Direct To TOEFL IBT Answer Key

INTRODUCTION
Skimming and Scanning (pg. 16)

Sample Answers
Practice 1 (pg. 20)
1. biology, mimic, plants, animals, copy, technology,
science
2. French, influence, painting, biography
3. different kinds of languages, dialects, countries
Practice 2 (pg. 20)
1. seed, sticks to clothes, hooks, attach, inspiration
from nature
2. artist, painting, paint, art, canvas, easel, palette,
brushes
Practice 3 (pg. 21)
1. leaves, seeds, trees, changes, variety, making
things, new ideas
2. shoes, clothes, ideas, invention, seeds
3. nests, flying, study, figure out, design
4. shapes, raincoat, waterproof, rubber, plastic,
protection, water-resistant
5. insects, mounds, building, person
6. heating and cooling, building design, insects,
save, conserve
7. cars, safety, speed, rubber
8. painting style, different from Impressionists
9. subjects he painted, descriptions of his
paintings, scenes, nature, objects
10. work style, alone, self-motivated, not valued,
dedicated
11. Cezannes influence on artists and art
movements, experts, followers, professors
12. kind of language, different groups of people,
need to communicate, definition of pidgin
language
13. reasons for communication, what pidgins and
creoles are, how they develop
14. explanation of how Hawaiian Creole developed
from a pidgin language
15. explanation of the development of the Gullah
language, origin
16. explanation of the development of Haitian
Creole, where spoken, from French
17. explanation of the development of Tok Pisin,
where spoken, where it came from
Practice 4 (pg. 23)

1. railroad, tracks, fly, speed, quiet, sound, invent,
modern, engineer
2. building, heating and cooling, insects, damp,
design problems, architecture
3. influences, painting style, subjects
4. work style, influences, art movements, famous
artists, Europe
5. description and history of Hawaiian Creole,
vocabulary, grammar, who speaks it, where it is
spoken, current
6. different groups of people in Papua New Guinea,
influence from other places, geography, when,
fighting
Adding Details (pg. 24)
Sample Answers
Practice 1 (pg. 25)
par. 1 Evolution array of designs in nature

A. animals, plants, insects developed ways to
perform a variety of feats

B. designers and engineers copy natures
designs biomimicry
par. 2 Velcro fasteners inspired by burrs

A. George de Mestral saw hooks on burrs

B. copied design to make a fastener

C. burr efficient for seed dispersal
par. 3 Eiji Nakatsu bird watching solved
engineering problem.

A. complaints about sonic boom from fast train

B. kingfishers birds that move from air to
water easily

C. based train design on kingfishers head and
beak - train was more efficient and quieter
par. 4 Lotus leaves repel water.

A. leaves have tiny cracks that cause drops to
form

B. design copied to make fabrics and paints
water and stain resistant
par. 5 Architect inspired by termite mounds.

A. termites maintain constant temperature in
mounds

B. tunnels go through mound
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I ntroduc tion
par. 6 Pearce copied termite mounds system to
control building temperature.

A. fans move cool air through vents

B. uses less energy than conventional system
par. 7 Tire design inspired by nature.

A. tree frogs toes can climb smooth surfaces

B. design copied for tires
Practice 2 (pg. 27)
par. 1 Paul Czanne - French painter - father of
modern art

A. comfortable life in Aix-en-Provence

B. not part of Paris art world
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par. 2 Pidgins and creoles contact languages,

trade languages

A. pidgin - from language used by British
traders in China

B. developed from contact through slavery or
colonization
par. 3 Hawaiian Creole example of pidgin
developed into creole

A. based on English, U.S. missionaries,
businessmen - contact with Hawaiians

B. influenced by workers from other countries

C. became primary language
par. 4 Gullah descendents of slaves

A. used in slave trade
par. 2 Not part of Impressionist movement

B. used for communication among slaves

A. knew Impressionist painters, but didnt agree

C. based on English, influenced by African
with focus
languages

B. Impressionist focus - impermanence, light,
individual people
par. 5 Haiti French-based creole

C. Czannes focus - permanence, color, planes,

A. communication among slaves, masters
forms, composition

B. now national language of Haiti
par. 3 Painted from nature

A. landscapes without people or animals

B. still-lifes of fruit

C. paintings of people composition, not
personality
par. 4 Painted every day, little encouragement

A. experimented with new approach

B. work not recognized until his fifties
par. 6 Tok Pisin a national language of Papua

New Guinea but originated elsewhere

A. New Guinean workers in Australia, Pacific
islands

B. 800 different languages in New Guinea, Tok
Pisin used for communication between
language groups
par. 5 Why father of modern art?

A. inspiration to Picasso in cubist phase

B. influence on Matisse
Practice 3 (pg. 29)
par. 1 Pidgin- communication between language
groups

A. develops from superstrate (dominant)
language and substrate languages

B. creole- more complex pidgin becomes
primary language
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Establishing Context (pg. 31)

Sample Answers
Practice 1 (pg. 33)
1. Speaker(s): professor
Setting:
classroom
Purpose: lecture
2. Speaker(s): librarian, student
Setting:
library
Purpose: library information
3. Speaker(s): professor
Setting:
classroom
Purpose: lecture
4. Speaker(s): professor, student
Setting:
office
Purpose: meeting
Practice 2 (pg. 35)
1. novel - Moby Dick, author - Herman Melville
2. library card, check out, student ID
3. history New York, Brooklyn Bridge
construction
4. research project - cant decide what to write
about
Practice 3 (pg. 35)
1. author, novel, whaling ship, sea captain
2. Melville, novels, whaler, farm, cabin boy,
Polynesia
3. librarian, borrow some books, library card,
subscribe, magazine, locate, restricted books
4. restricted books, first floor, second, third, fourth
5. class, read, magazine, check out, magazines,
get, library card
6. history, New York City, building, Brooklyn
Bridge, Roebling family, bridge construction
7. skyscrapers, describe, New York City, explain,
Brooklyn Bridge, compare, building
construction, bridge construction, example,
landmarks
8. John Roebling, injured foot, the bends, ability to
talk, died of tetanus
9. choosing, research topic, complete, assignment,
research project, due, finding books and journals
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10. due, two weeks, three weeks, next month, end

of semester
11. copy of journal article, list of topics, project
outline, journal subscription
Adding Details
Sample Answers
Practice 1 (pg. 38)
idea 1 Overview of Melvilles work

A. Moby Dick not first novel

B. best known now but not in his life

C. based on experiences at sea
idea 2 Early life

A. father died, he left school

B. worked on ships

C. spent time in Polynesia, first novels based on
this

idea 3 Return from sea

A. Moby Dick written on farm, not a big success

B. continued writing through 1850s

C. got job in New York, wrote poetry

D. last novel published after death
Practice 2 (pg. 38)
idea 1 Check out library books

A. library card not required

B. show student ID
idea 2 Restricted books

A. check-out one week

B. recommend reading list

C. on third floor
idea 3 Magazines

A. current issues no check-out, on second
floor

B. back issues can check out, on fourth floor
Practice 3 (pg. 39)
idea 1 Construction of Brooklyn Bridge

A. completed 1883

B. spectacular site no skyscrapers at that time
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idea 2 Designer-John Roebling

A. Roebling already designed several large
bridges

B. innovation steel instead of iron

C. Roebling died of tetanus early on
idea 3 New supervisor son Washington Roebling

A. supervised underwater work in caissons
(large boxes)

B. got the bends

C. wife, Emily, took over supervision
Practice 4 (pg. 40)
idea 1 Help with research project

A. cant get started

B. cant choose topic
idea 2 Project due date

A. end of the month

B. thats in 3 weeks
idea 3 Topic list

A. likes first one (economic conditions leading
to war)

B. professor gives article on topic

C. article has outlines and bibliography
Pace (pg. 41)
Reading Speed
Practice 1 (pg. 42)
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. D
Practice 2 (pg. 44)
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. D
READING SKILLS (pg. 56)

Skill 1 (pg. 56)
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. C
Skill 2 (pg. 58)
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
Skill 3 (pg. 61)
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. B
Skill 4 (pg. 63)
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. C
Skill 5 (pg. 66)
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. D
Skill 6 (pg. 68)
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. D
Skill 7 (pg. 70)
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
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Skill 8 (pg. 73)

1. C
2. D
3. B
4. C
Skill 9 (pg. 76)
1. A, C, F
2. B, C, E
Skill 10 (pg. 81)
1. 1st Phase: D, F
2nd Phase: B, G
3rd Phase: C
2. Australian Aboriginals: A, E
Navajos: C, F, G
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11. D
12. B
13. A, D, E
Passage 3 (pg. 94)
1. D
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. A
11. B
12. D
13. B, C, F
READING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 86)

READING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 98)
Passage 1 (pg. 86)
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. B
9. B
10. D
11. C
12. Deductive: B, C, G
Inductive: D, F
Passage 2 (pg. 90)
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. C
Passage 1
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. C
13. A, C, E
Passage 2
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. B
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10. B
11. B
12. C
13. B, E, F
Passage 3
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. C
11. D
12. A
13. A, D, F
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LISTENING SKILLS
6. D
Skill 4 (pg. 120)
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. A
Skill 1 (pg. 116)

1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. D
Skill 5 (pg. 122)

1. C
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. A
Skill 2 (pg. 117)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. C
Skill 6 (pg. 124)

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
Skill 3 (pg. 118)

1. C
2. C
3. D
4. B, D
5. A
Skill 7 (pg. 125)
1.
Interview
Students
Not Interview
Trustees
University president
Faculty
Staff
2. D
3. B
4.
YES
Perennial grasses
Shade-loving shrubs
Tree seedlings
Mature trees
Pioneer plants
NO
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5.
YES
She wrote about working and living conditions among
poor people.
NO
She focused largely on the middle and upper classes.
She only wrote novels.
She was interested in beauty and nature.
She wanted to portray life realistically.
6.
Jean Piaget
Described four stages of cognitive development.
Renee Baillargeon
Believed that object permanence develops around 4 months

of age.
Believed that object permanence develops around 9 months

of age.
Did an experiment using toys hidden behind a curtain.
Did an experiment using objects moving across a screen.

