SDH Overhead Bytes

SDH Overhead Bytes SDH Overhead Bytes
SDH Overhead Bytes SDH Overhead Bytes SDH Overhead Bytes SDH Overhead Bytes
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
J1
B3
C2
G1
SDH Frame: Overhead Bytes
SDH Overhead Bytes SDH Overhead Bytes SDH Overhead Bytes SDH Overhead Bytes 2. 45
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
D4
D7
D10
S1
D5
Z1 Z2
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 E2
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
J1
B3
C2
G1
Regenerator Section Overhead Bytes
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
D4
D7
D10
S1
D5
Z1 Z2
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 E2
Provide a frame (F)
alignment pattern
A1 = 11110110
A2 = 00101000
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
A1, A2 Framing
Provided for each STM-1
signal within an STM-n
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
Transmits a fixed pattern
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
J0 Regenerator Section Trace
Transmits a fixed pattern
repetitively
Used by the section
receiver to verify its
continued connection to
the intended transmitter
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
The Trace (pattern) is an assigned string
(either 16 or 64 bytes in length) with an
included ending CRC byte
The Trace is sent a byte per frame
Both ends of a link set their own unique
transmit values and compare the received
J0 Regenerator Section Trace
transmit values and compare the received
values with the expected
NE A NE B NE C
Send : NE A send
Expect : Expect NE B
Send : Expect NE B
Expect : NE A send
Send : NE B send
Expect : Expecting NE C
Send : Expecting NE C
Expect : NE B send
Receive : different message
?

Provides an 8-bit wide bit-
interleaved even parity check
for error performance
monitoring at the
regenerator section level
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
D4
D7
D10
D5
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
B1 8-bit Parity Check
The parity check is computed
for all bytes of the previous
STM-N frame after scrambling
The computed value is placed in this byte before
scrambling
Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an STM-N
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
Byte # Tx Value Rx Value
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 01010110 01010110
2 10110110 (Noise) 11111111
3 10101010 10101010
4

2429 11001101 11001101
B1 8-bit Parity Checking
2429 11001101 11001101
2430 01100110 01100110

BIP(e) 11100001 Mismatch 10101000

Changes across one byte can always be detected
Double bit changes (2 0s going to 2 1s) down a bit column
cannot always be detected
Noise corruptions would affect several/many bytes
Provide a local orderwire
channel for voice
communication
E1 is part of the RSOH
and may be accessed
at regenerators
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
D4
D7
D10
D5
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
E1, E2 Orderwire Channels
at regenerators
E2 is part of the MSOH and may be
accessed at Multiplex Section terminations
Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an
STM-N
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
Allocated for users
purposes
Terminated at all
regenerator section-level
equipment
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
F1 User Channel
Provided for the first
STM-1 signal within an
STM-N
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
D1-D3, D4-D12 Datacom Channel (DCC)
K2
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
D4
D7
D10
D5
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
Provide a message-based
data communications
channel, including
administration,
monitor, alarm and
maintenance functions
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
maintenance functions
D1-D3 define a 192 Kbps channel in the RSOH
D4-D12 define a 576 Kbps channel in the MSOH
Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an STM-N
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
J1
B3
C2
G1
AU Pointer Bytes
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
D4
D7
D10
S1
D5
Z1 Z2
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 E2
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
H1-H3 AU Pointers
Provide indications and
flags regarding the frame
contents
Define the start position
of the VC-4 within the
STM-1 frame
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
STM-1 frame
Provide a method for letting the VC-4
float within the AU-4 frame
Provide an indication of AU-4 concatenation
H1-H3 Contents
In the STM-0 frame (a single VC-3) the
relevant overhead bytes total 3 bytes
H3 H2 H1
S S I D I D I D I D I NNN N D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910111213141516
Justification
In the STM-1 frame (a VC-4 (i.e. three VC-3
frames), the same information bits are
spread over 9 bytes with the infill bits preset
H3 H3 H3 H2 H2 H2 H1 H1 H1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Justification
XX NNN N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 1 S S S S 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 I D I D I D I D I D 1 1
10-bit pointer value
H3 H2 H1
N N N S S I D I D I D I D I N D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516
Negative justification opportunity
H1-H3 Contents
I = Increment Negative justification :
D = Decrement Invert 5 D-bits, accept majority vote
N = New data flag (from 0110 to 1001)
Positive justification :
Pointer value (b7-b16) : Invert 5 I-bits, accept majority vote
Normal range is 0-782 (for AU-4)
SS bits = 10 / AU-4,AU-3 structure
H3 H2 H1
F F F F
Pointer Bytes
Frame N Frame N+1
Link Between Section Overhead and VC
Pointer Bytes
Section Overhead
Frame N
Pointer Bytes
Section Overhead
Frame N+1
Virtual
Container
J1
AU-4 Pointer Adjustment: Positive Justification
H1 H2 H3
H1 H2 H3
1) Indicating
the mismatch
2) Changing
the I/D flag
1
H1 H2 H3
H1 H2 H3
the I/D flag
3) Pushing the
VC-4 for 3
bytes span
4) Pointing to
the new
pointer value
1
2+3
4
AU-4 Pointer Adjustment: Negative Justification
H1 H2 H3
H1 H2 H3
1) Indicating
the mismatch
2) Changing
the I/D flag
1
H1 H2 H3
H1 H2
3) Pulling the
VC-4 for 3
bytes span
2+3
4
4) Pointing to
the new
pointer value
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
J1
B3
C2
G1
Multiplexer Section Overhead Bytes
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
D4
D7
D10
S1
D5
Z1 Z2
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 E2
Include a 24-bit wide bit-
interleaved even parity
check, for error
performance monitoring
at the multiplexer
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
D4
D7
D10
D5
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
at the multiplexer
section level
The check is computed for all bytes of the previous
STM-N frame, except those located in the RSOH
Provided for each STM-1 signal within an STM-N
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
B2 24-bit Parity Checking
Byte #
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 01010110 11001101 01010110
4 10110110 10011001 11111111
7 10101010 01100110 10101010
10

