Structures and Mechanical properties of Materials Test 1 Review.

Chapter 2

Section 2.4
Which side of the periodic table is more electropositive?
Answer: Left

Which side of the periodic table is more electronegative?
Answer: Right

What does the Atomic number represent?
Answer: Number of protons, or the number of electrons.

What are the elements at the right-most column called?
Answer: Inert/Noble Gases

Section 2.5

Draw and label the Bonding Force and Energy Graphs.

Answer:




The distance E0 is the bonding energy/cohesion energy. The bonding energy
represents the amount of energy that would be required to separate the two atoms
to an infinite separation. The distance r0 is the equilibrium distance.

Describe the energy curves. How do the atoms behave?

Answer: When atoms get too close to each other, they repel. If theyre too far away
they attract. At equilibrium distance, the atoms are a perfect distance away from
each other.

Section 2.6

What are the three primary bonds?

Answer: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic.

In ionic bonding, what are the attractive forces?

Answer: Coulombic (the cations and anions attract each other using their charge)

True or false, Ionic Bonding is nondirectional.

Answer: True

True or false, Covalent Bonding is nondirectional.

Answer: False, its directional.

In covalent bonds, how is the strength of the bond related to the melting
temperature?

Answer: High strength bonds have high melting temperatures. Low strength bonds
have low melting temperatures.

How many valence electrons do metallic materials have?
Answer: 1,2, 3 at most.

Section 2.7

What type of bonds are stronger? Primary or secondary?
Answer: Primary

What is a dipole made of?
Answer: Its the force that cations and anions use to bond. The driving force is a
columbic attraction.

What is a polar molecule made of and what kind of dipole moment does it have?
Answer: A cation and an anion. Permanent.

Section 3.2

What is crystalline?
Answer: A material in which the atoms arrange themselves in a repeating pattern to
form a 3D crystal.


What is crystal structure?
Answer: Its the way atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged.

Section 3.3

Whats a unit cell?
Answer: The basic structural unit or building block of a crystal structure.

Section 3.4

True or false: Metallic crystal structures are directional.
Answer: False, theyre nondirectional.

Why do metallic structures have high dense atomic packings?
Answer: There is a large number of neighboring atoms.

What crystal structures do most metals have?
Answer: FCC, BCC, HCP

How many atoms are in an FCC?
Answer: 4

Whats a coordination number?
Answer: The number of neighboring atoms.

Whats the coordination number in an FCC structure?
Answer: 12

How many atoms in a BCC structure?
Answer: 2

Whats the coordination number in a BCC?
Answer: 8

How many atoms in an HCP?
Answer: 6

Whats the coordination number in an HCP?
Answer: 12

Section 3.5

Just work some homework problems on calculating density.



Section 3.6

What influences the crystal structure in ceramics?
Answer: the relative size of the cations to anions.

Which is bigger, the cation or the anion?
Answer: Anion

What happens to the size of an ion as electrons are added?
Answer: it gets bigger. (larger radius)

Know how to use Table 3.5

Section 3.9 (GOOD CHANCE OF BEING ON TEST)

What type of bonding is found in Diamonds?
Answer: Covalent

Where are the shared electrons located?
Answer: in between the carbon atoms.

What kind of bonding is present in the diamond structure?
Answer: Tetrahedral

Name 2 properties of a diamond.
Answer: Its the hardest known material and it has high thermal conductivity.


What structure is this?


Answer: Unit cell for diamond structure

Briefly describe the structure of graphite.
Answer: It is more stable than diamond at ambient temperature and pressure. Its
made in layers. Within the layers, each carbon atom is bonded to three coplanar
neighbor atoms by strong covalent bonds. The fourth bonding atom bonds with the
next layer using weak Van Der Waals bonding.

What structure is this?


Answer: Graphite Structure

Briefly describe fullernes structure
Answer: It looks like a soccer ball made of 60 carbon atoms. 20 hexagons, 12
pentagons.


What structure is this?


Answer: Fullernes


Section 3.10

Whats polymorphism?
Answer: Polymorphism occurs when a material has more than one crystal structure.

Whats Allotropy?
Answer: Allotropy is when an elemental solid has more than one crystal structure.

What does the prevailing crystal structure in polymorphism/allotropy depend on?
Answer: Temperature and external pressure.

Section 3.11

What are the 7 different crystal systems?
Answer: cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, rhombohedral (also called
trigonal) , monoclinic, triclinic.

Section 3.12

True or false: Point coordinates have parenthesis in their notation.
False. A point coordinate uses only 3 digits. For example, 101

Section 3.13 (HEXAGONAL DIRECTIONS HAS A GOOD CHANCE OF BEING ON THE
TEST)

True or false: a crystallographic direction is a vector written in the form [121].
Answer: True

Tips: Get a full understanding of the hexagonal directions and miller indicies.

