jy; fl;likg;Gf;fSk;.
FOKUS, ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G ,ize;J Mjutspj;j ,e;j fye;jha;tpd;
njhlHr;rpahf> tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; jhf;fj;ij Muha;tjw;F Mtzg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Mjhuk;
rhHe;j gFg;gha;Tr; nraw;ghL xd;wpid Muk;gpg;gjw;F fye;jha;tpw;F tUif je;j Ie;J
epWtdq;fs; jPHkhdpj;jd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Aj;jk; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngaHT fhyj;jpy;> ngz;fspd;
tho;f;if njhlHgpYk;> Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH mtHfspd; tho;f;ifia kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;
ngz;fspd; Mw;wy; njhlHgpy; ,e;j epfo;Tfs; vt;thW jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd vd;gJ
Fwpj;J mwpjy;. ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; FOKUS Mjutspj;jJ.
ngz;fSf;F rkj;Jtj;ij cj;juthjg;gLj;Jk; ,yq;if murpayikg;G kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F
vjpuhd midj;J tifahd ghugl;rq;fisAk; xopf;Fk; rhrdj;jpd; (CEDAW) mbg;gilapy;>
epiyahd rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rkpd;ik tiuGefypd; Clhf ,e;j jhf;fj;ij ehk;
gFg;gha;T nra;Njhk;. ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;G njhlHghd kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rp
kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij ,aYkhdjhf;Fk; I.eh jPHkhdk; 1325,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfis
ehk; gad;gLj;JNthk;. fle;j fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; vjpHnfhz;l rthy;fspd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;Fk;>
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; mtHfSf;F fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;s re;jHg;gq;fspy;
mit vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gd njhlHgpy; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j
tiuGefy;fs; toptFf;Fk;.
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfspy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Ie;J
fw;fifspd; gpujhd KbTfis ,e;j mwpf;if Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU fw;ifAk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplak; xd;W Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;JtJld;> Fwpg;gpl;l Gtpapay; mikT
Fwpj;Jk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. fw;if kw;Wk; Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F njupT nra;ag;gl;l
tplaq;fshtd: cs;sf td;Kiw> tWik kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gly;>ngz;fs;
jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;> Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; kw;Wk; fhzpf;fhd mZFk; trjp
Ak;> cupikfSk;. ,dKuz;ghL kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;F> fpof;F kw;Wk;
tl kj;jpa khfhzq;fspd; NtWgl;l gFjpfspy; ,e;jf; fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G ,e;jf; fw;iffSf;F trjpaspj;jJ. ngz;fspd; cupik-
fisAk;> cupikj;Jtq;fisAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F> ghJfhg;gjw;F kw;Wk; ep[khf;Ftjw;F
gzpahw;Wk; cs;SH epWtdq;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gld; ,e;jf; fw;iffs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
tpOJ> kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epiyak; (VCHRD)> K];yPk; kfspH Ma;T kw;Wk;
nraw;ghl;L kd;W (MWRAF)> kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yk; (MWRAF)> #upah kfspH mgptpUj;jp
epiyak; (SWDC) kw;Wk; u[ul;l gpu[h Nfe;jpua (RPK) Mfpait me;j epWtdq;fshFk;.
aho;g;ghzk;> jpUNfhzkiy> fpspnehr;rp> tTdpah> kl;lf;fsg;G> mf;fiug;gw;W> fy;Kid
kw;Wk; mDuhjGuk; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; ,e;jg; gzpfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
,yq;ifapy; Kuz;ghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;F> fpof;F kw;Wk; tlkj;jpa khfhzq;fspy;
Aj;j fhyj;jpy; rKjha kl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa epWtdq;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapy;> Aj;jkhdJ
midj;J rKjhaq;fisAk;> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; vd ,Ujug;gpdiuAk; ghjpj;jJld;>
ngz;fis NtWgl;l kw;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; jhf;fj;jpw;F cs;shf;fpAs;sd vd;gNj
vkJ mDgtkhFk;. Aj;jj;jpd; kj;jpapy; tho;jy; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfspdhy; ngz;fs;
3
NkYk; ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;fhff; $batHfshdhHfs;. mj;Jld;> mtHfSf;F Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j
gpujp$yq;fs; mjpfupj;jd. Aj;jk; epiwtile;jTlDk;> mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; ,J Fwpj;J mil
ahsk; fhz Ntz;baJ kPl;rpf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f
ePjpapd; mbg;gilapYk;> rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfspd; mbg;gilapYk; ngz;fspd;
mDgtq;fis guPl;rpj;jYk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.
Ma;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiy> Fwpg;ghf Aj;jj;jpdhy; Neubahf ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy;
ngz;fspd; kPJ nrYj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;j Mjhu mbg;gil xd;iw cUthf;FtNj ,e;j
Ma;tpd; xl;Lnkhj;j Fwpf;Nfhs; MFk;. tpNrl njhdpg;nghUs; rhHe;j gFjpfs; njhlHghd
mf;fiwapd; Clhf> ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; kPl;rp
kw;Wk; CEDAW,Yk;> jPHkhdk; 1325,Yk; Fwpg;gpl;lthW tsHr;rp vd;gd Fwpj;Jg; ghHf;Fk;
NghJ> gy;NtW fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;sikia ,e;jf; fw;if ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l njhdpg;nghUs; rhH gpupTfs; njhlHghd mf;fiw gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffis/fw;iff;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs; (FHH)
1

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; FHH nfhz;bUf;ff; $ba epyikfs; kw;Wk; njup
Tfspd; #o;epiy rhH gFg;gha;it toq;fy;.
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; tpOJ mikg;gpd; gupe;J
Ngry; eltbf;iffSf;F Mjutspf;f cjTk; GdHtho;T kw;Wk; Gduikg;G njhlHgpy;
ngz;fspd; mZFk; trjp kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F Njitahd Mjhuq;fis toq;fy;.
cs;sf td;Kiw
2
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; cs;sf td;Kiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd;
epiyikfs; kw;Wk; mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fspd; kPjhd mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; vd;gtw;iw
Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
cs;sf td;Kiwf;F cs;shd ngz;fSf;F mZFk; trjpAs;s Nritfs; njhlHgp
yhd cs;SzHit gutyhf;fy;.
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;
3

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; gy;NtW
rthy;fs; Fwpj;J Mokhd kw;Wk; NkYk; tpupthd Gupe;JzHit ngWjy; kw;Wk;
mtw;iw mtHfs; vt;thW vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH vd milahsk; fhzy;.
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; vt;thW jkJ rKjhaj;jpy;> GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;L>
r%fj;jpy; kPs xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l ngz; NghuhspfSld; njhlHGila r%f>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G tplaq;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;whHfs; vd;gJ Fwpj;J
#o;epiyahf;fiy toq;fy;.
,e;j ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;Jk; mur kw;Wk; muR rhuh gFjpfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czHj;jy;.
jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ngz;fs;
4

ngz;fSf;fhd mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfs; vd;w #o;epiyapy; td;KiwapypUe;J mbg;gil
trjpfs;> tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdk;> fhzp> Nritfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fs;>
ghJfhg;ghd Gyk;ngaHT kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;iw mZFtjpy; ngz;fspd;
tho;f;ifapy; ,lg;ngaHT> kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; kpjkhd jdpikg;gLj;jypd; jhf;fj;ij
kjpg;gPL nra;jy;.
ngz;fSk;> fhzpAk;
5

tpOJ> kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpdhy; (VCHRD) fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
K];yPk; ngz;fs; Ma;T kw;Wk; eltbf;if kd;wpdhy; (MWRAF) fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yj;jpdhy; (HHR) fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
#upah ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpdhy; ,e;jf; fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
u[ul;l gpu[h Nfe;jputpdhy; ,e;jf; fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
1
2
3
4
4
Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; ngz;fSf;F fhzpf;fhd mZFk; trjp
Fwpj;Jk;> fhzpf;fhd ngz;fspd; mZFk; trjp kw;Wk; cupikfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
vz;zf;fU Fwpj;Jk; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
Aj;jk; epiwtile;J RkhH Ie;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dH> Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf jw;NghJ
cs;s jhf;fq;fis milahsk; fhz;gjd; %yk;> ,e;j fw;iffspd; xt;nthd;wpdJk;
KbTfis fPo;tUk; mj;jpahaq;fs; Kd;itf;Fk;. eltbf;iff;fhd njhdpg;nghUs; rhHe;j
tpNrl KbTfs; kw;Wk; gupe;Jiufis milahsk; fhz;gJld; mj;jpahaq;fs; epiwT
ngWk;.
Kiwapay;
gq;fhsHfs; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ Ma;thsHfs;> Ma;T xUq;fpizg;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; MNyhrHfs;
midtUf;Fk; 2012Mk; Mz;L nrg;nuk;gH khjk; tjptpl Mtzg;gLj;jy; gapw;rp nraykHT
elj;jg;gl;L> ,e;jf; fw;iff;fhd nraw;ghLfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. rHtNjr kfspH cup
ikfs; nraw;ghl;L fz;fhzpg;gfk;> Mrpa gRgpf; (IWRAW AP) kw;Wk; CEDAWFOtpd;
Kd;dhs; jiytuhd Ms. rhe;jp ijupak; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw njhlHghd
,e;NjhNd~pa Njrpa Mizf;FOthd Komnas Perempuan,d; Kd;dhs; jiytUk;> rl;lk;
kw;Wk; gapw;rpapy; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rk; njhlHghd I.eh nraw;FOtpd; elg;Gj; ji-
ytUkhd Ms. fkyh re;jufpudh Mfpa ntspaf gapw;rpahsHfSld; ,ize;J ngz;fs;
kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G ,e;j nraykHit elj;jpaJ.ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL njhlHgpy;
CEDAWFwpj;Jk;> mjd; gpuNahfk; Fwpj;Jk; Gupe;JzHit Vw;gLj;jy;.CEDAWkw;Wk; UN-
SCR 1325 vd;gtw;wpd; tiuGefy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jfty; Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
njhlHgpy; nraykHtpd; NghJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. nraykHtpw;fhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
epHzapf;fg;gl;bUe;jd:
,yq;ifapy; Kuz;ghl;Lr; #o;epiyia kjpg;gPL nra;jYk;> ngz;fspd; ,yFtpy;
ghjpf;fg;glf; $baj; jd;ikia Gupe;J nfhs;sYk;:>
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL njhlHgpy; UNSCR 1325 kw;Wk; CEDAW vd;gtw;wpd; gpuNahfk;
Fwpj;j Gupe;JzHit Vw;gLj;jy;.
kdpj cupikfs; vz;zf;fUtpy; ,yq;ifapy; Kuz;ghl;Lr; #o;epiyapy; ngz;fspd;
,yF tpy; ghjpf;fg;glf; $baj; jd;ikia milahsk; fhz;gjw;F jfty; Nrfupj;jy;
kw;Wk; juT Nrfupj;jYf;fhd Fwpfhl;bfis milahsk; fhzy;.
jkJ tpNrl Fwpf;Nfhs;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L jdpahd Kiwapay;fis xt;nthU
fw;iffSk; cs;thq;fpaJ. Ma;tpy; cs;s ,ilntspfis milahsk; fhZk; mNjN-
tis> mz;ika Ma;T kw;Wk; tpthjq;fis guPl;rpj;j Fwpg;gpl;l tuyhw;W kPsha;TfisAk;
xt;nthU fw;ifAk; Kd;ndLj;jJ.CEDAW kw;Wk; UNSCR 1325 vd;w tPr;nry;iyf;Fs;
fw;if miktjw;fhd Ma;T tiuGefy; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F Vw;w tifapy;
KiwapaYk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ngz;fis gpujhdkhff; nfhz;l FLk;g Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk;
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf xt;nthU fw;ifr; #o;epiyapYk;>
msTrhH kw;Wk; gz;GrhH Ma;T Kiwfs; ,uz;Lk; fw;ifapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; kw;Wk; cs;sf td;Kiw Nghd;w kpfTk; $UzHT kpf;f
tplaq;fis Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ ,yf;Ff; FO fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; Mokhd
NeHfhzy;fs; Nghd;w gz;GrhH Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. jkf;F mZFk; trjpAs;s
juTj; jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,e;jf; fw;iff;fhd khjpupfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldH. jhk; Vw;fdNt
gzpGupe;j my;yJ cjtpGupe;jtHfs; cs;slq;fyhf> VidNahupy; vOe;jkhd njupTfs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;F toptFf;Fk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW
%yq;fsplk; ,Ue;J jfty;fis ngWtjw;Fk; xt;nthU Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; mbg;gilapYk;
gq;FjhuHfsplk; gpujhd egHfs; NeHfhzy;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. rpy tplaq;fis kpfTk;
Mokhf ghHg;gjw;F> rpy fw;iffSf;F rk;gtf; fw;iffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
FKjpdp rhKnty;
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G
31>brk;gH 2013
u[ul;l gpu[h Nfe;jputpdhy; ,e;jf; fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
5
5
6
,yq;if> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ngz;fs;
jdpikg;gLj;jg;glYk;> tWikAk;
1. mwpKfKk;> gpd;dzpAk;
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rpapy; ngz;fis nghUshjhu uPjpahf tYg;gLj;JtNj> gpu-
jhd mk;rkhFk;. Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; Kd;ndhU NghjpYk; ,y;yhj GJ
tbtpyhd ,d;dy;fspw;F gy;NtW topfspy; Mshfpd;wdH. Aj;jk; epiwtile;jTlNdAk;>
mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; ,tw;iw milahsk; fhzy; vd;gJ kPl;rpf;fhd kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
mq;fkhFk;. nghUshjhu epahak; rhHe;J ngz;fspd; mDgtq;fis guPl;rpj;jYk; ,jpy;
cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.
Aj;jj;jpdhy; gy jrhg;jq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l> ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhzj;ijr; NrHe;j
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; epyTk; #o;epiyapd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j mk;rq;fis Ma;e;jwptjw;F ,e;j
mj;jpahak;
1
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. tuyhw;W uPjpahd epfo;Tfspd; jhf;fq;fis mJ Muha;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf> Aj;jk; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngaHTf; fhyg;gFjpfspy; ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifAk;>
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH jkJ tho;f;ifia kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ngz;fspd; Mw;wypy; ,e;j
epfo;Tfs; vt;thW jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd vd;gJ rhHe;jjhFk;.
rhjhuz re;jHg;gq;fSf;F mg;ghy; nry;tjw;F>ngWNgWfs; vd;gjd;
mbg;gilapy; jkJ cupikfis vl;Ltjw;fhd ngz;fspd;
Mw;wiy typAWj;Jk;> ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd midj;J tifahd
ghugl;rq;fisAk; xopj;jy; njhlHghd rhrdj;jpd; (CEDAW)
mbg;gilapy;> cWjpahd rkj;Jtj;jpd; tiuG efypd; Clhf
gFg;gha;T nra;ag;glyhk;. fle;j fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; vjpHNehf;fpa
rthy;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH mtHfSf;F
fpilf;ff; $bajhfTs;s> rpy re;jHg;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mit
vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; CE-
DAW cjTfpd;wJ.
Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; vd ,U jug;gpdupYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
mDgtq;fis mJ Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> mtw;iw
vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd Fiwe;j ,aYikia nfhz;bUj;jYk;> ngz;fs;
kPJ NtWgl;l jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpdhy; ngz;fs;
kPJ 'ghy;epiy jPtpu" jhf;fj;jpid nfhz;Ls;sJ. ngz;fspd;
tho;f;if kw;Wk; eyd;fs; njhlHgpy; tWik> ePUf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw>
Nghjpa Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapd;ik> fld; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; NtW
tplaq;fspy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fk; njhlHgpyhd gFg;gha;tpid ,e;jg; gFjp
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. murhq;fj;jpdhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilr;
Nritfs; kw;Wk; r%f ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpfis mZFjypy;
xJf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; cs;slq;fyhf>
ngz;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j eydpy; ,it Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fis ,e;j
mj;jpahak; Ma;T nra;Ak;.
Nkyjpfkhf> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; rpy ajhHj;jq;fs; ngz;fSf;F
'cz;ikahd gpujp$yq;fis" cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ghypay; gyhj;fhuk;> mr;rk; kw;Wk;
elkhLtjw;fhd fl;Lg;ghL> ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw kw;Wk; ghy;tpidj; njhopYf;fhf
Ml;flj;jy; Mfpa tbtq;fs; ,tw;wpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
mj;jpahak; 1
ngz;fspd; tho;f;if kw;Wk;
eyd;fs; njhlHgpy; tWik>
ePUf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw> Nghjpa
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapd;ik>
fld; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; NtW
tplaq;fspy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;
njhlHgpyhd gFg;gha;tpid
,e;jg; gFjp cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
murhq;fj;jpdhy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilr;
Nritfs; kw;Wk; r%f
ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpfis
mZFjypy; xJf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fs; vjpHnfhs;Sk;
rthy;fs; cs;slq;fyhf>
ngz;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j
eydpy; ,it Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fq;fis ,e;j mj;jpahak;
Ma;T nra;Ak;.
kl;lf;fsg;G> #Hah kfspH mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j
mj;jpahak; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1
#Hah kfspH mgptpUj;jp epiyak;
7
2. #oiy cUthf;fy; : kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Aj;jj;jpd; tuyhW>
2006Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
2007Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 'fpof;fpd; tpLjiy" vd;gJld;>
cj;jpNahf g+Htkhf fpof;fpy; Aj;jk; KbTf;F te;jJ. xU
tUlfhykhf ePbj;j njhlHr;rpahd ,uhZt vjpHj;jhf;Fjypd;
gpd;dH ,e;j epiy vl;lg;gl;lJ.
2
tlf;fpy; Nguoptpd; fhuz-
khf ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhdtHfs; (mz;zsthf 200>000 NgH)
,lk;ngaHe;jJld;> mtHfsJ tho;f;ifAk;> tho;thjhuKk; mopTf;F
cs;shdJ. vy;.up.up.<MdJ gyte;jkhf nghJ kf;fis Aj;jj;jpy;
<LgLj;Jtjhf mwpf;iffSk; ntspahfpd. NghuhspfSf;Fk;>
nghJ kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;bid fz;lwptjpYk; ,J
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. capupoe;jtHfspd; cz;ikahd vz;zpf;if
ntspahftpy;iy. kPs;FbNaw;wk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; KOi-
kahf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk;> kpfTk; rpwpa Nrjkile;j tPLfs;>
Fiwe;j cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; re;jHg;gq;fspd; kj;jpapNyNa kf;fs;
kPsf;FbNawpdH. mdHj;jq;fSf;F toptFj;j fLikahd thdpiy
khw;wq;fspdhYk;> mtHfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH.
3

2012Mk; Mz;bd; ,yq;if kdpj mgptpUj;jp mwpf;iff;F mika> kdpj mgptpUj;jp Rl;nlz;
kw;Wk; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtkpd;ik Rl;nlz;zpy; Mff; Fiwe;j %d;W khtl;lq;fspy; xd;whf
kl;lf;fsg;G ,Ue;jJ. tUkhd tWik vd;gJ 2006/7,d; 10.7% vd;gjpypUe;J> 2009-2010
fhyg;gFjpapy; 20.3% Mf mjpfupj;jJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; GdH epHkhd epfo;r;rp epuy; vd;gJ gpujhdkhf nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp rhHe;jjhf
,Ug;gjhfTk;> td;nghUs; tpepNahfk; FiwthdjhfTk;> Fwpg;ghf cl;fl;likg;G tpepNahfk;
FiwthfTk; cs;ssjhf tWik Ma;Tf;fhd epiyak; (CEPA 2012) Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. rPdh
kw;Wk; ,e;jpah Nghd;w ,Ujug;G epjpAjtpahsHfspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cjtp> kw;Wk; Mrpa
mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gy;jug;G epjpAjtpahsHfSk;> fpof;fpd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; tlf;fpd; tre;jk;
epfo;r;rpfs; vd KiwNa tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfSk;
tPjpfisAk;> ghyq;fisAk; mikj;jy; kw;Wk; ePHg;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fis Gduikj;jy;
vd;gd njhlHgpNyNa ftdk; nrYj;jpd.
4
,e;j gpuhe;jpaq;fisr; NrHe;j rpy Njit-
fis mit milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;w NghjpYk;> cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J khj;jpuk;
ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w mZFKiwahdJ> rKjhaj;jpd; Vida Njitfs; Fwpj;J ftdk;
nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
kl;lf;fsg;igr; NrHe;j gy ngz;fs; jkJ ehshe;j tUkhdj;jpw;fhf ehshe;j $yp
Ntiy> RaNtiytha;g;G eltbf;iffs;> Ntjdkw;w FLk;g Ntiy> tptrhak; kw;Wk;
kPd;gpbAld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpfspy; <LgLfpd;wdH. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit re;ijapy;
kpfTk; Fiwe;j epiyapy; ghHf;fg;gLtJld;> ngWkjp kpf;fjhfTk; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy.
twpa xJf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; ve;jnthU fl;likf;fg;gl;l jilfs; Fwpj;Jk;
ftdk; nrYj;jhJ> fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshf ngz;fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> ngz;fis
re;ijapy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cjtp epfo;r;rpfs; vg;NghJk; Nghjpajhf ,Uf;fhJ.
NkYk;> nghUj;jkhd Ntiyia ngWtjpy; Nkyjpf mOj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; guhkupg;G
nghUshjhuj;jpy; mjpf nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;f Ntz;ba epiyAk; ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
5