2398 11001101 11100111 11001101
2398 11001101 11100111 11001101
2401 01100110 00110010 01100110

BIP-24 (e) 11100001 11100111 10101000

Changes affecting adjacent across several bytes are more likely to be
detected. Double bit changes (2 0s going to 2 1s) down a bit column
cannot always be detected Noise corruptions would affect several/many
bytes
Provides MPS signaling
between multiplexer
section terminating
equipment
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
K1 Multiplexer Protection Switching (MPS)
STM-1 signal within an
STM-N
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
Used to return an indication
to the transmit end that the
received end has detected
an incoming section defect
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4 D4 D5 D6
K2 Remote Defect Indication (RDI)
an incoming section defect
or is receiving AIS
Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an
STM-N
H4
F3
K3
N1
D4
D7
D10
S1
D5
Z1 Z2
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 E2
Indicates the type of clock
source used to time the
transmitted signal
The indications are one of
the four synchronization
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
S1 Quality of Synchronization
the four synchronization
levels agreed to by the
ITU-T, or that the source should not
be used
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
Code
0010
0100
Synchronization level
1 x 10
-11
PRC (primary reference clock)
5 x 10
-9
SSU-T (synch. source unit - transit)
Stratum
1
2
S1 Contents
1000
1011
1111
1 x 10
-7
SSU-L (synch. source unit - local)
4.6 x 10
-6
SEC (SDH equipment clock)
DNU (do not use)
3
4
Used to send error
performance information
from multiplexer section
receiving equipment to
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
D4
D7
D10
D5
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 Remote Error Indication (REI)
receiving equipment to
the originating equipment
Conveys the count of interleaved bit blocks
detected in error by the B2 byte
K3
N1
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
J1
B3
C2
G1
Path Overhead Bytes
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
D4
D7
D10
S1
D5
Z1 Z2
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 E2
Provides a unique message
set up for each path in the
SDH network
Supports continuity testing
between any location on a
transmission path and the
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
J1 Path Trace
transmission path and the
path source location
Provided for each VC-4 frame in the frame
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
K3
N1
Includes an 8-bit wide
bit-interleaved parity
check that provides
error performance
monitoring at the
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D10
D5
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
monitoring at the
VC-4 level
The parity check is computed for all bytes of the
previous VC-4 before scrambling
The computed value is placed in this byte
before scrambling
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
K3
N1
Provides an indication of
the payload construction
by means of a value label
assigned from a list of 11
possibilities
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
C2 Signal Label
possibilities
Indicates what type of payloads are mapped
within the virtual container
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
K3
N1
C2 Content
Standard binary values for C2 are :
0000 0000 Unequipped
0000 0001 Equipped, non-specific
0000 0010 TUG structure
0000 0011 Locked TU-n
0000 0100 34 Mbps or 45 Mbps into C-3
asynchronous
asynchronous
0001 0010 140 Mbps into C-4 asynchronous
0001 0011 ATM mapping
0001 0100 MAN (DQDB) mapping
0001 0101 FDDI mapping
1111 1110 Test signal, O.181 specific mapping
1111 1111 VC-AIS
Sends status and per-
formance monitoring
information from the
receiving terminating
equipment to the
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
G1 Path Status
equipment to the
originating equipment
