Efficiency of the transmission:

cv1
0.975 0.98 := 2 cylindrical gearings
cv1
0.955 =

cvV
0.98 := direct drive
cvV
0.98 =

cvE
0.975 0.975 := 2 cylindrical gearings
Central reduction gearbox
0
0.96 :=
Planetary transmission shaft
pl
0.993 :=
Distributor gearbox

cdN
0.98 :=
cdR
0.975 0.975 :=
Transmissi on efficiency for:
diret drive
trV

cvV

cdN

pl

0
:=
trV
0.916 =
normal gear
trN

cv1

cdN

pl

0
:=
trN
0.893 =
low gear
trR

cv1

cdR

0

pl
:=
trR
0.866 =
eco gear
trE

cvE

cdN

0

pl
:=
trR
0.866 =
Top speed calculation:
n
vmax
0.98 n
N
:= n
vmax
5458.6
rot
min
=

v
0.014 =
P
vmax
P n
vmax
( )
:= P
vmax
96.979 kW =
A
v
G
i

v

k
aer
S
aer

:= A
v
523.061
m
s

2
=
B
v

trV
P
vmax

k
aer
S
aer

:= B
v
190570
m
s

3
=
v
max
3
B
v
2
B
v
2

2
A
v
3

3
+ +
3
B
v

2
B
v
2

2
A
v
3

3
+ + :=
v
max
196
km
hr
=
Determination of the gearing ratios:
Direct drive ratio:
i
cvV
1 :=
Ratio of the high step of the reducer:

max
0.3 :=
i
cdN
1.07 :=
Final ratio for the transmission:
i
0
n
vmax
r
d

( )
i
cvV
i
cdN
v
max

( )
:= i
0
3.147 =
First gear
The first gear ratio needs to be greater than the following value:
G
i

max
r
d

( )
M
M

trN
i
0
i
cdN

3.101 =
The ratio for the first gear is chosen:
i
cv1
3.545 :=
The initial gear ratios calculation is done using a geometric progression.
q
0
n
N
n
M
1000
rot
min
+
:=
q
0
1.392 =
Number of gears necessary for acceleration from a stand-still:
N
tr
ln
i
cv1
i
cvV

ln q
0
( )
:=
N
tr
3.822 =
The adopted number of forward gears is:
N
tr
5 :=
The value of the geometric ratio:
q
N
tr
2
i
cv1
i
cvV
:=
q 1.525 =
Gear ratios:
i
cv1
3.545 := i
cv4
1.088 :=
i
cv2
2.111 := i
cv5
0.875 :=
i
cv3
1.448 :=
Low gear reduction ratio:
The ratio for the reduction gear has to be higher than the following value:
G
i

max
r
d

( )
M
M
i
cv1
i
0

trR

0.965 =
The reduction gear ratio chosen is:
i
cdR
1.5 :=
Gear mechanical effieciency for the normal gear in the reducer

tr1

cv1

cdN

0

pl
:=
tr1
0.893 =

tr4

cvV

cdN

0

pl
:=
tr4
0.916 =

tr2

tr4
:=
tr2
0.916 =

tr3

tr4
:=
tr3
0.916 =

tr5

cvE

cdN

0

pl
:=
tr5
0.888 =
Coefficients for the rotational masses according to gear ratios:
J
m
0.45 m
2
kg =
J
mot
i
cv
, masa ,
( )
1
J
mot
i
cv
i
0

( )
2
J
r
+
masa r
d
2

+ :=
J
r
5 m
2
kg =

1i
J
m
i
cv1
, m
i
,
( )
:=
1d
J
m
i
cv1
, m
d
,
( )
:=

1i
1.333 =
1d
1.43 =

2i
J
m
i
cv2
, m
i
,
( )
:=
2d
J
m
i
cv2
, m
d
,
( )
:=

2i
1.136 =
2d
1.175 =

3i
J
m
i
cv3
, m
i
,
( )
:=
3d
J
m
i
cv3
, m
d
,
( )
:=

3i
1.078 =
3d
1.101 =

4i
J
m
i
cv4
, m
i
,
( )
:=
4d
J
m
i
cv4
, m
d
,
( )
:=

4i
1.056 =
4d
1.072 =

5i
J
m
i
cv5
, m
i
,
( )
:=
5d
J
m
i
cv5
, m
d
,
( )
:=

5i
1.046 =
5d
1.059 =

ai

J
m
100
i
cv5
, m
i
,

:=
ad

J
m
100
i
cv5
, m
d
,

:=

ai
1.027 =
5d
1.059 =
Speed for each gear:
v
1
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv1
i
cdN
i
0