Skill 8 (pg. 127)
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. B
LISTENING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 129)
Lecture 1 (pg. 129)
1. A
2.
YES
The lakes crescent shape
NO
X
The age of the lake
The isolation of the lake
The condition of the lakes water
The length of the lake
3. B
4. D
5. B, C
6. D
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Lecture 2 (pg. 130)

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. B
Lecture 3 (pg. 131)
1. B
2. C
3. C
4.
Autobiography only
Memoir only
It is the story of the

authors life.
It focuses on facts.
X
X
It aims to describe
feelings and themes.
It covers the authors
entire life.
It uses writing styles
often found in fiction.
Both
X
X
X
5. A
6. D
Lecture 4 (pg. 132)
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. D
Conversation 1 (pg. 133)
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. C
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5.
YES
NO
Reference books
Reserve books
Back issues of journals
Current issues of magazines

DVDs
X
X
Conversation 2 (pg. 134)

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. C
LISTENING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 136)
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. A
10. B
11.
The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer
The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
Took place on the Mississippi River
Had characters based on people from

Twains hometown
Was about small-town life
Dealt with slavery and freedom
Caused a lot of controversy
12. B
13. D
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. B, C
18. D
19. D
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20. B
21. A
22. C
23.
YES
Its hard shell
NO
Its special body shape
Its method of molting
Its ability to go for a year without eating
Its tolerance of temperature changes
24. A
25. B
26. A
27. C
28.
YES
Test scores
NO
X
Grade transcript
Recommendations
Financial need statement

Application fee
X
X
29. A
30. C
31. A
32. D
33. A
34. B
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SPEAKING SKILLS
Answers will vary.
Skill 1 (pg. 154)
1. Activities: relaxed on the beach, went sailing,
went dancing
Description: Most of the time we spent relaxing
on the beach, enjoying the sun and swimming a
bit. A couple of times we rented a boat and went
sailing in the bay. In the evenings we usually
went dancing at one of the clubs along the
beach.
2. Activities: walking, cooking, eating
Description: Both of us enjoy walking a lot, and
we often take long walks together. We also enjoy
cooking. We like to prepare big, fancy meals and
then invite a lot of people over to eat with us.
When the weathers cold, we go to the movies,
then we spend time afterwards talking about the
movie, what we liked and didnt like about it.
3. Activities: visit relatives, eat, play games
Description: We always go to my grandmothers
house on this day, and we get together with
almost all of my relatives. We eat a big dinner,
which my grandmother cooks. Its mostly food
that is traditional for this holiday. Afterwards we
play traditional games with the younger children.
Skill 2 (pg. 155)
1. Opinion: The mayor of my city is an admirable
person.
Supporting Detail 1: first woman mayor
Supporting Detail 2: worked hard to get there
Supporting Detail 3: stands by her beliefs
2. Opinion: I would prefer to live in the capital city
of my country.
Supporting Detail 1: study and work
opportunities
Supporting Detail 2: interesting people
Supporting Detail 3: variety of activities
3. Opinion: My laptop computer that I will need in
college was important to buy.
Supporting Detail 1: writing and research
Supporting Detail 2: stay connected with people
Supporting Detail 3: can take it anywhere
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4. Opinion: My cousin Mary is a very important

person in my life.
Supporting Detail 1: have known each other all
our lives
Supporting Detail 2: can talk to her about
anything
Supporting Detail 3: enjoy a lot of the same
activities
Sample Responses
1. In my opinion, the mayor of my city is a very
admirable person. Shes the first woman mayor
of my city, which is a huge accomplishment in
itself. She worked very hard to achieve this
position, and she never gave up even when she
had setbacks and failures. She still stands by her
beliefs and works hard to accomplish her plans
for our city. She has many opponents, but she
doesnt let them get in her way.

2. If I could choose anywhere to live, I would prefer
to live in the capital city of my country. To my
mind, its the best place to live. Its a very big city,
so there are a lot of opportunities there for both
study and work. Whatever career you want to
pursue, you can do it there. There are also a lot
of interesting people living there, so you can
make friends with all kinds of people. There is
also a large variety of activities you can do there.
There are clubs, theaters, museums, parks, and a
lot of different cultural events. I think anybody
can find useful and interesting things to do in the
capital city.
3. I bought a laptop computer that I will need as a
college student. Even though it was expensive, I
believe that it was very important to buy. I will
need it to do research and writing for my classes
when Im in college. I feel that this is the most
important reason to have it, but there are other
reasons, too. When I am away at college, I will
use my computer to stay connected with friends
and family at home. Also, since my computer is a
laptop, I can take it with me when I go home on
visits. That way I can still study even when I go
away, and I can stay connected with people
wherever I go.
4. If I had to say who was the most important friend
in my life, I would say its my cousin Mary. Mary
and I have known each other our whole lives,
and there is nobody who knows me and
understands me as well as she does. I really trust
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Mary, and I feel that I can talk to her about

anything. She listens to what I say and never tells
my secrets to anyone. Besides that, Mary and I
enjoy doing many of the same things, so we
always have a good time together.
Skill 3 (pg. 157)
1. She has a lively personality and enjoys doing a lot
of different things.
2. The characters in the movie seemed very real,
and I was really concerned about what would
happen to them.
3. There are several nice cafs near the university as
well as some good stores for shopping and a few
movie theaters.
4. Ive lived in this neighborhood ever since I was
five years old.
5. This gift meant a lot to me because it showed
how much she cared about me.
Skill 4 (pg. 158)
1. Similar
be with people

General Idea

General Idea

General Idea

Different
number of people
types of activities
Just like going to a party, spending

time with friends means being with
people.
I generally prefer being with fewer
people.
A party has party activities only;
friends can do a variety of activities.
2. Similar
at least some pleasant
weather

General Idea

General Idea

General Idea

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Different
variety/no variety
3. Similar
food is good

General Idea

General Idea

General Idea

TOEFL iBT
Different
variety/no variety
cook/dont cook
clean up/dont clean up
The food at home is just as good as

the food at restaurants.
However, there is more variety of
types of food available at restaurants
than there is at home.
When I eat out, I dont have to help
cook or clean up.
4. Similar
shelter

General Idea

General Idea

General Idea

to
Different
size
cost
neighbors near/far
Apartments are generally smaller

than houses.
Apartments also usually cost less
than houses.
In an apartment, you live closer to
your neighbors.
Skill 5 (pg. 160)

1. General Idea Just like going to a party,
spending time with friends
means being with people.
Specific Information At a party, I can see a lot of
friends and acquaintances.
Specific Information Or, I can call a few friends
and spend time with a small
group.
cold weather can be

pleasant
Every part of the world has pleasant

weather at least some of the time.
Places with distinct seasons have
variety, while places without distinct

seasons can be boring.
Just like springtime, a cold winter can

be nice, too.
General Idea
I generally prefer being with

fewer people, and for this

reason I dont often go to

parties.
Specific Information I can spend time really

talking to my friends this

way.
Specific Information Its more relaxing.
General Idea

At a party you can only do

party activities, but with a
group of friends you can do
a lot of different things.
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Specific Information At a party you dance, eat,

drink, and have some
conversations.
Specific Information You can do these same
things with friends, and you
can do a lot of other things,
too. You can go to the

movies, play music, or
watch a soccer game, for
example.

2. General Idea Every part of the world has
pleasant weather at least

some of the time.
Specific Information In some places, the weather
is pleasant most of the year.
Specific Information In other places, the weather
can be too hot or cold or
wet sometimes, and

pleasant at other times.
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Specific Information Since my mother is a very

good cook, the food she
prepares is just as good as
food you can get at any
restaurant.
General Idea However, there is more
variety of types of food
available at restaurants than
there is at home.
Specific Information At home we can only learn
to cook some kinds of food.
Specific Information Each restaurant, on the
other hand, has its own
specialities, so I think its
more interesting to eat at
restaurants.
General Idea When I eat out, I dont have
to help cook or clean up.
Specific Information At home, I have to help my
mother with the cooking
and cleaning up.
Specific Information At a restaurant, the chef
cooks my food and the
waiter brings it to me, and
all I have to do is eat it. For
this reason, I prefer eating
at restaurants.

General Idea Places with distinct seasons
have variety, while places
without distinct seasons can
be boring.
Specific Information In places with distinct
seasons, the weather
changes throughout the
year and thats pleasant and
interesting.
Specific Information In places without distinct
4. General Idea Apartments are generally
seasons, the weather
smaller than houses.
doesnt change much and
Specific Information Apartments usually have
thats boring. Thats why I
fewer rooms than houses,
prefer places with distinct
and the rooms are generally
seasons.
smaller.
Specific Information Houses often have garages,
General Idea Just like springtime, a cold
basements, attics, and
winter can be nice, too.
gardens, but apartments
Specific Information A cold winter has lots of
dont have these things.
snow.
Specific Information Snow is pretty and snow
General Idea Apartments usually cost less
sports, like skiing, are fun.
than houses.
These are the reasons why I
Specific Information Because they are smaller,
dont mind cold winters.
apartments also usually cost
less than houses.
3. General Idea
The food at home is just as
Specific Information One reason I prefer to live in
good as the food at
an apartment is that I dont
restaurants.
have enough money for a
Specific Information The food at restaurants is
house at the moment.
prepared professionally and
is usually very good.