3. KbTfs;
Kd;khjpup rk;gtf; fw;iffshf kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ,uz;L fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;jf; fw;if
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;fhFk; gytPdkhd kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fspd; epiyg;Gs;spapd; Clhf Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfspd;
NjHr;rpia gFg;gha;T nra;tNj ,jd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;. vdNt> cs;SH kfspH FOf;fs;
kw;Wk; murhq;f mjpfhupfspd; cjtpAld; ,e;j ,uz;L fpuhkq;fSk; Nehf;fpd;ghy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;ld. msTrhH kw;Wk; gz;GrhH mk;rq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf fyg;G Kiwfspyhd
fw;ifAk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
2012Mk; Mz;bd;
,yq;if kdpj mgptpUj;jp
mwpf;iff;F mika> kdpj
mgptpUj;jp Rl;nlz; kw;Wk;
ghy;epiy rkj;Jtkpd;ik
Rl;nlz;zpy; Mff; Fiwe;j
%d;W khtl;lq;fspy;
xd;whf kl;lf;fsg;G
,Ue;jJ. tUkhd tWik
vd;gJ 2006/7,d; 10.7%
vd;gjpypUe;J> 2009-2010
fhyg;gFjpapy; 20.3% Mf
mjpfupj;jJ.
ehl;bd; tlf;fpy; murhq;fj;jpd; ,uhZt ntw;wpAld;> 2009Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; ,yq;ifapy;
cj;jpNahf g+Htkhf Aj;jk; epiwTf;F te;jJ.
2
,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhzk;> fhzp> mgptpUj;jp> Kuz;ghL> Mrpa mwpf;if N15915 xf;NlhgH 2008,
http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/159-sri-lankas-eastern-province-land-development-confict.aspx
3
ngHdhz;Nlh gp. kw;Wk; Kzrpq;f v]; (2012)> ,yq;ifapy; tho;thjhuq;fs;> mbg;gil Nritfs;
kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G> Ma;T fl;Liu 6>CEPA, nfhOk;G> gf; 10.
4
Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; ngz;fspd; nghUshjhu tYthf;fy; Fwpj;J Muha;jy;: Mrpa
gRgpf; ngz;fs; fz;fhzpg;gpw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if rk;gt fw;if> etk;gH 2011
5
8
thfiu gpuNjr nrayfg; gpuptpd; fl;LKwpT kw;Wk;
Mz;lhd;Fsk; fpuhkq;fspYk;> tTzjPT gpuNjr nrayf gpup
tpd; jhz;bab fpuhkj;jpYk; ,e;jf; fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; murhq;f mjpgu; trk; ,Ue;j kf;fs; njhifg;
gl;baiyg; gad;gLj;jp Ma;T khjpupfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldH.
vOe;jkhd khjpupfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ld:> fl;LKwpT kw;Wk;
Mz;lhd;Fsk; fpuhkq;fspy;> 205 FLk;gq;fspy; 82 FLk;gq;fs;
(40%) njupT nra;ag;gl;lJld; jhz;bab fpuhkj;jpy; 182
FLk;gq;fspy; 100 FLk;gq;fs; (56%) njupT nra;ag;gl;ld.
xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; ,Ue;j ngz; xUtH> NeHfhzYf;fhf
njupT nra;ag;gl;llhH. fpuhk ngz;fSld; ,uz;L ,yf;Ff;
FO fye;Jiuahly;fs; eilngw;wd. ,uz;L ,lq;fspYk;
ghlrhiy mjpgHfs;> rKHj;jp mjpfhupfs;> murhq;f mjpgHfs;>
r%f Nrit mjpfhupfs;> Kd;gs;sp MrpupaHfs;> Xa;T ngw;w
MrpupaHfs;>WRDS cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; cs;SH fpuhkj;
jiytHfsplk; gpujhd egHfs; NeHfhzy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
3.1 ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; Aj;jk; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngaHtpd; jhf;fk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l midj;Jg; ngz;fSk; Aj;jf; fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW re;jHg;gq;fspy;
,lg;ngaHit vjpHnfhz;ltHfshFk; (Fwpg;gplg;gl;l midtUk; jkJ fpuhkj;jpypUe;J
maypYs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F Ie;J jlitfSf;Fk; mjpfkhf ,lk;ngaHe;Js;sdH> 2007Mk;
Mz;L ngUk; ,lg;ngaHitAk; vjpHnfhz;ldH).
kfspH kw;Wk; rpWkpfspd; r%f tfpghfq;fspy; Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fk;
tho;thjhu cilikfs; ,og;Gf;F mg;ghy;> fl;LKwpT kw;Wk; Mz;lhd;Fsk; gFjpapy;
ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; Aj;j fhyq;fs; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. 20 tPjkhd
tHfs; tho;f;ifj; Jizia ,oe;jtHfshf my;yJ gpupe;J tho;gtHfshfTk;> FLk;gj;
jiytpfshfTk; cs;sdH. NeHfhzg;gl;ltHfspy; 53.5%Md ngz;fs; 18 tajpy; my;yJ
mjw;F Kd;gjhf jpUkzk; nra;Js;sdH. ,e;jg; ngz;fspy; 10 Ngupy; xUtH 15 taJf;F
Kd;gjhf jpUkzk; nra;jtuhthH. NeHfhzg;gl;l NghJ ,e;jg; ngz;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH
30 taJf;Ff; Fiwe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. ,lk;ngaHe;j fhyg;gFjpapy;> ghypay; td;Kiw
Fwpj;j mr;rk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gd fUjp> rpW tajpNyNa ngw;NwhH jkJ kfs;fSf;F
jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jjhf ,yf;Ff; FO fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
18 taJ my;yJ mjw;F Kd;gjhf jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l rk;gtq;fspy; 22.7%Mdit
fle;j ehd;F tUlq;fSf;Fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lit vd;gJk; mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba tplakh-
Fk;. NtW nrhw;fspy; $Wtjhapd; ,e;j rpW taJ jpUkzq;fspy; Ie;jpy; xU jpUkzk;
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy;> mz;ikapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
tho;thjhuq;fspy; Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fk;
2006/2007 fhyg;gFjpapy; jhk; vjpHnfhz;l ngUk; ,lg;ngaHtpd; NghJ Vw;gl;l ,og;Gf;fis
fzf;fpLkhW Ma;tpd; %yk; gjpyspj;jtHfsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. gpujhdkhf mtHfsJ
tho;thjhu ,og;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;JkhW mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. jhz;bab fpuhk
kf;fs; ,y. &. 6>517>702 ngWkjpahd tho;thjhu cilikfis ,oe;Js;sdH. fl;LKwpT
kw;Wk; Mz;lhd;Fsk; fpuhkj;jpy; 72 FLk;gq;fs; (88%) ,y. &. 2>880>500 ngWkjpahd ci-
likfis ,oe;Js;sdH. mz;zsthf xU FLk;gk; &. 40>000 ngWkjpahd cilikfis
,oe;Js;sJ.
fy;tpf;fhd cupikapy; Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fk;
fl;LKwpitr; NrHe;j 82 FLk;gq;fspy;> xU FLk;gj;jpy; khj;jpuk; rhjhuz juf; fy;tpia
epiwT nra;j Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; vd ,UtH ,Ue;jdH. Vida FLk;gq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk;>
ngupatHfs; vtUk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;F Nky; vjidAk; njhlutpy;iy.
,lg;ngaHT> cilikfs; ,og;G> fy;tpf;fhd mZFk; trjp kWf;fg;gly; vd;gtw;wpd; fhuz-
khf Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; vd ,UghyhUila fy;tpAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; ngz;fSf;F ghy;epiyrhH gpujp$yq;fis ,J Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ.
tpNrlkhf ,jd; fhuzkhf tWikia vjpHnfhs;tjpy; gytPdq;fs;> Gyk;ngaH njhopyh-
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l midj;Jg;
ngz;fSk; Aj;jf;
fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW
re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,lg;ngaHit
vjpHnfhz;ltHfshFk;
(Fwpg;gplg;gl;l midtUk; jkJ
fpuhkj;jpypUe;J maypYs;s
fpuhkq;fSf;F Ie;J
jlitfSf;Fk; mjpfkhf
,lk;ngaHe;Js;sdH> 2007Mk;
Mz;L ngUk; ,lg;ngaHitAk;
vjpHnfhz;ldH).
9
sHfshf njhopy; NjLk; NghJ Jiz KftHfshy; Ruz;lYf;F
,yf;fhjy;> jkJ cw;gj;jpfis tpw;gid nra;tjw;F
Kaw;rpf;ifapy; ,ilj;jufHfspdhy; Ruz;lYf;F ,yf;fhjy;>
caH tl;b tPjq;fisf; nfhz;l fld; jpl;lj;jpw;F Mshjy;>
kw;Wk; tPl;bw;Fs; mjpfhu cwTfis Nguk; NgRtjpy; cs;s
rpf;fy;fspdhy; tPl;L td;Kiw vd;gtw;iw Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ.
3.2 njhlHr;rpahd gpujp$yq;fs; - ngz;fspd;
tho;thjhuq;fSk;> tWikAk;
kPs;FbNawpaJ Kjy; jk;khy; nrhe;jkhf Rje;jpukhd
tho;thjhuj;ij Muk;gpf;f KbahJs;sjhf jhz;bab
fpuhkj;jpy; gjpyspj;j ngz;fspy; 87%MdtHfs; njuptpj;jdH.
kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; Nghjhd tUlq;fspy;> rpy ngz;fSf;F
gy;NtW %yq;fspd; Clhf tho;thjhu cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j Kaw;rpfs; ntspg;gilahdjhfTk;
my;yJ epiyahdjhfTk; ,y;iy. jkJ cilikfis ,oe;jJ khj;jpukpd;wp %yjdk;
,d;ik> Nghjpa Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; re;ijfSf;fhd mZFk; trjp ,d;ik> tUlj;jpd;
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ePH gw;whf;Fiw> jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fs;
,d;ik vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf jkJ tho;thjhuj; njupTfis kPs Muk;gpf;f Kbahj
epiyAs;sjhf rpy ngz;fs; njuptpj;jdH. mq;F toq;fg;gl;l cjtpfs;> ngz;fspd;
gy;tifahd cw;gj;jpfSf;F Mjutspf;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> midtUk; xNu
tifahd tho;thjhu eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH.
,uz;L fpuhkq;fspYk; tWik kl;lk;
FLk;gq;fspd; tUkhdj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; NeHfhzg;gl;l ngz;fspd; tWik
epiyapd; mz;zsthd Njhw;wj;ij toq;Ftjw;F cj;jpNahf g+Ht tWikf;Nfhl;bid
Fwpfhl;Lk; fzpg;gPlhf ,e;jf; fw;if gad;gl;lJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;> fl;LKwpT fpuhkj;jpy;
NeHfhzg;gl;ltHfspy; 90%MdtHfs;> jhz;bab fpuhkj;jpy; NeHfhzg;gl;ltHfspy;
76%MdtHfs; vd midtUk;> FLk;gk; xd;wpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfis vl;Ltjw;F Nji-
tahd msit tpl FiwthfNt tUkdk; <l;Lfpd;wdH.
6
ngz;fspd; msg;gupa gzp
fl;LKwpT kw;Wk; Mz;lhd;Fsk; fpuhkq;fspy;> Mz;fs; (fztd; my;yJ kfd;) ngUk;ghyhd
FLk;gq;fspd; (78%) gpujhd tUkhdk; <l;LgtHfshf cs;sdH. gpujhd tUkhdk; <l;Lk;
ngz;fs; gpujhdkhf ehshe;j $yp Ntiy kw;Wk; rpy kPd;gpb> tptrha nraw;ghLfs;>
tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk;> $il gpd;dy; kw;Wk; Gyk;ngaHe;J ntspehLfSf;F njhopYf;Fr; nry;yy;
vd;gtw;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. ,e;j ngz;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH fztid ,oe;jtHfshfTk;>
xU rpyH jkJ fztid tpl;L gpupe;J tho;gtHfshfTk; cs;sdH. FLk;gk; rhHe;j tho;thjhu
eltbf;iffSf;F mg;ghy;> fl;LKwpT fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s ngz;fs;> fhl;bw;Fs; nrd;W Njd;
Nrfupj;jy;> fhl;bypUe;J goq;fs; (ghy;gok;) Nrfupj;jy;> $il gpd;dy; kw;Wk; tay; epyq;fspy;
ehshe;j $yp Ntiyapy; <Lgly; vd;gtw;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. vt;thwhapDk;> ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs; fhl;bw;Fs; nrd;W goq;fs; kw;Wk; Njd; Nrfupj;J tUtjidAk;> vg;NghjhtJ
fpilf;Fk; ehshe;j $yp NtiyiaAk; njhopyhff; fUjtpy;iy vd Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Ma;Tj;
juTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
maypy; cs;s fhl;Lg;gFjpfspy; ngz;fshy; ghy;gok; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; fhyg;gFjpapNyNa
,e;j Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. Kw;gfy; 10 kzpf;F ,ilj;jufHfSf;F (nkhj;j tpiyapy;
thq;FgtH) tpw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjdhy;> mjpfhiy %d;W kzpastpy; mtHfs; ,e;jg; gok;
Nrfupf;Fk; njhopiy Muk;gpj;J tpLfpd;wdH. K];yPk; tHj;jfHfsplk; goq;fis tpw;gid
nra;Ak; 10 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWkpfis Ma;thsHfs; mtjhdpj;jdH. mtHfs; kpfTk; Fiwe;
jsT gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJld;> Mz;fspd; ghypay; fUj;Jfs; kw;Wk; njhLiffis
Ak; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiyAk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jhz;bab fpuhk kf;fs;
,y. &. 6>517>702
ngWkjpahd tho;thjhu
cilikfis
,oe;Js;sdH. fl;LKwpT
kw;Wk; Mz;lhd;Fsk;
fpuhkj;jpy; 72 FLk;gq;fs;
(88%) ,y. &. 2>880>500
ngWkjpahd cilik-
fis ,oe;Js;sdH.
mz;zsthf xU FLk;gk;
&. 40>000 ngWkjpahd
cilikfis ,oe;Js;sJ.
2013Mk; Mz;by; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; cj;jpNahf g+Ht tWikf;NfhlhdJ> rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguj;
jpizf;fsj;jpd;> Mf];l; 2013 GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l ,izaj;js juTfSf;F Vw;gl jyh egnuhUtUf;F>
khjk; xd;wpw;F &. 4020 MFk;. - ,e;jf; fw;ifapd; NghJ mtHfshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,e;jg;
ngWkjpf;Ff; Fiwe;j msT tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fPohdJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6
10
jhz;babapy;> gy FLk;gq;fspy; (76%) gpujhd tUkhdk;
<l;LgtH fztuhf ,Ue;jhH. Mz;fs; nghJthf tptrhaj;jpy;
<LgLgtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. gapH nra;if kw;Wk; tptrhaf;
$ypfshf Ntiy nra;jy;> ehshe;jf; $yp Ntiy> kPd;gpb
kw;Wk; rpW tHj;jfq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; Mz;fs; gpujhdkhf
<Lgl;Ls;sdH. xd;gJ FLk;gq;fspy; ngz;fNs gpujhd
tUkhdk; <l;LgtHfs;. ,it midj;Jk; ngz;fs; jiyi-
kapyhd FLk;gq;fshFk;. Vida ehd;F FLk;gq;fspYk;
ngz;fs; rpwpa czT tHj;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. vdp Dk;>
mtHfsJ FLk;gj;jpd; gpujhd tUkhdk; <l;LgtHfshf
mtHfs; ,y;iy. tUkhdk; <l;Lk; eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;Ls;s
ngz;fs; midtUk;> ,yhgk; <l;Ltjpy; ngUk; rpukj;ij
vjpHNehf;Ftjhff; Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
tho;thjhu cjtp epfo;r;rpfSk;> nghJ mgptpUj;jp
epfo;r;rpfSk; guhkupg;Gg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ngz;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpid mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy vd;gNj kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa
tplakhFk;. ehnshd;wpy;> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ePz;l Neuk;
FLk;gg; guhkupg;gpidAk;> jkJ tho;thjhug; gzpfisAk;
vt;thW Kfhik nra;fpd;wdH vd ngz;fs; njuptpj;jdH.
vdNt> rpW taJ jpUkzk;> rpWtH guhkupg;G nghWg;Gf;fs;>
tPl;il guhkupg;gjw;fhd KOr; RikiaAk; jhq;Fjy; vd;gd
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #oypy; ngz;fSf;F ghy;epiy rhHe;j
gpujp$yq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
fld; kPstoq;fy; tiyapy; rpf;Fjy;-jhz;bab fpuhkk;
jw;Nghija #oypy;> Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ngUksT ,og;Gf;fis vjpHnfhz;L> tWikahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s FLk;gq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $bajhfTs;s rpy njupTfspy; xd;whf
fld;fs; cs;sd. murhq;f Nritfs;> jdpahH tq;fpfs;> epjp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mur
rhHgw;w epWtdq;fshy; ,e;jf; fld;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. 2013,y; jhz;bab fpuhkj;jpy;>
,e;j Ma;Tf;fhf NeHfhzg;gl;l nkhj;jf; FLk;gq;fspy; 10 FLk;gq;fs; fld; ngw;Ws;sdH.
mjhtJ 10 FLk;gq;fspy; xU FLk;gk; tho;thjhuk; my;yJ tPlikg;G/jpUj;j cjtpf; fld;
ngw;Ws;sJ. FLk;gj;jpw;fhd md;whl nryTfisAk; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L> ,t;thwhd fld;fis
kPs toq;Ftjpy;> Nghjpa tUkhd topfs; mw;w twpa FLk;gq;fSf;F kPs;nfhLg;gdT njhif
vd;gJ ngUk; Rikahf khwpAs;sJ. fld; njhiffSk;> kPs;nfhLg;gdT njhiffSk; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd. ngwg;gl;l tUkhdj;ij tpl mjpfsT nfhLg;gdT vd;gjid tpsf;Fk;
tifapy; ,e;jf; fld;fs; mike;Js;sd.
jkJ fpuhkj;jpw;F elkhLk; Nritahf tUif jUk; epjp epWtdk; xd;wplkpUe;J jk;Kld;
NrHj;J 30 ngz;fs; fld; ngw;Ws;sjhf ,yf;Ff; FO fye;Jiuahlypy; fye;J nfhz;l
ngz; xUtH njuptpj;jhH. ,e;jf; fld;fs; epge;jidfs; rhHe;jit. 18 50 tajpw;F
,ilg;gl;ltuhf ngz; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtH &. 25>000 fld; ngw;Ws;sJld;> mjpy; &.
1000 fhg;GWjpahf mwtplg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> mtH ,we;jhNyh> my;yJ kUj;Jt
uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;gl;L flid kPstoq;f KbahJ NghdhNyh> fld; ,uj;J nra;ag;gLk;.
mtuJ thuhe;jf; nfhLg;gdT &. 700 MFk;. 12 khjq;fSf;F ,jid nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. 12
khjq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; mtH & 36>400 nrYj;jpapUg;ghhH. ngwg;gl;l Kjypy; 45.6% Nkyjpf
kPs;nfhLg;gdit mtH nrYj;j NeupLfpd;wJ.
3.3 Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ajhHj;jq;fs; - ngz;fs; ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
jd;ikAk;> ghy;epiyrhH td;KiwAk;
,e;jg; gFjpfspy; cs;sf td;Kiw mjpfkhFk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ntFrpy ngz;fNs ,e;j
rk;gtq;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jpdH. fl;LKwpT fpuhkj;jpy; cs;@H fpuhk NrtfH kw;Wk; rptpy;
ghJfhg;Gf; FOtpdH rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,ilaPL nra;Js;sdH. ntFrpy rk;gtq;fs;
khj;jpuNk nghyp]hH ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy gpujhd jfty;
je;jtHfspw;F mika> rpy gFjpfspy; fLikahd tWik epyTtjhfTk;> capH tho;tjw;fhf
tho;thjhu cjtp
epfo;r;rpfSk;> nghJ
mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfSk;
guhkupg;Gg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid
mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy vd;gNj
kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa
tplakhFk;. ehnshd;wpy;> rpy
re;jHg;gq;fspy; ePz;l Neuk;
FLk;gg; guhkupg;gpidAk;> jkJ
tho;thjhug; gzpfisAk;
vt;thW Kfhik nra;fpd;wdH
vd ngz;fs; njuptpj;jdH.
vdNt> rpW taJ jpUkzk;>
rpWtH guhkupg;G nghWg;Gf;fs;>
tPl;il guhkupg;gjw;fhd
KOr; RikiaAk; jhq;Fjy;
vd;gd Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd #oypy;
ngz;fSf;F ghy;epiy
rhHe;j gpujp$yq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
11
ngz;fs; ghy;tpidj; njhopypy; <LgLtjhfTk; njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy;
fpuhkj;jpNyNa ,e;jj; njhopy; eilngWfpd;wJ. rpy re;jHg;gq;fs; mtHfs; Ntwplq;fSf;Fr;
nry;fpd;wdH. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j tplaj;jpd; $UzHT jd;ik fhuzkhfTk;> ghy;tpidj;
njhopy; rhHe;j fsq;fj;jpd; fhuzkhfTk;> ,e;jj; Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; gutpAs;s jd;ikia
cWjp nra;tJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.
Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsuhf njhopy; NjLk; ngz;fs; ghy;tpidj; njhopYf;fhf Ml;flj;jy;
fpuhkq;fspy; xd;wpy;> 2012Mk; Mz;by;> ,uz;L khjq;fshf ngz; xUtH jkJ ,uz;L
gps;isfisAk; fztupd; nghWg;gpy; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shH. mtuJ fztH Aj;jj;jpy;
capupoe;jhH. mtu; jhk; xU Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsuhf flikahw;wpajhff; $wpAs;shH. ,uz;L
khjq;fspd; gpd;dH mtH jpUk;gpdhH. Mdhy; mtH vq;F nrd;whH vd ahUf;Fk; njupahJ.
njhopy; xd;Wf;fhf mioj;Jr; nry;tjhf cWjpaspj;J nfhOk;Gf;F mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L>
NtW njhopYf;F mtH gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fpuhk kf;fs; re;Njfpf;fpd;wdH.
fpz;zpah kw;Wk; fe;jsha; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J fpuhkj;jpw;F tUk; Jiz KftHfshd K];yPk;
egHfs; FLk;gj;jplk; & 10>000 toq;Ffpd;wdH. fl;lhH ehl;bypUe;J fHg;gpzpahf ngz;
xUtH jpUk;gpajhf fpuhk NrtfH njuptpf;fpd;whH. mtUf;F vd;d ele;jJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk;
njspthf jfty;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy.
3.4 r%f Nritfs;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; trjpfSf;fhd mZFk; trjp
rKHj;jp kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G tiyfs;
kpfTk; twpa kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;fhd kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ghJfhg;G
tiyfspy; xd;whf rKHj;jp jpl;lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> r%fg; ghJfhg;G
nraNyw;ghLfSf;fhd jkJ cupikia mZFtjpy; ,uz;L fpuhkq;fisAk; NrHe;j ngz;fs;
gw;gy rthy;fis vjpHnfhz;Ls;sdH. khtl;l kl;l NeHfhzy;fspy;> 2009Mk; Mz;by;
86>824Mf ,Ue;j gadhspfspd; vz;zpf;if> 2012Mk; Mz;by; 79>181Mf Fiwe;jjhf
murhq;f mjpfhupfs; njuptpj;jdH (khtl;l rKHj;jp mjpfhupAldhd NeHfhzy;). fl;LKwpT
fpuhkj;jpy; 51 FLk;gq;fs; khj;jpuNk rKHj;jp cjtp ngWfpd;wd. NtWtpjkhff; $Wtjhapd;
24%MdtHfs; rKHj;jp cjtp ngWfpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fSf;F> FLk;gk; xd;wpw;F
khjhe;jk; &. 750 xJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; &. 500 mtHfsJ iffSf;F gzkhf toq;fg;gLk;.
,e;jg; gzj;ijg; ngWtjw;F mUfpy; cs;s rKHj;jp tq;fpf;fhf mtHfs; fjpuntspf;F
(19 fpNyhkPw;wHfs; njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ) nry;y Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F nry;tjw;F khj;jpuk;
mtHfSf;F xU topf;F &. 200 nrythfpd;wJ. jhz;bab fpuhkj;jpy; NeHfhzg;gl;ltHfspy;
53 (54%) FLk;gq;fs; rKHj;jpapy; jq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;wpy; 53 Kjy; 50 FLk;gq;fs; &. 500
gzj;ij iffspy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
,e;j NeHfhzy;fspd; %yk; ntspg;gLk; tplak; vd;dntd;why;> kpfTk; jPtpukhd tWikapy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ngz;fSf;F> rKHj;jp vd;gJ ePz;l fhy r%f ghJfhg;ghFk;. njhlHr;rpahd
tUkhdg; ngUf;fpd; Clhf mtHfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ghJfhg;G tiyahf mJ cs;sJ.
Mgj;Jf;fis vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sikahy;> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; mtHfsJ
tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; epiy ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,e;jg; ghJfhg;G tiyf;Fs; ,Ug;gjw;Nf
mtHfs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. vdNt> ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l epfo;r;rpaply;
fhuzkhf> twpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if ajhHj;jj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.
tUlhe;j tUkhd kjpg;gPL> kw;Wk; tUlhe;jk; FLk;gq;fis ePf;fy;> vd;gd tWikapd;
gy;tifj; jd;ikf;fhd mjpfupj;j rthiy vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd Fiwghlhd cghakhfNt
cs;sJ. VidNahiu ePf;fhJ> ngWgtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupf;f KbahJ vd;w mur
mjpfhupfspd; epge;jidahdJ> twpatHfSf;fhd r%fg; ghJfhg;G tiy vd;w fUj;jpaYf;F
Kuzhf nraw;gLtjhf cs;sJ.
fld;fSf;fhd kPs;nfhLg;gdtpd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;G Mjuit ,izj;jy; vd;gJ
tpkHrdj;Jf;Fupa kw;WnkhU tplakhFk;. r%f eyd; cjtpfs; vd;gJ gz cjtpahf
,Ug;gjdhy;> fld; njhifia kPsr; nrYj;j jtWk; epiyapy;> me;j eyDjtpg; gzj;ij
jLj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;tjhf jhz;bab ngz;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wdH. ,J mbg;gilapy;
r%f ghJfhg;G tiy my;yJ twpa FLk;gq;fSf;fhd czT cjtp vd;w fUj;jpaYf;F
vjpuhdjhf khwptpLfpd;wJ. re;ij rhHe;j fld; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f ghJfhg;G jpl;lq;fs;
vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd rpf;fy; gpur;rpid rhHe;jjhf khwptpl;lJ.
12
rKHj;jp ngWk; FLk;gq;fspd; rhjhuz juk; Njw;wpa ghlrhiy khztHfSf;F Gyikg;guprpy;
trjp (&. 10>000) ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> ntF rpy FLk;gq;fNs ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> ,e;j ,uz;L fpuhkq;fisAk; NrHe;j rpWtHfs; Ntwplq;fSf;Fr;
nrd;Wtpl;ldH.
rKHj;jpg; gjpTfs; Mz;fspd; ngaupy; ,Ug;gJ kpfTk; ghupa rthyhf ,Ug;gjhf WRDS
kw;Wk; VDO Nghd;w fpuhkkl;lg; ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfs;
njuptpj;jdH. Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpd; rKHj;jp mjpfhupAld; fijj;J> ,e;j tplak; cz;ik
vd;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtiug; nghWj;j tiuapy;> Fwpj;j Mz; fpuhkj;jpypUe;J
ntspNa nrd;W tpl;lhy; my;yJ RftPdKw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhy; khj;jpuNk rKHj;jp gjpT
ngauhdJ ngz;fspd; ngauhf khw;w KbAk;. mt;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fspYk;> jkJ kidtp
rKHj;jp Kj;jpiu ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd mtuJ fztH vOj;J %yk; cWjpaspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Nritfis mZFtjw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fis nfhz;bUf;ff; $ba ngz;fspd;
ghy;epiy rhH mDgtq;fis ,J Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. MdhYk;> mur mjpfhupfspd;
Mzhjpf;f fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit fl;likg;Gf;fspdhy;> NritfSf;fhd mtHfsJ
cupik kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW thHj;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;> ngz;fshy; re;jHg;gq;fis
KbTfshf khw;w Kbahj epiy cs;sJ. Kj;jpiuahdJ gzkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ Kjy;>
gzk; njhlHghd jkJ fl;Lg;ghL ,of;fg;gl;ljhf ngz;fs; czUfpd;wdH. jkJ nrhe;j
nryTf;fhf Mz;fs; gzk; KOtijAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; re;jHg;gq;fSk; cs;sd.
rKHj;jpf; $l;lq;fspy; ngz;fNs vg;NghJk; fye;J nfhs;tJld;> gy;NtW rKHj;jpf;
FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfshfTk; ngz;fNs cs;sdH. vt;thwhapDk;>FLk;gj; jiytH vd
Mz;fspd; ngaiu> FLk;g gjpNtl;by; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd murhq;ff; nfhs;if cs;sJ.
jkJ fztuhy; iftplg;gl;l> ,uz;L kidtpfs; cs;s fztiuf; nfhz;l kw;Wk; tPl;L
td;Kiwia vjpHnfhs;Sk; ngz;fSf;F ,J ngUk; Fiwfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
jq;fSila cupikapd; kjpg;G vd;d vd;gjid ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; mwpe;J
nfhz;ltHfshf ,y;iy. mj;Jld;> ve;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> ve;jsT gzk; jkJ rKHj;jp
cjtpapypUe;J> rKHj;jp tq;fpapdhy; mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; mtHfSf;Fj; njupahJ.
kpfTk; twpa kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; jftYf;fhd cupik Fwpj;j Nfs;tpia ,J
vOg;Gfpd;wJ. rKHj;jp cjtp jpl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf ,J
cs;sJ. jkf;fhd cjtpfs; njhlHgpy; ngz;fs; nfhz;bUe;j fl;Lg;ghl;bid mgfupj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tq;fp Kiwapd; mwpKfk; cs;sJ. r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eydpy;
ngz;fspd; mZFk; trjp njhlHgpy; r%Hj;jp r%fg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; jhf;fk; vd;gjd;
mbg;gilapy; mjpy; khw;wq;fis kPsha;T nra;tjw;fhd cldbj; Njit cs;sJ.
NritfSf;fhd mZFk; trjp
Nritfs; mZFk; trjp
kpd;rhuk; fl;LKwpT fpuhkj;jpy; kpd;trjp ,y;iy. jhz;bab gFjpapy;>
kpd;trjp cs;s NghjpYk;> midj;J tPLfSf;Fk; mjid
ngWtjw;fhd trjp ,y;iy.
kz;nzz;za;
7
FLk;gk; xd;wpw;F MW khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw
Kj;jpiu &. 1200 ngWkjpahd kz;nzz;za; (khjhe;jk; &. 200
ngWkjpahd kz;nzz;za;) toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kpd; rhuj; jpw; fhd
mZFk; trjp ,y;yhj twpa FLk;gq;fSf;F kz;nzz;za;
Kj;jpiu toq;fg;gl;lJ. jhz;babapy;> Ma;T khjpupfspy; 39
FLk;gq;fs; jhk; kz;nzz;za; Kj;jpiu gad;gLj;Jtjhf
njuptpj;jdH. mJ Ma;T khjpupapy; 47.5% MFk;. fpuhk
NrtfUf;F mika fl;LKwpT fpuhkj;jpy; midtUk;
kz;nzz;za; Kj;jpiuiaNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
vt;thwhapDk;> 2013Mk; Mz;by;> Mf];l; khjk;
tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; mtHfSf;F
kz;nzz;za; fpilf;ftpy;iy. nrg;nuk;gH khjk;
khj;jpuNk mtHfSf;F kz;nzz;za; fpilj;Js;sJ.
kpd;rhuj;jpw;fhd mZFk; trjp ,y;yhj twpa FLk;gq;fSf;F kz;nzz;za; Kj;jpiu toq;fg;gl;lJ.
7
13
PAMA cjtp
8
jhz;bab Ma;T khjpupapy;> Ie;J FLk;gq;fs; khj;jpuNk PAMA
cjtpiag; ngWfpd;wd. fl;LKwptpy; 15 FLk;gq;fs; ,e;j
cjtpiag; ngWfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk;> Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F mjpf
nryT nry;tjhy; fl;LKwpT FLk;gq;fSf;F ,J cjtpaw;wjhf
khwp tpLtjhf cs;SH murhq;f mjpfhupfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdH.

tajhNdhUf;fhd
9
thfiu gpuNjr nrayhsH
nfhLg;gdT gpuptpy; 360 gjpT nra;ag;gl;l KjpatHfs; cs;sdH.
fl;LKwptpy; 11 NgH> khjhe;jk; jyh &. 1000 ngWfpd;wdH.
jhz;babapy; tajhdtHfspy; 18 NgH>&. 1000 ngWfpd;wdH.