:= v
2
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv2
i
cdN
i
0

:= v
3
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv3
i
cdN
i
0

:=
v
4
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv4
i
cdN
i
0

:= v
5
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv5
i
cdN
i
0

:=
Speed for each gear with speed reducer:
v
1R
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv1
i
cdR
i
0

:= v
2R
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv2
i
cdR
i
0

:= v
3R
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv3
i
cdR
i
0

:=
v
4R
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv4
i
cdR
i
0

:= v
5R
n ( ) n
r
d
i
cv5
i
cdR
i
0

:=
Ideal engine speed for shifting gears during acceleration:
n
1min
n
M
:= n
1max
n
N
:= n
1max
5570
rot
min
=
n
2min
n
1max
i
cv2
i
cv1
:= n
2min
3317
rot
min
=
n
2max
n
N
:=
n
3min
n
2max
i
cv3
i
cv2
:= n
3min
3821
rot
min
=
n
3max
n
N
:=
n
4min
n
3max
i
cv4
i
cv3
:= n
4min
4185
rot
min
=
n
4max
n
N
:=
n
5min
n
1max
i
cv5
i
cv4
:= n
5min
4480
rot
min
=
n
5max
n
N
:=
Shifting poins speed in km/h:
v
1min
v
1
n
1min
( )
:= v
1min
30.428
km
hr
= v
1max
v
1
n
1max
( )
:=
v
1max
56.495
km
hr
=
v
2min
v
2
n
2min
( )
:= v
2min
56.495
km
hr
= v
2max
v
2
n
2max
( )
:=
v
2max
94.873
km
hr
=
v
3min
v
3
n
3min
( )
:= v
3min
94.873
km
hr
= v
3max
v
3
n
1max
( )
:=
v
3max
138.312
km
hr
=
v
4min
v
4
n
4min
( )
:= v
4min
138.312
km
hr
= v
4max
v
4
n
1max
( )
:=
v
4max
184.077
km
hr
=
v
5min
v
5
n
5min
( )
:= v
5min
184.077
km
hr
= v
5max
v
5
n
5max
( )
:=
v
5max
228.887
km
hr
=
0 2 10
3
4 10
3
6 10
3

0
100
200
Gearing characteristic
v
1max
kph
v
2max
kph
v
3max
kph
v
4max
kph
v
5max
kph
v
6max
kph
v
1
n ( )
kph
v
2
n ( )
kph
v
3
n ( )
kph
v
4
n ( )
kph
v
5
n ( )
kph
M n ( )
N m
P n ( )
kW
n
rpm
vg 0
km
hr
1
km
hr
, 1.2v
max
.. :=

trN
0.893 =
Traction characteristic:
F
R1
n ( )
M n ( )
trN
i
0
i
cv1

r
d
:= F
R2
n ( )
M n ( )
trN
i
0
i
cv2

r
d
:= F
R3
n ( )
M n ( )
trN
i
0
i
cv3

r
d
:=
F
R4
n ( )
M n ( )
trN
i
0
i
cv4

r
d
:= F
R5
n ( )
M n ( )
trN
i
0
i
cv5

r
d
:=
0 32.857 65.714 98.571 131.429 164.286 197.143 230
0
2 10
3

4 10
3

6 10
3

F
R1
n ( )
N
F
R2
n ( )
N
F
R3
n ( )
N
F
R4
n ( )
N
F
R5
n ( )
N
R
r

v
( )
N
R
tot
vg 0 , ( )
N
v
1
n ( )
kph
v
2
n ( )
kph
,
v
3
n ( )
kph
,
v
4
n ( )
kph
,
v
5
n ( )
kph
,
vg
kph
,
Power characteristic:
Wheel power for each gear:
P
R1
n ( ) P n ( )
tr1
:= P
R2
n ( ) P n ( )
tr2
:= P
R3
n ( ) P n ( )
tr3
:=
P
R4
n ( ) P n ( )
tr4
:= P
R5
n ( ) P n ( )
tr5
:=
F
R1R
n ( )
M n ( )
trR
i
0
i
cv1
i
cdR

r
d
:= F
R2R
n ( )
M n ( )
trR
i
0
i
cv2
i
cdR

r
d
:=
0 120 240
0
18.333
36.667
55
73.333
91.667
110
Power characteristic
P n ( )
kW
P
R1
n ( )
kW
P
R2
n ( )
kW
P
R3
n ( )
kW
P
R4
n ( )
kW
P
R5
n ( )
kW
P
tot
vg 5 , ( )
kW
P
tot
vg 25 deg , ( )
kW
v
1
n ( )
kph
v
2
n ( )
kph
,
v
3
n ( )
kph
,
v
4
n ( )
kph
,
v
5
n ( )
kph
,
vg
kph
,
Dynamic characteristic:
D
1
n ( )
F
R1
n ( ) k
aer
S
aer
v
1
n ( )
2