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General Idea In an apartment, you live

closer to your neighbors.
Specific Information I like living close to my
neighbors.
Specific Information I prefer living in an
apartment since I dont like
to feel like Im alone.
Skill 6 (pg. 163)

1.
Sample Notes
(HINT: Use & or + instead of and.)
Opinion
man looking forward to

research project

General Idea
students will be prepared to

do it
Specific Information will learn how to do

research
Specific Information professor will help them

plan
General Idea
interviewing is interesting
Specific Information better than sitting in library
Specific Information can go to different places &

talk to different people
General Idea
will learn research skills
Specific Information will learn how to interview
Specific Information will learn how to analyze

data
Sample Response
The man is looking forward to doing the research
project in the sociology class. He feels confident
because he knows that the students in the class
will be prepared to do the assignment. They will
learn how to do research, and their professor will
help them plan their projects. He also thinks that
interviewing research subjects will be interesting.
Instead of sitting in a library, he can go to
different places and talk to different people.
Finally, he likes the fact that he will learn real
research skills. He will learn how to do
interviews, and he will learn how to analyze data.
He thinks the research project requirement is a
good idea.
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2.
Sample Notes
(HINTS: Use not by itself in notes instead of isnt or
arent; for other verbs use the auxiliary, e.g., doesnt,
didnt.)
Opinion
woman thinks university

should provide students

with other places to park

General Idea
other places available
Specific Information unused spaces in faculty

parking lot
Specific Information some visitor parking could

be used
General Idea
taking bus not easy
Specific Information some students dont live

near bus lines
Specific Information some have classes at night
General Idea
sharing rides not easy
Specific Information some dont live near other

students
Specific Information dont always have similar

schedules
Sample Response
The woman thinks the university should provide
students with other places to park. In the first
place, she believes there are other parking places
available on campus. For example, she has
noticed unused spaces in the faculty parking lot.
She also thinks that some of the visitor parking
areas could be used for students. In addition, she
believes that taking the bus instead of driving a
car isnt easy. Some students dont live near bus
lines. Other students have classes late at night
when there arent any buses running. Also, it isnt
always easy for students to share rides. Some
students dont live near other students, and
students dont always have similar schedules.
Since there are other parking spaces available
and since taking the bus or sharing rides isnt
always possible, the woman thinks the university
should provide more parking places for students.
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3.
Sample Notes
(HINTS: Forms of the verb be are the easiest to drop
in notes. Can you find three places are was dropped
in these notes? The answer is below the Sample
Response.)
Opinion
man agrees with the no pets

policy

General Idea
pets noisy
Specific Information can keep you from studying
Specific Information can keep you from sleeping
General Idea
cause damage
Specific Information cats scratch
Specific Information dogs chew
General Idea
some people dont like
Specific Information some people afraid
Specific Information some people allergic
Sample Response
The man agrees with the no pets policy for the
student dormitories. His first reason is that pets
are noisy. When a dog barks, for example, it can
keep you from studying. Noisy pets can also keep
you from sleeping. The man also says that pets
can cause damage. Cats cause damage by
scratching things. Dogs cause damage by chewing
things. In addition, the man points out that some
people dont like pets. Some people are afraid of
them, and some people are allergic to them.
These are all the reasons why he thinks its a
good idea not to allow pets in the dormitories.

[Pets are noisy. Some people are afraid. Some people are
allergic.]
4.
Sample Notes
(HINT: For even shorter notes, use SC or Stu Cen
instead of Student Center.)
Opinion
woman thinks movies at

Student Center good idea

General Idea
free
Specific Information movies usually cost money
Specific Information doesnt always have money
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General Idea
movies type of social event
Specific Information discussion after each movie
Specific Information chance to talk to new

people
General Idea
movie schedule interesting
Specific Information some new to her
Specific Information some old favorites
Sample Response
The woman thinks that showing movies at the
Student Center is a good idea. She thinks its great
that the movies are free. She would have to pay
to see a movie in a theater, and she doesnt
always have the money for that. She also likes the
idea of movies at the Student Center because its
a type of social event. There are discussions after
the movies, and this is an opportunity to meet
and talk with new people. Additionally, the
woman thinks that the movie schedule looks very
interesting. There are some movies on it that are
new to her, and there are also some of her
favorite movies that arent often shown in movie
theaters. For these reasons, she agrees with the
decision to show free movies at the Student
Center.
Skill 7 (pg. 168)
1. Purpose (D)
Details:
1. Stripes are pattern camouflage and make it
difficult for predators to pick out zebras from
the herd.
2. Stripes are not only for disguisethey help
zebras recognize each other.
3. Stripes might have other functionscooling,
protection from sun and flies.
Sample Response
The lecturer discusses the question, Why do
zebras have stripes? There are different possible
answers to this question. One reason may be
camouflage. Camouflage is when an animals
colors and marks help it hide in the wild. There
are different kinds of camouflage. Zebras stripes
are an example of pattern camouflage. Pattern
camouflage makes it hard for the predator to pick
out one animal from the group because it makes
it hard to see the shape of the animal.

There might be other reasons for the zebras

stripes besides disguise. They might help zebras
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recognize each other in the dark when they are

escaping predators. They might help mothers and
babies recognize each other. This is possible
because each zebra has a unique pattern of
stripes.

Zebras stripes might protect them from other

things, too. The stripes might protect the zebras
from the heat because the black and white colors
absorb and reflect heat. They might protect the
zebras from sunburn, and they might keep flies
from biting them. These are all different ways
that stripes might protect zebras.
2. Purpose (C)
Details:
1. The study was about labeling and deviant
behavior.
2. There were two groups of studentsone
middle class and one lower classwho
engaged in vandalism and other deviant
behavior.
3. The lower-class students were labeled as
deviant, but the middle-class students were
not, even though their behavior was the same.
Sample Response
The professor talks about a study of deviant
behavior. Deviant behavior is when people dont
follow social norms. Deviant behavior can be
committing crimes, but it could also be
something like not shaking hands or talking
loudly in a library. The study the professor
describes was about the labeling theory of
deviant behavior. According to this theory,
behavior is deviant because society calls it
deviant. In the study there were two groups of
high school students. Both groups engaged in
bad behavior such as skipping school and
damaging property. However, only one group was
considered deviant. The Saints were from middleclass families. Society expected them to be good,
so when they did bad things, they werent seen as
bad. The other group, the Roughnecks, were from
poor families. Society expected them to be bad,
so when they did bad things, they were seen as
bad, or deviant. This may have affected their
future lives. When the Saints got older, the went
to college and became professionals. When the
Roughnecks got older, only two went to college.
The others dropped out of school and became
criminals.
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3. Purpose (B)
Details:
1. The flu epidemic of 1918 spread to many
counties around the world.
2. There was a high death toll40 million people
or more.
3. It was caused by a new strain of flu which
scientists are still trying to understand.
Sample Response
Epidemics and pandemics are situations where
large numbers of people become infected with a
disease. An epidemic is limited to a city or region.
A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads to many
countries. It occurs when there is a new type of a
disease that people are not immune to. The flu
epidemic of 1918 was a pandemic because it
spread around the world. It occurred in most
parts of the world, even in the far-away South
Pacific islands. One reason that it spread so far
was World War I. The pandemic occurred near the
end of the war, when soldiers were moving
around from place to place, so they carried the
disease with them. Millions of people around the
world died during the pandemic. It was a new
strain of flu, so people werent immune to it.
Scientists are still studying this strain of the flu
and trying to understand where it came from and
how it spread.
4. Purpose (A)
Details:
1. Purple loosestrife was introduced to the U.S.
from Europe.
2. It spreads easily, takes over large areas, and
changes the habitat.
3. It doesnt have natural predators in the U.S. to
stop it from spreading.
Sample Response
The lecturer talks about the purple loosestrife
flower as an example of an invasive species. An
invasive species is a plant or animal that has
escaped to an area that is not its native habitat. If
it has no predators in its new habitat, it can grow
strong, take up space and resources, and push
native species out. Some invasive species are
introduced by human activity. For example, the
purple loosestrife was brought to the United
States from Europe as a garden plant. Purple
loosestrife plants are strong and have a lot of
seeds. The seeds travel easily, and the plant has
spread to wetlands in many areas. Purple
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loosestrife takes over a large area and changes

the habitat for the plants and animals that were
living there. In Europe, purple loosestrife has
predators, which are beetles that eat its leaves
and roots. In the United States, it doesnt have
any predators, so there is nothing to stop it from
spreading.
Skill 8 (pg. 173)
1.
Sample Notes
(HINTS: For even shorter notes, write econ instead of
economics class; notice the comma to separate ideas
instead of and or &.)
Problem
economics class difficult, man

doesnt want to fail
Solution 1
drop class
Advantages
wont have to worry
about failing
Disadvantages
needs class to get
into grad school
Solution 2
hire a tutor
Advantages
could pass class
needs class for grad school
Disadvantages
costs money
still might fail
Sample Response
The man is taking a difficult economics class, and
he doesnt want to fail it. The class isnt required
for his major, but it will help him get into
graduate school. One solution is to drop the class.
The other solution is to hire a tutor to help him. I
think the best idea is to hire a tutor. If he drops
the class, he wont have to worry about failing
but he also wont have a class that he needs to
get into graduate school. If he hires a tutor,
however, he will have a good chance at passing
the class. A tutor costs money, but I think its
worth it in this case if the man is serious about
going to graduate school.
2.
Sample Notes
(HINTS: The modal verbs could, might, would in
these notes convey important nuances in meaning.)
Problem
woman wants to go on field trip

with geology class, doesnt have

money
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Solution 1
ask sister to lend the money
Advantages
Disadvantages
could go on trip
sister might not

have money

borrowing from

sister can cause

problems
Solution 2
miss trip
Advantages
Disadvantages
wouldnt have to borrow
would miss
money
learning more
wouldnt risk problem
with sister
Sample Response
The problem is that the woman wants to go on
the field trip with her geology class, but she
doesnt have enough money. One solution is that
she could ask her sister to lend her some money.
The other solution is that she could just miss the
trip. I prefer the second solution. The first
solution might not work because her sister might
not have money to lend her. It also could lead to
problems with her sister. What if she has trouble
paying the money back? Her sister probably
wouldnt like that. I think missing the trip is the
more responsible solution. Its true that she
would miss a good learning opportunity, but the
trip isnt a requirement for the class. And she
wouldnt risk having a problem with her sister.
3.
Sample Notes
(HINTS: Notice that he and she are kept in these
notes to avoid confusing genders.)
Problem
students scheduled Dr. Morgan to

speak, he just canceled
Solution 1
ask Dr. Thornton to substitute
Advantages
Disadvantages
would have speaker
Dr. Thornton might

not want to
she can speak on same topics people expect to

hear Dr. Morgan
Solution 2
show a movie
Advantages
covers same topics

Dr. Morgan in it
Disadvantages
not same as a real
speaker
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Sample Response
The problem is that the students scheduled a
prominent astronomy professor, Dr. Morgan, to
speak, and he canceled at the last minute. Hes the
main part of their National Astronomy Week
program. The woman suggests asking Dr. Thornton
to speak in his place. The man suggests showing a
movie. I think the first solution is the better one.
Like Dr. Morgan, Dr. Thornton can talk about
astronomy. Shes worked with Dr. Morgan, so she
can probably talk about some of Dr. Morgans
work, too. The most important reason, though, is
that she is a live speaker. Dr. Morgan appears in
the movie talking about his work, but a movie is
never the same as a live speaker. I think the
students will have a better program if they ask Dr.
Thornton to speak in Dr. Morgans place.
4.
Sample Notes
(HINT: For shorter notes, use bio instead of biology;
notice that the notes use book even though the
response uses the more formal textbook.)
Problem
woman lost her biology book
Solution 1
buy used one
Advantages
cheaper than new one