Section 3.14 (DONT WORRY ABOUT HEXAGONAL PLANE QUESTIONS. HOWEVER,
THIS SECTION IS VERY LIKELY TO BE TESTED)

True or False: This is the correct way of writing directions of a crystallographic
plane. (3,2,1)
Answer: False, there should be no commas.

What happens if you flip the signs in a crystallographic plane direction?
Answer: It creates a plane of the same size, but parallel to the original plane. The
plane will be at the same distance from the origin as the original plane.

What should you do if the given plane is passing through the origin?
Answer: either move the origin to another corner of the unit cell or a parallel plane
must be constructed within the unit cell by an appropriate translation.



Section 3.17

Whats a single crystal?
Answer: A single crystal is a crystalline solid in which the repeated arrangement of
atoms is perfect or extends throughout the entirety of the specimen without
interruption. All unit cells will interlock in the same way and will have the same
orientation.

Section 3.18

Describe what a grain is.
Answer: a grain is a small crystal.

What is a polycrystalline material?
Answer: A material that is composed of many small crystals or grains.

Briefly Discuss the crystallographic orientation.
Answer: it varies from grain to grain.

Section 3.19

What is anisotropy?
Answer: Anisotropy is related to the directionality of properties. It means that the
properties of a specimen are not the same in every direction. Its associated with the
variance of atomic or ionic spacing.

How does anisotropy vary with symmetry?
Answer: The less symmetric a substance is, the more anisotropic it is.

What does isotropic mean?
Answer: A substance that has properties independent of direction is isotropic. In
other words, the properties of the substance are the same in any given direction.

How does a polycrystalline material composed of anisotropic grains behave?
Answer: Isotropically. The magnitudes of some measured properties also represent
some average of the directional values.

Section 4.2

What types of Bonds are present in Hydrocarbon materials?
Answer: Covalent

(In Hydrocarbons) What is an unsaturated molecule?
Answer: An unsaturated molecule is a molecule that has double and triple covalent
bonds. Since the Carbon atom is not bonded to the maximum of four hydrogen
atoms, there exists the possibility of another atom or group of atoms to attach to the
original molecule.

What is a saturated hydrocarbon molecule?
Answer: a hydrocarbon molecule has single bonds all around and does not allow
other atoms or groups of atoms to join in.

What is Isomerism?
Answer: Isomerism exists in Hydrocarbon compounds with the same composition,
but with different atomic arrangements. In other words, two compounds with the
same chemical formula can have different structures.

Section 4.3

Whats the backbone of polymer molecules?
Answer: Carbon atoms.

What is a monomer?
Answer: the term refers to the small molecule from which a polymer is synthesized.

Section 4.5

True or false: All chains in a polymer are of the same length.
Answer: False, they vary in length.

What is the degree of polymerization?
Answer: Its the average chain size of a polymer. This is the average number of
repeat units in a chain.

True or false: Many polymer properties are affected by the length of polymer chains.
Answer: True.

Work a few examples on how to calculate the Molecular weight.



Section 4.7 (PAY CLOSE ATTENTION, THIS WILL BE ON THE TEST)

What is the name of the following molecular structures? Briefly discuss each type.





Answer:
a) Linear Polymer
a. Linear polymers are those in which repeat units are joined together
end to end in single chains. Each circle represents a repeat unit.
b. There is Van der Waals and hydrogen bonding between the chains.
b) Branched
a. The branches result from side reactions that occur during the
synthesis of the polymer. The chain packing efficiency is reduced with
the formation of side branches, which lowers the polymer density.
c) Cross-linked
a. They have adjacent linear chains joined to another at various
positions by covalent bonds. The process of crosslinking is done
through synthesis or by a nonreversible chemical reactions.
d) Network
a. A network polymer is made of multifunctional monomers forming
three or more active covalent bonds that make 3 dimensional
networks. A polymer that is highly cross-linked can be classified as a
network polymer.
Section 4.9 (HIGH CHANCE OF BEING ON THE TEST)

What are the properties of thermoplastic polymers?
Answer:
Thermoplastics soften when heated (and eventually liquefy) and
harden when cooled.
Processes that are totally reversible may be repeated.
On the molecular level, as temperature increases, secondary bonding
forces diminish.
Irreversible degradation occurs when a molten thermoplastic
polymer is raised to too high a temperature. In addition,
thermoplastics are relatively soft.
Most linear and some branched structures are thermoplastics.

List a few examples of thermoplastics
Answer: Polyethylene, polystyrene, poly( ethylene terephthalate), and poly (vinyl
chloride)

What are the properties of a thermosetting polymer?
Answer:
They are network polymers.
They are permanently hard and dont soften when heated.
They have covalent crosslinks between adjacent molecular chains.
When heated, the chains come together to resist any movement. However, a
very high, excessive temperature will cause degradation.
There is a lot of cross-linkning in thermosetting polymers.
Thermosetting polymers are harder and stronger than thermoplastics

What are some examples of thermosetting polymers?
Answer: Vulcanized rubbers, epoxies, phenolics, and some polyester resins.