Bits 1-4 convey the count of errors detected by
B3
Bit 5 indicates a path Remote Defect Indication
(RDI)
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
K3
N1
Allocated for network
operator communication
between path terminations
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
F2, F3 User Channel
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
K3
N1
Identifies which frame of
the multi-frame is present
in the current VC-4
(The TU overhead is
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
H4 Multi-frame
(The TU overhead is
distributed over four TU
frames comprising the
TU multi-frame)
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
K3
N1
VC-3 / VC-4
Payload
V4
H4 (00)
H4 (01)
VC-3 / VC-4
Payload
V1
V2
TU-1/2 Multiframe Indication: Example Using H4
Example of TU-1/2
Multiframe Indication
Using H4 Byte
H4 (10)
VC-3 / VC-4
Payload
V2
H4 (11)
VC-3 / VC-4
Payload
V3
H4 (00)
VC-3 / VC-4
Payload
V4
Used to provide path-level protection switching
on individual VC-4 paths
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1 B1 E1
J1
B3
K3 Automatic Protection Switch (APS)
D3 D1 D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D10
S1
D5
Z1 Z2
D8
D11
D6
D9
D12
M1 E2
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Supports end-to-end
performance monitoring
of a tandem connection
(path sub-section)
Communicates the
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
F1
D3
B1
D1
E1
D2
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
N1 Tandem Connection (TC) Monitor
Communicates the
number of B3 errors
Bits 1-4 serve as incoming error count; Bit 5
serves as a TC-REI Bit 6 serves as an
outgoing error indication Bits 7-8 serve as a
multiframe (TC-APID, TC-RDI, ODI, reserved)
D10
S1 Z1 Z2
D11 D12
M1 E2
K3
N1
V5
N2
J2
V1
V3
V2
125 s
250 s
TU-1/2 Pointers and VC-1/2 Path Overhead
K4
N2
V4
V3
250 s
375 s
500 s
V5
N2
J2
Bits 1-2 are used for a Bit Interleaved
Parity (BIP) check on the previous
VC-2/VC-1
Bit 3 is a path Remote Error Indicator
(REI)
V5 Error Checking, Signal Label, Path Status
K4
N2
(REI)
Bit 4 is a path Remote Failure Indicator
(RFI)
Bits 5-7 provide a VC-2/VC-1 signal
label
Bit 8 is a path Remote Defect Indicator (RDI)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BIP-2 BIP-2 REI REI RFI RFI RDI RDI Signal Signal
V5 Detail
V5 functions :
Signal Labels :
0 0 0 Unequipped or supervisory-unequipped
0 0 1 Equipped non-specific
0 1 0 Asynchronous
0 1 0 Asynchronous
0 1 1 Bit synchronous
1 0 0 Byte synchronous
1 0 1 Reserved for future use
1 1 0 Test signal, O.181 specific mapping
1 1 1 VC-AIS
V5
J2
Used to transmit repetitively a Low Order
Path Access Point Identifier, so that a path
receiving terminal can verify its continued
connection to the intended transmitter
Used in the same way as J0 in the SOH
J2 Path Trace
K4
N2
Used in the same way as J0 in the SOH
Bits 1-2 are used as an even BIP-2
check for the Tandem Connection
Bit 4 operates as an incoming AIS
indicator
V5
J2
N2 Tandem Connection (TC)
Bit 5 indicates errored blocks within the
TC
Bit 6 indicates errored blocks of the
ingressing VC-n
Bits 7-8 operate in multi-frame as an
access point identifier and as defect
indicators
K4
N2
V5
Bits 1-4 are allocated for APS signaling for
protection at the lower order path level
K4 Automatic Protection Switching (APS)
K4
N2
J2
STM-1 : 270 columns x 9 rows
AU-3/AU-4 Pointer
MSOH
RSOH
* TUG-3 : 86 columns TUG-3 POINTER
N
P
I
FIXED
J1
VC-4 : 261 columns
F
i
x
e
d
S
T
U
F
F
TU-3
.Ptr
P
O
H
TU-3
.Ptr
V
C
-
3
P
O
H
*TU-3 : 86 columns
C3=34/45 Mbit/s
X3*
SDH Basics
TU-2 Ptr.
*TUG-2 :12 columns
FIXED
STUFF
VC-12
POH
TU-12
Ptr.
TU-12 : 4
columns
TU-2
.Ptr
C2=6 Mbit/s
VC-2
POH
X7*
TU- 2 : 12 columns*
Pointer resolution
Fixed position
Byte interleave
*
HPX
AU-4
Synchronous
port
STM-1
Plesinchronous port
VC-4 C-4
140
Mbps
ETSI SDH Multiplexing Scheme
Assembler
TUG-3
TUG-2
VC-4
VC-3
VC-12
C-3
C-12
34
Mbps
2
Mbps
LPX
TU-3
TU-2
TU-12

SDH Overhead Bytes

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