khw;Wj; jpwd; kw;Wk; thfiu gpuNjr nrayhsH gpuptpy;> khw;Wj;jpwdhspfshf
RftPd cjtp 360 NgH gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdH. ,tHfsJ ghy;epiy
rhHe;j juTfs; vJTk; ,y;iy. 2013Mk; Mz;by;>
,tHfspy; 50 NgUf;F khjhe;jk; jyh &. 3000 vd;w
mbg;gilapy; khtl;l nrayfj;jhy; cjtp toq;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ. khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F Njitahd cgfuzj;
NjitfSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; khtl;l mYtyfk;
Clhf nfhOk;gpy; mike;Js;s r%f Nritfs;
jpizf;fsj;jpw;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fl;LKwpT gFjpapy;> xUtUf;F rf;fu ehw;fhyp cjtpAk;>
xUtUf;F Nfl;Fk; jpwd; fUtpAk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;>
NkYk; xU egH rf;fu ehw;fhypf;fhf cjtp NfhupAs;shH.
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;fhd &. 250>000 ngWkjpahd tPlikg;G
cjtpj; jpl;lKk; cs;sJ. jhz;bab fpuhkj;jpy;
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; ,UtUf;F tPlikg;G cjtp
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epue;ju cly; cghij my;yJ
kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpWtHfSf;fhd tpNrl jpl;lk;
xd;Wk; cs;sJ. FLk;gk; xd;Wf;F khjhe;jk; jyh
&. 1000 vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,e;j cjtp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
thfiu gpuNjrj;jpy;> 2012Mk; Mz;by; 6 rpWtHfSf;F
,t;thwhd cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld;> 2013Mk;
Mz;by; 4 rpWtHfSf;F cjtp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;jj; jpl;lq;fs; kpfTk; rpwe;j Kaw;rpfshf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gFjpfspy; epyTk; gpur;rpidfs;> FLk;gq;fSf;F fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;s cjtp> epjp
ngWkjp (kz;nzz;za; Kj;jpiuf;F & 200 Nghd;w) kw;Wk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;ltHfs;
(khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; 360 Ngupy; 50 NgH) vd;w mbg;gilapy; ghHf;Fk; NghJ NghjpaJ
my;y. kpfTk; xJf;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fspy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gJ Fwpj;j Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf fpuhkj;ijr; nrd;wtHfs; gazpf;Fk; J}uj;jpw;fhf nryT nra;jyhFk;. twpa
FLk;gq;fSf;F> vl;L khjq;fshf kz;nzz;za; Kj;jpiu toq;fhik Nghd;w cjtpfs;
fpilg;gjpy; jhkjk; Vw;gly; vd;gJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba kw;WnkhU tplakhFk;.
cWjpahd rkj;Jtk; vd;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhf ,J cs;sJ. mZFk; trjpahdJ> twpa
FLk;gq;fshy; KbTfshf khw;wg;glf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
nghJ kf;fs; - cjtpahf khjhe;j nfhLg;gdT r%f Nritfs; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;l kpfTk; twpa FLk;gq;fSf;F ,e;j cjtp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khjhe;j cjtpahf & 250ck;>
Nkyjpfkhf FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdH xUtUf;F jyh &. 50ck; toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j cjtpf;F jFjp
ngWtjw;fhd jifik jPtpu tWikahFk; (kpff; Fiwe;j tUkhdk;). mj;Jld;> FLk;g cWg;gpdH
epue;ju cly; cghijf;F cs;shfpapUj;jy;.
70 taJf;F mjpfkhd Mz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;fSf;F r%f Nritfs; jpizf;fsj;jpd; Clhf ,e;j cjtp
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. KjpNahupd; cupikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTtJk;> r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; KjpNa-
hiu <LgLj;JtJNk ,jd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
8
9
14
Nghf;Ftuj;J
fl;LKwpT gFjpapy;> fpuhkj;jpw;fhd nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp vJTk; ,y;iy. jdpahH
nyhwpfs; xU topg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F xUtuplk; &. 200 mwtpLfpd;wd. ntFrpy FLk;gq;fshy;
kl;LNk ,e;jr; nrytpid jhq;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. tPjpfs; Nrjkile;Js;sikahy; NgUe;Jfs;
,e;jg; ghijapy; gazpg;gjw;F cupikahsHfs; kWg;Gj; njuptpf;fpd;wdH. kiof;fhyq;fspy;
,e;j tPjpfis Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;gLj;j KbahJ. kiof;fhyq;fspy; jkJ Nkhl;lhH
irf;fps;fis jiyf;F NkNy Rke;jthW MrpupaHfs; tUtJ Fwpj;J mjpgH njuptpj;jhH.
kiof;fhyq;fspy; tPjpapy; khHG tiu cauj;jpw;F ePH epiwe;J ,Uf;Fk; vdTk; mtH
Fwpg;gpl;lhH. ehk; me;jg; gFjpf;F tp[ak; nra;j NghJ tPjp epHkhzpf;fg;gl;L tUtjidf;
fz;Nlhk;.
fy;tpf;fhd mZFk; trjp
,uz;L fpuhkq;fspYk;> cs;SH ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgHfSf;F mika> 14 tajhd rpWtHfspd;
kj;jpapy; ghlrhiy tpyfy; mjpfk; ,Ug;gjhf mwpe;Jf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
tWikapd; fhuzkhf Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yjy; vd;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
gapH mWtilf; fhyq;fspy; jkJ FLk;gq;fSf;F cjTk; tifapy; rpWtHfSk;>
rpWkpfSk; tay; Ntiyapy; <LgLfpd;wdH. ghlrhiy njhiytpy; mike;Js;sikNa 9Mk;
juj;Jld; khztHfs; ghlrhiy ,iltpyFtjw;fhd gpujhdkhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;whf
mike;Js;sjhf> ngz;fs; ,yf;Ff; FO fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ ngz;fs; njuptpj;jdH.
jhz;bab gpuNjr nrayf mYtyfk; Clhf> ghlrhiy ,iltpyfpa rpWkpfis vjpHfhy
tho;f;ifj; njhopy; jpl;lkply; gapw;rpapy; <LgLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
NghjpYk;> kpfTk; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd rpWkpfNs ,jpy; gq;Fgw;wpAs;sdH. guhakhd
ngz;fspd; elkhl;lj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; FLk;gq;fspd; fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; rhHe;jjhf ,J
cs;sJ. ghlrhiy ,iltpyfpa rpWtHfSf;F cldbahf Ntiytha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJld;>
rpWkpfSf;F re;jHg;gk; kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;. rpW tajpy; ngz;fs; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhs;s NeHtjw;fhd Mgj;ijAk; ,J Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
ePUf;fhd mZFk; trjp
jhz;babapy;> midj;J tPLfspYk; fpzW vd;gNj mtHfsJ ePH %ykhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 33 FLk;gq;fs; jkf;fhd gpuj;jpNaf fpzWfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;>60
FLk;gq;fs; nghJf; fpzWfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mjhtJ> 10 tPLfspy; MW tPLfs;
jkJ ePHj; Njitf;fhf nghJf; fpzWfis ek;gpAs;sd. ,e;jg; nghJf; fpzWfspy;
tUlj;jpd; MW khjq;fs; khj;jpuNk ePH fpilf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. tul;rp fhyq;fspy;
ePH ngWtjw;fhf 2 fpNyhkPw;wH 3 fPNyhkPw;wH (xU top) tiu ele;J nrd;W ngz;fs; ePH
Nrfupj;J tUfpd;wdH. ePiu NrHj;Jf; nfhz;L tPL jpUk;Gtjw;F %d;W kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
tiu nrythFk;. nghJthf mjpfhiyapy; ngz;fs; ,jd; nghUl;L gazpg;gH. ePH vd;gJ
kpfTk; ngWkjp tha;e;j tplakhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fs; ePiuj; jpULk; epiy cs;sJ>
ePiug; gj;jpukhfg; ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJk; ngz;fSf;fhd ngUk; rthyhf mike;Js;sJ.
nghJf; fpzWfspy; Fspf;Fk; NghJ rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; Mz;fs; ghHg;gJk;> Nkhrkhd
fUj;Jf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLtJ jkf;F njhe;juthfTk;> mnrsfupakhfTk; ,Ug;gjhf ngz;fs;
FwpggpLfpd;wdH.
fl;LKwpTg; gFjpapYk; ePH vd;gJ ngUk; gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. tUlj;jpd; MW khjq;fSf;F
khj;jpuNk mtHfSf;F ePH cs;sJ. mtHfSf;F nghJf; fpzW cs;sJ. tul;rp fhyq;fspy;
mjpy; ePH tw;wp tpLk;. mUfpy; cs;s ,uhZt KfhKld; ,e;jf; fpzw;W ePiu mtHfs;
gfpHe;J nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. mtHfs; toikahf Foha; itj;J fpzw;wpy; cs;s
ePiu vLj;J> jkJ Kfhkpy; cs;s jhq;fpfis epug;gpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf
fpuhkj;jpw;fhd ePHg; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fle;j tUlk; khtl;l nrayfkhdJ gTrH
Clhf ePH tpepNahfk; nra;jJ.
ePHg; gw;whf;Fiw vd;gJ ngz;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fspYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ngz;fs;
Muk;gpj;j tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fs; ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy. kiof;fhyq;fspYk; nts;sg;ngUf;fpd;
fhuzkhf mtHfs; Mgj;ij vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. Nkyjpfkhf> ML tsHj;jy; kw;Wk; Nfhop
tsHj;jy; vd;gdTk;> ePHg; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf rthy; kpf;fjhf cs;sJ. fhy;eilfs;
15
kw;Wk; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fspd; epiyj;jpUj;jy; jd;ikf;Fkhd Mgj;jhd fhuzpahf ePH
gw;whf;Fiw vd;gJ khwpAs;sJ. tho;thjhu cjtp vd;gJ fld; rhHe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ>
kPs;nfhLg;gdT vd;w tbtj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Nkyjpf Rikahf mJ khwptpLfpd;wJ.
rpWtHfis ghlrhiyf;F mDg;Gjy;> vkJ tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;ij guhkupj;jy;> rikj;jy;>
Rj;jk; nra;jy;> vkJ FLk;gj;ij Muhf;fpakhf itj;jpUj;jy;> vkJ nrhe;j tUkhdj;ij
<l;ly;> tho;thjhu eltbf;ifapy; <LgLk; Neuk; vd vkJ midj;J nraw;ghLfSk;>
ePUf;fhd mZFk; trjp vd;gjd; mbg;gilapNyNa jq;fpAs;sjhf ngz; xUtH Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
,jdhy; ,e;j cupik kWf;fg;gLtJ vd;gJ> ngz;fspd; NtW gy cupikfspYk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
4. KbTiu
Aj;jj;jpdhy; kpfTk; Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L fpuhkq;fs; njhlHgpy; ,e;jf; fw;if
ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Aj;jk; epiwtile;J 4-5 tUlq;fspd; gpd;dUk; mtHfs; njhlHe;Jk;
xJf;fg;gl;ltHfshf cs;sdH. ,e;j ,uz;L fpuhkq;fspYk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l fw;iffspy;
,Ue;J> xJf;fg;gly; vd;gJ ,uz;L topfspy; ghugl;rj;jpw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Kjyhtjhf> tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; fl;likg;G rhH
ghugl;rj;jpw;F mJ toptFf;fpd;wJ. FLk;gq;fshy; khw;wPL nra;a Kbahj Aj;jj;jpd;
fhuzkhf ,og;Gf;fis Fwpg;gplyhk;. cjhuzkhf> jhz;bab fpuhkj;jpy; gy ngz;fs; jkJ
tho;thjhuj;ij kPs Muk;gpf;f Kbahj my;yJ Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ jhk; ,oe;j tho;thjhu
cilikfis khw;wPL nra;a Kbahj epiyapy; cs;sdH. ,jd; kjpg;G mz;zsthf
6 kpy;ypad; &gha;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU rpW fpuhkj;jpy; 99
FLk;gq;fspd; ,og;gpd; ngWkjpahf ,J cs;sJ. FLk;gq;fs; vjpHNehf;fpa cilik
,og;gpd; Fwpfhl;bahf ,jidf; fUj KbAk;. mjhtJ> Aj;jj;jpy; twpa FLk;gq;fspd;
nrythf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
fle;j fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w epfo;Tfs;> jw;NghJ ghugl;rj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sd. ,J
njhlHgpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s cghaq;fs; CEDAWcld;
nghUe;jpajhf ,y;iy. ,e;j ,og;Gf;fis mq;fPfupf;Fk; my;yJ twpa FLk;gq;fSf;F
,og;gPL toq;Fk; Kiw xd;W mtrpak;. fy;tpf;fhd cupik kWf;fg;gly; kw;Wk; rpW taJj;
jpUkzk; vd;gd ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Vida ghjfkhd tpisTfshFk;.
fz;zpakhd jukhd tho;f;ifia vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd
ngz;fspd; Mw;wypYk; ,J jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
,uz;lhtjhf> Cl;lKs;s czT> jq;Fkplk;> MNuhf;fpak;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> re;ijfs;>
kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w epiyikfspd; gw;whf;Fiw vd;gJ ngz;fspd; kPJ ghy;epiy-jPtpu jhf;fk;|
Vw;glf; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ. FLk;gg; guhkupg;Gg; gzp kw;Wk; nryTfs; fhuzkhf
toq;fg;gl;l cjtpAld; tPlikg;ig g+Hj;jp nra;a Kbahik> FLk;gj; jiytuhf Mzpd;
ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gLtjhy; rKHj;jp cjtpapy; ghy;epiy jhf;fk;> gzk; tq;fp fl;likg;Gf;Fs;
cs;sikahy; czT Kj;jpiuia gzkhf khw;Wtjpy; cs;s fl;Lg;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk;
jhf;fk;> twpa FLk;gq;fSf;fhd gy;NtW jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; cupikj;Jtq;fs; njhlHghd
Nghjpa jfty;fs; ,d;ikahy; Fog;gk;> ePUf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; ePH Nrkpg;gjw;fhf ePz;l
J}uk; ele;J nry;Yk; ngz;fspd; gyk; vd;gd ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
ghy;epiy jPtpu jhf;fk; rhHe;j tplaq;fshFk;. ghy; rhHe;j juTfs; kpfTk; Fiwthf
,Uf;fpd;wikahdJ> ngz;fs; kPjhd ghy;epiy jhf;fk; vd;gJ kiwe;jpUg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhf
cs;sJ.
5. gupe;Jiufs;
Njrpa kl; lj; jpy; twpa FLk; gq; fspd; tsq; fis mjpfupg; gjw; fhd njspthd
Njitnahd;W cs;sJ rKHj;jp cjtp (toq;fg;gLk; msT kw;Wk; KOi
kahd njhifAk; FLk;gj;jpw;F fpilf;fg; ngwy; vd;gd cs;slq;fyhf)>
kz;nzz;za; nfhLg;gdT> khw;Wj;jpwd; cjtp> vd;gd
czT Kj;jpiu kw;Wk; r%f ghJfhg;G tiyj; jpl;lk; vd;gtw;iw fld;
jpl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J jdpahf itg;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.
16
r%f ghJfhg;G tiyj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ midj;J twpa FLk;gq;fisAk;;
nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> ahiuAk; ,yf;F itj;jjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
fld; rhHe;j tho;thjhu cjtpfs;> twpa ngz;fspd; epiyahd tho;thjhuj;jpw;F
cjtpAs;sdth vd;gjid fz;lwptjw;F fw;if xd;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; tWikia
fz;lwptjw;fhd gpujhd mk;rkhf ,J mikAk;.
tUkhdkhdJ cz;ikahf ngz;fis nrd;wilfpd;wjh vd;gjid
fz;lwptjw;F ghy;epiy $UzHthf;fy; vd;gJ mjpfhupfSf;F elj;jg;gly;
Ntz; Lk; . tP l; bw; Fs; ghy; epiy ghugl; rj; jpw; fhd gpuNtrkhfTk; > tUkhdj; jpd;
kPjhd fl; Lg; ghlhfTk; mJNt cs; sJ. fld; fs; > rKHj; jp cjtp> tho; tjhu
eltbf;iffs; %ykhd tUkhdk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,J Kf;fpakhdJ.
ngz;fspd; guhkupg;Gr; nraw;ghl;il mq;fPfupf;Fk;> kjpf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,e;jg;
gzpahdJ vt;thW Kf;fpakhd nghUshjhu gq;fspg;ghf mike;Js;sJ
vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;tpy; khw;wq;fs; NjitahFk;. ngz;fs;
vt;thW tPl;LNtiy kw;Wk; tho;thjhu Ntiy vd ,uz;L
RikfisAk; Rkf;fpd;wdH vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,J mikjy;
Ntz; Lk; . ngz; fspd; tho; thjhuq; fSf; F cjTk; NghJ ,e; jg; nghWg; Gf; fs;
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> rKjha rpWtH guhkupg;G
trjpfis mikf;Fk; NghJ> my;yJ fHg;gpzpg; ngz;fSf;F khjhe;j eyd;Gup
cjtpfis toq;Fk; NghJ my;yJ gpurtj;jpd; gpd;dH>
kpfTk; xJf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> tPjpf;fhd mZFk;
trjp> ePUf;fhd mZFk; trjp> Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd mZFk; trjp
(itj;jparhiyfs;)> tajhNdhUf;fhd nfhLg;gdT> rKHj;jp> kz;nzz;za;
Kj;jpiu Nghd;w r%f cjtpf;fhd mZFk; trjp Nghd;w fl;likg;GrhH
tplaq;fis milahsk; fhz;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. ,e;j Nritfs;
fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;sikahdJ> ,e;j NritfSf;fhd cupikfis
ngz;fSf;F ngw;Wj; jUk; vd;W $wp tpl KbahJ.
fld; jpl;lq;fs; ngz;fis Neubahf ,yf;F itf;Fkhapd;> epjp kw;Wk;
fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSldhd njspthd cghaq;fis cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ. ngz;fspd; fld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mDgtq;fisg;
ghHj;jhy;> mit njhe;juTld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ghypay;
njhe;juTfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfTk;> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; jw;nfhiyf;Ff; fhuz
khdjhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. vdNt ,e;j jpl;lq;fis fz;fhzpg;gJk;>
fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.
murhq;fj;jpdhy;> mur rhHgw;w epWtdj;jpdhy; kw;Wk; rHtNjr mur rhHgw;w
epWtdj;jpdhy; jw;NghJ vd;d cjtp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjpYk; ghHf;f
Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ kf;fs; vjid ,oe;jdH vd;gjid epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gJ
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. Aj;jj;jpw;fhd tpuak; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpDilaJ
khj;jpuk; my;y. fy;tp> tho;thjhu cilikfs;> MNuhf;fpak; vd twpa
kf;fSk; tpuak; nra;Js;sdH.
17
18
,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; kPs;jpUk;gy;: kl;lf;fsg;G> aho;g;ghzk;
kw;Wk; tTdpah khtl;lq;fspd; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfspy;
ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;
kPjhd jhf;fk;
1. mwpKfKk;> gpd;dzpAk;
1


,lg;ngaHthdJ fpuhkg;Gw rKjhaq;fspy; tWikf;Fk;> mtH
fSila nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopTf;Fk; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
mJ mtHfspd; tho;thjhuj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mj;Jld;> %yg;nghUl;fs;> fld;> tHj;jf fUtpfs; Nghd;w
tsq;fSf;fhd mZFk; trjpapd; Mw;wypy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mJ rKjhaq;fis Jz;lhf;FtJld;>
rKjhaq;fSf;F ,ilapy; epyTk; cwTfisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
cwTKiw kw;Wk; r%f tiyaikg;Gf;fspYk; mJ ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; ,lk;naHe;j kf;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;F
rl;l tiuGk;> epyTk; rl;lthf;fKk; NghjpaJ my;y vd
fw;iffs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. gyte;jkhd ,lg;ngaHtpid
Fw;wr; nrayhf;Ftjw;F murhq;fkhdJ Njrpa rl;l tiuG
rl;lthf;fj;jpid xd;wpizf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mtHfs;
Kd;nkhopfpd;wdH. Fwpg;ghf ngz;fspd; ,lk;ngaHtpd;
fhuzkhf Vw;glf; $ba tpisTfs;> Gyikthjpfs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpahsHfs; vd ,U jug;gpdUk; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jk;
tplakhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,lg;ngaHtpd; NghJ ngz;fspd;
cly;rhH ghJfhg;G vd;gJ mf;fiwf;Fupa tplakhf
cs;sJ. ngz;fspd; elkhl;l Rje;jpuKk;> ,izg;Gk;
kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;ijAk;> Ntiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fisAk;
mZFtjw;fhd ngz;fspd; cupikAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jJ MFk;. ,uhZtkakhf;fy; vd;gJ ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;gpd; vz;zf;fUtpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghypay; td;Kiw vd;gJk;> ghy;tpidj;
njhopYf;fhf Ml;flj;jy; vd;gJk; r%fj;jpy; jPtpukhd
,uhZtkakhf;fypd; fhuzkhf mjpfupg;gjhf mwpf;iffs;
njuptpf;fpd;wd.
jw;NghJ epyTk; rHtNjr juq;fSf;F mika> 'kPs;jpUk;gy;" vd;w gjkhdJ>
,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs; jkJ nrhe;j tPL kw;Wk; fhzpf;F jpUk;Gtjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mNj
Ntis> 'kPs;FbNaw;wk;" vd;gJ xUtupd; nrhe;j tPL kw;Wk; fhzpf;F ntspNa NtW ,lj;jpy;
mkHj;jg;gLtjid Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,lk;ngaHe;j egHfs; jkJ nrhe;j khtl;lj;jpw;F kPs
mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJld; kPsj;jpUk;gy; vd;gJ g+Hj;jpaile;J tpl;ljhf jtwhf fUJk;
tifapy;> ,e;j ,uz;L gjq;fSk; jtwhd tpjkhf murhq;f mjpfhupfs; gad;gLj;Jtjhf
fw;iffs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. fl;lhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ czT tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd kw;Wk;
,lk;ngaHtpd; fhuzkhd NtW cjtpfspid epWj;Jjy; vd;w mr;RWj;jy;
vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf ngUk;ghyhd kPs;FbNaw;wq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mj;jpahak; 2
Ma;T Mtzk; xd;wpy; ,Ue;J ,e;j gFjp vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPs;FbNaw;wk;
kw;Wk; GdHtho;T rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs;> ,yq;if 2002,ypUe;J 2012 tiu> rhe;jp rr;rpjhde;jk;>
Nk 2013 (gpuRupf;fg;gltpy;iy)
1
gyte;jkhd ,lg;ngaHtpid
Fw;wr; nrayhf;Ftjw;F
murhq;fkhdJ Njrpa rl;l
tiuG rl;lthf;fj;jpid
xd;wpizf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
mtHfs; Kd;nkhopfpd;wdH.
Fwpg;ghf ngz;fspd;
,lk;ngaHtpd; fhuzkhf
Vw;glf; $ba tpisTfs;>
Gyikthjpfs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpahsHfs; vd ,U
jug;gpdUk; mtjhdk;
nrYj;Jk; tplakhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,lg;ngaHtpd;
NghJ ngz;fspd;
cly;rhH ghJfhg;G vd;gJ
mf;fiwf;Fupa tplakhf
cs;sJ. ngz;fspd; elkhl;l
Rje;jpuKk;> ,izg;Gk;
kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;ijAk;>
Ntiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fisAk;
mZFtjw;fhd ngz;fspd;
cupikAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jJ MFk;.
tpOJ - kdpjts mgptpUj;jp epiyak;
19
FbakHj;jg;gl;ltHfs; kPs;FbNaw;wk; njhlHgpy; vjpHnfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gJ>
ghJfhg;G> nrhj;Jf;fhd gupfhuk; kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikf;fhd epge;jidfs; vd;gd
NghjpasT KOikahf g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gltpy;iy. tlf;fpy; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; NghJ> gyH
vjpHnfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfshf kpUfq;fs; (fhl;L fubfs; kw;Wk; ahidfs;) gapHepyq;fis
mopj;jy;> MAjf; FOf;fspd; mr;RWj;jy;> Fw;wr; nray; kw;Wk; nfhs;isr; rk;gtq;fs;
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mtHfSila tUkhdkhdJ> mtHfsJ Ke;ija tUkhdk;
kw;Wk; me;j];ijg; Nghd;wjhf ,Uf;fhJ. mj;Jld;> jhk; Vw;fdNt nfhz;bUe;j clikfSk;
kPs;jpUk;gpatHfsplk; ,Uf;fhJ. mtHfSila ,og;Gf;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; ,og;gPL vd;gJ
kpfTk; Fiwe;jjhfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpYk;> tlf;F khfhzj;jpd; tTdpah kw;Wk; aho;
khtl;lj;jpYk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy gFjpfspy; kdpjts mgptpUj;jp epiyakhd> tpOJ
Kd;ndLj;j Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j mj;jpahak; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. njupT nra;ag;gl;l
gFjpfspy; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;
(FHH) nfhz;Ls;s #o;epiyfs; kw;Wk; njupTfspd; #o;epiy gFg;gha;tpid toq;Ftjw;F
,e;j Ma;T Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. GdHtho;T kw;Wk; Gduikg;G nraw;ghLfspy; ngz;fspd;
mZFk; trjp kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mjhuq;fis toq;FtJ Fwpj;Jk; mJ
mtjhdpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jf; fw;ifapd; KTfs;> gupe;J Ngry; eltbf;iffis mwptpg;gjw;F
cjTk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
270 ngz; FLk;gj; jiytHfs; (FHH) khjpupapy; ,Ue;J> gz;GrhH kw;Wk; msTrhH juTfis
Nrfupg;gjw;F fl;likf;fg;gl;l> gFjpastpy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;J gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs;> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs;> rpWtajpy; jpUkzk; Kbj;j ngz;fs;>
khw;Wj;jpwDila ngz;fs;> jdpj;J thOk; ngz;fs; cs;slq;fyhf FLk;gj; jiytHfshf
cs;s ngz;fsplk; NeHfhzy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; tTdpah
khtl;lq;fspy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfspy; juT Nrfupf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpj;j gFjpfspy;
gzpahw;Wk; murhq;f mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; rKjhak;rhH epWtdq;fSld; gpujhd jfty;
toq;FdHfSf;fhd NeHfhzy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. jfty;fis cWjp nra;tjw;F gy;NtW
epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mj;Jld;> mtjhdpj;jy; Kiw
Ak; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2

2. ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;: tpupthd tiutpyf;fzk;
Aj;jk; eilngw;w fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,e;j ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs; r%f uPjpahf
Tk;> nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk; ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJld;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd #o;epiyapYk; mNjepiyNa fhzg;gLtjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz; FLk;gj;
jiytHfs; Aj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l td;Kiwapy; khj;jpuk; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy> jkJ
md;Gf;FupatHfisAk; mtHfs; Aj;jj;jpy; ,oe;Js;sdH. mj;Jld;> jkJ FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s
VidNahUf;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf rpWtHfSf;F epjp uPjpahfTk;> czHT uPjpahfTk; Mjutspf;f
Ntz;batHfshfTk; mtHfs; cs;sdH. Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l khjpupfspy; 86%MdtHfs;
fztid ,oe;jtHfs;> fztid tpl;Lg; gpupe;jikapdhy; FLk;gj; jiytHfshf
8.1%MdtHfSk;> jpUkzk; Kbf;fhjtHfshf 3.7%MdtHfSk;> jpUkzk; Kbf;fhjtHfshf
1.9%MdtHfSk; cs;sdH. ngz; FLk;gj; jiytHfSf;F ruhrupahf ,uz;L gps;isfs;
cs;sdH. 88.5%Md gjpyspj;jtHfSf;F xd;W Kjy; MW tajhd gps;isfs; cs;sdH.
FHH,y; fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; (57.4%)> fztd; fhzhky; Nghd ngz;fs; (4.8%)> rl;luPjpahf
gpupe;J thOk; ngz;fs; (18.9%)> ,e;j gjj;jpy; Fog;gk; nfhz;l ngz;fs; (3.7%)> FLk;g
cWg;gpdHfs; vtUk; ,y;yhj ngz;fs; (1.5%)> my;yJ muR rhuhj KftHfshy; fztHfs;
flj;jg;gl;ltHfs; (2.6%) vd;NghH cs;slq;Ffpd;wdH. NtWgl;l tpjq;fspy; gjpyspj;jtHfs;
midtUk; ,e;j gjj;jpid tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l tpjj;ij Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
FHH gjj;jpw;fhd tpsf;fj;ij gutyhf;FtJ vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; mf;fiw kpFe;j tplaky;y.
Kuz;ghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; gzpGupAk; tpOJ epWtdj;jpd; mDgtq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; Gupe;JzHit gutyhf;Ftjw;F ,e;j fw;if Kaw;rpj;jJ. Aj;jj;jpdhy;
Kuz;ghl;Lr; #oypy; ,e;j Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;likahdJ> fsj;jpy; cs;s epiyikfis cs;thq;ff;
$ba gy;tifg;gl;l Kiwapay;fs; mtrpakhfTs;s ghJfhg;G neUf;fbfis ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. vkJ
juT Nrfupj;jy; fhyg;gFjpia ,uz;L gFjpfshf gpupj;jy; vkJ mLj;j rthy; Fiwj;jy; cghakhFk;.
,jd; %yk; Neuk; tpuakhjiy jtpHf;f KbAk;.
2
20
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gy ehLfisg; Nghd;W> ,yq;ifapYk;> rptpy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; FLk;gj; jiytH
fs; capupoe;jikapd; fhuzkhf> Mz;fs; fhzhky; Nghdjhy;> flj;jg;gl;ljhy; my;yJ
fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
nghJthf FHH vd;gJ xNu tifahd ,ay;igf; nfhz;l FOthf ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Njrpa
nfhs;if mikj;jy; kl;lj;jpYk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kl;lj;jpYk;> rKjha kl;lj;jpYk;
,NjNghd;w epiyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd jpUkzk; Kbj;J> fztid ,oe;jtHfs;
(gy;NtW taJg; gpupitr; NrHe;jtHfs;) FHH vd fw;ifapy; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. Vid-
NahH fztuplkpUe;J tpyfpatHfs; my;yJ fztH fhzhky; NghdtHfs; / fztH
flj;jg;gl;l tHfs; kw;Wk; rpwpjstpyhNdhH khj;jpuk; jdpj;J tho;gtHfshfTk;> fztdhy;
iftplg;gl;L jdpj;J Rakhf tho;gtHfshfTk; cs;sdH.
,e;j ngz;fs; FOtpy; cs;s NtWghl;il khj;jpukpd;wp> taJ gpupT rhHe;jjhfTk; me;j
NtWghL cs;sjid ,J tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,tHfs; midtUk; ntt;Ntwhd
re;jHg;gq;fspy; FHH vd;w ,e;j epiyf;F te;Js;sdH. nghJthf ngUk;ghyhdtHfspd;
fztHfs; ,y;iy. Mdhy; VidNahupd; Mz; njhlHG tpj;jpahrg;gLfpd;wJ. my;yJ
jdpahd ngz;fisg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ jk;ik FHH vdf; Fwpg;gpLNthUf;F Mz; njhlHNg
,y;iy. fw;ifapy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngUk;ghyhd FHH (93%) fztid ,oe;jjd; %yk; my;yJ
fztd; fhzhky; Nghdjhy;> my;yJ fztd; my;yJ FLk;g cWg;gpdH fhakile;jjhy;>
,lk;ngaHe;jikahy;> nrhj;Jf;fSk;> cilikfSk; fhzhky; Nghdjd; %yk; Aj;jj;jpdhy;
Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshFk;.
,q;F ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba kw;WnkhU tplakhf ,Ug;gJ> xt;nthU FHH
ngz;fSf;Fk; vd;w gjkhdJ NtWgl;l mHj;jj;ij jUtjhf cs;sJ. mit> epfo;r;rprhH
kw;Wk; nfhs;if mbg;gilapyhd tpisTfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ghuk;gupa Ki-
wapy; ,e;j gjj;jpd; gad;ghL vd;gJ ,Wjpapy; FHH Mf ,Uf;Fk; rpy ngz;fs;> kPl;ly;
kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp ,ilaPLfisAk;> nfhs;if mZFKiwfisAk; jtw tpl;ltHfshf
cs;sdH. gadhspfs; cs;sPLfs; Njlg;gLk; ,lq;fspy;>
njupT nghWg;Ngw;fg;gLtJld;> cjtpAk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mt;thwhd ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; cjtpapd; jd;ikapYk;
mJ jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
3. ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;:
Rfhjhu rpf;fy;fs;
Aj;jj;jpd; ghjpg;G vd;gJ ,e;j ngz;fspYk; cs;sJ.
ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F kdmjpHr;rp> guthj Neha;fs;> my;yJ
khw;Wj;jpwd; vd;gd cs;sJ. 77.8%MNdhH mt;tg;NghJ
kUj;Jt Nritia ehbAs;sdH. 16.3% MdtHfs; njhlHr;rpahf
rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;sdH. 4.1%MNdhH tpNrl
rpfpr;iriag; ngw;Ws;sJld;> 1.4%MdtHfs; elkhLk; Nrit
ia ehbAs;sdH. 47.4%MNdhUf;F efu itj;jparhiyfis
ehlf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 28.5% MdtHfs; fpuhk rpfpr;ir
epiyaq;fisAk;> 10.4%MNdhH ghuk;gupa itj;jpaHfisAk;>
5.9%MNdhH MAHNtj itj;jparhiyfisAk;> 7.8%MNdhH
kjj; jiy tHfisAk;> rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijAk;> mf;AgQ;rH
rpfpr;ir KiwiaAk; ehbAs;sdH.
gq;Fgw;wpatHfspy; ruhrup taJila> 50 taJf;F Fiwe;j
FHH ngz; xUtH Aj;jj;jpdhy; fhakile;jtuhf (cly;rhH
kw;Wk; czHTrhH)> guthj Neha;fs; kw;Wk; nrtpkLj;jy;
jpwd; mw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhH. NehahdJ tajhd FHH,w;F
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,e;j tplak; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w
NghjpYk;> mtHfSila Rfhjhu epiy njhlHghd
ajhHj;jk; NtWgl;ljhFk;. tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd mZFk;
trjp kw;Wk; <LglypYk;> Vida rKjha eltbf;iffs;
kw;Wk; jq;fpAs;stHfis guhkupj;jy; rhHe;j Mw;wypYk;
,J jhf;fj;jij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtHfs;
ruhrup taJila> 50
taJf;F Fiwe;j FHH
ngz; xUtH Aj;jj;jpdhy;
fhakile;jtuhf (cly;rhH
kw;Wk; czHTrhH)> guthj
Neha;fs; kw;Wk; nrtpkLj;jy;
jpwd; mw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhH.
NehahdJ tajhd FHH,w;F
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,e;j
tplak; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w
NghjpYk;> mtHfSila
Rfhjhu epiy njhlHghd
ajhHj;jk; NtWgl;ljhFk;.
tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd mZFk;
trjp kw;Wk; <LglypYk;>
Vida rKjha eltbf;iffs;
kw;Wk; jq;fpAs;stHfis
guhkupj;jy; rhHe;j Mw;wypYk;
,J jhf;fj;jij Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
,jd; fhuzkhf mtHfs;
r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J
xJf;fg;glyhk;. mj;Jld;>
MNuhf;fpakw;w mtHfsJ
cly;epiyahdJ rKjhak;
kw;Wk; rKjha mgptpUj;jpapy;
mtHfsJ nraw;wpwd; kpf;f
gq;fpYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
21
r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J xJf;fg;glyhk;. mj;Jld;> MNuhf;fpakw;w mtHfsJ cly;epiyahdJ
rKjhak; kw;Wk; rKjha mgptpUj;jpapy; mtHfsJ nraw;wpwd; kpf;f gq;fpYk; ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
4. ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; tWik kl;lq;fSk;> tho;thjhuq;fSk;
,yq;ifapy; fztid ,oe;j ,e;j ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
mz;ika tUlq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mjpfupg;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
rptpy; Aj;jj;jpy; Mz;fs; capupoe;jik> fhzhky; Ngh-
dik> flj;jg;gl;lik kw;Wk; jLg;G fhtypy; ,Ue;jik
vd;gd ,jw;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fshFk;. rKjhaj;jpy;
tWikia xopg;gjw;F ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fis
,yf;F itj;jy; vd;w fUj;jhf;fkhdJ Nghjpa ftdk;
nrYj;jg;glhj tplakhf cs;sJ. FLk;gj; jiytHfshf
,Uf;Fk; ngz;fs;> fy;tp> tUkhdk;> r%f cupikfs; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu re;jHg;gq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ghy;epiy ghugl;rj;ij
vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. fztid ,oe;j ngz;nzhUtupd; khjhe;j
tUkhdk; &. 3>875 vd fw;if fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. mtHfs; ehshe;j $yp ngWk; re;jHg;gq;fspy;
mtHfs; thuk; xd;wpw;F ,uz;L-%d;W ehl;fs; Ntiy nra;tjd; %yk; & 300-400 tiu
rk;ghjpf;fpd;wdH. ,J fl;Lg;ghL rhHe;J ,Ug;gJld;> ehshe;j Njitfis vl;Ltjw;F cjT-
tjhfTk; ,y;iy. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; jkJ ehshe;j czT NjitfSf;fhf jkJ may-
Htfsplk; mtHfs; fld; ngw Ntz;ba epiyAk; cs;sJ.
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; tho;thjhu cjtpf;fhd mZFk; trjp vd;gJ FHH,w;fhd
gpujhd mf;fiwahf cs;sJ. ,tHfNs vg;NghJk; ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;fhFk; egHfsh-
fTk;> tWikapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLgtHfshfTk; cs;sdH. Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ,e;j FOtpw;fhd
tWikapd; msT Fwpfhl;bfs; ,y;iy. vt;thwhapDk; mtHfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tUkh-
dk; <l;ly; re;jHg;gq;fspw;F ghj;jpukhFgtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH. ,e;jf; fw;ifapy; fye;J
nfhz;L gjpyspj;jtHfspy; gyH murhq;fk; kw;Wk; muR rhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fspdhy; jkJ
tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd cjtpiag; ngw;wtHfshf cs;sdH.
cjtpf;F jFjp ngWtjw;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mtHfs; jFjpfshf ghHf;fpd;wdH:
nkhj;j ,og;G> fztiu ,oe;jik> tho;thjhu nrhj;J ,og;G> kw;Wk; jq;fpapUf;Fk; epiy.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,Jtiu cjtpiag; ngwhjtHfs; gyUk; ,d;W cs;sdH.
gy;NtW tho;thjhu eltbf;iffspy; FHH <Lgl;Ls;sdH. ,e;jf; fw;ifapy; fye;J nfhz;l
24.8%Md ngz;fs; mur njhopypy; cs;stHfshfTk;> 11.9%MdtHfs; Ntiyaw;wtHfshf>
Ntiy Njb tUgtHfshfTk;> kpff; Fiwe;j mstpyhdtHfs; (2.6%) Ntiytha;g;G
ngWtjpy; MHtk; mw;wtHfshfTk;> 5.6%MdtHfs; tPl;L Ntiyfspy; khj;jpuk; <LgLgtHf-
shfTk;> rpyH khw;Wj;jpwd; fhuzkhf gzpGupa KbahjtHfshfTk; (2.2%) cs;sdH.
vt;thwhapDk; mtHfspy; ngUk;ghyhdtHfs; muprp Miyfs;> tay; epyq;fs; kw;Wk; Nridg;
gapHr;nra;if Nghd;w $yp NtiyfspYk;> rpwpa filfs;> muprp Fj;JjYk;> tpw;wYk;>
Mil ijj;jy;> kw;Wk; tpw;gidf;fhf ghy;rhH nghUl;fis
jahupj;jy; Nghd;w rpW mstpyhd njhopypy; <LgLgtHf-
shfTk; cs;sdH. ,e;jf; ifj;njhopy;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tPL
rhHe;jjhfTk;> kpfTk; vspa jd;ikahdjhfTk; cs;sJld;>
re;ij Nfs;tp Fiwthf ,Ug;gjdhy;> vg;NghJk; nra;ag;gLk;
xd;whfTk; ,y;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf epue;ju tUkhdk;
<l;bj; jUk; tplakhf mJ mikatpy;iy. jkJ jpwd;fis
tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd gyH fUJfpd;wdH. mNjN-
tis> jkJ jpwd;fis tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;bajpy;iy
vd VidNahH fUJfpd;wdH.
miug;gq;fpw;Fk; rpwpJ mjpfkhd gjpyspj;jtHfs; khj;jpuNk
tUkhdj;jpw;fhd epue;ju top> tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd %yjdj;ij
Nrfupf;Fk; Mw;wy;> ,aYik mgptpUj;jp> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;
nghUl;fs;> tPL rhHe;j njhopy;fSf;fhd mZFk; trjp>
,e;jf; fw;ifapy; fye;J
nfhz;L gjpyspj;jtHfspy;
gyH murhq;fk;
kw;Wk; muR rhHgw;w
mikg;Gf;fspdhy; jkJ
tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis
Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd cjtpiag;
ngw;wtHfshf cs;sdH.
ngUk;ghyhdtHfs; (87.4%)
jkf;F fpilj;j tho;thjhu
epfo;r;rpfs; njhlHgpy; jpUg;jp
mw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jdH.
mtHfs; nghUshjhu
uPjpahf Rje;jpukhdtHfshf
,Ug;gjw;Fk;> jkJ eyid
Nkk;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis
rpWtHfspd; eydpw;Fk;
cjtp nra;af; $batHf-
shf ,Ug;gjw;F MHtk;
nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH.
22
RaNtiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fs;> tHj;jf MNyhrid vd;gd Fwpj;J MHtk; nfhz;ltHfshf
,Ue;jdH. ngUk;ghyhdtHfs; (87.4%) jkf;F fpilj;j tho;thjhu epfo;r;rpfs; njhlHgpy; jpUg;jp
mw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. mtHfs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf Rje;jpukhdtHfshf ,Ug;gjw;Fk;>
jkJ eyid Nkk;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis rpWtHfspd; eydpw;Fk; cjtp nra;af; $batHfshf
,Ug;gjw;F MHtk; nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH.
5. jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy; gq;Nfw;wy;
rKjha gq;Nfw;gpy; FHH <LghL vd;gJ> nghJ kf;fs;
nraw;wpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;
topahf gupe;J Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. tho;thjhuq;fis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gapw;rpAld; ,ize;jjhf tpNrl
nghWg;Gf;fSk; FHH,w;F toq;fg;gLkhapd;> rKjha <LghL
vd;gJ NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf mikAk; vd rKjhak;
fz;lwpe;jJ. FLk;g kl;lj;jpy; Njitfis vl;Ltjw;F
gad;glf; $ba tho;thjhu eltbf;iffSld; ,ize;jjhf
,Uf;Fkhapd;> gq;Nfw;G vd;gJ gutyhf;fg;glyhk; vd;w
fUj;ij ,J Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. ngz;fSf;F ,e;j njupTfs;
fpilf;Fkhapd;> mtHfshy; rKjha nraw;ghLfspy; ghupa
mstpy; fye;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
ngUk;ghyhd FHH (84.4%) rKjha eltbf;iffspy;
gq;Fgw;wpaJld;> rpyH (15.4%) gq;F gw;wtpy;iy. rKjhaj;jpd;
<LghL vd;gJ kpfTk; mbg;gilahd> vspikahd kw;Wk;
rhjhuzkhd kl;lj;jpy; cs;sjidAk; fw;if fz;lwpe;jJ. FHH,idr; NrHe;j ngz;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhNdhH (53.3%) gpujhdkhf fpuhkj;jpy; rKjha $l;lq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;jdH. mNj
Ntis> 40%MNdhH CBO $l;lq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;jdH. mj;Jld;> rpwpa mstpyhNdhH
(7%) khj;jpuk; mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida jpizf;fsq;fspd; $l;lq;fspy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;bUe;jdH. rKjhak; rhuhj nraw;ghl;lhsHfshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l $l;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; Fiwe;jsthd gq;Fgw;wy; vd;gJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; cUthd
jhFk;: Kd;$l;ba my;yJ kpfTk; Jupjkhd mHg;gzpg;Gf;fspd; fhuzkhf gq;Fgw;wypy;
Mw;wypd;ik> jkJ fye;Jiuahly;fspy; FHH cs;slf;Ftjw;F ,e;j nraw;ghl;lhsHfspy;
cWjpahd Kaw;rpapy; gw;whf;Fiw> khwpyp gpukhzq;fspd; mbg;gilAld; ,ize;jjhf
FHH,id milahsk; fhz Kbahik.
,jw;F kj;jpapy; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd MHtk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ
(58%). Aj;jk; epiwtile;jTlNdNa jq;fpapUf;Fk; fyhrhuj;jpd; tpisTfspd; fhuzkhf
Fwpg;gpl;lsT ngz;fs; MHtk; mw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. nghJ cjtp khjhe;j nfhLg;gdT
(PAMA)
3
(40%)> rKHj;jp
4
(26%)> Aj;jj;Jld; njhlHGila ,og;gPL (6%)> tPlikg;G jpl;lj;ijg;
ngWgtHfs; (10%)> fld; kw;Wk; flDjtp ngWgtHfs; (5%) kw;Wk; tho;thjhu cjtp ngWg
tHfs; (14%) vd gy;NtWgl;l cjtpfspd; mq;fkhf ngz;fs; cs;sdH.
ngUk;ghyhd FHH,w;fhd ,aYik mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mZFk; trjp kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;.
,t;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd jPHkhdq;fs; cs;SH murhq;f mjpfhupfshy;
vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld;> ,e;j Nritfs; ahUf;F mjpfkhf NjitNah mtHfis
jtpHj;J> ,tHfs; nraw;gLtJk; ntspg;gilahf mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhfTs;sJ. ,e;j
mjpfhupfsplkpUe;Jk;> cs;SH mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fsplkpUe;Jk; ghugl;rj;ij vjpHNehf;Ftjid
FHH ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mtHfshy; flid kPs nrYj;j Kbahj NeHe;JtpLk; vd mtHfs;
ftiy nfhz;ldH. mj;Jld;> nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfspy; ,iztjw;fhd ek;gpf;if
Fiwe;jtHfshfTk;> jaf;fk; nfhz;ltHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
rKjhaj;jpw;Fs; jPHkhdk; vLj;jYf;fhd ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gk;> njhlHghlYk; ngz;fs;
kj;jpapy; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy ngz;fs; mr;r czHT> FLk;g
MjuT ,d;ik> FLk;gj;ijAk;> rpWtHfisAk; guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;> gq;Fgw;w Ntz;lhk;
vd FLk;gj;jpdupd; mOj;jk;> kw;Wk; cly; epiyikfis ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshf
70 taJf;F Nkw;gl;ltHfSf;F khjhe;jk; &. 1>000 nfhLg;gdT toq;fp> murpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; r%fg;
ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rp.
tWik Nfhl;Lf;F fPNo cs;stHfis ,yf;F itf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; ghJfhg;G tiy epfo;r;rp.
3
4
FHH vd;gJ xNu tifahd
,ay;igf; nfhz;l FOthf
ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Njrpa
nfhs;if mikj;jy;
kl;lj;jpYk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
kl;lj;jpYk;> rKjha kl;lj;jpYk;
,NjNghd;w epiyNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd
jpUkzk; Kbj;J> fz-
tid ,oe;jtHfs; (gy;NtW
taJg; gpupitr; NrHe;jtHfs;)
FHH vd fw;ifapy; %yk;
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
23
Kd;itf;fpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhd FHH> jkJ FLk;gk; rhHe;j jPHkhdq;fis vLf;fpd;wdH.
mNjNtis> 25%MdtHfspy; ,e;j jPHkhdkhdJ $l;Lf;FLk;gj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
FLk;gr;nryTfs; (60%)> $l;Lf; FLk;gk; rhHe;j tplaq;fs; (30.4%) kw;Wk; jkJ rpWtHfs;
(9.6%) njhlHgpy; mtHfs; jPHkhdk; vLf;fpd;wdH. jPHkhdq;fis vLg;gjw;F jkf;F re;jHg;gq;fs;
cz;L vd ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; fUjpdhYk;> rpWtHfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jPHkhdq;fs; kpfTk;
FiwthfNt cs;sd.
57.8%Md FHH mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F kpfTk; MHtkhf cs;sjhfTk;>
41.5%Md FHH mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F MHtk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; njuptpj;jdH.
,e;jg; gFjpfspy; fpilf;ff; $bajhfTs;s mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfspy; gjpyspj;jtHfs;
<Lgl;Ls;sikiaAk; ,e;jf; fw;if fz;lwpe;jJ.
jkJ nrhe;jf; FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;NsNa fsq;fj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjhf FHH njuptpj;jdH.
jhk; tpj;jpahrkhf elj;jg;gLtjhfTk;> kupahijAld; jk;kplk; fijg;gjpy;iy vdTk;>
rpy epfo;TfSf;F miof;fg;gl;Lk;> rpy epfo;TfSf;F miof;fg;gLtjpy;iy vdTk;
(kuzr;rlq;FfSf;F miof;fg;gly;> jpUkzq;fSf;F miof;fg;glhik)> ,jd; fhuzkhf
FLk;g epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; nghJ epfo;Tfspy; mtHfSila gq;fspg;G kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf
mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
6. KbTiuAk;> gupe;JiufSk;
,e;jf; fw;ifapy; fye;J nfhz;l FLk;gj; jiytpfshd ngz;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtHfs;
gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhz;Ls;sdH. Aj;jk; kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd epiyik
vd ,U re;jHg;gq;fspdhYk; ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; csr;r%f ghjpg;ig vjpHnfhz;Ls;sik
fw;ifapd; %yk; ntspahfpAs;sJ. Aj;jj;jpd; kd mjpHr;rpia ifahs;tjw;Fk;> FLk;gj;
jiyik tfpf;Fk; ngz;fSf;F fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;s tho;thjhu njupTfis
mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> trjpaspf;Fk; #oy; xd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. Vnd-
dpy;> Nghjpa kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd tho;thjhu njupTfs; ,d;ikNa ,e;j ngz;fspd;
kdmjpHr;rpf;fhd fhuzkhf cs;sJ. ,jw;F tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; cs;s tPr;nry;iyfs;
ed;whf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;L vjpHfhy jpl;lkply; nraw;ghLfSk;> mgptpUj;jp ,ilaPLfSk;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;> FLk;gj; jiytHfshf ,Uf;Fk; ngz;fSf;fhd
gy;NtWgl;l tho;thjhu re;jHg;gq;fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;ifapy; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; ,e;jg; ngz;fs; tWik kw;Wk;
,d;dy;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; tho;tjw;F
ngz;fspd; nghUshjhu Rje;jpuKk;> murpay; tYthf;fYk; kpfTk; mj;jpahtrpakhd
mq;fq;fshFk;. ,e;j re;jHg;gq;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; FHH,d; epiyia mHj;jKs;sjhf;FtJld;>
Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik kw;Wk; tWikia vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd Mw;wiy tYg;gLj;Jk;. cly;rhH
ghjpg;Gf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ,e;jg; ngz;fs; csuPjpahfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. ,J Gjpa
tplak; xd;W my;y vd;w NghjpYk;> mjid Gupe;J nfhz;L> ngz;fs; mjid fle;J
tu cjTk; tifapy; Neubahf mjid milahsk; fhz;gjw;F muR my;yJ muR rhuh
nraw;ghl;lhsHfshy; ve;jnthU nraw;ghLk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
ghuk;gupa tho;thjhuq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tho;thjhu re;jHg;gq;fSf;fhd mZFk; trjpia
khj;jpuNk FLk;gj; jiytHfshd ngz;fs; nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,J mtHfSf;fhd re;jHg;gq;fis
Fiwg;gJld;> tWik mjpfupf;fTk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; fpuhk eltbf;iffspy;
ngz;fs; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NghJ> mtHfs; jkJ cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J ed;F
mwpe;J itj;jpUg;gJld;> rpwe;j jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;bUg;gH. mtHfSf;F
mZFk; trjpAs;s tho;thjhu njupTfs;> mtw;wpy; mtHfs; <LgLk; jd;ik vd;gtw;wpy; ,J
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,t;thwhd ntw;wpfspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;ghLfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;> ngz;fs; tWikapy; ,Ue;J ntspte;J> jkJ tho;f;if eyid
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
24
murhq;f nfhs;if tFg;NghUf;Fk;> CSO ,w;Fk; rpy Kf;fpakhd
MNyhridfis ,e;j KbTfs; toq;Fk;.
FHH vd;gJ XNu ,ay;igf; nfhz;l FO my;y vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhz;L>
mtHfSila NtWgl;l Njitfs; kw;Wk; ,aYikfs; Fwpj;J fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld;> tWik kw;Wk; ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf; $baj; jd;ikia Fiwg;gjw;F
cgha uPjpahd eltbf;iffs; tbtikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
FHH,d; ghugl;rk; rhH epiyikfis xopg;gjw;Fk;> ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Vw;w epfo;r;rpfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
cs;Suhl;rp mq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfspy; FHH,d; rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtJld;> cs;Suhl;rp mq;fq;fspw;fhd
NjHjy;fspy; Nghl;bapLtjw;F FHH,idr; NrHe;j ngz;fSf;Fk; re;jHg;gk; toq;fp>
mtHfSf;F MNyhrid toq;fg;gLtjid cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
rKjhaj;jpw;Fs; CBO kw;Wk; WRDS Nghd;w csS@H epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs;> tpN
rlkhf FHH rk;ge;jg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L> tYg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fs; mjpfk; mq;fk; tfpf;fhj Vida kw;Wk; cs;SH epWtdq;fspy; jPHkhdk;
vLj;jy; kl;lj;jpw;F ngz;fs; Kd;NdWk; tifapy; FHH,w;F re;jHg;gq;fs;
toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
FHH kPjhd Aj;jj;jpd; csr;r%f tpisTfis vjpHnfhs;tjw;F RahjPd mZFKiw
fspd; mbg;gilapy; nryT tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f> Gj;jhf;fkhd epfo;r;rpfis
murhq;fKk;> rptpy; r%fKk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fspd; nrhj;J cupikfs; cWjp nra;ag;gLtJld;> mt;thwhd cupikfSf;fhd
mZFk; trjpaw;w FHH,d; nrhj;J cupikfSf;Fk; cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cupikfis cWjp nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk; rhHe;j nrayw;w
jd;ikAk;> vjpHg;G jd;ikAk; milahsk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
25
26
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfs;: aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT>
kd;dhH> tTdpah> kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiu kw;Wk;
jpUNfhzkiyapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspd;
mDgtq;fs;
1. mwpKfk; kw;Wk; gpd;Gyk;
1

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; fzpf;fg;gl;l ngz;
Nghuhspfspd; vz;zpf;if %thapuj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhFk;. gy
kl;lq;fspYk; Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfis r%fj;jpy; kPs
xUq;fpizj;jy; vd;gJk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd tplakhFk;. ,jpy;
rKjha> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; Njrpa kl;lq;fSk;> nghUshjhu>
r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu mk;rq;fSk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
2

jkJ ,ay;ghd tho;f;ifia Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd Mw;wypy;
jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jk; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; fy;tp
ngWtjpy; cs;s rpf;fy; vd;gJ gpujhdkhf mf;fiw
nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplakhFk;. GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs;
Nghuhspfis Ntiyapy; mkHj;Jtjpy; njhopy; toq;FdHfs;
jaf;fk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. mtHfs; vy;.up.up.< cWg;gpdHfshf
,Ue;jikapdhy;> mtHfis rhjhuzkhd ngz;fshf
ghHg;gjid tpLj;J> Fog;gk; tpistpg;gtHfshf ghHf;Fk;
epiy cs;sJ.
3
mjidj; jtpu> r%f-fyhrhu mbg;gilapy;
ghHf;Fk; NghJ> Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;Fj; jpUkzj;
njupTfs; vd;gJk;> ghuk;gupakhd jkpo; r%fj;jpy; kw;WnkhU
gpujhd gpur;rpidahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Nghuhsp vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,e;jg; ngz;fspd; tfpghfkhdJ> jkpo; r%fj;jpy; mtHfSila
gz;ghL rhHe;j nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLg;gjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;>
mtHfs; r%fj;jpy; kPspiztjw;F Kaw;rp nra;fpd;w NghjpYk;> Fog;gk; Vw;gLj;JgtHfshfTk;>
nghUj;jkw;wtHfshfTk; ghHf;fg;gLtjdhy;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd jkpo; r%fj;jpy; mtHfspd;
kPs; xUq;fpizj;jy; gaDs;sjhf ,y;iy.vdNt> ,e;jg; ngz;fs; jdpahH kw;Wk; nghJ
jsq;fs; ,uz;bYNk ghugl;rj;ij vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. ngz;fs; gpujhdkhf jha;khHfshfTk;>
kidtpkhuhfTk; khj;jpuNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij kWjypf;Fk; tifapy;> Mz;fSld;
,ize;J MAjq;fs; Ve;jp rz;ilapl;lhHfs; vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf r%fk; mtHfis
epuhfupf;fpd;wJ.
4
vt;thwhapDk;> mtHfSila milahsk; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sikahdJ
nghJthf Fiwj;J kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy kw;Wk; kpfTk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapNyNa mwpe;J nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5

mj;jpahak; 3
Nghuhsp vd;w mbg;gilapy;
,e;jg; ngz;fspd;
tfpghfkhdJ> jkpo; r%fj;jpy;
mtHfSila gz;ghL rhHe;j
nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLg;gjpy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
,Ug;gpDk;> mtHfs; r%fj;jpy;
kPspiztjw;F Kaw;rp
nra;fpd;w NghjpYk;> Fog;gk;
Vw;gLj;JgtHfshfTk;>
nghUj;jkw;wtHfshfTk;
ghHf;fg;gLtjdhy;>
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd
jkpo; r%fj;jpy; mtHfspd;
kPs; xUq;fpizj;jy;
gaDs;sjhf ,y;iy.
,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;: tuyhw;W kPsha;T> kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yk; 2013
(gpuRupf;fg;gltpy;iy) vd;w Ma;tpypUe;Jk; ,e;jg; gFjpfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd.
J~;ae;jp fdfrghgjpgps;is> 'Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfspd;
cupikfs; kWf;fg;gly;" ,izaj;jpy;>http://www.ethicsinaction.asia/archive/2013-ethics-in-action/2013V7N
1/2013V7N1P8.,yq;ifapy; 20 tUlq;fshf J~;ae;jp fdfrghgjpgps;is Clftpayhsuhf cs;shH.
,yq;ifapy; Aj;j tyaj;jpw;F jdpj;J gazpj;j Kjy; ngz; Clftpayhsuhf mtH tpsq;Ffpd;whH.
Valkyrie (ground views,izaj;jsj;jpw;F Mf;fq;fs; vOJgtH) 'Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy;
Kd;dhs; vy;.up.up.< ngz; Nghuhspfs;" ngg;utup 2012 ,izak;: http://groundviews.org/2012/02/24/female-ex-
combatants-of-ltte-in-post-war-sri-lanka/.
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs; vy;.up.up.< ngz; Nghuhspfs;> ,izak;: http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=yr8ioJqIeLo.
njw;fhrpa r%f fl;llf; fiyQHfs; 'fle;j fhyj;jpdhy; Nga;fs; elkhLk" khHr; 2013 ,izak;: http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSSv9Kk3tkI.
1
2
3
4
5
kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yk;
27
Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; vjpHnfhz;l kdmjpHr;rpia kwe;J tpl KbahJ. mjpHr;rpf;Fg;
gpd;duhd mOj;j FiwghL (PTSD)> rupnra;jy; FiwghL> kd mOj;jk;> kw;Wk; cwf;fj;jpy;
elj;jy; vd;gd Nghd;w mjpHr;rp rhHe;j FiwghLfis gy tUlq;fshf ePbj;j Aj;jk;
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;j tplak; njhlHgpy; murhq;fk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wikAk;> kPspzf;fr;
nraw;ghl;bd; xU mq;fkhf mjid NrHf;fpd;wikAk; Nfs;tpf;FupajhfTs;sJ.
6

GdHtho;Tr; nraw;ghl;bd; gpd;dH r%fj;Jld; kPspizf;fg;gl;l
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfspd; fs epiyikia mwpe;J
nfhs;tNj tpOJ mikg;gpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l ,e;j
Ma;Tf; fw;ifapd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.
2009Mk; Mz;L Aj;jk; epiwtile;j gpd;dH> ngUk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhd vy;.up.up.< cWg;gpdHfs; ruzile;jdH.
mtHfs; jLg;G epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G jq;Fkplq;fs;>
GdHtho;T epiyaq;fs; (PARC) vd;gtw;Wf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gl;ldH.
7
ngupNahUf;fhd fy;tp tFg;Gfs;> njhopy;El;g
kw;Wk; njhopy; EZf;fg; gapw;rpfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW fw;if
eltbf;iffSf;F mtHfs; cs;shf;fg;gl;ldH. Kd;dhs; vy;.
up.up.< Nghuhspfspd; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;jf;
fw;if newpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk; mtHfis
r%fj;jpy; kPs; xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhd re;jHg;gj;jpid mjpfupf;f
vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lJ.
8
rpiwr;rhiy jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; GdHtho;T
mikr;rupd; fUj;Jf;F mika> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; 11>000
Ngupy; 700 NgH khj;jpuNk GdHtho;T epiyaq;fspy; jw;NghJ
cs;sdH. ,tHfspy; %thapuk; NgH ngz;fshtH.
Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ gpujhd gq;F tfpj;j Mz; Nghuhspfspd; MAjk; fiyjy;> ,af;fj;ij
fiyj;jy;> kw;Wk; kPs r%fj;jpy; xUq;fpizj;jy; (DDR) vd;gdNt ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;bd;
gpujhd Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ngz;fs; tfpj;j rpf;fyhd tfpghfj;ij
Gwf;fzpf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;j mZFKiw mike;Js;sJ. ngz; Nghuhspfspd; tfpghfq;fs;>
mDgtq;fs;> kw;Wk; mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gd jw;Nghija #o;epiyAld; nghUe;jpajhf
ghHf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
GdHtho;Tr; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;dH> jkJ FLk;gj;jplk; my;yJ rKjha cWg;gpdHfs;
vd ,U jug;gpdUlDk; fijg;gjw;F ,ayhj epiyapy; ngz;fs; cs;sdH. gz;ghl;L
tpOkpaq;fSk;> tof;fq;fSk; khwhJ ,Uf;fpd;w jkJ rKjhaq;fSf;Nf ngz;fs; kPs
mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. ,J Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfis NkYk; ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;fhff;
$batHfshf khw;Wfpd;wJ. elkhLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;> cs;sf td;Kiw>
ghypay; gyhj;fhuk; kw;Wk; ,uhZtf; fz;fhzpg;G Nghd;w gy;NtW cupik kPwy;fis
mtHfs; vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH.
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; gy;NtW
rthy;fis Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; vd;w Nehf;Fld; kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yj;jpdhy; (HHR)
9

