...

-

:

:
II5
E II5

:
.


2014

...................................................................................................................3
..................................................................................................3
.........................................................................................6
.......................................................................................................8
.............................................................................8
(NaNO3) ..........10
...................................................................11
......................................................................................12
...............................................................................14
..................................................................................................................................15
......................................................................................................16



,
, .
.
,
.
1.

120 pm
140 pm

102o

O
130o

O
1

1,52 g/cm3 .

96 98 % HNO3

69,2 % HNO3.

(-40 oC).

.
.
Ag(s) + 2HNO3(aq) = AgNO3(aq) + NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
3

Pb(s) + 4HNO3=Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

-
.

( 60%) :
2HNO3(aq) = NO2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l)

( - 4)

.
, .

.( 2)

Fe, Al, Cr, Ni, ,

,
.

, - -NO2,
, (II), Cu(NO3)2( 3)
3Cu(s) +8HNO3(aq) =

3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

4
, .
( .1),
,
.
( .2).
1. Ag+ 2HNO3= AgNO3+ NO2+ 2H2O
2. 3Cu+8HNO3= 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO+ 4H2O
3. 4Mg+ 10HNO3+ 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

. ,
, . lat.aqua regia,
1:3.
Au + HNO3 + 3HCl = AuCl3 + NO + 2H2O

AuCl3 + HCl = HAuCl4

( 5).

:
3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O = 3H3PO4 + 5NO

aqua fortis ( ).

, aqua regia
. Aqua fortis , () , ()
, (KNO3),
6

 . .
( 5)
KNO3(s) + H2SO4(l) = KHSO4(s) + HNO3(g)
17
(1604 1668). , Na 2SO4
10H2O (sal mirabile).
. , ,
. , Na 2Ca(SO4)2
.

,
,
, .
, .
.
. ()
,
, .

1901

1909. ,
( ) .
( 7)
:
1) 4 NH + 5O= 4NO + HO
2) 2NO + O2NO
3) NO+ HO2HNO+ NO

H=- 904.4 kJ
H= -113.0 kJ
H= -73.3 kJ

:
NH + 3O= 2N + 6HO

H= -1268.6 kJ

4NH + 3O=2 NO + 6HO

H= -1105.3 kJ

,
95-98%
. 10%
. ()
8

 . .
, .
.:
4NH + 6O 5N + 6HO

H= -1808.7 Kj

900C. ,
.

10%
.
, .
, .
.

7
2.
.
. ,
. NO
9

 .
11%.
, .
.
. .3,

.2.
.

,
,
.
50-55%,
.
.
(NaNO3)
.
,
, 200C
NaNO+HSO=HNO+NaHSO
90-95%
95% .
.
,
3000C ( 8):
N2 + O2 =2NO;

H = 180 kJ

NO + O2 =2NO2;

H = - 113 kJ

3NO2 + H2O =2HNO3 + NO;

H = - 73 kJ
10

 , .
,
.
.

8

,
.

. , ,
10 %, 12%.

. ( 9) 1-3 m.
-

. 3-10%, ,
98% .
,
.
11

 . , ,
2-30%. ,
.

.
.
(90-98%) .

12

 :
NO NO2 N2O4 60%-
:
2N2O4 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
(Strong Acid by Azeotropic Rectification)
.
68%- 60-130
. 99%.

: ,
97%,
( 10).

10

13


(, ,
), .
( , .).
.
- .
.
, .
e :
HNO3(aq) + NH4OH(aq) = NH4NO3(aq) + H2O(l)
,
. ,
.
.
HNO3(aq) + NH3(l) NH4NO3(aq)
(,
) o ( .
).
3HNO3 + C3H5(OH)3 = C3H5(NO3)3 + 3H2O

( ) .
14

3HNO3+ C6H10O5 C6H7(NO2)3O5 + 3H2O

, , .
. Alan MacDiarmid
-
.
(CH)x ,
- .

,
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.

15


1. http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/_
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid
3. http://enggyd.blogspot.com/2010/02/nitric-acid.html
4. http://www.inclusive-science-engineering.com/nitric-acid-production-from-chilesaltpeter-process/

16