G
i
:= D
2
n ( )
F
R2
n ( ) k
aer
S
aer
v
2
n ( )
2

G
i
:=
D
3
n ( )
F
R3
n ( ) k
aer
S
aer
v
3
n ( )
2

G
i
:= D
4
n ( )
F
R4
n ( ) k
aer
S
aer
v
4
n ( )
2

G
i
:=
D
5
n ( )
F
R5
n ( ) k
aer
S
aer
v
5
n ( )
2

G
i
:=
D
1R
n ( )
F
R1R
n ( ) k
aer
S
aer
v
1R
n ( )
2

G
i
:= D
2R
n ( )
F
R2R
n ( ) k
aer
S
aer
v
2R
n ( )
2

G
i
:=
Maximum allowed grade for highways;

a
atan
5
100

:=
a
2.862 deg =
Maximum allowed grade for nationwide roadways:

d
atan
10
100

:=
d
5.711 deg =
f
v
0.014 =
0 100 200
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Dynamic characteristic
D
1
n ( )
D
2
n ( )
D
3
n ( )
D
4
n ( )
D
5
n ( )
f
f cos
a
( )
sin
a
( )
+
f cos
d
( )
sin
d
( )
+
v
1
n ( )
kph
v
2
n ( )
kph
,
v
3
n ( )
kph
,
v
4
n ( )
kph
,
v
5
n ( )
kph
,
vg
kph
,
Maximum grade during grip conditions:

max1
n ( ) 2 atan
1 1 f
v
2
+ D
1
n ( )
2

f
v
D
1
n ( ) +

:=
max1R
n ( ) 2 atan
1 1 f
v
2
+ D
1R
n ( )
2

f
v
D
1R
n ( ) +

:=

max2
n ( ) 2 atan
1 1 f
v
2
+ D
2
n ( )
2

f
v
D
2
n ( ) +

:=
max2R
n ( ) 2 atan
1 1 f
v
2
+ D
2R
n ( )
2

f
v
D
2R
n ( ) +

:=

max3
n ( ) 2 atan
1 1 f
v
2
+ D
3
n ( )
2

f
v
D
3
n ( ) +

:=

max4
n ( ) 2 atan
1 1 f
v
2
+ D
4
n ( )
2

f
v
D
4
n ( ) +

:=

max5
n ( ) 2 atan
1 1 f
v
2
+ D
5
n ( )
2

f
v
D
5
n ( ) +

:=

max1
n
M
( )
17.772 deg = 100 tan
max1
n
M
( ) ( )
32.053 = %

max1R
n
M
( )
26.927 deg = 100 tan
max1R
n
M
( ) ( )
50.792 = %
0 100 200
0
20
40

max1
n ( )
deg

max2
n ( )
deg

max3
n ( )
deg

max4
n ( )
deg

max5
n ( )
deg

max1R
n ( )
deg

max2R
n ( )
deg
0
v
1
n ( )
kph
v
2
n ( )
kph
,
v
3
n ( )
kph
,
v
4
n ( )
kph
,
v
5
n ( )
kph
,
v
1R
n ( )
kph
,
v
2R
n ( )
kph
,
vg
kph
,
Diagram of accelerations:
a
1
n ( ) g
D
1
n ( )
v

1i
:= a
2
n ( ) g
D
2
n ( )
v

2i
:= a
3
n ( ) g
D
3
n ( )
v

3i
:=
a
4
n ( ) g
D
4
n ( )
v

4i
:= a
5
n ( ) g
D
5
n ( )
v

5i
:=
0 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 112.5 125 137.5 150 162.5 175 187.5 200
0.5
0.125
0.25
0.625
1
1.375
1.75
2.125
2.5
a
1
n ( )
m
s
2
a
2
n ( )
m
s
2
a
3
n ( )
m
s
2
a
4
n ( )
m
s
2
a
5
n ( )
m
s
2
0
m
s
2
v
1
n ( )
kph
v
2
n ( )
kph
,
v
3
n ( )
kph
,
v
4
n ( )
kph
,
v
5
n ( )
kph
,
v
kph
,
n
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
...
rpm
=
a
1
n ( )
1.965
1.99
2.013
2.036
2.056
2.075
2.092
2.107
2.121
2.133
2.143
2.152
2.159
2.166
2.172
...
m
s
2
=
n
max
n
N
:= n
max
5570
rot
min
=
Gear shifting points for optimal acceleration:
n
1max
n
N
:= n
1max
i
cv2
i
cv1
3316.86 rpm =
Given
a
1
n
1max
( )
a
2
n
1max
i
cv2
i
cv1