Uthd; vk;. [aJq;f>'Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;ifapd; Nghuhspfspd; csr;r%f GdHtho;T" (2013)
Colombo Telegraph
ntypf;fe;ij> g+e;Njhl;lk;> neSf;Fsk; njhopy;El;g epiyak; vd;gtw;wpy; PARCmike;Js;sJ. ,q;F
Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; GdHtho;Tf;fhf mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ldH.
'Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis kPs xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; rthy;fs;" njhlHgpy; gpupNfbaH.D.D.U.K. n`l;bahur;rp
RSPUSPpsc Mw;wpa ciuapypUe;J>
,yq;ifapy; kdpj cupikfs; fyhrhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mHg;gzpg;Gld; cs;s epWtdkhf kdpj cupikfs;
,y;yk; cs;sJ. [dehaf Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> tpOkpaq;fisAk; NgZtjid Nehf;fp gzpahw;wy; kw;Wk;
ghugl;rj;jpid vjpHnfhs;Sk; jdpegHfSf;F MjuT NjLjy;. mwf;fl;lisahf tpsq;Fk; HHR>Kuz;ghl;bdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; njhif njhlHgpy; tpNrl ftdj;Jld; ,yq;if KOtjpYk; gzpahw;Wfpd;wJ. 1977Mk;
Mz;L rKjhaf; fytuj;jpd; tpisthftlf;fpy; %d;W rl;lj;juzpfisf; nfhz;l Kiwrhuh epWtdkhf ,J
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. cs;sf Kuz;ghl;by; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; jg;gpatHfSf;F rl;l MNyhrid toq;Fk;
epiyakhf Kjyhtjhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mur jug;gpduhy; ,iof;fg;gl;l td;Kiwfis Mjhuq;fSld;
rd;Nrhdpf; Mizf;FOtpy; mJ rkHg;gpj;jJ. 1991Mk; Mz;by;> nghUshjhu> r%f kw;wk; fyhrhu cupikfs;
njhlHghd I.eh rhrdk;> rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfSf;fhd I.eh rhrdk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
,yq;ifapy; kdpj cupikfis fhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; kdpj cupikfs; ,y;ykhdJ mwf;fl;lisahf khw;wk;
ngw;wJ. kdpj cup ikfs; ,y;ykhdJ jw;NghJ gpd;tUk; epfo;r;rpfisAk; Kd;ndLf;fpd;wJ: rl;l ghJfhg;G
(LD)> tprhuizfSk;> Mtzg;gLj;jYk; (ID)> ngz;fs; gpupT (WD)> cs;sf Kuz;ghl;by; kdpj cupikfs;
kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fis Muha;jy; (EHRN). nfhOk;gpy; mike;Js;s Njrpa mYtyfk; kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk;>
kd;dhH> tTdpah> fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT> mf;fiug;gw;W> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; `l;ld; efuq;fspy;
mike;Js;s fpis mYtyfq;fs; Clhf nrayhw;wp tUfpd;wJ.
6
7
8
9
Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ gpujhd gq;F
tfpj;j Mz; Nghuhspfspd;
MAjk; fiyjy;> ,af;fj;ij
fiyj;jy;> kw;Wk; kPs
r%fj;jpy; xUq;fpizj;jy;
(DDR) vd;gdNt ,e;jr;
nraw;ghl;bd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf
,Ue;jJ. Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ
ngz;fs; tfpj;j rpf;fyhd
tfpghfj;ij Gwf;fzpf;Fk;
tifapy; ,e;j mZFKiw
mike;Js;sJ. ngz;
Nghuhspfspd; tfpghfq;fs;>
mDgtq;fs;> kw;Wk;
mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gd
jw;Nghija #o;epiyAld;
nghUe;jpajhf ghHf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
28
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l fw;ifapy; ,Ue;J ,e;j mj;jpahak; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhk;
epiyj; jfty;fspd; kPsha;T> fw;if kw;Wk; ,yf;Ff; FO fye;Jiuahly;fs; vd;gtw;iw
gad;gLj;jp ,e;j Ma;Tf; fw;if jfty;fisj; jpul;baJ.
vl;L khtl;lq;fspy; Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfspd; #o;epiyia kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F ,e;j
Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ghJfhg;G fhuzq;fSf;fhf gjpyspg;gtHfs; HHR tiyaikg;gpd;
Clhf njupT nra;ag;gl;ldH.
,uhZtj;jpdupd; njhe;juTfis jtpHf;Fk; nghUl;L NeUf;F Neuhd NeHfhzy;fspy; fye;J
nfhs;tjw;F GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; ,zf;fk; njuptpf;ftpy;iy.
vdNt> NeHfhzypy; fye;J nfhs;s MHtKs;stHfis juT Nrfupg;gtHfs; milahsk;
fz;ldH. aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhH> fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT> tTdpah> kl;lf;fsg;G>
mf;fiug;gw;W> jpUNfhzkiy Mfpa vl;L khtl;lq;fisr; NrHe;j GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; 128 NgH NeHfhzYf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;ldH.
Ntiytha;g;G> ,lg;ngaHT> ,uhZkakhf;fy;> fhzhky; Nghjy; kw;Wk; rl;l xOq;Ffs;
Nghd;w gpur;rpidfis tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fisr; NrHe;j kf;fs; njhlHe;Jk;
vjpHnfhz;L tUfpd;wdH. Kd;dhs; vy;.up.up.< Nghuhspfs;> Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs; ,e;j
gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; mjpfk; ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;fhff; $batHfshf cs;sdH. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. vt;thwhapDk;> mtw;wpd; mZFk; jd;ik vd;gJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
GdHtho;T epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg; gpd;dH Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; kPz;Lk; mtHfsJ
rKjhaq;fSf;Nf mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfSf;F Gjpa jpwd;fs; rhH gapw;rp
toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Nghuhspfs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; mtHfs; ngw;wpUe;j jpwd;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
mtHfSf;F cfe;j Jiw njupT nra;ag;gl;L gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ. v.fh epHkhzk;> thfdk;
nrYj;jy;> epHthfk;> ,d;dgpw.
10
,jd; njhlHr;rpahf jkJ nrhe;j rKjhaq;fSf;Nf Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfs; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ldH. mth;fs; ngw;w jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fSf;F
,ilapy; nghUj;jkpy;yhj jd;ikia ,J Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
11

2. KbTfs;
2.1 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd cupik ve;jnthU jilfs; / fl;Lg;ghLfs;
,d;wp cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F cWjpahd rkj;Jtk;
mj;jpahtrpakhd NjitahFk;.vdNt> kPs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; midtUf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd eltbf;if
kw;Wk; Nritfisg; ngWtjw;Fk;> gpui[ vd;w tifapy;
midj;J rhj;jpaq;fisAk; mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; re;jHg;gk;
toq;fy;.
,uhZt fz;fhzpg;G vd;gNj Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;F
mjpf mOj;jk; jUk; tplakhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd gFjpfspy;> caH ghJfhg;G tyak; kw;Wk;
,uhZt mjpfhupfspd; elkhl;lk; vd;gd rKjha
cWg;gpdHfSf;F ngUk; mr;RWj;jyhf mike;Js;sJ.
Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis re;jpg;gjw;F ,uhZtj;jpdH mbf;fb
tp[ak; nra;tJk;> tprhuizfs; nra;tJk; cz;L. mtHfs;
rptpy; mYtyfq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;>
murhq;fj;jpd; mDruizaspf;fg;gl;l epfo;r;rpfspy; fye;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH.
rKjhaq;fSf;F kPsj; jpUk;gpa Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;
mjpfstpyhd ,uhZtkakhf;fypdhy; rthy;fis
'Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Kd;dhs; vy;.up.up.< ngz; Nghuhspfs;" Groundviews,y; rhkpyh.
http://groundviews.org/2012/02/24/female-ex-combatants-of-ltte-in-post-war-sri-lanka/(filrpahf Nk 17> 2013)
'Rg;gpukzpak; rptfhkp vdg;gLk; jkpopdp Rje;jpu gwitahf" B.gP.v];. n[auh[;> nla;yp kpuH> rdpf;fpoik
6 [_iy 2013::http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/dbsjeyaraj-column/31628-subramaniam-sivakamy-alias-thamilini-
becomes-a-free-birdn.html(filrpahf [_iy 6> 2013)
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11
rKjhaq;fSf;F kPsj;
jpUk;gpa Kd;dhs; ngz;
Nghuhspfs; mjpfstpyhd
,uhZtkakhf;fypdhy;
rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH.
ntspapy; nry;tjw;F
ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; mr;rk;
nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,uhZtk;
kPjhd gaj;jpd;
fhuzkhf mtHfspd; elkhl;lk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;
Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J> kw;nwhU
,lj;jpw;F efUk; NghJ>
,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpduhy;
mtHfs; tprhupf;fg;gLk;
epiy cs;sJ. KiwNa jkJ
fpuhkq;fspy; 27 tPjkhd
,uhZt rptpy; mjpfhupfs;
mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdH.
29
vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. ntspapy; nry;tjw;F ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; mr;rk; nfhz;Ls;sdH.
,uhZtk; kPjhd gaj;jpd; fhuzkhf mtHfspd; elkhl;lk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J> kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F efUk; NghJ> ,yq;if
,uhZtj;jpduhy; mtHfs; tprhupf;fg;gLk; epiy cs;sJ. KiwNa jkJ fpuhkq;fspy; 27
tPjkhd ,uhZt rptpy; mjpfhupfs; mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdH.
,uhZt rptpy; mYtyfj;jpw;F mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jk; khjhe;j mwpf;ifaply; Kiw vd;gJ
kpfTk; jHkrq;flkhdJ. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy;> mwpf;ifaply; my;yJ gjpT nra;jy;
nraw;ghLfspy; rYifia ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ghypay; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba
fl;lhaj;jpw;Fk; rpy ngz;fs; cs;shfpd;wdH.,e;jg; ngz;fspy; gyUf;F tho;f;ifj; Jiz
,y;iy vd;gNj cz;ik. ,t;thwhd #o;epiyfs; ngz;fis ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;fhFk;
epiyf;Fj; js;sp tpLfpd;wd. mj;Jld;> mtHfSila jdpg;gl;l cupikfspd; mbg;gil
kPwyhfTk; mike;J tpLfpd;wd. ,uhZt mjpfhupfshy; jhk; njhlHe;J fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;L
tUtjhf 42 tPjkhd gjpyspj;j ngz;fs; njuptpj;jdH. ,J ngz;fspd; jdpg;gl;l
ghJfhg;gpy; ,ila+iw Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mJ Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; kPjhd rKjha
vz;zf;fUtpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp> Fwpj;j ngz;fs; kPjhd re;Njfj;ij mjpfupj;J>
rKjhaj;jpdhy; ghugl;rk; kw;Wk; jdpikahf;fg;glYf;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. nghJthd
rKjha epfo;Tfspy; ,e;jg; ngz;fs; gq;Nfw;f Kbahj epiyAk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; gz;izfspy; gzp nra;tjw;F rptpy; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpy;
(CSD) ,iztjw;Fk; 9.4 tPjkhd ngz;fs; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdH. CSD,w;fhd Ml;NrHg;G
nraw;ghlhdJ> ,uhZtg; gilapduhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J fz;fhzpj;jYf;F NkYk;
cjtpaspg;gJld;> Nkw;ghHitia ,yFthdjhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; Kd;dhs; ngz;
Nghuhspfs; ,ay;ghd tho;f;iff;Fj; jpUk;GtJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkf;F Vw;gLk; mePjpfSf;fhf nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; nrd;W Kiwg;ghL nra;tjw;F
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; jaf;fk; nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH. Vnddpy;> tprhuiz
my;yJ Nfs;tp Nfl;ly; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; jhk; mjpfsT ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;fhNthk; vd
mtHfs; mQ;Rfpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhNdhH mikjpahf ,Ug;gjw;Fk;> jk; kPjhd td;Kiwahd
rk;gtq;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jhjtHfshfTk; mtHfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
2.2 GdHtho;T kw;Wk; kPs; xUq;fpizg;G
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd epiyikapy; Kd;dhs; ngz;
Nghuhspfspd; tho;f;ifapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd jpUg;GKidahf
GdHtho;T kw;Wk; kPs; xUq;fpizg;G vd;gJ cs;sJ.
Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; midtUf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; GdHtho;T
epfo;r;rpfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j epfo;r;rp
tbtikg;gpd; NghJ Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
vJTk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. 28 tPjkhd Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfs; GdHtho;T epfo;r;rpfspy; Ra tpUg;gpd; Ngupy;
<Lgltpy;iy. mNjNtis>murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J jhk; ngw;w
GdHtho;T epfo;r;rp njhlHgpy; 45 tPjkhd ngz;fs; jpUg;jp
nfhs;stpy;iy.
Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ vjpHnfhz;l ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd
,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; fhuzkhf
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; cly;rhHe;j kw;Wk; csk;rhHe;j
mjpHr;rpfis vjpHnfhz;ldH. vt;thwhapDk; GdHtho;Tr;
nraw;ghlhdJ ,e;j ajhHj;jj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. mj;Jld;> Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; GdHtho;T
epiyaq;fspy; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. mj;Jld;> vJtp
jkhd DDR nraw;ghl;Lf;F cs;shf Ntz;Lk; vd;w vjpHghHg;Gk;
mtHfs; kPJ itf;fg;gl;lJ. Aj;jk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l kd mjpHr;rp
Fwpj;J vJtpjkhd epthuz eltbf;iffSk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ vjpHnfhz;l
ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd
,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; kdpj
cupik kPwy;fs; fhuzkhf
Kd;dhs; ngz;Nghuhspfs;
cly;rhHe;j kw;Wk;
csk;rhHe;j mjpHr;rpfis
vjpHnfhz;ldH. vt;thwhapDk;
GdHtho;Tr; nraw;ghlhdJ
,e;j ajhHj;jj;ijg; Gupe;J
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
mj;Jld;> Kd;dhs; ngz;
Nghuhspfs; GdHtho;T
epiyaq;fspy; jLj;J
itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH.
mj;Jld;> vJtpjkhd DDR
nraw;ghl;Lf;F cs;shf
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vjpHghHg;Gk;
mtHfs; kPJ itf;fg;gl;lJ.
Aj;jk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l kd mjpHr;rp
Fwpj;J vJtpjkhd epthuz
eltbf;iffSk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
30
nghJthfNt> murpd; GdHtho;T epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Fgw;wpa Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs;
midtUk;> murhq;f epWtdj;jpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfs; midj;jpYk;
gq;Fgw;WkhW Nfhug;gLfpd;wdH. tpNrlkhf ,uhZtj;jpdH <LgLfpd;w epfo;r;rpfis
Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,J xU ntspg;gilahd gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rpfspy;
gq;Fgw;whjpUg;gjw;F mtHfs; KbT nra;thHfshapd;> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,uhZtj;jpduhy;
vLf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;j mr;rk; nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH. ghJfhg;G gilapduhy;
xOq;F nra;ag;gl;l murhq;f mDruizapyhd nghJ epfo;Tfspy; 13 tPjkhd ngz;fs;
fye;J nfhz;Ls;sdH.
FLk;gk; my;yJ jhk; thOk; rKjhak; jk;ik Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj re;jHg;gq;fspYk;
r%fj;Jld; kPspizjypy; ngz;fs; rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. GdHtho;tpd; gpd;dH
,ay;ghd tho;f;ifia Kd;ndLf;f KbahjtHfshf 19 tPjkhd ngz;fs; cs;sdH.
Vnddpy;> mtHfs; Kd;dhs; NghuhspfshfNt ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
nghJthfNt> jkJ MSikfSf;F Vw;g xt;nthU ngz;zplKk; tpNrlkhd
mDgtq;fSk;> jpwd;fSk; cs;sd. rpwe;j tho;f;if Kiwia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F mtHfs;
me;j mDgtq;fisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. vdpDk;> ,jd;NghJ md;whl
tho;f;ifapy; mtHfs; gythwhd rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. rKjhaj;Jld; kPs
xUq;fpizf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;dH jhk; ngw;w mDgtq;fisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; gad;gLj;j
Kbahj epiy fhzg;gLtjhf 55 tPjkhd Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdH.
njhlHr;rpahd njhe;juTfisAk;> njhy;iyfisAk; vjpHnfhs;tjd; fhuzkhf Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfs; nghJ ,lq;fspy; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ xUtUf;F xUtH NgRtjid jtpHg;gJk;
cz;L.
gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf ngz;fs; jkJ FLk;gq;fspYk;> rKjhaq;fspYk; kPs
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; kPs jkJ rKjhaq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk; NghJ>
GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfis vt;thW vjpHnfhs;tJ vd;gJ njhlHghd
mwpT rKjhaj;jpw;F Kd;$l;bNa toq;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. GdHtho;T mspj;J Kbf;fg;gl;l
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; jkJ FLk;gq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH>
r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J mtHfSf;F fpilf;Fk; tuNtw;ghdJ> mtHfSf;F cfe;j #oy; xd;iw
cUthf;Ftjhf ,y;iy. Aj;j fhyj;jpd; NghJ jhk; tfpj;j tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfis
khw;Wtjpy; GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH.
mikg;Gld; ,ize;J gzpahw;Wk; NghJ jhk; ngw;w mDgtq;fisAk;> jpwd;fisAk;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu jilfSk; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf
r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW jug;gl;l cWg;gpdHfsplkpUe;J td;Kiwia vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH.
mj;Jld;> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; jw;Nghija epiyik kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; jd;ikfis
r%fk; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; epiyAk; cz;L.
jkJ ftiyfisAk;> czHTfisAk; gfpHe;J nfhs;tjw;F
ghJfhg;ghd #oy; ,tu;;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy. jkJ
fle;j tho;f;if kw;Wk; ,g;Nghija tho;f;if njhlHghd
Jd;gq;fisAk;> czHTfisAk; gfpHe;J nfhs;tjw;F
mtHfs; mr;rk; nfhz;Ls;sdH. r%fkhdJ mtHfis
vjpHkiwahd fz;zpy; ghHg;gJld;> xJf;fg;gl;l FOthfTk;>
rKjhakhfTk; mtHfis ghHf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;>mtHfspd;
tho;f;if Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Cf;fkspg;gjw;Fk; r%fk; jahuhf
,y;iy.
2.3 r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu tplaq;fs;
Nghuhsp mikg;gpy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; jhk; ngw;w jpwd;fis
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ,ayhjtHfshf 38 tPjkhd Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfs; cs;sdH. Kuz;ghl;Lf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj
fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gof;fq;fisf; nfhz;l
Mzhjpf;f rKjhak; xd;wpNyNa> GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
jhk; Vw;fdNt Rje;jpuk;> Rahjpfhuk; my;yJ Mjpf;fk;
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; nfhz;bUe;j FLk;gk; my;yJ
jkJ ftiyfisAk;>
czHTfisAk; gfpHe;J
nfhs;tjw;F ghJfhg;ghd #oy;
,tu;;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
jkJ fle;j tho;f;if kw;Wk;
,g;Nghija tho;f;if
njhlHghd Jd;gq;fisAk;>
czHTfisAk; gfpHe;J
nfhs;tjw;F mtHfs;
mr;rk; nfhz;Ls;sdH.
r%fkhdJ mtHfis
vjpHkiwahd fz;zpy;
ghHg;gJld;> xJf;fg;gl;l
FOthfTk;> rKjhakhfTk;
mtHfis ghHf;fpd;wJ.
mj;Jld;>mtHfspd;
tho;f;if Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
Cf;fkspg;gjw;Fk; r%fk;
jahuhf ,y;iy.
31
rKjhaj;jpw;Nf mtHfs; jpUk;g mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
GdHtho;Tf;Fg; gpd;dH jw;Nghija rKjhaj;jpy; jk;ik kPs;
xUq;fpizg;gjpy; ngz;fSk; rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhz;Ls;sdH.
Vnddpy;> mtHfs; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; vd;w Kj;jpiu
Fj;jg;gl;ltHfshf cs;sdH. rKjhaj;jpy; Nghjpa
mq;fPfhuk; mw;wtHfshf cs;sdH. jq;fpAs;stHfshfTk;>
Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;stHfshfTk;> ,uhZtj;jpd;
njhlHr;rpahd fz;fhzpg;G nfhz;ltHfshfTk; cs;sdH.
,aYik mgptpUj;jp re;jHg;gq;fs; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;fhdjhfTk;>
njhopy; fy;tp gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfs; nghUj;jkw;wjhfTk;>
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tp re;jHg;gq;fspd; fhuzkhfTk;
GdHtho;T nraw;ghl;by; Nghjpa jpUg;jp ,y;iy.
Nghjpa Ntiytha;g;G re;jHg;gq;fs; ,d;ikAk; Kd;dhs;
ngz; NghuhspfSf;F kw;wnkhU ghupa rthyhf cs;sJ.
jkJ Njitfs; vl;lg;gltpy;iy vd fUJtjd; fhuzkhf
45 tPjkhd gjpyspj;jtHfs; GdHtho;T nraw;ghl;by;
jpUg;jpaw;wtHfshf cs;sdH.
Fwpg;gpl;l ngz;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhuplk; Nrkpg;G vJTk; ,y;iy.
mj;Jld;> mtHfSf;F Nghjpa fld; trjp vJTk; ,y;iy.
Vnddpy;> tq;fpapdhy; fld; toq;Ftjw;F vjpHghHf;fg;gLk;
jifikfis g+Hj;jp nra;gtHfshfTk; Kd;dhs; ngz;
Nghuhspfs; ,y;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk;
mtHfs; ngUk; ghjpg;ig vjpHnfhz;Ls;sdH. ,tHfspy;
ngUk;ghyhdtHfs; tPl;L Ntiyapy; <LgLfpd;wdH. ,jw;F
mtHfSf;F rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ehshe;j $ypahf
,Ug;gJld;> mt;tg;NghJ jhd; ,e;j NtiyAk; mtHfSf;F
fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,J epue;jukhd NtiyAk; my;y. NtWgl;l
epWtdq;fsplk; ,Ue;J 51 tPjkhdtHfs; tho;thjhu cjtp
ngw;Ws;sdH. ,Ug;gpDk;> ePz;l fhyj;jpw;Fk;> epiyahdJkhd
tho;thjhu cjtpfisg; ngWtjw;F ,e;j MjuT Jiz
Guptjhf ,y;iy.
murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l epjpAjtp njhlHgpy; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> gjpyspj;jtHfspy; 26
tPjkhdtHfs; rpiwr;rhiyfs; rPHjpUj;jk; kw;Wk; GdHtho;T mikr;rpd; epjpAjtpiag;
ngw;wtHfshf cs;sdH. cs;@H ,uhZt mjpfhupfshy; ,e;j epjpAjtp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
tpjk; fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mHj;jKs;s cjtpia
toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf> ,e;j epjpAjtpahdJ Nkyjpf kPsha;T kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G
rhHe;jjhfNt cs;sJ. jw;NghJ mtHfs; ngWk; tUkhdkhdJ &gha; 5>000,w;F Fiwthf
my;yJ &gha; 5>000,w;Fk; &gha; 10>000,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ljhf cs;sJ. 21 tPjkhdtHfs;
FLk;gq;fspd; ngz; jiytHfshf cs;sdH. ,tHfs; khj;jpuNk FLk;gj;jpd; tUkhdk;
<l;LgtHfshf cs;sdH. mtHfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
tplaq;fis itj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> ,J NkYk; rthy; epiwe;jjhf cs;sJ. ,tHfspy;
gyH jkJ FLk;gj;jpNyNa jq;fpatHfshf cs;sdH.
,e;jg; ngz;fs; jkJ tPLfSf;F jpUk;gpa NghJ> mtHfSila tPLfs; mtHfSf;F
ghJfhg;G mspf;ff; $ba epiyapy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jw;Nghija tPlikg;G epiyikfs;
fhuzkhf ngz;fs; jkJ cwtpdHfsplk;> maytHfsplk; my;yJ rka epWtdq;fsplk;
mgak; NfhUk; epiyapy; cs;sdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtHfs; VidNahupy; jq;fpapUf;f
Ntz;ba epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdH.
td;Kiwapy; ,Ue;J jk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jk; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;Fld;> jpUkzk; Gupe;j ngz;fs;
mzpAk; nghl;bid gy ngz;fs; mzpe;J nry;fpd;wdH. jkJ ghJfhg;Gf;F mJ Jiz
Guptjhf mtHfs; fUJfpd;wd. jdpj;J thOk; ngz;fs; kPJ fsq;fkhd ghHitia
ntspg;gLj;Jk; rKjhaj;jplkpUe;Jk; jkf;F ghJfhg;G fpilf;Fk; vd mtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.
ahNuDk; xU Mz; egH xU FLk;gj;jpw;F cjtp Gupthuhapd;> r%fj;jpy; cs;stHfshy;
td;Kiwapy; ,Ue;J jk;ikg;
ghJfhj;Jk; nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;Fld;> jpUkzk;
Gupe;j ngz;fs; mzpAk;
nghl;bid gy ngz;fs;
mzpe;J nry;fpd;wdH.
jkJ ghJfhg;Gf;F mJ
Jiz Guptjhf mtHfs;
fUJfpd;wd. jdpj;J thOk;
ngz;fs; kPJ fsq;fkhd
ghHitia ntspg;gLj;Jk;
rKjhaj;jplkpUe;Jk; jkf;F
ghJfhg;G fpilf;Fk; vd
mtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.
ahNuDk; xU Mz; egH
xU FLk;gj;jpw;F cjtp
Gupthuhapd;> r%fj;jpy;
cs;stHfshy; mJ
tuNtw;fg;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ
Mjutspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
mj;Jld;> KOf; FLk;gKNk
Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; vd;w
Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gLtJk;
cz;L. tPl;bw;F nghUl;fis
thq;Ftjw;F filf;Fr;
nry;tJ cs;slq;fyhf>
kPspizg;gpd; Muk;g
fhyg;gFjpfspy; 43 tPjkhd
gjpyspj;jtHfs; rthy;fis
vjpHnfhz;ldH.
32
mJ tuNtw;fg;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ Mjutspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
mj;Jld;> KOf; FLk;gKNk Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; vd;w Kj;jpiu
Fj;jg;gLtJk; cz;L. tPl;bw;F nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;F
filf;Fr; nry;tJ cs;slq;fyhf> kPspizg;gpd; Muk;g
fhyg;gFjpfspy; 43 tPjkhd gjpyspj;jtHfs; rthy;fis
vjpHnfhz;ldH.
jhKk; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; vd Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;glyhk; vd;w
mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf>FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfNs Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj epiyAk; cs;sJ.
jkJ fle;j fhyj;jpd; fhuzkhf jpUkz epfo;Tfspy; fye;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk; 25 tPjkhd Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;F
re;jHg;gk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vdj; njuptpj;jdH. NghHf; fsj;jpy;
gpujhd gq;F tfpj;j ,e;jg; ngz;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F
FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs; Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdH. ,jd; tpisthf>
rpy ngz;fs; jhk; milj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf czHfpd;wdH.
jPHkhdk; vLj;jy; my;yJ FLk;gj; jPHkhdq;fspy; mtHfs;
gq;Fgw;whJ ,Uf;fyhk;. NkYk;> vy;.up.up.<apdUld; Kd;dH
fhzg;gl;l ,izg;gpd; fhuzkhf jpUkzkhfhj ngz;fSf;F>
jpUkzk; elg;gjpYk; rpf;fy; cs;sJ.
jhk; kPz;Lk; ifJ nra;ag;gLNthNkh vd;w mr;rj;Jld;> r%fj;jpy; kPs xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. kPs ifJ nra;ag;glyhk; vd;w mr;rk; gyuplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jhk; kPsf; ifJ nra;ag;glkhl;Nlhk; vd;w cj;juthjk; ,d;wp ,Ug;gjhf 23 tPjkhd
gjpyspj;jtHfs; njuptpj;jdH. mr;r czHT> cWjpapd;ik> elkhl;lk; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; jkJ
,ay;ghd tho;f;ifia Kd;ndLf;f Kbahik Nghd;w gy rpf;fy;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; epiy vd;gJ jdpegHfis khj;jpuk; ghjpg;gjhf ,y;iy. FLk;g
cWg;gpdHfisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf FLk;g cWg;gpdHfSila njhopy;
re;jHg;gq;fs;> rKjha cwTfs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G vd;gd ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfspd; eyid Nkk;gLj;Jtjid cWjp nra;Ak;
eltbf;iffSk; ,y;iy.
3. KbTiufSk;> gupe;JiufSk;
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; rpf;fyhdJ. ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F
kPspizj;jy; nraw;ghL vd;gJ vspikahdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjpf kl;lj;jpyhd
,uhZtkak;> Rje;jpukhd elkhl;lk;> fUj;J ntspg;ghl;Lr; Rje;jpuk;> Kd;dhs; ngz;
Nghuhspfspd; $l;Lr; NrUk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gd kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tHfs; mr;rj;Jld;
tho;tjw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdH. gyH kd mOj;jq;fis vjpHnfhz;Ls;sdH.
NeHfhzypy; fye;J nfhz;l gy ngz;fs; FLk;gj;jpd; jiytHfshFk;.jkJ FLk;g
cWg;gpdHfis guhkupf;ff; $ba MSik nfhz;ltHfshf ,tHfs; cs;sdH. ,Ug;gpDk;>
jkJ rKjhaq;fsplk; ,Ue;J Nghjpa Mjutpid mtHfs; ngWgtHfshf ,y;iy. jkJ
tho;f;ifia Kd;dfHj;jpr; nry;tjw;F Kd;dhs; NghuhspfSf;F Nkyjpf MjuTk;> gapw;rpAk;
mtrpakhFk;.
mj;Jld;> jk;Kld; NghH fsj;jpy; rz;ilapl;l fztHfisf; fhztpy;iy vd Kd;dhs;
ngz; Nghuhspfs; gyH njuptpf;fpd;wdH. ,JTk; gpur;rpidfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ.
mtHfSf;F czHTrhHe;j MjuT mtrpakhFk;. vdpDk;> murhq;f mjpfhupfshYk;> rKjha
cWg;gpdHfshYk; ,e;j Njitia milahsk; fhz KbahJs;sJ.
jkJ ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;tjw;F Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; rpyH jpUkzk; nra;tjw;F
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. ,t;thwhd gyte;jkhd jpUkzq;fSk; Fwpj;j ngz;fspd;
tho;f;ifapy; Fog;gq;fis cUthf;fpAs;sd.
Kd;dhs; ngz;
Nghuhspfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk;
rthy;fs; rpf;fyhdJ.
ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F
kPspizj;jy; nraw;ghL
vd;gJ vspikahdjhf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjpf
kl;lj;jpyhd ,uhZtkak;>
Rje;jpukhd elkhl;lk;> fUj;J
ntspg;ghl;Lr; Rje;jpuk;>
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfspd;
$l;Lr; NrUk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gd
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tHfs;
mr;rj;Jld; tho;tjw;F
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdH.
gyH kd mOj;jq;fis
vjpHnfhz;Ls;sdH.
33
,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fspw;fhd gupe;Jiufs;:
kPspizg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dH ,yq;ifapd; gpui[fs; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; jkJ
cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;F re;jHg;gk; mspj;jy;.
ehl;bd; Kuz;ghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfspd;
csr;r%f Njitfis vl;Ltjw;F MjuT kw;Wk; cstsj; Jiz cjtpfis
cUthf;fy;.
tPlikg;G> kyry $l trjpfs; kw;Wk; fpzWfs; Nghd;w cl;fl;likg;G nryTfis
vjpHnfhs;tjw;F Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;F Nkyjpf epjpAjtp toq;fy;.

Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;F Nkyjpf tho;thjhu cjtpfis cUthf;fy;.
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfspd; kPs; xUq;fpizg;gpid fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk;> Njitahd
re;jHg;gq;fspy; Nkyjpf cjtp toq;Ftjw;F fpuhk NrtfHfs; my;yJ kfspH
mgptpUj;jp mjpfhupfs; Nghd;w mur mjpfhupfis nfhz;bUj;jy;.
vjpHfhy nfhs;if my;yJ nraw;wpl;l tbtikg;G kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
njhlHgpy; GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfsplk; fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;.
kPspizg;G nraw;ghl;by; NghuhspfSf;F cjTk; kj;jpa];j tfpghfj;ij tfpg;gjw;F
rKjhak; rhH epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f FOf;fSf;F mDkjpaspj;jy;.

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rp njhlHgpy; gzpahw;Wk; I.eh kw;Wk; rHtNjr
epWtdq;fspw;fhd gupe;Jiufs;:
GdHtho;tspf;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; ghy; rhHe;j juTfis toq;fy;.
midj;J Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfspdJk; GdHtho;Tf;fhd cupikia
cWjp nra;jy;.
kPspizg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dH ,yq;ifapd; gpui[fs; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy;
jkJ cupikfs; mDgtpg;gjw;F Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;fhf gupe;J Ngry;.
Rfhjhu neUf;fbfisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; czHTrhH
eyid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Kd;dhs; ngz; NghuhspfSf;F csr;r%f kw;Wk;
Rfhjhu cjtpfis cWjp nra;jy;.
rl;lk; rhHe;j epWtdq;fspy; gjpT nra;ag;gLk; Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlHgpy; Kiwahd
tprhuizfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L> Fw;wthspfs; jz;lidf;F cs;shf;fg;gLtjw;F
gupe;J Ngry;.
Kd;dhs; ngz; Nghuhspfs; jkJ ,ay;G tho;f;ifia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;ig toq;Ftjw;F cj;juthjk; toq;fy;.
34
35
Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd; fhzp
cupikfs;:
mDuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s %d;W vy;iyg;Gwf;
fpuhkq;fspd; rk;gtk;.
1. mwpKfKk;> gpd;dzpAk;
jkJ gpui[fspd; tho;f;ifapd; cly;rhHe;j juk; Fwpj;J
nraw;gLk; ehLfspy;> njd;dhrpahtpy; Kd;dzpapy; cs;s
ehlhf ,yq;if fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. tWikia xopg;gJ
njhlHgpYk;> ,ytr fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhu nfhs;iffspd;
Clhf kdpj ,aYikfis Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlHgpYk;
,yq;ifahdJ ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ. jkf;fhd
nrhe;j fl;Lg;ghLfis mJ nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j
Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthfNt ,yq;if ,e;jj; NjHr;rpfisAk;>
Fwpfhl;bfisAk; vl;bAs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy; juk;
kw;Wk; rkkhd mZFk; trjp vd;gd njhlHgpy; rpy
Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld;> Aj;jk; kw;Wk;
Kuz;ghl;bdhy; vjpHkiwahd jhf;fKk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ehl;bd;
tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F gFjpapy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
khtl;lq;fSf;Fk;> tlkj;jpa kw;Wk; Cth khfhzj;jpd; rpy
gFjpfspYk; ,J Kf;fpakhdJ.
mDuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s u[ul;l gpu[h Nfe;jpua
1

vd;w epWtdj;jpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l fw;ifapy;
2
,Ue;J
,e;j fw;if cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gFjpapy; ngz;fspd; epyj;jpw;fhd mZFk; trjp kw;Wk;
gad;ghl;bid ,ay;ig kjpg;gPL nra;tNj ,e;j fw;ifapd;
gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;jJ. ngz;fspd; epyj;jpw;fhd
mZFk; trjp kw;Wk; cupikfs; njhlHgpy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Mz;fspd; vz;zf;fUit Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j fw;if
Kaw;rp nra;jJ.
nghyd;dWit kw;Wk; mDuhjGuk;
3
vd ,uz;L khtl;lq;fis
cs;slf;fpa tl kj;jpa khfhzj;jpd; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
rpy gFjpfspy; ,e;j Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. tlf;F
kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyapy; mike;Js;s
,e;j ,uz;L khtl;lq;fSk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
fle;j %d;W jrhg;jq;fs; ePbj;j Aj;jj;jpdhy; vy;iyNahu
gpuhejpaq;fSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jg; gFjpiar; NrHe;j
kf;fSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. thdpiyapdhYk; ,e;j gFjp
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; cyH tyaj;jpy; ,e;j khfhzk; mike;Js;sJ. ePupw;fhd
mZFk; trjp ,d;ikw tul;rp vd;gd ,e;jg; gFjp kf;fspd; tptrhak; vDk; to;thjhuj;jpy;>
tpNrlkhf gapHr;nra;ifapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mDuhjGu khtl;lj;jpy; jukhd
Nritfs; kw;Wk; trjpfSf;fhd mZFk; trjp NtWgLfpd;wJ. gpd;jq;fpa gFjpfNs mjpfk;
ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shfpd;wd.
mj;jpahak; 4
2011Mk; Mz;by;
mDuhjGuj;jpy; 855> 562 NgH
trpj;jdH.4 30 tUlq;fs;
ePbj;j Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ> Aj;j
tyaj;jpd; vy;iyNahuf;
fpuhkq;fs; jkpo; Nghuhspf;
FOf;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;ld.
2006Mk; Mz;L [_d;
khjk; nfgpbf;nfhy;yht
gFjpapy; 60 nghJ kf;fs;
nfhy;yg;gl;l rk;gtKk; ,jpy;
cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf vy;iyNahuf;
fpuhkq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd
,uhZtj;jpdH
Ftpf;fg;gl;ldH. MAjk; jhq;fpa
rptpy; CHfhtw; gilapdH
cUthf;fKk;> ,e;jg; gFjpia
NkYk; Mgj;Jf;F cs;shf;fpd.
jhf;FjYk;> vjpHj;jhf;FjYk;
,e;jg; gFjpia NkYk;
Mgj;Jf;F cs;shf;fpd.
,jd; fhuzkhf rptpy;
kf;fs; ghJfhg;gpd;ikAld; ga
czHtpidf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
,e;j td;Kiw kw;Wk;
mr;rk; fhuzkhf rptpy;
kf;fs; ,e;jg; gFjpapy;
,Ue;J ,lk;ngaHe;jJld;.
jkJ tPLfs; kw;Wk;
rKjha cl;fl;likg;gpd;
Nrjkiltjw;Fk; top
tFj;jJ.
1995Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j epWtdkhdJ> ngz;fSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; gFjpfspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tplaq;fis vOg;g Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. Ie;J tUlq;fshf njhopw;fy;tp gapw;rp epiyak; vd;gjid g+Hj;jp
nra;J> 2009Mk; Mz;by; njhopw;fy;tp gapw;rpapy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l epWtdkhd %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tp
mikr;rpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ VO gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfspy; ngz;fs;> rpWtHfs; kw;Wk;
,isQHfs; njhlHghd tplaq;fspy; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wJ.
msTrhH kw;Wk; gz;GrhH cj;jpfs; vd ,uz;ilAk; gad;gLj;jp fye;j Kiwapyhd mZFKiwia
,e;j fw;if gpd;gw;wpaJ. mDuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jpd; tpsr;rpah DSD,y;> Nghnfhl kw;Wk; jytnghj;j
fpuhkq;fspy; 60 FLk;gq;fspYk;> nfg;gpj;jpnfhy;Nyt DSD,y; af;fhntt fpuhkj;jpy; 30 FLk;gq;fspYk;>
NeHfhzy;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
ePHtsk; epiwe;j mDuhjGuk; khtl;lk;> 22 DSD gpupTfSld; ehl;bd; ghupa epHthf khtl;lkhf cs;sJ.
1
2
3
u[ul;l gpu[h Nfe;jpu epiyak;
36
2011Mk; Mz;by; mDuhjGuj;jpy; 855> 562 NgH trpj;jdH.
4
30 tUlq;fs; ePbj;j Aj;jj;jpd;
NghJ> Aj;j tyaj;jpd; vy;iyNahuf; fpuhkq;fs; jkpo; Nghuhspf; FOf;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;ld.
2006Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjk; nfgpbf;nfhy;yht gFjpapy; 60 nghJ kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;l rk;gtKk;
,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf vy;iyNahuf; fpuhkq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,uhZtj;jpdH Ftpf;fg;gl;ldH. MAjk; jhq;fpa rptpy; CHfhtw;
gilapdH cUthf;fKk;> ,e;jg; gFjpia NkYk; Mgj;Jf;F cs;shf;fpd. jhf;FjYk;>
vjpHj;jhf;FjYk; ,e;jg; gFjpia NkYk; Mgj;Jf;F cs;shf;fpd. ,jd; fhuzkhf rptpy;
kf;fs; ghJfhg;gpd;ikAld; ga czHtpidf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,e;j td;Kiw kw;Wk;
mr;rk; fhuzkhf rptpy; kf;fs; ,e;jg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,lk;ngaHe;jJld;. jkJ tPLfs;
kw;Wk; rKjha cl;fl;likg;gpd; Nrjkiltjw;Fk; top tFj;jJ. mj;Jld;> tUkhdk;
kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fspd; ,og;gpw;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyahdJ
rKjhaq;fs; kPsj; jpUk;Gtjw;Fk;> jkJ tho;f;if> tPLfs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fis kPsf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; re;jHg;gk; mspj;j mNjNtis> Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Vida
rKjhaq;fs; Aj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfspdhy; ghjpg;ig vjpHnfhz;ldH. epyk; rhHe;j
tplak; mt;thwhd Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahFk;.
5

mDuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jpd; tpsr;rpah khtl;l nrayfg; gpuptpy;> Nghnfhl kw;Wk; jytnghj;j
fpuhkq;fspYk;> nfg;gpl;bnfhy;yht khtl;l nrayfg; gpuptpy; af;fhntt fpuhkj;jpYk; ,e;j
fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. Aj;jj;jpdhy; Neubahf kpfTk; Nkhrkhd tifapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
khtl;l gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfshf nfg;gpl;bnfhy;yht kw;Wk; tpshr;rpa Mfpad cs;sd.
,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; njhlHr;rpahf Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJld;> jkJ tPLfspy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fis Nehf;fp mbf;fb ,lk;ngau Ntz;ba epiyAk; kf;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jf; fw;ifapy; Muhag;gl;l tplaq;fshtd> fhzp cupikj;Jtk; njhlHgpy; FLk;gq;fspd;
mDgtk; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; fhzp cupikj;Jt cupikfs;. tpopg;GzHit fl;bnaOg;gy;
kw;Wk; Mjhuk;rhH eltbf;iff;F jfty; toq;fy; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk;> fhzp cupikj;Jt
cupikfs; cs;slq;fyhf> Aj;jj;jpd; %yk; ,of;fg;gl;l cupikfis kPsg;ngWtjw;F
vjpHfhy rptpy; Kaw;rpfSf;fhd mbg;gilia mJ toq;Ffpd;wJ.
2. fhzp cupikj;Jtj;jpd; mk;rq;fs;
6

gy;NtW jpl;lq;fspd; Clhf jdpegHfs; my;yJ epWtdq;fSf;F mur fhzpfs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,NjNtis> mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; cjtpj; njhiffspd;
Clhf jdpegHfSf;Nf mJ ngUksT toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J gy;NtWgl;l cupikj;Jt
cupikfis toq;Ffpd;wd.
'mur fhzp NjitahdtHfSf;fhd mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpuNjr nrayfq;fshy;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. gy;NtW epge;jidfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,J toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhzpia mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mDkjpg;gj;jpu cupikahsupd; Mw;wy; njhlHghd
fLikahd epge;jidfSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd."
7
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
epge;jidfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;baJ mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsupd; flikahFk;. ,e;jf;
fhzpia tpw;gid nra;a KbahJ. khtl;lr; nrayhsupd; mDkjpAld; mjidf; Fj;jiff;F
juyhk;. epge;jidfs; g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;dH
8
kw;Wk; Vida Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;
fle;jjd; gpd;dH
9
,e;j mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; cjtpahf khw;wg;glyhk;. fhzp mgptpUj;jp rl;l
%yk; kw;Wk; mur fhzp rl;l %yj;jpd; ClhfNt gpujhdkhf ,e;j mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguq;fs; jpizf;fsk;> ,yq;if rdj;njhif khtl;l kl;lj;jpy;> rdj;njhif
kw;Wk; tPlikg;G juT 2011> gf;fk; 39> 42> 2012
fhzpr; rl;lq;fSk;> rpf;fy;fSk; ,yf;fpa Ma;T> kpuhf; u`Pk;> gpuRupf;fg;glhjJ 2013
fhzpr; rl;lq;fSk;> tplaq;fSk; ,yf;fpa Ma;T> kpuhf; u`Pk;> gpuRupf;fg;glhjJ 2013
fpof;F epyk;> gf;fk; 70
epge;jidfshtd: murhq;f mjpgupd; jpUg;gjpf;F Vw;wjhf fhzp tbtikf;fg;gly;> tPL> kyry$lk;>
kw;Wk; Ntyp vd;gd fhzpapy; mikf;fg;gly;> mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l njhifahdJ tUlhe;jk;
gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;F xg;gilf;fg;gly;> fhzpahdJ tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf ,Ug;gpd;> mDkjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; Rj;jk; nra;ag;gl;L> tpisr;ry; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;: fhzpahdJ tp-
trha Nehf;fq;fSf;fhdjhf ,Ug;gpd;> Mff;Fiwe;jJ 3 tUlq;fSf;F tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhzp
ahdJ tPlikg;G Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,Ug;gpd;> fhzpahdJ xU tUlk; tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kz;zpd;
jd;ikia khw;Wk; Kiwfs; cs;thq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsH ,yq;ifapd;
gpui[ahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fpof;F epyk;> gf;fk; 70.
5
4
6
9
7
8
37
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; gpujhdkhf fhzp mgptpUj;jp rl;l%yk; kw;Wk; mur fhzp rl;l%yk;
ClhfNt toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. cjtpj; njhiffs; kw;Wk; fhzpg; gj;jpuq;fs; jdpegHfSf;F
my;yJ murpd; mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; clhf toq;fg;glyhk;. RtHzg+kp> [ag+kp> uzg+kp kw;Wk;
ud;gpk cs;slq;fyhf gy nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; Clhf cjtpj;njhiffs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
10

cjtpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ fhzpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; cupikahsHfs; jkJ fhzp Fwpj;j rpwe;j
cupikfisf; nfhz;Ls;s NghjpYk;> rpy fl;Lg;ghlhd epge;jidfSk; mtHfSf;F cs;sd.
khtl;lr; nrayhsupd; mDkjpapd;wp fhzpia gpupf;fNth my;yJ tpw;fNth KbahJ.
11

jdpahH epyj;jpd; cupikia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpujhd Mtzkhff; fhzpg; gj;jpuk;
cs;sJ. mJ khtl;l fhzp gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fspd; cupikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; fhzpf;fhd mZFk; trjp
fhzp ,d;ik vd;gJ Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; vd ,U
jug;gpdUf;Fk; ghupa gpur;rpidahFk;. mj;Jld;> Mtzq;fs;
,d;ik my;yJ fhzhky; Nghdik> tWik> FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;shd
kw;Wk; NtW fhzp fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp
nraw;ghLfSf;fhf fhzp ,og;G my;yJ ,uhZt Kfhk;fs;
kw;Wk; $lhuq;fis mikg;gjw;F murpdhy; ,uhZtj;
NjitfSf;fhf ifafg;gLj;jg;gly; Nghd;wd cs;slq;fyhf
fhzp rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;if
murpayikg;G kw;Wk; ,yq;if CEDAW ,d; mq;fkhf ,Uj;jy;
vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rkj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhf ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd
ghugl;rk; vd;w tifapy; fhzp rl;lk; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffspy; FiwghL vd;gd ngz;fs;
vjpHNehf;Fk; gpujhd gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; rthy;fspy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; vd ,Ujug;gpdUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
12
ngz;fSf;F epahakw;w tif
apy; ,e;jf; fhzpfspd; FbapUg;G kw;Wk; cupikahl;rp njhlHghd fhzp cupikfspd; jw;
Nghija rl;lq;fspd; vz;zf;fUtpy; njspthd ghy;epiy ghFghL cs;sikia ngz;fspd;
Ma;Tf;fhd epiyaj;jpd; (CENWOR) fw;ifapd;
13
Fwpg;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;F
cupikj;Jt cupikfis toq;fhik njhlHghd mur mjpfhupfspd; Nghf;fhdJ> gy
mwpf;iffspYk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpujhd tplakhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.;
14
ngz; vd;gts; jkJ
fztdplk; ,Ue;Nj nghUshjhu cjtpiag; ngw Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; jkf;fhd jdpahd tUkhd
topia nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpak; ngz;fSf;F ,y;iy vd;fpw mDkhdj;jpd;
mbg;gilapNyNa ,J Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUkzk; Gupe;j ngz;fspw;fhd gpuj;jpNaf nrhj;J
Fwpj;J jpUkzk; Gupe;j ngz;fspd; cupikia mq;fPfupf;Fk; jdpahH nrhj;jpd; cupikj;Jtk;
Fwpj;j rl;lq;fSld; Kuz;gl;ljhf ,J cs;sikia Fwpg;gpl;lhf Ntz;Lk;.;
15

muR cs;slq;fyhf gy;NtW nraw;ghl;lhsHfshy; r%fj;jpYk; kw;Wk; tPl;bYk; ngz;fspd;
tfpghfkhdJ Fiwj;J kjpg;gplg;glYld; ,jid ,izj;Jg; ghHf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
tptrhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; tfpghfkhdJ ngUk;ghYk; tuNtw;fg;gLtjpy;iy vdTk;> mtHfs;
ngUk;ghYk; Mz;fSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;Wk; ngz; tptrhapfs; vd;gjpYk; ghHf;f>
tptrhapfspd; kidtp vd;W mwpag;gLtjhfTk; [atPu mtHfs; Fwpg;gPLfpd;whH.;
16
r%fj;jpy;
ngz;fs; vt;thW ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wdH vd;gjw;fhd cjhuzkhf ,J cs;sJ.
ngz;fSf;F fhzpiag; ngWtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd tplak; vd ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fs;
vd ,Ujug;gpdUk; xg;Gf; nfhz;l tplakhf ,Ue;jJ vd CENWOR fw;if fz;;lwpe;jJ.
FLk;gj;jpd; jiytuhf Mz; cWg;gpdH ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJlDk;> ngz;fs; cs;slq;fyhf
gy;NtW gq;FjhuHfspdJk; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk;
ifahSjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czHe;J nfhz;ltuhf ,Ug;gJlDk;;> r%fk; vt;thW
nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJlDk; njhlHGilajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fhzpf;fhd rkkhd
cupikfisf; nfhz;ltHfshf ngz;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;
$batHfs; my;yJ tWik fhuzkhf mtHfs; ghjpf;ff; $lhJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> gpu[hTupik
fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mikr;R> gf;fk; 71.
fpof;F epyk;> gf;fk; 70
CENWOR, ,yq;ifapy; ePHg;ghrd FbNaw;wj; jpl;lj;jpy; ngz;fSk;> fhzp cupikfSk; gf;fk; 55
CENWOR, mur fhzp kw;Wk; tPlikg;Gr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nfhs;if jpUj;jk; njhlHghd gpNuuizfs;
CENWOR, khHr; 2008
CENWOR fw;if ,yq;ifapy; ePHg;ghrd FbNaw;wj; jpl;lj;jpy; ngz;fSk;> fhzp cupikfSk; gf;fk; 15
kPs vOjg;gl;l CENWOR fw;if ,yq;ifapy; ePHg;ghrd FbNaw;wj; jpl;lj;jpy; ngz;fSk;> fhzp cup
ikfSk; gf;fk; 72
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12
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16
ngz;fSf;F fhzpiag;
ngWtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd
tplak; vd ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Mz;fs; vd ,Ujug;gpdUk;
xg;Gf; nfhz;l tplakhf
,Ue;jJ vd CENWOR
fw;if fz;;lwpe;jJ.
38
kw;Wk; cupikj;Jtq;fSf;F mtHfSf;F rkkhd cupik cs;sJ. ,jw;F mg;ghy;>
tUkhdk;> r%f me;j];J> ,df;FO> rhjp kw;Wk; ngz;fs; FLk;gj; jiytuhf ,Uj;jy;>
khw;Wj;jpwd;fs; taJ vd;gjd; fhuzkhd Fwpg;gpl;l gytPdq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf NtW
fhuzpfSk; fhzpf;fhd ngz;fspd; mZFk; trjpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.
gy;NtW murhq;f kw;Wk; mur nraw;ghl;lhsHfspdhy; fhzp epHtfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa
murhq;f kl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW mikr;Rf;fs; cs;sd:> fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp
mikr;R> ghJfhg;G mikr;R> efu mgptpUj;jp mikr;R> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp mikr;R>
JiwKfq;fs; kw;Wk; neLQ;rhiyfs; mikr;R> kw;Wk; ePHg;ghrd> ePHts Kfhikj;Jt
mikr;R.
17
khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; fl;likg;G xd;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,jid khtl;lr; nrayfKk;> gpuNjr nrayfKk; Nkw;ghHit nra;fpd;wJ. ,J Kd;dH
murhq;f mjpguhy; epHtfpf;fg;gl;lJ (jw;NghJ khtl;lr; nrayhsupdhy;).
18
fhzp tplaq;fspy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsuhf kfhtyp mjpfhurig cs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
gFjpfspy; fhzp kw;Wk; ePHg;ghrd epHthfk; njhlHgpy; ,J Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.
19

fhzp cupikahsHfs; kw;Wk; fhzpia epHtfpj;jy; njhlHghd rk;ge;jg;gl;l murhq;f
mq;fq;fspdhy; vd ,U jug;gpdhYk; fhzp Mtzq;fs; fhzhky; Nghjy;:> ,uhZtk;> nghyp];
kw;Wk; Vida mur nraw;ghl;lhsHfshy; fhzp RtPfupf;fg;gly;:> Vida rptpy; kf;fshy;
,uz;lhk; epiy ifg;gw;wy;:> nrhj;Jf;fs; kPjhd cupik Nghl;b:> vy;.up.up.< cs;slq;fyhf Nghuhsp
FOf;fshy; epyk; gfpHe;jspf;fg;gly; kw;Wk; fhzp vy;iy Fwpj;j Fog;gk;
20
vd;gd cs;slq;fyhf
gy;NtW topfspy; fhzpf;fhd mZFk; trjpapy; Aj;jk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ngz;fs;
21
>
rpWghd;ikapdH
22
kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l rKjhaq;fs;
23
Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fs; vjpHnfhs;Sk;
gpur;rpidfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; gy mwpf;iffs; ntspahfpAs;sid. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j mk;rq;fs;
njhlHghd Ma;T tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
24