Section 5.2

Describe a vacancy defect
Answer: an empty lattice site in which an atom is usually present.

Describe a self-interstitial defect.
Answer: An atom that is shoved into a tight space between other atoms. This defect
is not common.

Section 5.3

I think he said to not worry about this section.. but Im not 100% sure.

Section 5.4

Describe a solid solution.
Answer: A solution is a mixture of two materials that are soluble in each other. The
mixture is homogeneous in composition.

Describe a substitutional defect.
Answer: In this defect, solute or impurity atoms replace or substitute the host
atoms (atoms that were already there).

What conditions must be met in order to go through with a substitutional defect?
Answer:
The difference between the two atoms should be plus or minus 15%.
The crystal structure should be the same.
Electronagitivy should be similar
Valcences should be similar.

Describe an interstitial defect.
Answer: impurity atoms fill the gaps in the host atom. In metals, they have a high
atomic packing factor, so these gaps are very hard to find. The atoms that will come
in to fill the gaps are typically much smaller than the host atom.

Section 5.7

What types of dislocation defects are there?
Answer: Edge, screw, and mixed.

Briefly describe an edge dislocation.
Answer: The edge dislocation defect creates a step in the unit cell. It takes a
section of atoms and shifts them over. The line that splits the shifted area is the
dislocation line.

Briefly describe screw dislocation.
Answer: The screw defect will twist a portion of the unit cell. Kind of like when
you twist a rubix cube. The defect is also along the dislocation line.

Describe a mixed dislocation.
Answer: Its simply a combination of an edge and screw dislocation.

What is the burgers vector?
Answer: The burgers vector is the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion.

How is the burgers vector related to the dislocation line?
Answer: In an edge dislocation, the burgers vector and dislocation line are
perpendicular to each other. For a screw dislocation, they are parallel. In a mixed
dislocation, they are neither parallel nor perpendicular.

Section 5.8

Describe Interfacial defects on external surfaces
Answer: Surface atoms arent bonded to the maximum number of nearest neighbors
and are at higher energy state than the atoms in the interior. The unsatisfied bonds
of these atoms give a rise to the surface energy.


Describe Interfacial defects on grain boundaries.
Answer: Atoms are bonded less regularly along a grain boundary, which results in a
similar energy as the surface energy of the structure. The energy increases at the
angle of the boundary increases.

Where do phase boundaries exist?
Answer: they exist in multiphase materials.

Describe a twin boundary.
Answer: A twin boundary is a grain boundary in which theres a specific mirror
lattice symmetry in other words, the atoms on one side of the boundary mirror the
atoms on the other side of the boundary. They result from applied mechanical shear
forces and heat treatments. Twinning has direction, which depends on the crystal
structure.

Describe a stacking fault.
Answer: A stacking fault is an interfacial defect in which there is an interruption in
the ABCABCABC Sequence.

Section 5.9

What are some examples of volume defects?
Answer:
Pores
Cracks
Foreign inclusions
Other phases

Section 6.2

What is necessary for diffusion to occur?
Answer: there must be an empty adjacent site and the atom must have enough
energy to break bonds with its neighbor atoms. When the atom breaks the bonds,
there will be some lattice distortion.

Describe vacancy diffusion.
Answer: An atom moves from its position to an empty area. This isnt as common as
interstitial diffusion, especially in metals because theres not as high of a chance of
there being empty spots. In this mechanism, both self-diffusion and interdiffusion
occur.

Describe Interstitial Diffusion.
Answer: atoms move from one interstitial position to a neighboring one that is
empty. These are typically small atoms that can fit in the gaps in between larger
atoms. This mechanism occurs much more rapidly than vacancy diffusion because
the interstitial atoms are smaller. Also, there are more empty interstitial positions
than vacancies. Therefore, the probability of interstitial diffusion is greater than for
vacancy diffusion.

Section 6.3

What is the diffusion flux?
Answer: It defines the amount of mass diffusing through a cross sectional area per
unit time. Its kind of like a mass flow rate.

What is steady state diffusion?
Answer: When the rate of the diffusion flux doesnt change, you have steady state
diffusion.

What is the concentration profile?
Answer: the plot of concentration vs position (or distance)

Whats the concentration gradient?
Answer: The slope at any point of the concentration profile.

Section 6.4 (THIS WILL BE ON THE TEST)

Practice and get familiar with how to use the formula for Non-Steady state diffusion.

Section 6.5

What does the D tell you about the diffusion process?
Answer: It gives you an idea on how fast the diffusion is happening. As D increases,
the rate of diffusion increases.

How does temperature affect diffusion?
Answer: As temperature increases, the value of D increases. In other words, as
temperature increases, the speed of diffusion increases.

How does activation energy influence diffusion?
Answer: A large activation energy results in a smaller diffusion coefficient. In other
words, a large activation energy slows down the diffusion.

Get familiar with the formula and how to use it. Do lots of practice problems.