=
n
1max
Find n
1max
( )
:= n
1max
7301 rpm =
n
1max
min n
1max
n
max
,
( )
:= n
1max
5570 rpm =
n
2max
n
N
:=
Given
a
2
n
2max
( )
a
3
n
2max
i
cv3
i
cv2

=
n
2max
Find n
2max
( )
:= n
2max
7285.218 rpm =
n
2max
min n
2max
n
max
,
( )
:= n
2max
5570 rpm =
n
3max
n
N
:=
Given
a
3
n
3max
( )
a
4
n
3max
i
cv4
i
cv3

=
n
3max
Find n
3max
( )
:= n
3max
7232.377 rpm =
n
3max
min n
3max
n
max
,
( )
:= n
3max
5570 rpm =
n
4max
n
N
:=
Given
a
4
n
4max
( )
a
5
n
4max
i
cv5
i
cv4

=
n
4max
Find n
4max
( )
:= n
4max
7173.632 rpm =
n
4max
min n
4max
n
max
,
( )
:= n
4max
5570 rpm =
n
5max
n
N
:=
Speed at the optimal acceleration shifting points:
n
1min
3000 rpm = engine speed at which the clutch is engaged (max torque)
v
1min
v
1
n
1min
( )
:=
v
1min
30.428 kph =
v
1max
v
1
n
1max
( )
:= v
1max
56.495 kph = v
2max
v
2
n
2max
( )
:= v
2max
94.873 kph =
v
3max
v
3
n
3max
( )
:= v
3max
138.312 kph = v
4max
v
4
n
4max
( )
:= v
4max
184.077 kph =
v
5max
v
5
n
5max
( )
:= v
5max
228.887 kph =
Vehicle acceleration according to speed:
The calculations are made for 0,9*vmax.
v
dem
0.9 v
max
:= v
dem
176.643 kph = v
d
0kph 0.2kph , v
dem
.. :=
ri
1
r
d
i
0
i
cv1

:= ri
2
r
d
i
0
i
cv2

:= ri
3
r
d
i
0
i
cv3

:= ri
4
r
d
i
0
i
cv4

:= ri
5
r
d
i
0
i
cv5

:=
a
v1
va ( ) if va v
2max
if va v
1max
a
1
va
ri
1

, a
2
va
ri
2

, if va v
3max
a
3
va
ri
3

, a
4
va
ri
4

:=
a
v
va ( ) if va v
1min

1i

ai
a
1
v
1min
ri
1

, a
v1
va ( ) ,

:=
0 50 100 150
0
1
2
3
4
5
a
v
v
d
( )
a
v
v
dem
( )
v
d
kph
Acceleration time:
t
d
va ( )
0
va
va
1
a
v
va ( )

d :=
t
dtot
t
d
v
dem
( )
:= t
dtot
61.658 s =
the time needed to reach 100 km/h from a stand-still:
t
d
100
km
hr

15.4 s =
0 50 100 150 200
0
20
40
60
80
t
d
v
d
( )
s
t
d
100 kph ( )
s
v
d
kph
Distance needed for acceleration:
Spatiul de demaraj are urmatoarea expresie:
S
d
va ( )
0
va
va
va
a
v
va ( )

d :=
S
dtot
S
d
v
dem
( )
:= S
dtot
2157.275 m =
0 28.571 57.143 85.714 114.286 142.857 171.429 200
0
500
1 10
3

1.5 10
3

2 10
3

2.5 10
3

S
d
v
d
( )
m
500
1000
v
d
kph
Speed achieved until the clutch is fully engaged:
v
1min
30.428 kph =
Clutch slip time:
t
d
v
1min
( )
2.914s =
Distance travelled until the clutch is fully engaged:
S
d
v
1min
( )
12.314 m =
Speed over 1 km of acceleration:
v
1000
v
dem
:=
Given
S
d
v
1000
( )
1000m =
v
1000
Find v
1000
( )
:= v
1000
149 kph =
Tme necessary for covering 1 km:
t
d
v
1000
( )
36.288 s =
Acceleration as a function of time and distance:
0 20 40 60
0
1
2
3
4
5
a
v
v
d
( )
m
s
2
t
d
v
d
( )
s
0 1000 2000
0
1
2
3
4
5
a
v
v
d
( )
m
s
2
S
d
v
d
( )
m
Speed as a function of time and distance:
0 20 40 60
0
50
100
150
200
v
d
kph
t
d
v
d
( )
s
0 539.3 1078.6 1618 2157.3
0
50
100
150
200
v
d
kph
S
d
v
d
( )
m