3. fw;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy; fhzp rpf;fy;fs;
fw;if elj;jg;gl;l gFjpfspy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; vjpHNehf;fpa kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfspd; kj;jpapy; fhzp cupikj;Jtk; vd;gJ gpujhd gpur;rpid
vd fw;ifapd; KbTfs; fz;lwpe;jd. ,uz;L gpujhd tiffspw;Fs; fhzp vd;gJ
cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ: murpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzp kw;Wk; jdp egHfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspw;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd fhzp.
fw;if elj;jg;gl;l gFjpfisr; NrHe;j kf;fs; njhifahdJ Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhuhFk;.
,jid rk;gtf; fw;iffspy; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ngUk;ghyhNdhH tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fy;tp kl;lj;ij nfhz;ltHfshfj; njuptpj;jdH. tptrhak; my;yJ FLk;gj;jpy; jkJ
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik vd;gJk; ngz;fspy;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. FLk;gq;fSf;fhd tUkhd %yq;fs; Nghjpajhf ,y;iy. mNjNtis>
ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; tUkhdk; <l;LgtHfs; my;y. mtHfs; jdpahd tUkhd %yq;fspy;
jq;fpapUg;gtHfshf cs;sdH. khjhe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; rptpy; ghJfhg;G gilapy; njhopy;
GupAk; Mz;fNs FLk;gj;jpw;F tUkhdk; <l;LgtHfshf cs;sdH.
gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapy; rptpy; ghJfhg;G gilapdH cs;sJld;> mtHfNs epyk;
kPjhd fl;Lg;ghl;il nfhz;Ls;stHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH. ,e;j fhzpfs; jw;NghJ mWtil>
tptrha epyq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;Wf;F gad;gLfpd;wJ. mq;F trpg;gtHfspd;
tptrha epyq;fspw;F nry;tjw;fhd jilahfTk; ,it mike;Js;sd. epue;ju gapHfspd;
gapHr;nra;iff;F xU fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l epyq;fis tdtpyq;Ffs; mjpfhupfs;
ifafg;gLj;jpAs;sjhf njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cs;slq;Fk; rpy jpizf;fsq;fshtd: fhzp MizahsH jpizf;fsk;> fhzp FbapUg;G jpizf;fsk;>
fhzp gad;ghl;L nfhs;if kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; gpupT> Muha;r;rp jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; fhzp cupik kw;Wk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nritfs; nraw;wpl;lk;. (gthdp nghd;Nrfh> ',yq;ifapy; epyf;fz;zp ntbfSk;> fhzp
cupikfSk;> kdpjNea epyf;fz;zp ntb mfw;wYf;fhd n[dPth rHtNjr epiyak;"> Mf];l; 2010).
Nkyjpf jftYf;Fg; ghHf;fTk;> CPA fpof;F mwpf;if> gpw;NrHf;if III> gf;fk; 83
http://www.mahaweli.gov.lk/Other%20Pages/Systems/Maps/PMU%20systems%20with%20Dis%20B.jpg
ADD
tlkhfhz Mizf;FO
CPA rk;g+H> Ks;spf;Fsk;
fhzp kw;Wk; ,lg;ngaHtpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd nfhs;iffs; cs;slq;fyhf
fhzp tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; tpkHrpf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd mq;fkhf CPA cs;sJ. LIST
18
17
19
22
23
20
21
39
tpshr;rpa khtl;lr; nrayfg; gpupitr; NrHe;j vl;L
fpuhkq;fSk;> nfg;gpl;bnfhy;yht khtl;lr; nrayfg;
gpupitr; NrHe;j MW fpuhkq;fSk;> Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf
ghoile;Js;sd. gy Mz;Lfshf guhkupf;fg;glhikapdhy;
Njrkile;Js;sd. tpshr;rpa gFjpiar; NrHe;j Nghnfhl
kw;Wk; jyty;nghj;j fpuhkq;fisr; NrHe;j ngUk;ghyhd
kf;fs; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhd NtW gFjpfspy;
trpf;fpd;wdH. nfg;gpl;bnfhy;yht khtl;lr; nrayfg;
gpupitr; NrHe;j af;fhntt fpuhkj;ijr; NrHe;j FLk;gq;fspd;
Mz; cWg;gpdHfs; gyH rptpy; ghJfhg;G gilapy;
ngauplg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> rpy ngz;fs; Mjutw;wtHfshf
khwpAs;sdH. Fiwe;jsthd gad;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdH
kw;Wk; fhzpia nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd mtHfsJ cupik
Fwpj;j ngz;fsJ tpopg;GzHT vd;gd Fiwthf cs;sikia
mtHfSldhd NeHfhzypd; NghJ mwpaf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
ghuk;gupa uPjpahf mZFtjw;fhd trjp ,Ue;j kf;fs; trpj;J
te;j gFjpfSk;> tptrhak; nra;j fhzpfSk;> rl;ltpNuhjkhf
ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ,lkhf khwpd. murhdJ mtHfSf;F mDkjp
toq;ftpy;iy. Vnddpy;> ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jf; fhzpfs;
fhl;byhfh gFjp my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhf ifg;gw;wg;gl;l
fhzpfs; vd;Nw fUjg;gl;ld.
,e;j vy;iyNahuf; fpuhkq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tho;thjhu
re;jHg;gq;fspdhYk; ghjpg;ig vjpHnfhz;ld. mtHfs;
ngUk;ghYk; tptrha eltbf;iffspNyNa jq;fpapUe;jdH.
vdpDk;> gapulf; $ba epyq;fs; ,d;ik kw;Wk; ePHg;ghrd
trjpfs; ,d;ikahy; mtHfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s thdpiyAk;> gapHr;nra;if Kiwapy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mj;Jld;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
ePHg;ghrd trjpfSk; epyj;jpy; gapHr;nra;iff;F jilahf cs;sd. Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp
Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nritfs; cs;slq;fyhf Nritfs; kw;Wk;
trjpfSf;fhd mZFk; trjpAk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. gFjpnahd;W vj;jidasT
gpd;jq;fpajhf khWfpd;wNjh me;j mstpw;F NritfSk; FiwthfNt fpilf;fpd;wd.
,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhNdhupd; fy;tp milTk; Fiwthf cs;sJ. tho;thjhuq;fSf;fhd
mZFk; trjpapd;ik kw;Wk; khw;Wtop tUkhdq;fs; ,d;ik vd;gd ngz;fs; cs;slq;fyhf
,q;F trpg;gtHfs; ,ilapy; ngUk; Jauj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. fpuhkq;fspy; ngUk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhNdhH rpWePuf Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; gy mwpf;iffs;
njuptpf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld;> ghJfhg;ghd FbePUf;F Fiwe;jsT trjpNa mtHfSf;F cz;L.
,e;j FLk;gq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; gpwu; cjtpapNyNa jq;fpapUg;gjdhy;> rpW taJ jpUkzq;fs;
kw;Wk; jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd jfhj cwT kw;Wk; cs;sf gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;w NtW
gpur;rpidfSk; ,e;j gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wd.
mDuhjGu khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s> Fwpg;ghf tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhz vy;iyfspy;
mike;Js;s fpuhkq;fs;> %d;W jrhg;jq;fs; ePbj;j Aj;jj;jpdhy; NeubahfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk;
ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shfpd. nfg;gpl;bnfhy;yht kw;Wk; tpshr;rpa khtl;lr; nrayfg; gpupTfs;
mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit. Aj;jk; Kidg;ghf eilngw;w fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,e;jf; fpuhk
kf;fs; fpuhkq;fis Kw;whff; iftpl;L tpl;L ntspNawp> fhLfspy; trpj;jdH. ghJfhg;ghd>
gapHnra;af; $ba ,lq;fSf;F kf;fs; ,lk;ngaHe;jdH. Mz;fs; rptpy; Nritapy;
gzpahw;wpaJld;> ,jd; fhuzkhf ngz;fs; ghjpf;fg;glf; $ba Mgj;J jd;ik mjpfupj;jJ.
taJ> Fiwe;j fy;tpawpT kw;Wk; Rfhjhu epiyikfspy; Fiwe;j epiyapy; cs;stHfs;>
fhzp cs;slq;fyhf tsq;fSf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mZFk; trjp cilatHfs;>
khw;W tUkhd topahd rpWtaJj; jpUkzj;jpid njupT nra;jdH. mtHfSf;F nghJ
trjpfSf;fhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mZFk; trjpNa> Fiwe;jstpyhd murhq;f NritfSNk
cs;sJ.
fhzp cupikj;Jtk;
njhlHghd vz;zf;fUtpy;>
ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs;
fhzpf;fhd cupikj;Jtj;ij
nfhz;bUg;gjw;F
ngz;fSf;Fk; cupik
cz;L vd fUJfpd;wdH.
vt;thwhapDk;>
ngz;fs; fhzpapd;
cupikahsHfshf ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ vd rpyH> Fwpg;ghf
Mz;fs; fUJfpd;wdH. jkJ
gps;isfsplkpUe;J fhzpf;fhd
cupikj;Jtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F
ngz;fSf;F
cupik cz;L vd 20 tPjkhd
Mz;fs; fUJfpd;wdH.
vdpDk;> ngUk;ghyhNdhH
ngz;fSf;F ,e;j cupik
cz;L vd;gjid Vw;Wf;
nfhs;gtHfshf ,y;iy.
,NjNtis> 80 tPjkhd
ngz;fSf;F ,UtUf;Fk;
fhzpf;fhd cupikj;Jtk;
,Ug;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
40
kf;fs; gapHnra;tJld;> Ntypaplg;gl;l fhzpfspNyNa tho;fpd;wdH. ,it xJf;fg;gl;l
epyq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wikahy;> fhzpf;fhd cjtp mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis toq;Ftjpy;
mtHfs; jhkjj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. afhntt fpuhkj;ijr; NrHe;j ehd;F FLk;gj;jpdH
jkJ ngw;NwhHfspd; ,y;yj;jpy; trpf;fpd;wdH. Vnddpy;> mtHfSf;F trpg;gjw;F fhzp
vJTk; ,y;iy. jkJ ngw;NwhH ,we;jTld;> jkJ gps;isfSf;F tsHe;jTld;> ,J jkf;F
ngUk; rpf;fyhf mikAk; vd mtHfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdH.
%d;W fpuhkq;fisAk; NrHe;j 90 FLk;gq;fspd; #o;epiyia ghHf;Fk; NghJ> 80%Md
ngz;fSf;F fhzpf;fhd cupikapy;iy. FLk;gj;jpw;F cs;Ns mit gfpug;gl;l tpjKk;>
FLk;gj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy njhlHgpy; cs;s ghuk;gupa ek;gpf;iffSNk mjw;fhd
fhuzq;fshFk;. fhzp cupikfs; njhlHghd tpopg;GzHT ,d;ikNa fhzpf;fhd mZFk;
trjp Fiwthf ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,e;jg; ngz;fspd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fy;tp milNt ,jw;fhd gpujhd fhuzkhf Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F gpuhe;jpaq;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ>
,e;j gpuhe;jpaq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsk; kw;Wk; re;jHg;gj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJld;> kf;fspd; jpwd;fSk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;litfshFk;.
ngz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tPl;L Ntiyfspy; <LgLtJld;> Nkl;Lepyg; gapHr;nra;ifapy; gFjpNeuk;
<LgLgtHfshf cs;sdH. Nghjpajw;w khjhe;j tUkhdj;jpw;fhf ngUk;ghyhd Mz;fs;
rptpy; Nritapy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. Kd;diu tpl jw;NghJ mjpfsT Rje;jpuk; ,Uf;fpd;w
NghjpYk;> ePupw;fhd gw;whf;Fiw mjpfkhf epyTtjhdy;> gapHr;nra;iff;fhd epyj;jpid
ngWtJ jkf;F ngUk; gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gjhf mtHfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdH.
fhzpf;fhd ngz;fspd; mZFk; trjp vd;gJ kpfTk; FiwthFk; (80 tPjkhdtHfSf;F mZFk;
trjp ,y;iy). mg;gbahd trjpAs;stHfSf;Fk; jkJ cupikj;Jtj;ij ep&gpg;gjw;fhd
Mjhuk; ,y;iy. fw;ifapy; fye;J nfhz;ltHfspy; 10 tPjkhd ngz;fs; khj;jpuNk
fhzpf;fhd cupikia nfhz;Ls;sdH. rpy rk;gtq;fspy; mtHfSf;F ghJfhg;G ,y;iy
(fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuKk; ,y;iy). jhk; trpf;Fk;> gapHnra;Ak; fhzpf;fhd cupikj;JtKk;
,y;iy. FLk;gj;jpy; cs;stHfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhupfs; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,ilNa
Kuz;ghL cs;sJ.
fhzp cupikj;Jtk; njhlHghd vz;zf;fUtpy;> ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; fhzpf;fhd
cupikj;Jtj;ij nfhz;bUg;gjw;F ngz;fSf;Fk; cupik cz;L vd fUJfpd;wdH.
vt;thwhapDk;> ngz;fs; fhzpapd; cupikahsHfshf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd rpyH> Fwpg;ghf
Mz;fs; fUJfpd;wdH. jkJ gps;isfsplkpUe;J fhzpf;fhd cupikj;Jtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F
ngz;fSf;F cupik cz;L vd 20 tPjkhd Mz;fs; fUJfpd;wdH. vdpDk;> ngUk;ghyhNdhH
ngz;fSf;F ,e;j cupik cz;L vd;gjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;gtHfshf ,y;iy. ,NjNtis> 80
tPjkhd ngz;fSf;F ,UtUf;Fk; fhzpf;fhd cupikj;Jtk; ,Ug;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;ldH. Nkyjpfkhf> gad;ghL vd;gJ gpur;rpidahf ,y;iy. ngz;fs; cs;slq;fyhf>
ahH cupikj;Jtk; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gNj gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. fhzp cupikfs;>
cupikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjpy; ngz;fspd; tfpghfk; vd;gjpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;jsT tpopg;GzHNt
cs;sJ.
gy;NtW fw;iffspy; ,e;j tpopg;GzHT FiwghL vd;gJ Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ. Nkyjpfkhf>
fhzp njhlHghd gy;NtW epHthf kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfs;> fhzp cupikfs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs;
njhlHghd tpopg;GzHT FiwghL vd;gd Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gJld;> tpopg;GzHT
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epfo;r;rpfspd; Njit Fwpj;Jk; ,e;jf; fw;iffs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sd.
25

,e;j tplaq;fis milahsk; fhz;gjw;F gy;NtW Kaw;rpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk;>
,e;jj; Njitfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;F mtHfshy; ,aytpy;iy. mbg;gil tpopg;GzHit
mjpfupg;gjw;F tPlikg;G cupikfs; kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wk; njhlHghd epiyak; (COHRE)>
ngz;fs; Ma;Tf;fhd epiyak; (CENWOR)> NehHNt mfjpfs; Nguit (NRC) kw;Wk; khw;Wf;
nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak; (CPA) Nghd;w epWtdq;fshy; ifNaLfs; my;yJ E}y;fs;
tbtpyhd gpuRuq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. mNjNtis NtW rpy epWtdq;fs; fhzp njhlHghd
tpNrl mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;jd.
26

CPA, ngz;fs;> gf;fk; 6 CPA, tlf;F epyk;> gf;fk; 42
fhzpr; rl;lq;fSk;> rpf;fy;fSk; ,yf;fpa Ma;T> kpuhf; u`Pk;> gpuRupf;fg;glhjJ 2013.
26
25
41
fpuhk kl;lj;jpyhd fhzp gpur;rpidfis jPHj;J itg;gjpy; cs;@H kl;lj;jpy; cs;s mjpfhupfs;>
tpNrlkhf fpuhk mjpfhup Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;whH. khtl;lr; nrayhsupd; gq;Fk;
,q;F Kf;fpakhdJ. fhzpg; gpur;rpidfis jiyapLtjwpy; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhupfs;
MHtk; mw;wtHfs; vd;w czHit mtHfs; nfhz;Ls;sdH. fhzp mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis
toq;Ftjpy; mtHfs; MHtk; mw;wpUg;gjhd czHT mtHfspy; cs;sJ.
4. KbTiuAk;> gupe;JiufSk;
tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fs; vd;w Aj;j tyaq;fSf;F ntspNa cs;s kf;fs; Aj;jj;jpd;
jhf;fq;fshy; vjpHnfhz;l tpisTfis ,e;jf; fw;if NkYk; epidTgLj;jpaJ. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;Yk; nraw;ghl;by; fhzp cs;slq;fyhf cw;gj;jpj;
jpwd; kpf;f mZFk; trjpia mtHfs; miltjid cWjp nra;a Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
Aj;jk; mw;w re;jHg;gq;fspYk; ,J Kf;fpakhd rpf;fyhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; ,J NknyOe;j gpur;rpidahf khwpAs;sJ. gy;NtW eyd;fSf;F
,e;j tsq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;il jhNk itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F murhq;fk; Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
fhzpf;fhd ngz;fspd; mZFk; trjp kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtHfs;
tYg;gLj;jg;glypy; rpf;fy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ngz;fSf;F fhzpf;fhd cupik cs;sJ
vd Mz;fs; fUJtjpy;iy. khwhf> fhzp kw;Wk; gapHnra;ifapy; jw;NghJ mtHfs;
nfhz;Ls;s Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tfpghfj;jpd; %yk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilj; jpzpf;fpd;wdH. ,e;j tplaj;ij
milahsg;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s khngUk; rpf;fyhf ,J cs;sJ. fhzp tsq;fs; njhlHghd
jPHkhdq;fis vLg;gJ cs;slq;fyhf fhzpf;fhd mZFk; trjp kw;Wk; cupikj;Jtk;
njhlHghd rkkhd cupikfis ngz;fs; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gjw;F mg;ghy; ,J nry;fpd;wJ.
kf;fSf;F jkJ cupikfs; njhlHgpy; fw;gpg;gjw;fhd cldb Njitnahd;W cs;sJ.
fhzp cupikfSf;fhd mZFk; trjp vd;gjw;F mg;ghy;> kdpj> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtH
cupikfs; njhlHghd tplaq;fisAk; mJ cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. NkYk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;ltHfSf;F
mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gl;L> fhzp cupikj;Jtk; njhlHghd Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhd
tpopg;GzHTld; Mw;wYk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
fhzpapd; cupikj;Jtj;ijg; ngWtJ njhlHgpy; vt;tpjkhd KiwAk; ,y;iy. ,J
cldbahf Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd fw;if $Wfpd;wJ. ,e;j KiwahdJ ngz;fspd;
mZFk; trjpiaAk; cs;slf;FtJld;> mtHfSila Njitfs; njhlHgpy; $UzHTld;
nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
42
43
ePjpf;fhd mZFk; trjp kw;Wk; ghugl;rk;:
mk;ghiu kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lq;fspy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfspy; cs;sf td;Kiwf;fhf gupfhuk;
NjLk; K];ypk; ngz;fs;
1. mwpKfKk;> gpd;dzpAk;
K];yPk; ngz;fs; Ma;T kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L kd;wj;jpdhy;
(MWRAF)
1
elj;jg;gl;l fw;ifapy; ,Ue;J ,e;j mj;jpahak;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;sf td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fspd; #o;epiy kw;Wk; epiyikiaAk;> mtHfSila
tho;f;ifapYk;> mtHfSila FLk;gj;jpd; tho;f;ifapYk;
Fwpj;j td;Kiw Vw;gLj;jpAs;s tpisTfisAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. cs;sf td;Kiwahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fSf;F fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;s Nritfs; njhlHghd
gue;j cs;slf;fj;ijAk;> Fwpj;j Nritfis mtHfs;
vt;thW mZFfpd;wdH vd;gjidAk; ,e;jf; fw;if fz;lwpa
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. mk;ghiu kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lq;fspy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfspy; K];ypk; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; cs;sf td;Kiw kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd
mtHfsJ mZFk; trjp Fwpj;J fw;if Muha;fpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFjpfspy; td;Kiw vd;gJ mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLtJld;>
fztuhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; cs;sf td;KiwAk; ,jpy;
cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. Mzhjpf;fk;> ngz;fs; Mz;fspy;
jq;fpapUj;jy;> Mz;fspd; Nghijg; nghUs; gad;ghL kw;Wk;
gyjhu cwTfs; vd gy;NtW fhuzpfshy; ,e;j td;Kiw
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;Sk;> tPl;bw;Fs;Sk;>
rKjhaj;jpw;Fs;Sk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F
ngz;fSf;F rpwpjsT trjpNa mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. td;Kiw
kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy; Fwpj;J fijg;gjw;fhd mtHfsJ Mw;wypy;
,J jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd J\;gpuNahfk;
epfOk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; ngz;fs; mikjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;jp> cjtp ngw KbahjtHfshf cs;sdH. rpW taJ jpUkzq;fs;
,e;j gFjpapy; toikahd tplakhf cs;sJ. K];yPk; kf;fspd; jpUkzq;fs; njhlHghd
K];yPk; tpthf kw;Wk; tptfhuj;J rl;lj;jpd; (MMDA) fPo; mjw;F mDkjpaspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpUkzj;jpw;fhd Mff; Fiwe;j taJ njhlHghd typAWj;jy;fs; vJTk; mjpy; ,y;iy.
cs;sf td;Kiwia vjpHnfhs;Sk; ,sk; ngz;fs;> ,e;jg; gpur;rpidia gfpuq;fkhf
NgRtjpy; rpf;fy;fis nfhz;Ls;sdH.
mj;jpahak; 5
Aj;jk; eilngWk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ngz;fs;
td;Kiwf;F ,yf;fhfpd;wdH.
fztid ,oe;j ngz;fNs
ngupJk; ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;ffhf;
$batHfshf cs;sdH.
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd
#o;epiyapy; ,e;j epiyapy;
khw;wk; vJTk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
,Ue;jhYk;> ghy;epiyrhH
td;KiwapypUe;J
ntsptUtjw;fhd rl;l
Nritfs; kw;Wk; NtW
gupfhuq;fis ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs; ngWfpd;wdH. ,e;j
Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l
gFjpahdJ 2004Mk; Mz;L
Rdhkpapy; Nrjkile;j
gFjpahFk;. td;Kiwapdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fNs> ,e;j
mdHj;jj;jpdhYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshFk;.
MWRAF vd;gJ K];yPk; ngz;fspd; r%f rl;l tYt+l;liy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gzpahw;Wk; RNar;irahd
ngz;fs; epWtdkhFk;. mtHfSila cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Fuy; nfhLf;Fk; epWtdkhfTk;
cs;sJ. 1998Mk; Mz;L Kjy; fy;Kidapy; nraw;wpwDld; ,aq;fp tUk; epWtdkhf MWRAF cs;sJ.
Rdhkpapd; gpd;dH> mdHj;jj;jpy; jg;gpg; gpioj;j ngz;fSf;fhd ngz;fs; epiyaj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ.
Nghjpa ,ltrjpapd;wp Kfhk;fspy; thOk; ngz;fSf;fhd ,ilj;jq;fy; epiyakhf Muk;gj;jpy; ,J
fhzg;gl;lJ. mjidj; njhlHe;J> jpUkzk; kw;Wk; tpthfuj;J njhlHgpy; ngz;fSf;fhd csts
MNyhrid kw;Wk; rl;l MNyhrid toq;Fk;> midj;J rKjhaq;fSf;F rl;l kw;Wk; csr;r%f
MNyhrid toq;Fk;> fy;Kid rl;l cjtp Mizf;FO> kj;jpa];j rig> fy;Kid kdpj cupikfs;
Mizf;FO mYtyfk;> mk;ghiu khtl;l mYtyfj;jpd; kdpj cupikfs; ,y;yk;> nghyp]; kfspH
kw;Wk; rpWtH gzpafk;> ed;dlj;ij rpWtH guhkupg;G mYtyfk; vd;gtw;wpw;F Fwpg;Gjtp toq;Ftjd;
Clhf rl;l cjtp toq;fy;> csr;r%f MNyhridf;fhd itj;jparhiyapd; ghy;epiyg; gpupTld;
,ize;Jk; ,e;j epiyaq;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wJ. CEDAW rhrdk; kw;Wk; UNSCR 1325> 2005Mk; Mz;L
cs;sf td;Kiwr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fr; RfhjhuKk;> cupikfSk; njhlHghd tpopg;GzHT cl;gl
cupikfs; rhHe;j epfo;r;rpfisAk; ,e;j epiyak; Kd;ndLf;fpd;wJ.
1
K];yPk; ngz;fs; Ma;T kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L kd;wk;
44
Aj;jk; eilngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ngz;fs; td;Kiwf;F ,yf;fhfpd;wdH. fztid ,oe;j
ngz;fNs ngupJk; ghjpg;Gf;F ,yf;ffhf; $batHfshf cs;sdH. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd
#o;epiyapy; ,e;j epiyapy; khw;wk; vJTk; Vw;gltpy;iy. ,Ue;jhYk;> ghy;epiyrhH
td;KiwapypUe;J ntsptUtjw;fhd rl;l Nritfs; kw;Wk; NtW gupfhuq;fis ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs; ngWfpd;wdH. ,e;j Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l gFjpahdJ 2004Mk; Mz;L Rdhkpapy;
Nrjkile;j gFjpahFk;. td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fNs> ,e;j
mdHj;jj;jpdhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshFk;.
mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpd; epe;jt+H> rha;e;jkUJ kw;Wk; fy;Kid gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfspYk;>
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; Vwht+H gpuNjr nrayfg; gpuptpYk; ,e;j Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfs; fye;j ,df; FOf;fis nfhz;ljhFk;. kPd;gpb> tptrhak;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; nerTj;njhopy; cs;slq;fyhd tho;thjhu eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; jkpo;
kw;Wk; K];yPk;fs; trpf;fpd;wdH. fl;likf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tp topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp> mk;ghiu
khtl;lj;ijr; NrHe;j epe;jt+H> rha;e;jkUJ> fy;Kid> ePyhtiz> kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G
khtl;lj;jpd; Vwht+H gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupitr; NrHe;j kspiff;fhL> ew;gpl;bKid>
ghz;bUg;G> kUjKid> kw;Wk; Vwht+H Mfpa gFjpfspy; elj;jg;gl;l 46 rk;gt fw;iffspd;
Clhf juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. cs;sf td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l K];yPk; ngz;fsplk;
khj;jpuNk midj;J rk;gt fw;iffSk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpj;j ngz;fspd; tPLfSf;F
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W jlitfs; tp[ak; nra;ag;gl;lJ. MWRAF 2001-2012,d; rk;gt
fw;if Mtzq;fspy; ,Ue;j jfty;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

2. ,yq;ifapy; cs;sf td;Kiw
2

ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; ngz;fshf ,Uf;Fk; Mz;/ngz; neUf;fkhd Jiz
cwtpd; mk;rkhf cs;sf td;Kiw vd;gJ cs;sJ. Mzhjpf;f rf;jp fl;likg;Gf;fs;>
r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspdJk;> Mz;fspdJk; fyhrhu tfpghfq;fs;
NtWgly; vd;gtw;wpy; czHTrhH> cly;rhH kw;Wk; tha;%yk; vd gy tbtq;fspy; td;Kiw
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. r%f nghUshjhu gpd;dzp mbg;gilapy; gpujp$ykhd ngz;fs; kPjhd
cs;sf td;Kiwapd; tpisTfs;> tpNrl kw;Wk; ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l gpujpgypg;Gf;fs;
Njitahd NtWgl;l mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; neUf;fbfis ntspf;nfhzUtJ njhlHgpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cs;sf mbg;gilapy; td;Kiwia vjpHnfhs;tjw;F> gy;NtW
kl;lq;fspy; jdpegH kw;Wk; fl;likg;G rhH ,ilaPLfs; mtrpakhFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpy; epyTk; td;Kiwapd; msT kw;Wk; jd;ik
Fwpj;j jfty;fs; ,y;iy.
3
,Ug;gpDk;> rKjhak;> khtl;lk; kw;Wk; khfhzk; Nghd;w gy;NtW
kl;lq;fspy; epyTk; td;Kiwia epHzapg;gjw;F gy rpW fw;iffs; Kaw;rp nra;Js;sd.
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; OXFAM GB elj;jpa fw;ifapd; gpufhuk; khtl;l kl;lj;jpy;
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; 27%> jpUNfhzkiyapy; 37% kw;Wk; mk;ghiuapy; 43% vd td;Kiw gjpT
nra;ag;gl;ljd; mbg;gilapy; ghjpg;Gg; gpukhzk; cs;sik fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
4

MjuT Nritfis mZFtjpy; ngz;fs; cWjpahf ,Ug;gJ> rhjfkhd xU mk;rkhf
cs;sJ. csr;r%f MjuT> rl;l MNyhrid kw;Wk; Gfyplk; vd;gd cs;slq;fyhf cs;sf
td;Kiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L jg;gpatHfSf;fhd MjuT Nritfs; gytw;iw ehnlq;fpYk;
cs;s Mff; Fiwe;jJ 86 ngz;fs; epWtdq;fSk;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtH gzpafKk;
toq;Ftjhf> ,dj;Jtf; fw;iffSf;fhd rHtNjr epiyaj;jpd; (ICES) tiuglkhf;fypd;
%yk; mwpaf; $bajhfTs;sJ (nfhbf;fhuTk;> gpajhrTk; 2012).
#ydp nfhbf;fhutpd;> ,yq;ifapd; cs;sf td;Kiw (2013> gpuRupf;fg;gltpy;iy) njhlHghd E}y;
Ma;tpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,yq;ifnaq;fpYk; cs;s ngz;fspy; 60%MdtHfSk;> 44% fHg;gpzpg; ngz;fSk; cs;sf td;Kiwf;F
,yf;fhtjhf rpWtH mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; tYt+l;ly; mikr;rpdhy; 2006Mk; Mz;L elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpd;
KbTfis rpy Clf mwpf;iffSk;> rpy fw;iffSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w NghjpYk;> ,e;j Gs;sptpguq;fSf;fhd
%yq;fs; njspthf ,y;iy. ghHf;fTk;> cs;sf td;Kiw: cz;ikfs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ajhHj;jq;fs;>
%yk; Rkhah up];tp> nla;yp kpuH> 25 ngg;utup 2011> kw;Wk; cs;sf td;Kiwr; rl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
ngz;fs;> %yk; igry; rkj;> 11 xf;NlhgH 2010> ,tHfs; ,UtUk; ,e;j Gs;sptpguq;fis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH.
,yq;ifapd; fpof;fpy; Oxfam gzpahw;Wk; fpuhkq;fspy; ghy;epiyrhH td;Kiw njhlHghd Oxfam GB
(2012) Ma;T mwpf;if> nfhOk;G> Oxfam GB.
2
3
4
45
mjpfupj;j tpopg;GzHT> Nritfs; fpilf;ff; $ba jd;ik kw;Wk; ngz;fspid tYt+l;ly;
kw;Wk; ngz;fs; epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhfNt Kiwg;ghLfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
mjpfupg;G vl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> cwtpdHfs; my;yJ ez;gHfis fhg;gjw;F
Kaw;rp nra;Ak; ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if njupahJs;sJld;> mJ mjpfkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;
vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
twpatHfsw;w FLk;gq;fspy; cs;sf td;Kiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L jg;gpatHfs; Fwpj;j
ngz;fs; Ma;Tf;fhd epiyaj;jpdhy; (CENWOR) Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l fw;ifahdJ> 60.4%Md
ngz;fs; cs;sf td;Kiw Fwpj;j jkJ gpur;rpidia jPHg;gjw;F ez;gHfs;> FLk;gk; kw;Wk;
kjj; jiytHfsplk; ,Ue;J cjtpiag; ngw;wjhf fz;lwpe;jJ. mNjNtis> cstsj;
Jiz kw;Wk; rl;l cjtp Nritfisg; ngw;w ngz;fs;> vLj;j eltbf;iffs; FiwthFk;.
cs;sf td;Kiw Fwpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jjy; kpfTk; FiwT vd gy;NtW fw;if KbTfs;
njuptpf;fpd;wd. fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; gjpT nra;jy; tPjq;fs; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhf
OXFAM GB fw;ifAk;> NtW nrtp topf;fijfSk; njuptpf;fpd;wd. 13 khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
K];yPk; ngz;fSld; MWRAF,dhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l cs;sf td;Kiw njhlHghd
gpuRupf;fg;glhj fw;ifahdJ cs;sf td;Kiwapd; jhf;fj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjw;F NtW
FLk;g cWg;gpdHfspd; cjtpia 71% K];ypk; ngz;fs; ngw;Wnfhz;ljhf fz;lwpe;jJ
(MWRAF 2002). ,NjNghd;wnjhU epiyNa OXFAM GB fw;ifapd; KbTfspYk; fhzg;gLtJld;>
,e;j gpur;rpidfs; kjj; jiytHfspd; ftdj;jpw;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ.
mtHfsJ td;Kiw njhlHghd ngz;fspd; csg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; mJ njhlHgpy;
mtHfs; vt;thW nraw;glg; Nghfpd;wdH vd;gJk; cs;sf td;Kiwapd; tplaq;fis
milahsk; fhz;gjpYk; gq;F cz;L. jkf;F vd;d NeHe;jhYk;> jkJ FLk;gj;jpid
Kjd;ikg;gLj;JtNj ngz;fspd; flik vd;w r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;jhf;fj;jpdhy; mJ
nry;thf;F nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jk;ik tpl jkJ FLk;gj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F mikjpahf
cs;sf td;Kiwapdhy; ngz;fs; Jd;GWtjw;F ,e;j csg;ghq;fhdJ fhuzkhdJ.
czit fUf;fptpl;lhy;> jk;Kld; tpthjk; Gupe;jhy;> jkf;F $whJ ntspNa nrd;Wtpl;lhy;>
gps;isfs; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;jhtpl;lhy;> kw;Wk; jk;Kld; clYwT nfhs;tjw;F
kWj;jhy;> kidtpia fztd; mbg;gJ epahakhdJ vd 50%khd ngz;fs; fUJtjhf
rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguq;fs; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Gs;sptpguq;fs;
kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Ma;T (DHS) 2006/7
5
KbTfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. cs;sf td;Kiw rhHe;j
gpur;rpidfis milahsk; fhz;gjpy; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; csg;ghq;FfSk;>
jaf;f epiyANk gpujhd rthy;fs; vd ICES tiuglkhf;fy; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ.
7

td;Kiwapd; fhuzkhf ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; cly;rhH tpisTfs; mjpfkhFk;. rpwpa
kw;Wk; jPtpukhd cly;rhH fhaq;fs;> czT cl;nfhs;sy; epj;jpiu nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;
kdey NfhshWfs;> fUr;rpijT vd;gd> [aRe;ju (2012).
7
rpWtHfs; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpYk;
jhf;fq;fs; Vw;glyhk;. (Oxfam GB 2013)
3. rl;l gupfhuq;fs;
kdpj clYf;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Fw;wq;fs; my;yJ tho;f;iff;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
Fw;wq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gplg;gl;l 1883Mk; Mz;L Fw;wtpay; Nfhitapy; mj;jpahak; XVI,d;
fPo; tho;f;ifj; Jizapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; td;Kiw cs;slq;fyhf tPl;bw;Fs; epfOk;
td;Kiw kw;Wk; njhlHghd nraw;ghLfis Fw;wkhf Kiwg;ghL nra;tJ vg;NghJk;
rhj;jpakhFk;. 1993Mk; Mz;L kw;Wk; 1996Mk; Mz;Lf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; gy;NtW
kfspH kw;Wk; rpWtH gzpafq;fs; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;ld. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw
Fwpj;j Kiwg;ghLfSf;F trjpaspf;Fk; ngz; nghyp]; mjpfhupfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldH.
vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j Kiwg;ghLfis jdpg;gl;l tplakhf fUjp> Fw;wkpioj;jtHfSf;F
vr;rupf;if kl;Lk; toq;fp nghyp]hH Fiwe;j nraw;ghLk;> Fiwe;jsT Kd;DupikAk;
khj;jpuNk toq;Ffpd;wdH. ,e;j gpupTfspy; NghjpasT CopaHfs; epakpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
5
6
7
rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk; (2009) ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw njhlHghd csg;ghq;F>
Gs;sptpguk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Ma;T 2006/2007> nfhOk;G 194-196.
nfhbf;fhu> #ydp> gpajhr> jpahfp (2012).
[aRe;jup ukzp (2012) jg;gpatHfspd; Fuy;fs;: cs;sf td;Kiwapd; rk;gt fijfs;>
Tkd; ,d; ePl;> nfhOk;G
46
mj;Jld;> ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwia tpl> rpWtH J\;gpuNahfk; rhHe;j tplaq;fspNyNa
mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdH
8
(CENWOR 1997).ngz;fs; gpuptpy; flik GupAk; mjpfhupfSk;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf miof;fg;gLtJk;> tlf;F> fpof;fpy; nkhopg; gpur;rpidahy;
miof;fg;gLtJk; cz;L. Vnddpy;> ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfspy; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhupfs;
me;jg; gFjpf;fhd nkhopiag; NgRtjpy;iy. c-k;: jkpo;.
cs;sf td;Kiwia jLg;gjw;fhd 34Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; 2005Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
NGO FOf;fshy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l rpy fl;Lg;ghLfSld; cs;sf td;Kiwahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;fhd rptpy; gupfhuj;ij ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ. ePjthd; ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; ghJfhg;gpid ngw KbAk;. ePjpkd;wkhd 14 ehl;fSf;fhd ,ilf;fhy
ghJfhg;G cj;juit gpwg;gpf;Fk;. 12 khjq;fSf;F nry;YgbahFk; ghJfhg;G cj;juT>
Fw;wkpioj;jtH kPz;Lk; td;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjid jLg;gJld;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd;
trpg;gplj;jpw;F gpuNtrpg;gjidAk; jLf;Fk;. mjd; gpd;dH ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rkHg;gpf;Fk;
Mjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gupfhuk; ngwyhk;. ,e;j epiyikfis typAWj;Jtjpy;> rk;gtj;jpy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;L jg;gpatHfs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfspd; Njitfis (jq;Fkplk; cs;slq;fyhf)
epiwT nra;tjw;fhd Njit ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ. mDkjpaspf;Fk; gpuj;jpNafkhd
rptpy; my;yJ Fw;wptpay; nraw;ghl;bid Muk;gpj;J mtuJ cupikia fhf;Fk; tifapy;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;tjw;F ,e;jr; rl;lk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;duhd ghypay; gyhj;fhuKk; ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;.