Disadvantages
still expensive
already paid for
book she lost
Solution 2
use the book in the library
Advantages
Disadvantages
wouldnt have to pay
has to use in library
Sample Response
The problem is that the woman lost her biology
textbook, and shes especially concerned because
she has a midterm exam coming up. The first
solution the man suggests is to buy a used copy
of the book. The second solution is to use the
copy of the book thats in the reserve section of
the library. I think the first solution is the best.
The woman doesnt want to spend more money
since she already bought the book once.
However, she will need the book for the rest of
the semester. If she uses the library book, she has
to stay in the library while reading it. That would
be very inconvenient for her. The used book is
less expensive than a new one, so she wont
spend too much more money to buy it. It will be
much easier for her to have her own book.
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Skill 9 (pg. 177)

1.
Sample Notes
(HINT: After you write saguaro or saguaro cactus the
first time and are sure of the name, use sag or cac)
Main Idea A
saguaro cactus has adapted

to harsh desert conditions
Supporting Detail 1 adapted to little rainfall
Supporting Detail 2 adapted to strong sunlight

Main Idea B

Supporting Detail 1

Supporting Detail 2

saguaro adapted to little

rainfall
shallow roots gather
rainwater quickly
fleshy stems absorb + hold
water
Main Idea C
saguaro adapted to strong

sunlight
Supporting Detail 1 cactus seedlings grow near

nurse trees
Supporting Detail 2 by time theyre tall ready to

survive in sun
Sample Response
The professor describes how the saguaro cactus
has adapted to harsh desert conditions. The
saguaro has adapted to the lack of rainfall in the
desert, and it has also adapted to the strong
desert sunlight.

The saguaro cactus has a root system that is

adapted to little rainfall. The roots are shallow.
Theyre near the surface of the sand so when it
rains, they can get the water quickly. The saguaro
also has large fleshy stems. These stems absorb
the water and hold it for a long time.
The saguaro cactus has adapted to the strong

desert sunlight. It gets protection from nurse
trees. The cactus seedlings grow near these trees
and are protected by the shade. By the time the
young cactuses are taller than the nurse trees,
they can survive in the strong sunlight.
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2.
Sample Notes
(HINT: Use auto in your notes even if you use
automobile in your response.)
Main Idea A
auto has changed American

landscape

3.
Sample Notes
(HINT: For continents, use abbreviations like South
Amer. or SA and Eur. in your notes.)
Main Idea A
potato originated in South

Amer., taken to Europe
Supporting Detail 1 was staple food in Andes for

Incas
Supporting Detail 1 in past people traveled over

dirt roads
Supporting Detail 2 at first Europeans didnt eat,

then became important
Supporting Detail 2 roads and businesses built

to accommodate autos
Main Idea B
people in Eur. didnt eat

potatoes
Main Idea B
new, better roads built
Supporting Detail 1 grown as food for livestock
Supporting Detail 1 paved roads
Supporting Detail 2 considered poisonous and
Supporting Detail 2 U.S. highway system and

evil

interstate highways
Main Idea C
new businesses built
Supporting Detail 1 in past everything in towns

and cities
Supporting Detail 2 new kinds of businesses on

highways for drivers
Sample Response
The lecture is about how the automobile has
changed the way the American landscape looks.
In the past, people traveled by horse and wagon
on dirt roads. For long trips, travelers took trains.
Then many people started driving automobiles.
Because of this, new roads were built and new
businesses appeared.

Since there were so many automobiles, more

roads were built and they were paved. Now there
are two million miles of paved roads in the
United States. In 1925, a system of numbered
highways was developed. In the 1950s, interstate
highways were developed. This was a system of
high-speed highways that replaced the older
numbered highways.
Because of automobiles, new businesses were
built. Before people had automobiles, businesses
were in towns and cities. When people started
driving, they didnt have to do everything in a
town or city. They could travel anywhere. New
businesses appeared along the highways for
automobile drivers. They included motels,
shopping centers, drive-in movies, and fast-food
restaurants.
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Main Idea C
people in Eur. started eating
Supporting Detail 1 high-yield crop, high in

nutrition
Supporting Detail 2 at same time potatoes

became popular, large

population growth
Sample Response
The lecture is about the potato and how it
became a popular food in Europe. The potato
originated in South America and was taken to
Europe by Spaniards in the 1500s. In South
America, it was a staple food among the Incas
who lived in the Andes Mountains. When it first
arrived in Europe, people thought it was inedible,
but later, in the 1800s, it became an important
food.

At first, Europeans wouldnt eat potatoes

themselves. Farmers grew potatoes as food for
livestock, and the only people who ate them were
starving people. Another reason people didnt eat
potatoes was because they considered potatoes to
be poisonous. Some people even thought they
were evil and connected to devils and witches.
Over time, people started eating potatoes, and in

the 1800s they became very popular. This was
because potatoes were a high-yield crop. Before
that, grains like wheat were the staple food, but
there were frequent crop failures. Potatoes were
a protection against these crop failures. Also,
potatoes have a lot of nutrition. At the same time
potatoes became popular, there was a population
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growth. Historians talk about whether the potato

caused the population growth or whether its
popularity was a result of the population growth.
Impressionists had a different style of painting

from the artists before them. Before
Impressionism, paintings were realistic. They
were often painted indoors, so they had soft
colors. Shadows were painted with grays and
neutral colors. Impressionists did not try to make
their subjects look real. They tried to paint light
and feeling. They used bright colors. They used
quick brush strokes to show reflecting light. They
painted shadows with purples and other colors.
They were always interested in light.
Skill 10 (pg. 181)

1. inform
information
inform
informative
informatively
Main Idea B
Impressionists painted
2. believe
belief
believe

different subjects
believable
believably
Supporting Detail 1 Before Impressionism,
3. adore
adoration
adore

artists painted people,
adorable
adorably

historical events, religious
4. argue
argument
argue

themes
arguable
arguably
Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted
5. attract
attraction
attract

ordinary things and
attractive
attractively

outdoors
6. master
master
y
master
masterful
masterfully
Main Idea C
Impressionists had different
7. simple
simplification
simplify

style
simple
simply
Supporting Detail 1 before Impressionism,
8. rhetoric
rhetoric
rhetorical

paintings realistic & soft
rhetorically

colors
9. sense
sense
sense/sensitize
Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted light
sensitive
sensitively

& feeling, bright colors &
10. apathy
apathy
apathetic

quick brush strokes
apathetically
Sample Response
The professor talks about Impressionism. This
was a style of painting from the nineteenth
century. There were a number of famous
Impressionist painters including Monet, Renoir,
and many others. Impressionists changed the way
artists painted. They changed both the subjects
that were painted and the style of painting.

TOEFL iBT
also preferred to paint outdoors because they

were interested in light.

4.
Sample Notes
(HINTS: Use numbers instead of words in your notes;
once you are sure you have correctly heard a long
word, such as Impressionism/Impressionists, shorten
it, e.g, Impr. or Impr-ism. and Impr-ist.)
Main Idea A
Impressionism: style of

painting from 19th century
Supporting Detail 1 famous Impressionist

painters
Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists changed the

way artists painted
to
Impressionists painted different subjects from the

artists before them. Before, artists painted rich
and famous people. They painted pictures of
historical events, and they painted religious
themes. Impressionists painted scenes of
ordinary people and everyday life. Impressionists
21
Skill 11 (pg. 182)

1. The students feel that the class assignment is too
difficult.
2. It isnt easy to find a place to park on campus.
3. If he doesnt study harder, he could get a failing
grade.
4. The food in a restaurant is usually delicious but
often expensive.
5. There are still many questions abut bird
migration.
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Skill 12 (pg. 182)

R
T
1. First, the student parking regulations arent fair.

R
2. However, the man doesnt agree with the
womans opinion.

R
T
3. Shes had this problem since the semester began.

R
4. On the other hand, winter is a very beautiful time
of year.

R
5. Nevertheless, many people arent aware of her
accomplishments.
Skill 13 (pg. 183)

R
1. Summer weather is hot, humid, and
uncomfortable.