4. KbTfs;
td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs;
,e;j fw;ifapy; cs;sf td;Kiw Fwpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;jpatHfs; ngUk;ghYk; (37%)
tptrhak;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk;> tPL rhHe;j tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; rpW tHj;jfk; Nghd;w gz;ghl;LrhH
tho;thjhuq;fspy; jq;fpAs;sdH.
,e;jg; ngz;fs; Fiwe;jsT fy;tp kl;lq;fis nfhz;ltHfs;: ngUk;ghyhfg; gjpyspj;jtHfs;
,uz;lhk; epiy fy;tpia g+Hj;jp nra;ahjtHfs; (rhjhuzjuk; tiu). mj;Jld;>
FLk;gj;jpd; Mz; cWg;gpdiu nghUshjhu uPjpahf jq;fpAs;sdH. nghJthf jkJ fztH.
ngz;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lsT tUkhdk; <l;LgtHfs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; ,jid mtjhdpf;ff;
$bajhfTs;sJ.
td;Kiwia vjpHnfhz;l 41%Md ngz;fs;> jkJ J\;gpuNahfk;rhH cwTfis tpl;L
gpupe;Js;sdH. vt;thwhapDk;> mtHfspy; 67%MdtHfs; tpthfuj;J nra;J nfhz;l NghjpYk;>
jkJ tho;f;ifia epHtfpg;gjw;fhd tUkhd %yk; mw;wtHfshf cs;sdH. ngz;fs;
vjpHnfhs;Sk; kw;iwa nghJthd mDgtkhf ,Ug;gJ> mtHfSf;F RahjPdkhd tUkhdk;
kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhikahFk;. jk;kPjhd J\;gpuNahfk;rhH cwTfs;
Fwpj;J tPl;Lf;F ntspNaNah kw;Wk; rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; tPl;Lf;Fs;NsNah NgRtjw;fhd
mjpfhuk; mw;wtHfshf ,J mtHfis khw;wptpLfpd;wJ. ,e;j td;Kiw njhlHgpy; mtHfshy;
vJTk; nra;a KbahJ. fztuhy; jhk; tPl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhy; jk;ikAk;> jkJ
rpWtHfisAk; mtHfshy; ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahj epiyAKs;sJ.
td;Kiw njhlHghd ngz;fspd; mDgtq;fs;
xU re;jHg;gj;ij jtpu> td;Kiwia vjpHnfhz;l ngz;fs; midtUk;> jkf;F
neUf;fkhdtupdhNyNa td;Kiwia vjpHnfhz;Ls;sdH. c-k;: neUf;fkhd tho;f;ifj;
Jiz> FLk;gk; my;yJ ikj;JdHfs;. cjtpf;fhf ahiuahtJ mZFtjw;F mtHfs;
jPHkhdpj;jjw;F Kd;dH ngUk;ghyhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,e;j td;Kiw njhlHr;rpahdjhfTk;>
toikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jjhf mtHfs; njuptpj;jdH.
8 nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; rpWtHfSf;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fis ngz;fs; rpwg;ghf ifahs;thHfs; ek;gpf;ifapy;
1979Mk; Mz;L KjyhtJ ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfs; gzpafk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mNjNtis> gzpafj;jpd;
nraw;ghLfs; ngz;fSf;Fk;> rpWtHfSf;Fk; cjTtJld;> ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
td;Kiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshf ngz;fs; njhlHgpyhd nraw;ghLfis tpl> rpWtH J~;gpuNahfk;
kw;Wk; FLk;g Kuz;ghLfis rhHe;jjhfNt mJ mike;Js;sJ (CENWOR 1997).
47
RkhH 2 Kjy; 5 tUlq;fs; tiu ,e;j td;Kiwia mikjpahf mDgtpj;J tUtjhf
30%khd ngz;fs; njuptpj;jdH. ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fspy; ,e;j td;Kiw vd;gJ
njhlHr;rpahdjhfTk;> gy tUlq;fshf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUtjhfTk; cs;sJ.
jkJ fztupdhy; vjpHnfhz;l ghypay; td;Kiw Fwpj;J %d;W ngz;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ghypay; ty;YwTk;> jpUkzj;jpd; Nghjhd ghypay; td;KiwAk;
,yq;ifapy; rl;l uPjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tplak; my;yhj NghjpYk;> cs;sf
td;Kiwia vjpHnfhs;Sk; ngz;fspd; nghJthd mDgtkhf ,J cs;sJ.
rJuk; 1: ngz;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l td;Kiwapd; tiffs;
ghypay; jhf;Fjy; Kaw;rp
cly;rhH td;Kiw mbj;jy;> cijj;jy;> nghUl;fis nfhz;L mbj;jy;>
Fuy;tisia eRf;fy;> miwjy;
cly;rhH td;Kiw mbj;jy; (fHg;gpzpahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ)> cijj;jy;>
nghUl;fshy; mbj;jy;> Fuy;tisia eRf;fy;> miwjy;> rpj;jputij
(rpful;lhy; RLjy;> Fj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mbj;jy;)
tha; %yk; (Nkhrkhd nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jy;> fPo;jukhf Fwpg;gply;>
clypy; fhak; Vw;gLj;Jtjhf mr;RWj;jy;)
czHTrhH J\;gpuNahfk;
nrhj;Jf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL (Mguzk;> nrhj;J> gzk;)
nrhj;Jf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghLk;> tha;%y> czHTrhH J\;gpuNahfKk;
cly;rhH td;Kiw cs;slq;fyhf fztuhy; nfhiy nra;a Kaw;rpf;fg;gly;
fztupd; ghypay; td;Kiw> czHTrhH kw;Wk; tha;%y J\;gpuNahfk;
iftply;
cly;rhH td;Kiw> czHTrhH J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; tha;%y J\;gpuNahfk; Fwpj;J
39.2%Md ngz;fs; jkJ mDgtq;fisg; gfpHe;J nfhz;ldH. rpfnul;lhy; RLjy;> cly;rhH
mbj;jYld; Fj;Jjy; cs;slq;fyhfj; jkJ fztuhy; fLikahd rpj;jputijf;F
cs;shdik njhlHghd mDgtj;ij xU ngz; gfpHe;J nfhz;lhH. jhk; fHg;gpzpahf
,Ue;j NghJ jPtpu td;Kiwia vjpHnfhz;ljhf ,uz;L ngz;fs; njuptpj;jdH. ngz;
xUtH jkJ fztuhy; fpzw;Wf;Fs; js;sptplg;gl;Ls;shH.
ePjpia mZFtjpy; ngz;fspd; mDgtq;fs;
cs;sf td;KiwapypUe;J jg;gpg;gjw;fhd tpthfuj;J ngw;w ngz;fSf;fhd rl;l
eilKiwapd; ntspaPLfspy; ,Ue;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ> rpy ngz;fs; khj;jpuNk guhkupg;G
my;yJ el;l<L ngw;Ws;sjhf njupa tUfpd;wJ. tpthfuj;jpw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l 19
rk;gtq;fspy;> 8 rk;gtq;fspy; khj;jpuNk jkJ rpWtHfSf;fhd guhkupg;ig ngz;fs;
ngw;Ws;sdH. ngz; xUtH jkJ rPjdj;jpd; kPs;nfhLg;gdit khjhe;j jtizahf ngw;W
tUfpd;whH. mj;Jld;> xUtH el;l<L ngw;Ws;shH.
jkJ td;Kiwf;fhd gupfhuj;ij Njb CBO/NGO> kj epWtdq;fs;> nghyp]; kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf gy;NtW Nrit toq;FdHfis ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs;
mZfpdH. 46.4% ngz;fs; MjuTf;fhf jkJ FLk;g cWg;gpdHfis mZfpdH. mj;Jld;>
mtHfsJ cjtpAld; nghJ rl;l NritfisAk; mZfpdH.
td;Kiwia Kd;ndLg;gtHfs;
ngUk;ghyhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fw;wk; GupgtHfs; fztHfshFk;. rpy rk;gtq;fspy; mtuJ
FLk;gk; mjpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. je;ij> $l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;stHfs;> fhjyHfs; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; goFk; J}uj;J ez;gHfs; Nghd;w neUf;fkhd FLk;g cWg;gpdHfSk; Fw;wk;
Gupe;jtHfspy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; jkf;F neUf;fkhd tho;f;ifj;
48
Jizfs;> FLk;gk; my;yJ ikj;Jduhy; td;Kiwf;F
cs;shfpd;wdH vd ,e;j fw;ifapd; %yk; njupate;Js;sJ.
ngUk;ghyhd rk;gtq;fspy; Fw;wkpioj;jtHfs; 40 taJf;F
Fiwe;jtHfs; my;yJ 40-50 taJf;F ,ilg;gl;ltHfshFk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> 30 taJf;F Fiwe;j Fw;wkpioj;jtHfs;
kw;Wk; 50 taJf;F mjpfkhdtHfs; (KiwNa 17% kw;Wk; 13%)
Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
cs;sf td;Kiwapy; <Lgl;l rpyH kJ kw;Wk; Nghijf;F
mbikahdtHfshFk;. ,tHfs; FLk;gj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F
Fiwe;jsthd mtjhdk; nrYj;JgtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
FLk;gj;jpw;F ntspNa jkJ r%fkahjiy itj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdH. ghuk;gupa kj kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; FLk;gj;ij nfhz;L elj;Jfpd;wdH.
td;Kiw mwpf;ifaply;
ngUk;ghyhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; ngz;fs; gy;NtW %yq;fSf;F td;Kiw Fwpj;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. NkYk;> ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; CBO/NGO> kj epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; nghyp]; kw;Wk; cs;SH kj ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;w gy;NtW Nrit toq;FdHfis
cjtpf;fhf ehbAs;sdH. mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd tof;Ffs; fhjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
tprhupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
rl;l Kiwia gad;gLj;jpajd; fhuzkhf ngz;fSf;F tpthfuj;J fpilj;jJ. vdpDk;> rpy
re;jHg;gq;fspy; khj;jpuNk mtHfSf;F guhkupg;G my;yJ el;l<L (Mathah)
9
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhjp ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; tpthfuj;J toq;fg;gl;l 15 rk;gtq;fspy;> 8 rk;gtq;fSf;F khj;jpuNk
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfSf;fhd guhkupg;G toq;f cj;jutplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;>
,yq;ifapy; cs;s K];yPk; rl;lj;jpw;F mika> ,j;jh
10
(tpthfuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd
Jf;f fhyk;) fhyj;jpy; khj;jpuNk ngz; xUtUf;F guhkupg;G ngWtjw;fhd cupikj;Jtk;
cs;sJ. tpthfuj;J ngw;wtUf;F %d;W khjq;fs; khj;jpuNk ,j;jh fhykhFk;. el;l<L
my;yJ kj;jh vd;gJ mz;ikapNyNa mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;> caH ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ve;jnthU mHj;jKs;s gupfhuj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd epWtdkhf nghyp]; epiyak; ,y;iy.
mj;Jld;> ntF rpy ngz;fNs Kiwg;ghLfis Kd;itg;gjw;fhf nghyp]; epiyaj;jpw;Fr;
nry;fpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; jkJ Kiwg;ghLfis fhjp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
11
nfhz;L
nry;fpd;wdH. ,q;F mtHfSf;F gupfhuk; fpilg;gjpy; rpf;fy; cs;sJ. ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fs;
Mz;fs; Mjpf;fk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld;> ngz;fSf;F gaDs;sjhf
rl;lq;fs; khw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdg; gy tpthjq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;jg;
gpuhe;jpaq;fisr; NrHe;j ngz;fs;> Mff; Fiwe;j njupTfisNa nfhz;Ls;sdH. MdhYk;>
ePjpkd;wj;ij mZFk; mNjNtis> mtHfs; jPHtpidAk; NjLfpd;wdH. nghyp]; kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Kiwg;ghLfs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l rk;gtq;fspy;> ngUk;ghyhdit gpupe;J
Nghjy; (4/10) my;yJ tpthfuj;jpw;F (4/10) top tFj;jJ. tpthfuj;Jg; ngw;wtHfs; kw;Wk;
gpupe;jtHfspy;> ntFrpyH khj;jpuNk guhkupg;ig (tpthfuj;jhdtHfspy; 1/4> gpupe;jtHfspy;
2/4) ngw;wdH. ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;w tof;Ffspy; ngUk;ghyhdit (47%) tpthfuj;jpy;
Kbe;jJld;> fhy;gq;fhdit njhlu;e;Jk; tprhuizapy; ,Ug;gJld; 16%Mdit gpupe;J
nry;yYf;F topNfhypAs;sJ. tpthfuj;Jg; ngw;wtHfspy; rpyH guhkupg;G my;yJ rPjdj;jpd;
kPs;nfhLg;gdT cs;slq;fyhf gupfhuk; ngWfpd;wdH. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;jg; ngz;fSf;F
ePjpkd;wq;fSk; rpy epthuzq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. mJ xU ePz;l nraw;ghlhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngUk;ghyhd rk;gtq;fspy;
Fw;wkpioj;jtHfs; 40
taJf;F Fiwe;jtHfs;
my;yJ 40-50 taJf;F
,ilg;gl;ltHfshFk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> 30 taJf;F
Fiwe;j Fw;wkpioj;jtHfs;
kw;Wk; 50 taJf;F
mjpfkhdtHfs; (KiwNa 17%
kw;Wk; 13%) Fwpj;J ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
9
10
11
kj;jh (el;l<L my;yJ epahakhd ntFkjp)
tpthfuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd %d;W khjq;fs; Jf;f fhyk;
midj;J K];yPk; jpUkzq;fs;> tpthfuj;Jfs; kw;Wk; guhkupg;G njhlHgpy; rl;l mjpfhuk; cs;s ePjpkd;wk;.
http://cshr.cmb.ac.lk/wp-content/uploads/quazi1.pdf
49
fhjp ePjpkd;wkhdJ gy topfspy; ghugl;rkhf ele;J
nfhs;fpd;wJ. tpthfuj;J nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ jkf;F
rhjfkhd jPHg;gpid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf fhjp xUtUf;F
Fw;wkpioj;j Mz; egH gzk; toq;fpaik njhlHgpy; rk;gtf;
fw;if xd;wpd; %yk; mwpaf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ePjpkd;wkhdJ
tpthfuj;J cj;juit toq;fpa NghjpYk;> &. 500>000 rPjdg;
gzj;ij kPs toq;FkhW Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. khjhe;jk; &. 4>500
guhkupg;G toq;FkhW cj;jutpl;lJld;> el;l<L (kj;jh) mjpy;
cs;slq;ftpy;iy. guhkupg;Gr; nrytpw;fhf fhjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
mtH Nkd;KiwaPL nra;j NghjpYk;> mJ Fwpj;J vt;tpj
eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk;> jPHg;gpidj;
njhlHe;J> fhjpapdhy; cj;jutplg;gl;l guhkupg;gpidAk; fztH
nrYj;jtpy;iy. MWRAF,dhy; elj;jg;gLk; epiyaj;jpw;F
tUif je;j Fwpj;j ngz; gupfhuk; NfhupdhH. rptpy;
ePjpkd;wq;fspy; eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F Kiwg;ghL xd;iw
MWRAF gjpT nra;jJ. rptpy; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Clhf> mtH
& 240>000 rPjdg; gzj;ij kPsg;ngw;whH. &. 4>500 guhkupg;Gr;
nryit nrYj;JkhWk; ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutpl;lJ.
tpthfuj;jpd; NghJ MMDA,y; el;l<L (kj;jh) vd;gJ
fl;lhakhdJ vd Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. tpthfuj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;dH ngz;fSf;F MjuT Njit vd;gjhy; kj;jhit
fl;lhag;gLj;Jk; tifapy; MMDA,id jpUj;Jtjw;F MWRAF
jkJ Kaw;rpfis Muk;gpj;Js;sdH.
tpthfuj;jpw;fhd fhuzj;ij $w Ntz;ba Njitaw;w jyhf;
12
vdg;gLk; tpthfuj;jpid
Mz;fs; ngwKbAk; vd;gJ kw;iwa tplakhFk;. ,e;j tpthfuj;ij kWg;gjw;F fhjpf;F
vJtpjkhd mjpfhuKk; ,y;iy. mtuhy; ,UtiuAk; kPs ,izj;J itg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;f
khj;jpuNk KbAk;. vt;thwhapDk;> kPs ,izg;gJ rhj;jpakhftpy;iynadpd;> tpthfuj;J
khj;jpuNk ,Wjp njupthFk;. jyhf; tpthfuj;jpy; ngz;Zf;F [Ptdhk;rk; mspf;fj;
Njitapy;iy. %d;W khjq;fSf;fhd guhkupg;G khj;jpuNk toq;f Ntz;Lk;. rk;gtf; fw;ifapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljw;F mika> Mz; xUtH jyhf; tpthfuj;J NfhUk; rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy;> fhjp
ePjpkd;wq;fs; ngz;fSf;F el;l<L toq;FkhW cj;jutpLtjpy;iy. rk;gtf; fw;iffspy;
xd;W Fwpg;gpLtijg; Nghy> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; Mz; xUtH jyhf; tpthfuj;ij NfhUk;
NghJ> fhjp ePjpkd;wkhdJ ngz;fSf;F el;l<l;bid cj;jutpLtjpy;iy. r%f> nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; fyhrhu fhuzq;fSf;fhf ngz; xUtH tpthfuj;ij tpUk;gtpy;iynadpd;> my;yJ
czHT uPjpahf mtH mjw;F jahuhf ,y;iynadpd;> jpUkz ge;jj;jpy; ePbj;jpUg;gjw;F
mtH tpUk;gpdhYk;> tpthfuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjidj; jtpu mtUf;F vJtpj khw;W
njupTk; ,y;iy.
MMDA,w;F mika gyjhu jpUkzKk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; fztd; jkJ
kidtpia rkkhf elj;Jtjpy;iy. ,uz;lhtJ jpUkzk; GupAk; Mz;fs;> mjw;fhd
fhuzj;ij Fwpg;gplj; Njitapy;iy. vdpDk;> ,uz;L kidtpfis guhkupf;f KbAk; vd
Fwpj;j Mz; egH cWjp nra;a Ntz;baJ fl;lhakhFk;. mjw;F Vw;w tifapy; MMDA
jpUj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
rk;gtf; fw;if xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;ljw;F mika> Vida #o;epiyfspy;> td;Kiw
#o;epiyfspYk; fhjp ePjpkd;wkhdJ tptfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf MNyhrid toq;Ffpd;wJ.
FLk;gj;jpw;F vjpuhf fsq;fk; Vw;glyhk; my;yJ ngz;fshy; Mz;fspd; Jizapd;wp ,Uf;f
KbahJ vd mtu; fUjyhk;. vdNt> fztid tpl;L tpyf Ntz;lhk; vd mtHfs;
MNyhrid toq;FtH. my;yJ tpthfuj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;FkhW Fwpg;gpl;L> kPspzf;fj;ij
ehb> eyDf;fhf khWkhWk; NfhUtH.
ve;jnthU mHj;jKs;s
gupfhuj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
epWtdkhf nghyp]; epiyak;
,y;iy. mj;Jld;> ntF rpy
ngz;fNs Kiwg;ghLfis
Kd;itg;gjw;fhf nghyp];
epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH.
ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs;
jkJ Kiwg;ghLfis
fhjp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
11

nfhz;L nry;fpd;wdH.
,q;F mtHfSf;F gupfhuk;
fpilg;gjpy; rpf;fy; cs;sJ.
,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mz;fs;
Mjpf;fk; nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld;>
ngz;fSf;F gaDs;sjhf
rl;lq;fs; khw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
vdg; gy tpthjq;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
12 jyhf; vd;gJ fztuhy; Nfhug;gLk; tpthfuj;jhFk;. jpUkzk; Kwptile;jjhf fhjpf;F mwptpg;gjd;
%yk; nry;YgbahFk;. mjid nra;tjw;F mtH vJtpj fhuzKk; njuptpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. fhjpahy;
mjid kWf;f KbahJ.
50
fhjp ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l guhkupg;G njhif vd;gJ kpfTk; FiwthdJ vd;gjidAk;
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. epahakhd guhkupg;G nfhLg;gdit toq;Ftjw;F Nkyjpfkhf>
ngz;fspd; tho;thjhu njupTfis fhg;gjw;fhd> jdJ FLk;gj;ij fhg;gtuhhfTk;>
jiytuhfTk; mtH khWtjhy; mtHfsJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kj;jhTk;
cj;jutplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. guhkupg;G nfhLg;gdT toq;Ftjpy; jhkjk; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk;
cs;sd.
nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; Kiwg;ghL nra;tjpYk; vt;tpj gaDk; ,y;iy vd ngz;fs;
fUJfpd;wdH. Vnddpy; ngz;fs; nghJthf Mz;fSf;Nf Mjutspg;gtH vd mtHfs;
fUJfpd;wdH. nghyp]hH nghJthfg; ngz;fis kjpg;gjpy;iy: kpfTk; fPo;jukhd tpjj;jpy;
mtHfs; fijg;gH. mj;Jld;> ngz;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mtHfs;
kWg;gJz;L.
jkJ fztupd; td;Kiwahd elj;ijfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F ngz;fs; jaf;fk;
fhl;Ltjw;fhd kw;WnkhU Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhf miktJ> jkJ gps;isfspd; vjpHfhyk;>
Fwpg;ghf jkJ kfs;fspd; vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;J mtHfs; mQ;RtjhFk;. vdNt> kl;lf;fsg;gpYk;>
mk;ghiuapYk; K];ypk; rKjhaq;fspy; kiwe;Js;s gpur;rpidahf cs;sf td;Kiw
cs;sJ. vdNt> mjw;F Nkyjpf Ma;T> gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; gaDs;s gupfhuk; vd;gd kpfTk;
mtrpakhdjhFk;.
4. gupe;Jiufs;
fhjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kw;Wk; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd rk;gtq;fs;
tpthfuj;jpy; epiwtile;jd. ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; rl;l cjtpf;fhf
nghyprhiu mZftpy;iy. cs;sf td;Kiwia jLg;gjw;Fk;> gupfhuk; ngWtjw;Fk; gpd;tUk;
MNyhridfs; gaDs;sitahf ,Uf;Fk;.
ngz;fs; Nritfis ehbr; nry;Yk;NghJ elj;jg;gLk; tpjkhdJ ghy;epiy $UzHT
kpf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fSk;> Fw;wkpioj;jtHfSk; jPHtpd; mq;fkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> gpur;rpid Fwpj;j njspTld; mjpfhupfSk;> FOf;fSk; Nritfis
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;> rl;lj;ij mKyhf;Fk; gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fSk; tpidj;jpwd;
kpf;f tifapy; nraw;gLtjid cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jPHkhdk; vLf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH> jPHkhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjid cWjp nra;tjw;F
nraw;ghLfs; cldbahf Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. tpthfuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd el;l<L
njhlHgpy; ,J gpujhdkhdjhFk;. nghUj;jkhd tho;thjhu cjtpf;fhd re;jHg;gq;fshfTk;
,J mikAk;.
fhjp ePjpkd;wq;fs;
fhjp ePjpkd;wq;fspw;F nfhz;L tug;gl;l tof;Ffs; gf;fr;rhHgw;w tpjj;jpy;
tprhupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
/gh]h tpthfuj;J tof;Ffs; (v.fh. ngz; xUtH tpthfuj;Jf;fhf tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;
NghJ) tpiuthf tprhupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
guhkupg;G njhlHghd cj;juTfspy; jhkjk; xopf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
nghyp]hUf;F
td;Kiwapy; <Lgl;ltHfSf;F vjpuhf Kiwahd rl;l eltbf;ifia nghyp]hH
Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ngz;fSf;F ghugl;rk; fhl;lg;glf; $lhJ. mj;Jld;>
mf;fiwAld; tprhupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ngz;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;>
ghugl;rkhf ele;J nfhs;sy; epWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
51
MMDA,y; jpUj;jq;fs; njhlHghd gupe;Jiufs;
el;l<L (kj;jh) vd;gJ rl;lkakhf;fg;gLtJld;> tpthfuj;jpd; NghJ cj;jutplg;gLk;
nfhLg;gdthdJ> ngz; kw;Wk; mtuJ gps;isapd; tho;f;ifr; nryit <L nra;tjw;F
Nghjpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpthfuj;jpw;F gpd;duhd tho;f;ifia vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhdjhf el;l<L toq;fy;
mikAk; tifapy; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Gdpj FH-Mdpy; el;l<L (kj;jh) toq;Ftjw;fhd gpupT xd;Wk; cs;sJ.
jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ rPjdkhf toq;fg;gl;l mirAk; kw;Wk; mirah nrhj;Jf;fs;>
my;yJ Vidad tptfhuj;jpw;fhd cj;juT toq;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;dH kidtpf;F
jpUg;gp toq;fg;gLtjid cWjp nra;tjhf rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
fztH ,uz;lhtJ jpUkzj;jpy; EioAk; NghJ> KjyhtJ kidtpf;F ghugl;rk;
Vw;glhjpUg;gjid cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
jpUkz tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; Mz; fhjpfsplk; ciuahLtjpy;> ngz;fs; jaf;fk;
nfhs;tjdhy; ngz; fhjpfs; epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

FLk;gr; rpf;fy;fis ifahSk; NghJ ngz;fs; ghy;epiy $UzHTld; ele;J
nfhs;tjid cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
54

ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G