R
R
2. At a restaurant you just order, eat, pay, and then
go home.
3. In this class we have to do research, write reports,
and take exams.
4. She needs money for tuition, books, and housing.
5. Apartments are generally small, comfortable, and
inexpensive.
SPEAKING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 183)

Question 1: Sample Response
In my opinion, a good neighborhood is pleasantlooking and also conveniently located. The
Parkview neighborhood in my city has both these
qualities. Its a very nice-looking place because
its next to a large park. Also, the residents are
very interested in gardening, and many of the
houses have beautiful flower gardens in their
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front yards. The yards are small because its a city

neighborhood, but the people have filled these
small spaces with flowers. Its an especially
beautiful place in the spring. This neighborhood
is also in a very convenient location. Its not too
far from downtown, where many offices and
stores are. Major city bus lines run right through
the neighborhood, so its easy to get downtown,
to the university, to the airport, and other
important places. Of course, since its so nice and
convenient, its also expensive to live there.
Maybe some day Ill be able to afford it.
I think that the answer to this question depends
on where you live. Since I live in a big city, I
believe that using public transportation is better
than using a car. The reasons are expense and
convenience. Its true that you have to pay every
time you ride the bus or subway, and you pay
even more for taxis. However, the expenses of
owning a car are much more. After you buy the
car, you still have to pay for insurance, gasoline,
repairs, and parking. When you add it all up, I
think that public transportation is cheaper. Public
transportation is more convenient, too. In a big
city youre almost always near a bus stop or
subway station and if you arent, you can call a
taxi. If you drive a car, on the other hand, youre
always worrying about finding a parking space or
getting caught in a traffic jam. You dont have
these worries when you use public
transportation.
The woman agrees with the policy to charge fines
for overdue books. In fact, she thinks that the
fines should be higher because she thinks
overdue books are a big problem. In the first
place, many times the books she has wanted
have been unavailable. This is because people
keep books out past the due date. The woman
believes that if people have to pay fines, theyll
start bringing the books back on time. In
addition, many library materials have been lost.
The woman says that probably people will be
more careful with their library materials now that
theyll have to pay fines. She hopes that the
money collected from overdue fines can be used
to replace some of the library materials that have
been lost.
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A phobia is when a person has a severe fear of
something. Some examples are fear of heights
and fear of flying. The fear is so great that the
person is prevented from doing normal, everyday
things. It also causes physical reactions like
shaking and difficulty breathing. One of the best
treatments for phobias is called exposure therapy.
It is a therapy that exposes the patient to the
thing he or she fears, but little by little so that the
person can get used to it. First, the patient looks
at pictures of the feared object and then reads
about it. Then the patient looks at it from a
distance. Little by little the patient gets closer to
it until he or she can touch it. Modeling could
also be part of the therapy. The patient watches
other people holding the object that is feared.
There are also other kinds of treatments.
Hypnosis is one kind, and medications are also
used. But exposure therapy is used by many
therapists and is very successful.
The man had a roommate to help pay for his
apartment, but the roommate has gone away for
the year. The man cant afford to pay for the
apartment by himself. One solution is to live in
the student dormitories, which are cheaper than
an apartment. The other solution is to advertise
for a new roommate. I prefer the second solution.
I think the first solution would make the man
unhappy because he really wants to live in his
apartment. Also, its not certain that hell be able
to get a room in the dormitories. There might not
be any left. If, on the other hand, he advertises
for a roommate, he has the chance of staying in
his apartment. I think he might not have a hard
time finding a roommate. Around most
universities there are always students looking for
a place to live. I think the second solution will
make the man much happier.
The professor talks about the cotton gin and the
effects it had on the American economy. The
cotton gin was invented in the late 1700s. It was a
machine that removed the seeds from cotton.
Using the machine was fifty times faster than
doing the job by hand. Because of this, cotton
became a valuable cash crop.

The cotton gin had some good effects. Before,

there were economic problems in the southern
United States. Then people started growing
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cotton and selling it all over the world. A lot of

families became rich. Also, there were more
farms because cotton could be grown anywhere.
It didnt need any special kind of soil.

The cotton gin also had some bad effects.

Growing cotton required a lot of labor. Because of
this, slavery increased. In addition, the price of
land went up because everyone wanted to grow
cotton. Since land was expensive, towns and cities
didnt grow. So the South was an agricultural
region, but the North became an urban and
industrial region. These two parts of the country
were very different from each other.
SPEAKING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 186)

Something I own that is very special to me is a
book. Its a childrens story book, and its special
because it once belonged to my grandmother.
When I see it on the shelf, I remember my
grandmother. I remember her reading this book
to me when I was a child and the fun times we
had talking about the stories. When I read the
book myself and look at the pictures, I think of
the time when my grandmother was a little girl.
Its interesting to think about what life was like at
that time, and what my grandmother was like
when she was a child. This book is one of my
treasures. Im very happy to have something that
meant so much to my grandmother. It isnt worth
a lot of money like gold jewelry or fine china, but
it has another kind of value.
I always listen to music when I study. It gives me
the energy I need to keep going, and it also helps
me stay focused. When I study, I listen to different
kinds of music, depending on my mood. If Im
tired, I play fast, energetic music. It helps me feel
awake and energetic. Even if Im not so tired, I
like to play upbeat, cheerful music because it
helps me maintain the level of energy that I need
to get my work done. Some people find this hard
to understand, but listening to music actually
helps me stay focused on my work. This is
because it keeps me company. When theres no
music, when everything is quiet, I start
wondering where everybody is. I start thinking
about my friends and wondering what theyre
doing. I get distracted from my work. But when I
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listen to music, I can stay focused on my work

instead of thinking about a million other things.
The man believes that closing the Student Center
lounge for renovations is a good idea. In the first
place, he feels that the lounge really needs some
renovations because its in such bad condition
now. In addition, he thinks that the summer
session is the best time to do this work because it
will be less disruptive. There arent as many
students on campus then, so places like the
cafeteria are less crowded. Students can meet
their friends there while the lounge is closed.
Also, since the weather is nice during the summer
people dont tend to use the lounge then
anyhow. They prefer to spend time outside. Hes
looking forward to seeing the renovated lounge
in the fall.
The lecturer describes research into the bystander
effect by Darley and Latane. The bystander effect
describes how people behave when they witness
an emergency. If there are other people present,
they tend to not respond to the emergency. On
the other hand, people who are lone witnesses to
an emergency tend to respond more frequently.
People became interested in this effect after a
woman was attacked in New York City in 1964
and nobody helped her. One experiment by
Darley and Latane involved a room filling up with
smoke. They looked at the response of study
subjects in three different situations. Some study
subjects were alone in the room, and 75 percent
of the time they reported the emergency.
Sometimes three study subjects were together in
the room, and they had a response rate of only
around 30 percent or so. The lowest response
rate, around 10%, was when a study subject was
in the room with two other people who had been
secretly told not to respond to the emergency.
Darley and Latane did other similar types of
experiments and got similar results. People
respond to an emergency when theyre alone, but
they respond much less often when other people
are around.
TOEFL iBT
other solution is to ask a classmate for a ride. I

think the second solution is better. The first
solution is difficult because the bus schedule is
inconvenient and the ride is so long. She would
have to spend an hour and a half getting to the
archives and an hour and a half on the return
trip. She would also have to wait until later in the
afternoon for the return bus to leave. So she
would have to devote an entire day to her
research, and that might not fit in well with her
schedule. If she rides with a classmate, on the
other hand, they can plan the trip to suit their
schedules. She says she doesnt really know any
of her classmates, but this might be a good way
to get to know someone, and they could become
study partners.
The lecturer talks about why the Erie Canal was
built and the effects it had on U.S. society. At the
beginning of the nineteenth century, people
wanted to connect the cities of the Atlantic coast
with the interior of the country. In 1816, they had
a route planned to connect Buffalo, on Lake Erie,
to the Hudson River by canal. The canal was
necessary because at that time it was difficult to
travel overland. The roads werent good and
travel was slow and expensive. Crossing the
Appalachian Mountains was especially difficult.
After the Erie Canal was built, many things
changed. Freight and passengers could travel
much faster on the canal than they could over
roads. It became much less expensive to
transport freight. New towns were built along the
canal. Also, a lot of people went to live in the
Midwest. They could farm there and then send
their produce to the cities by way of the canal. In
addition, because of the canal, New York City
became an important port.

The woman needs to do some research in the
public archives, but the archives have been
moved out to the suburbs. The woman doesnt
have a car, so she needs to find another way to
get there. One solution is to take the bus. The
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WRITING SKILLS
Integrated Writing Task
Answers will vary.
Skill 1 (pg. 196)
Sample Notes
1.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. Parental involvement in education is important
because it improves school performance.
2. Parents can be involved in different ways at
school.
3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at
home.
2.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing
health conditions and improving mood.
2. Essential oils can be used like medicines.
3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and
relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.
4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways,
depending on the type of ailment.
3.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. There are both natural and human causes of
forest fires.
2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level.
3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet
high.
4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees.
4.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for
high crop yields.
2. Planting the same crop in the same place every
year attracts pests.
3. Planting the same crop in the same place every
year depletes the soil.
4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a
plant are grown.
25
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or
encourage parental involvement.
2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to
involvement in education.
3. Schools should work to encourage parental
involvement because it is very important.
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that
aromatherapy is effective.
2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils.
3. There was little or no effect.
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the
balance of nature.
2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.
3. Surface fires are controlled with water.
4. Crown fires are controlled from the air.
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. Organic farming works with natural resources,
not chemicals.
2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.
3. Different methods are used for pest control.
4. Different methods are used for disease control.
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Skill 2 (pg. 201)

1.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. Parental involvement in education is important
because it improves school performance.
2. Parents can be involved in different ways at
school.
3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at
home.
2.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for
healing health conditions and improving mood.
2. Essential oils can be used like medicines.
3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and
relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.
4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways
depending on the type of ailment.
3.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. There are both natural and human causes of
forest fires.
2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level.
3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten
feet high.
4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees.
4.
Reading
Main Ideas
1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture
for high crop yields.
2. Planting the same crop in the same place
every year attracts pests.
3. Planting the same crop in the same place
every year depletes the soil.
4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of
a plant are grown.
TOEFL iBT
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or
encourage parental involvement.
2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to
3. Schools should work to encourage parental
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that
aromatherapy is effective.
2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils.
3. There was little or no effect.
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the
balance of nature.
2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.
3. Surface fires are controlled with water.
4. Crown fires are controlled from the air.
Lecture
Main Ideas
1. Organic farming works with natural resources,
not chemicals.
2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.
3. Different methods are used for pest control.
4. Different methods are used for disease control.
Skill 3 (pg. 202)

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. B
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TOEFL iBT
Skill 4 (pg. 204)

(HINT: You can save time by making some notes in
shorthand. In these sample notes the main ideas are
sentences and the details are in shorthand.)
Sample Notes
1.
Reading
Main Idea
Parental involvement in education is important.
Supporting Details
1. positive effect on student achievement
2. lower drop-out rates
3. improved academic performance
Main Idea
Parents can be involved in different ways at school.
Supporting Details
1. participation in school events
2. volunteering in classroom or at special events
Main Idea
Parents can be involved in different ways at home.
Supporting Details
1. can help children with homework & talk about
school activities
2. can read to children & take them on special trips
2.
Reading
Main Idea
Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing
health conditions and improving mood.
Supporting Details
1. uses essential oils distilled from herbs
2. common oilslemon, lavender, rosemary,
peppermint
Main Idea
Essential oils can be used like medicines.
Supporting Details
1. some doctors use for antibacterial & antifungal
effects
27
Lecture
Main Idea
The attitude of teachers can discourage or encourage
parental involvement.
Supporting Details
1. some dont believe in importance of parental
involvement
2. some believe parents not interested
Main Idea
Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to
Supporting Details
1. some busy at work
2. some dont speak or read English
Main Idea
Schools should work to encourage parental
Supporting Details
1. teachers can be trained
2. homework assignments can encourage parent
participation
3. meetings can be scheduled at different times
Lecture
Main Idea
There is no evidence to prove that aromatherapy is
effective.
Supporting Details
1. not shown it to be effective in scientific studies
Main Idea
A research study tested the effect of essential oils.
Supporting Details
1. participants exposed to lemon, lavender oil or
water
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TOEFL iBT
2. some doctors use to treat pain
2. response to pain, wound healing, & effects on

immune system tested
3. participants answered questions about mood &
stress
Main Idea
Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and relieve
stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.
Supporting Details
1. massage therapists use for aching muscles
Main Idea
There was little or no effect.
2. massage therapists use for stress & anxiety

3.
Reading
Main Idea
There are both natural and human causes of forest
fires.
Supporting Details
1. lightning most common natural cause
2. human causes: smoking, camping, trash burning
Supporting Details
1. no effect on pain, wound healing, or immune
system
2. lemon oil had positive effect on mood
Lecture
Main Idea
Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the
balance of nature.
Supporting Details
1. clear out brush & allow trees to spread seeds
2. should only fight fires that threaten or are caused
by humans
Main Idea
Ground fires burn at or below ground level.
Supporting Details
1. roots and rotting vegetation are fuel
2. can smolder for a long time
Main Idea
Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.
Supporting Details
1. trenches dug down to mineral layer of soil
2. fire cannot burn past trenches
Main Idea
Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet
high.
Supporting Details
1. burn shrubs and grasses
2. some trees adapted to protect themselves from
surface fires
Main Idea
Surface fires are controlled with water.
Main Idea
Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees.
Supporting Details
1. most dangerous type of fire
2. can spread from surface fires
3. spread rapidly jumping from crown to crown
Main Idea
Crown fires are controlled from the air.
Supporting Details
1. occur high in tops of trees
2. sprayed with water or chemicals
28
Supporting Details
1. firefighters carry water in backpacks
2. water pumped from nearby water source
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4.
Reading
Main Idea
Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for high
crop yields.
Supporting Details
1. requires the use of chemicals
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TOEFL iBT
Lecture
Main Idea
Organic farming works with natural resources, not
chemicals.
Supporting Details
1. natural methods used to control pests & disease
& maintain soil
2. chemicals destroying environment

Main Idea
Planting the same crop in the same place every year
attracts pests.
Supporting Details
1. pests have to be controlled with chemical
pesticides
2. pollutes environment & affects fertility of soil
Main Idea
Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.
Main Idea
Planting the same crop in the same place every year
depletes the soil.
Supporting Details
1. chemical fertilizers have to be used
Main Idea
Different methods are used for pest control.
2. pollutes environment
Main Idea
In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a plant
are grown.
Supporting Details
1. makes plants susceptible to disease
2. chemicals have to be used
3. entire crops may be lost
29
Supporting Details
1. natural fertilizers: compost & manure
2. rotate crops to maintain soil health
Supporting Details
1. crop rotation discourages breeding cycle of
insects
2. companion planting encourages beneficial
insects, discourages harmful insects
3. other methods: insect traps & pest-resistant
varieties
Main Idea
Different methods are used for disease control.
Supporting Details
1. weeding, pruning, spacing allow air to circulate
2. other methods: disease resistant varieties &
organic fungicides
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Skill 5 (pg. 209)

Sample Essays
(NOTE: Your essays should be 150-225 words, but
they can be longer. These sample essays are slightly
longer so that you can see how you might expand
your essay.)
1. The reading passage discusses the importance of
parental involvement in education. The lecturer
agrees that parental involvement is important
and discusses ways to encourage it.

According to the reading, parental involvement is

important because it increases school
achievement and decreases drop-out rates. There
are different ways parents can become involved
in their childrens education. They might attend
meetings or go to open-house nights at school.
Parents can help out in the classroom or with
school activities. At home, parents can help with
homework and talk about school activities. They
can read books with their children and take them
on educational trips. These things help children
develop skills and show them that their parents
value education.
The lecturer states that because everyone agrees

how important parental involvement is, schools
need to make the effort to encourage it. He gives
some suggestions such as training teachers in
ways to get parents involved, giving homework
assignments that encourage parent participation,
and scheduling meetings at times when parents
can attend. These things can encourage parental
involvement and can have a positive effect on
student achievement.
30
TOEFL iBT
2. The reading explains how aromatherapy has been

used like medicine to treat illness and improve
mood. The lecturer, however, says that there is no
scientific evidence to prove that aromatherapy is
effective.

The lecturer describes a study that tested the

ability of some of the essential oils that are used
in aromatherapy to cure various ailments. Study
participants were exposed to either lemon
essential oil, lavender essential oil, or water.
Participants response to pain was tested by
dipping their feet in cold water. Wound healing
was also tested using tape applied to the skin,
and blood samples were taken to measure effects
of the oils on the immune system. Participants
also answered questions about mood and stress.
Aromatherapists use the aroma of various

essential oils such as lemon, lavender, rosemary,
and peppermint to heal certain health conditions
and improve mood. They say that these oils can
have effects similar to those of medicines. Some
doctors use essential oils for their antibacterial
and antifungal effects and also to treat pain. The
study described by the lecturer, however, showed
that lemon and lavender oils had no effect on
pain response, healing, or the immune system.
Aromatherapists also use essential oils to
enhance mood and relieve stress, anxiety,
insomnia, and depression. Massage therapists, for
example, use them to relieve aching muscles and
to reduce stress and relieve anxiety. The study,
however, showed no effect of essential oils on
pain, wound healing, or the immune system. The
only effect shown was a positive effect on mood
in the case of lemon oil.
Although the lecturer agrees that parental

involvement is important, several things might
keep parents from being involved in education.
Some teachers do not believe in the importance
of parental involvement. Other teachers believe
that parents are not interested. These teachers do
not encourage parents to be involved. In other
cases, parents might have their own difficulties
that are barriers to involvement. Some parents
might be too busy at work. Some parents might
not speak or read English.
to
3. Both the reading passage and the lecturer talk

about the causes of forest fires and the different
types of forest fires that can occur.

Forest fires can be caused by nature or by

humans. The reading and the lecturer both
explain that the most common natural cause of
forest fires is lightning. The lecture goes on to
explain that forest fires can play an important
role in nature by clearing out underbrush and by
allowing certain kinds of tress to spread their
seeds. Therefore, we should not fight all forest
fires. We should only fight fires that threaten
humans or are caused by humans.
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pest control methods include insect traps and

planting pest-resistant varieties of crops. These
natural methods do not pollute the environment.
The lecturer talks about the ways to control

different kinds of forest fires. Firefighters can
control ground fires by digging trenches. The
reading explains that ground fires use roots and
rotting vegetation for fuel. These fires can
smolder for a long time, so firefighters have to
dig trenches down to the mineral layer of the
soil, where there is nothing for the fire to burn.
Surface fires occur from the ground up to about

ten feet high, according to the reading. The
lecturer explains that these fires are controlled
with water. Fire fighters carry it in on backpacks
or pump it from a nearby water source, if there is
one. These kinds of fires burn shrubs and grasses.
The lecturer explains that firefighters usually

have to fight crown fires from the air. This is
because these fires occur high up in the crowns of
the trees. Firefighters control them by spraying
on water or chemicals. Crown fires are dangerous
because they can spread very quickly by jumping
from tree to tree.
4. Industrial agriculture relies on a system of

monoculture to get high crop yields, which leads
to heavy use of chemicals. Organic farming, on
the other hand, works with natural resources and
does not require the use of chemicals.

In the monoculture system of agriculture, the

same crop is planted in the same place every
year. This depletes the soil and makes it
necessary to use chemical fertilizers, which
pollute the environment. Organic farming
methods, however, do not require the use of
chemical fertilizers. Organic farmers use natural
fertilizers such as manure and compost. They also
maintain soil health by rotating crops. Healthy
soil is an important part of organic farming. It
helps keeps the crops healthy.
Planting the same crop in the same place every
year, as in the monoculture system, attracts insect
pests. The pests have to be controlled with
chemical pesticides. This pollutes the
environment and affects the fertility of the soil.
Organic farmers, on the other hand, use a variety
of non-chemical methods to control pests. Crop
rotation discourages the breeding cycle of insects.
Companion planting encourages beneficial
insects and discourages harmful insects. Other
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In industrial agriculture, just a few varieties of a

plant are grown. This makes the plants
susceptible to disease. Chemicals have to be used,
and entire crops may be lost. Organic farmers
sometimes have to deal with disease, but they
use non-chemical methods. Weeding, pruning,
and row spacing allow air to circulate. Other
methods include planting disease-resistant
varieties and applying organic fungicides.
Skill 6 (pg. 210)

Possible Answers
(NOTE: These indirect quotes show how you can
avoid directly quoting phrases from the original.)
1.
Direct quote: The author explains, Parents can
inquire about what their children are doing in class.
Indirect quote: According to the reading passage,
parents can talk to their children about school
activities.
Paraphrase: Parents can take the time to ask their
children about the things they are doing in school.
2.
Direct quote: According to the author, Many
homeowners simply dont have the financial ability
to install solar panels.
Indirect quote: The lecture states that many
homeowners often cannot afford to pay for solar
panels.
Paraphrase: It is often the case that homeowners
cannot afford the installation costs of solar panels.
3.
Direct quote: The author says, Aromatherapy has
proven to be a popular form of treatment for both
psychological and physical ailments.
Indirect quote: The author notes that aromatherapy
is a popular way to treat different kinds of
psychological and physical ailments.
Paraphrase: Aromatherapy is a popular way of
treating psychological as well as physical ailments.
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4.
Direct quote: The lecturer confirms, The only effect
shown was that lemon oil appears to have a positive
effect on mood.
Indirect quote: The lecturer reports that lemon oils
positive effect on mood was the only effect shown.
Paraphrase: Lemon oil did appear to show a
positive effect on mood, but this was the only effect.
5.
Direct quote: The author tells us, Forest fires can
have natural or human causes.
Indirect quote: According to the reading passage,
forest fires can be caused by nature or by people.
Paraphrase: There can be both natural and human
causes of forest fires.
6.
Direct quote: The lecturer says, For these reasons,
a modern approach to forest fire management has
developed, that recommends fighting only those
fires caused by human activity or that threaten
places where people live.
Indirect quote: The lecturer explains that the
modern approach to fire fighting recommends that
we should only fight fires that threaten homes or are
caused by humans.
Paraphrase: Modern fire management
recommendations include fighting only those fires
that are a threat to people or that were caused by
people.
7.
Direct quote: According to the reading passage,
Industrial agriculture approaches food production
in much the same way a factory approaches the
production of manufactured goods.
Indirect quote: The author suggests that the way
industrial agriculture works is similar to the way a
factory works.
Paraphrase: Industrial agriculture is similar in many
ways to other types of manufacturing.
8.
Direct quote: The lecturer notes, Crop rotation, in
addition to maintaining soil health, also helps
control pests by interrupting their breeding cycle.
Indirect quote: The lecturer points out that crop
rotation maintains healthy soil and interrupts the
breeding cycle of pests.
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Paraphrase: Crop rotation maintains soil health and

interrupts the breeding cycle of pests, thus helping
to control pests.
Independent Writing Task
Skill 1 (pg. 213)
1. C, D
2. A, C
3. A, B
4. B, D
Skill 2 (pg. 214)

Possible Answers, Part A
1. Main Idea
A shopping mall is a great idea.
General Idea It would bring jobs to the area.
General Idea It would make shopping more

convenient
2. Main Idea

General Idea
General Idea

General Idea

Large schools have several

advantages over small schools.
They have more resources.
They have more classes to choose
from.
They have a greater variety of
teachers.
3. Main Idea

General Idea

General Idea

General Idea
Spending every day at a job you do

not like can have negative effects
on of your life.
It can affect your family
relationships.
It can affect your emotional
well-being.
It can affect your physical health.
4. Main Idea

General Idea

General Idea
Not all families are able to provide

everything a pet needs.
It takes money to care for pets
properly.
It takes time to care for pets properly.
Possible Answers, Part B

1. New Introduction:
I think that having a new shopping mall in my
neighborhood would be a wonderful idea, very
beneficial. My neighborhood is a long way from
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the places where people work and shop. A mall

would create new jobs and would make it easier
to shop.
There are several things that parents need to
think about when they choose schools. Two
important factors are location and cost. Another
factor is the size of the school. I think that there
are advantages to attending large schools instead
of small schools. Large schools often have greater
resources available, a larger variety of classes,
and more teachers with different skills.
People who work spend many hours every day at
their job. Earning money is important, but being
happy is important too. An unhappy work life can
affect family relationships, emotional health, and
physical health.
I do not feel that pets are for everyone. Pets
require time and money to take care of. Not
everyone is able to spend the time and money
needed to take good care of a pet.
Skill 3 (pg. 216)
Possible Answers, Part A
(HINT: In these sample notes the general ideas are
sentences and the details are in shorthand.)
1. General Idea Children at a large school have
access to a variety of resources.
Supporting Detail 1 library has more materials
Supporting Detail 2 classrooms have more

computers and software
Supporting Detail 3 resources are up to date
2. General Idea

Supporting Detail 1

Supporting Detail 2

3. General Idea

Supporting Detail 1

Supporting Detail 2

Supporting Detail 3
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Possible Answers, Part B

1. New Paragraph 2:
At large schools, students typically have better
access to resources than at small schools.
Libraries at large schools usually have more
books, magazines, and materials like CDs and
DVDs. Larger schools often have more computers
and software than smaller schools. In addition,
resources tend to be newer at large schools.
2. New Paragraph 3:
Large schools have a wider variety of classes than
small schools. Students might be able to choose
from several types of science or literature classes.
Non-academic classes such as art and music,
which are often available infrequently at small
schools, might be available daily at large schools.
3. New Paragraph 4:
Because they have a larger number of teachers,
big schools also have a greater variety of
teachers. Instead of having the same teacher for
several subjects, students can have a different
teacher for each subject. Furthermore, different
teachers will have different teaching styles, so the
students learning is enriched. In addition, more
adults in the school environment naturally means
more role models for students.
Skill 4 (pg. 218)

Practice 1
1. It is my opinion that small schools provide (do
not provide) children with the best possible
education.
2. In my view, shopping malls bring (do not bring)
many benefits to the neighborhoods where they
are located.
3. I suppose that caring for pets teaches (does not
Children at a large school
teach) children many important lessons about
have more classes to choose
life.
from.
4. I think that having a lot of money is (is not) more
different kinds of science or
important than feeling happy in our daily life.
literature classes
5. I am sure that teachers who treat their students
non-academic classes more
with kindness are (are not) always appreciated.
often
6. I am convinced that shopping malls have (do not
have) a negative impact on the quality of life in
the surrounding neighborhood.
Children at a large school
have a greater variety of
7. Perhaps a pet such as a dog or cat is (is not)
teachers.
difficult for a young child to take care of.
different teacher for each
8. Certainly, a high salary can (cannot) compensate
subject
for an unpleasant work situation.
exposed to different
teaching styles
more role models
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Practice 2
1. As a rule, money does not buy happiness.
2. On the whole, teachers at small schools have
more time to pay attention to individual
students.
3. For the most part, pets are just an extra
responsibility that modern families do not have
time for.
4. To some extent, shopping malls bring good jobs
to a town or city.
5. In a way, strict teachers actually help their
students more than kind teachers do.
Skill 5 (pg. 221)
(HINT: In these sample notes the main ideas and
general ideas are sentences and the details are in
shorthand.)
1.
Sample Outline Notes
Main Idea
I would recommend a new gym because the gym
we have now is in terrible condition, students
need to be encouraged to get more exercise, and
our library is already adequate for our needs.

TOEFL iBT
Sample Essay
If I had to recommend either a new gym or a new
library for my school, I would have to
recommend a new gym, for several reasons. The
gym we have now is in bad condition, students
need to be encouraged to get more exercise, and
I think the library we have now is more than
adequate for our future needs.

The gym at my school is definitely in terrible

condition. It needs a lot of repairs. The roof leaks
and the swimming pool has cracks. The locker
rooms are unpleasant because everything in
them is so old. In my view, since money will have
to be spent to make repairs anyway, it would be
better to go ahead and spend a little more money
to build an entirely new gym.
Students need to be encouraged to get more

exercise. Good health is very important for our
studies and for all aspects of our lives. If we had
a new gym, students would be encouraged to get
exercise. They might enjoy using the pool or the
exercise room in their free time. They might feel
encouraged to sign up for sports activities.
A library is just as important as a gym, but I think

the library we have now is already adequate for
our needs. It has plenty of room for books and
magazines. Because of technology, I do not think
we will need a bigger library in the future. Books
and magazines will be in electronic form, so we
will not need any more shelf space for them.
The gym we have now is in bad condition and

should be replaced. A new gym would encourage
students to get more exercise and improve their
health. The library we have now is in good
condition and does not need replacement.
Therefore, I would recommend that my school
build a new gym.
General Idea 1

Supporting Detail 1
Supporting Detail 2

Our gym is in terrible

condition.
needs a lot of repairs
since money to be spent for
repairs, why not spend on
new gym?
General Idea 2

Supporting Detail 1

Supporting Detail 2

Supporting Detail 3

Students need to be
encouraged to get more
exercise.
good health important for
students
new gym might encourage
students to exercise
new gym might encourage
students to sign up for
sports
General Idea 3

Supporting Detail 1

Supporting Detail 2

The library we have now is

already adequate for our
needs.
enough room for materials
now

technology means less room
needed in future
34
to
2.
Main Idea
I prefer to spend my vacation in one place
because it is more relaxing and gives me the
chance to get to know a new place well.
General Idea 1

Spending my vacation in
one place is relaxing.
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D ir ec t
Supporting Detail 1

Supporting Detail 2
Supporting Detail 3

Supporting Detail 4
dont have to worry where

to sleep every night
dont have to pack every day
dont have to spend time
getting place to place
can relax and enjoy place
to
TOEFL iBT
There are different ways to spend vacations. I

prefer spending mine in one place. It is the most
relaxing and interesting way to travel, in my
opinion.
3.
Main Idea
General Idea 2
Spending my vacation in

one place gives me the
Spending time outdoors is good for children

chance to get to know a new
because it helps them learn about the natural

place well.
world and how to be independent, and it is good
for their health.
Supporting Detail 1 at resort, can do different

activities
Supporting Detail 2 in city can see sights and get General Idea 1
Modern children need the

to know people

chance to learn about the

natural world.
Supporting Detail 3 travelling to a lot of places,

dont get to know them well Supporting Detail 1 spend most of day indoors
Supporting Detail 2 see plants and animals only

in pictures
Sample Essay
Supporting Detail 3 would see real plants and
People like to spend their vacations in different

animals
places and in different ways. For myself, I prefer
to spend my vacation in one place rather than
travelling around to different places. I find this to General Idea 2
Modern children also need
be a much more relaxing way to spend my time,

the chance to learn to do
and it also gives me the chance to get to know a

things independently.
new place well.
Supporting Detail 1 school activities planned

and supervised
I take a vacation in order to relax, and I feel that
Supporting Detail 2 if outdoors, could make up
spending my entire vacation in one place is the

own games & explore
best way to do this. If I spend my vacation in one
place, I do not have to worry about finding a
Playing outdoors is very
place to sleep every night or whether or not I will General Idea 3

important for childrens
like the next hotel because I will sleep every

health.
night in the same hotel. I do not have to rush
Supporting Detail 1 school indoors
around packing my suitcase every morning
because I am not going anywhere new. I do not
Supporting Detail 2 need fresh air & sunshine
have to worry about bus or plane schedules, and
Supporting Detail 3 need to use energy playing
I do not have to spend a lot of time getting from
one place to the next. I can spend all my time
enjoying the one place where I am. To me, this is Sample Essay
relaxing and enjoyable.
Many modern families live busy lives. Parents
work and children spend their days in school.
Parents are often too busy to encourage their
If I spend my entire vacation in one place, I have
children to play outdoors or to take them to a
the chance to really get to know that place well.
park or other outdoor place. This is unfortunate
If it is at a resort, I can take advantage of all the
because spending time outdoors is definitely
different activities that are available. If it is in a
good for children. It gives them the chance to
city, I have time to see many of the sights and
learn about the natural world and to learn to do
explore many of the neighborhoods. I have a
things independently. It is also very important for
chance to meet people and get an idea of what life
their health.
there is like. If I spend my vacation traveling from

place to place, I may see a lot of places but I do

not really get a chance to know much about them.
35
W r iting
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TOEFL iBT
Modern children need the chance to learn about

the natural world. They spend most of the day
indoors in school, so they are very familiar with
walls and floors and ceilings. The closest they get
to plants and animals, however, is probably in
pictures in a book or on a computer. If they spent
time outdoors, they would see plants and
animals in real life. They would learn to
appreciate the natural world that we live in.
Skill 2 (pg. 226)

1. imaginative
2. sufficient
3. duties
4. easy
5. benefits
6. construct
7. draw
Modern children also need the chance to learn to

do things independently, and playing outdoors
gives them plenty of opportunity for this. In
school, they are always involved in supervised,
planned activities. If they spent more time
playing outdoors, on the other hand, they could
make up their own games. They could run
around with other children and explore the
things around them. They would have the
opportunity to use their own resources to learn
and to entertain themselves.
Skill 3 (pg. 227)

1. my = I
2. It = shopping mall
3. their = people in my neighborhood
4. us = all
5. she = mayor
6. This = nothing about this situation
7. He = father
Playing outdoors is very important for childrens

health. In school, children spend most of the day
sitting indoors. However, children need fresh air
and sunshine to grow up strong. They have a lot
of energy, so they need to run around and play
hard for at least part of the day. If they spent
more time outdoors, they would be healthier.
Parents and schools need to find ways to

encourage children to spend more time outdoors.
It would give them more opportunities for
learning, and it is very important for their health.
General Writing Skills

Skill 1 (pg. 223)
1. In the first place
2. Then
3. on the other hand
4. such as
5. Unlike
6. Furthermore
7. for example
8. Therefore
9. While
10. At the same time
11. Moreover
12. For these reasons
36
Skill 4 (pg. 228)

1. When children take care of pets, they can learn to
be responsible and have fun at the same time.
2. Working all day at a dull job and then going
home tired and grumpy is not a good life.
3. A large school can make some children feel
uncomfortable and scared.
4. The teacher graded our papers every weekend
and gave them back to us on Monday.
5. I was working at an office during the day and
studying for my college degree at night.
6. In my opinion, a shopping mall is a good place to
shop because of its variety and convenience.
7. A dog needs to be walked every afternoon and
then fed.
8. Creativity as well as resourcefulness are
important qualities for a teacher to have.
Skill 5 (pg. 229)
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. C
Skill 6 (pg. 231)
1. C-Cx
2. S
3. Cx
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D ir ec t
4. S
5. S
6. S
7. C
8. S
9. S
10. S
11. Cx
12. C
13. S
TOEFL iBT
probably paid a lot of money for your tuition.

Moreover, you are expected to do professionalquality work at your job. For all these reasons,
you deserve to be paid well.
Skill 7 (pg. 232)

1.
There are many people who should not have
pets. My neighbor, for example, is an
irresponsible pet owner. He has three large dogs.
He is gone all day, and his dogs are left alone to
bark loudly from morning until evening. This is
sad for the dogs and unpleasant for all the
neighbors. Do you think it is a good idea for a
person like this to have pets?
2.
When I take a vacation, I prefer to visit a city. In
my opinion, cities are fun and exciting places to
visit. Recently, I spent a vacation in New York City,
which is a popular place for tourists. My days
there were filled with fun activities such as
shopping, visiting museums, and going to the
theater. I was busy every day, but I still did not
see everything. If I get my wish, I will visit there
again sometime soon.
3.
It seems to me that the best idea is to spend the
money building a new library. The library we
have now has many problems. The roof leaks,
many windows are broken, and the heating
system does not work well. Because the library is
such an uncomfortable place to be, students do
not like to use it. How much would it cost to
build a new library? I do not know the answer to
this question, but I am sure the school
administrators could find the money somewhere.
It is very important for a school to have a good
library.
4.
Earning a good salary is very important. If you
are a professional, you have a college education.
You studied hard to get your degree, and you
37
to
Skill 8 (pg. 234)

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. A
WRITING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 246)
Sample Response
The reading passage describes age-related
memory loss and makes some recommendations
about how to prevent it. The lecturer describes
research which supports the recommendations
made in the reading.

The lecturer describes research which shows that

antioxidants can have a positive effect on the
problem of age-related memory loss. The reading
passages talks about different kinds of agerelated memory loss. Some of it is normal, like
forgetting where you put your keys. There are
also more serious forms, such as Mild Cognitive
Impairment, as well as Alzheimers disease and
other types of dementia.
According to the reading passage, when people

age, the brain becomes more vulnerable to
inflammation and oxidation. Also, there is a build
up of plaque, which may be a cause of
Alzheimers disease. One thing the reading
passage recommends is eating fruits and
vegetables which contain antioxidants to defend
the brain against oxidation. In addition, foods
containing B vitamins are recommended for
protecting the memory.
W r iting

D ir ec t
The lecturer agrees with the information in the

reading passage about the effects of antioxidants
on the memory. He describes research on older
dogs which showed that antioxidants improved
the dogs ability to perform and do tricks.
Research on mice showed that blueberries, high
in antioxidants, improved memory and reduced
damage to brain tissues from inflammation and
oxidation. Another study with mice and
curcumin, an anti-inflammatory, also showed
reduced inflammation, oxidation, and plaque in
the brains of the mice. In addition to
antioxidants, the reading passage also
recommends B vitamins to protect the brain. The
lecturer mentions that research shows that B
vitamins can protect the brain from inflammation
and help new brain cells grow.

Sample Response
If we look at the whole of human history, I would
have to say that technology has made the world a
better place to live. After all, we are no longer
living in caves or dying of common diseases.
However, if we look at the technological
developments of the past century, I cannot agree
that they have made the world better. Rather,
they have caused many difficulties in our lives.
Technology that we use now contributes to the
breakdown of communities and social supports,
is expensive to own, and is not always easy to
use.

Technology has made it possible for us to never

leave our homes. We can work, shop, and
maintain contact with friends and relatives
without ever leaving the comfort of our own
living rooms. People tend to think of this as a
convenience. But what happens if we never leave
our houses? We will not get to know the people
who live and work near us. This means a
breakdown of social support. Who will be there
when we need a helping hand or a shoulder to
cry on? Even more, it leads to suspicion and fear
because we are surrounded by people we do not
know.
Technology is expensive to own. It costs money to

buy it and then repair it or replace it when it
breaks down. Some forms of technology, such as
cell phones and Internet connections, involve
monthly payments. When we become dependent
on forms of technology to run our lives, then we
have no choice but to pay for the cost of buying
38
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TOEFL iBT
and maintaining it. Those who do not have the

money are left behind or are constantly
struggling to just keep up.

Technology is not always easy to use. Every time

something new is developed, we have to learn
how to use it. We have to completely change the
way we do things. We invest time in learning how
to do something new, and then it changes again
when new technology is developed.
Technology has made many improvements in our

lives over the course of history. However, recently
the pace of technological development has
become so fast that it has started to bring us
more difficulties than advantages.
WRITING PRACTICE TEST (pg.250)

Sample Response
Both the reading passage and the lecturer discuss
the effects of violent television programs on
childrens behavior. They agree that such
programs can lead children to behave
aggressively. The studies described in the reading
passage showed that violence on TV has an
immediate effect on children. The studies
described in the lecture showed that this effect
continues into adulthood.

The reading passage describes some studies that

were done in the 1950s and 1960s that looked at
the immediate effect of television violence on
behavior. In one study, some children watched a
violent cartoon and others watched a nonviolent
cartoon. Researchers noticed that the children
who had seen the violent cartoon behaved
aggressively later on when they were playing.
They hit other children and broke toys. In
another study, children saw violence in different
ways. Some watched real-life violence (hitting a
doll), others watched the same thing on TV or in
a cartoon, and others saw nothing. The children
who saw the real-life and TV violence acted more
aggressively than the other children afterward.
The lecturer describes two different studies that

were done over a period of years. One found that
boys who watched violent TV programs when
they were in third grade acted more aggressively,
W r iting
D ir ec t
got into trouble more often as teens, and more

often were involved in crime and family violence
as adults. Another study was about the amount of
time children spent watching TV. It found that
teenagers who watched more hours of TV were
more likely to act aggressively when they were
adults.

Television, especially violent programs, has an

effect on children that can last all their lives.
Besides being a space for exhibits and research, a

museum would have other uses. For example, it
would be a good place for community concerts
and other performances. This would bring more
cultural activities to our city. It would also be a
good place to hold fundraising events, not only
for the museum itself but for other worthy
organizations in our city.
Both parks and museums are enjoyable and

useful places. I believe, however, that a museum
would bring more to our city than a park would.
Therefore, I would support building a new history
museum in my city.
A park could only be enjoyed when the weather

was nice. A museum, on the other hand, could be
enjoyed at any time. In my city, we have cold
winters. That means there are several months out
of the year when people would not be able to use
a park at all. Even during the warmer seasons, we
often have rainy days when no one wants to be
outside. If we had a new museum, we would
have a nice, interesting place to go when the
weather was bad. We would be able to take
advantage of the museum any day of the year.
A museum would offer educational benefits that

a park would not. A history museum would give
people of all ages the opportunity to learn more
about the history of our city and country. That
would be useful both for people who live here
and for tourists. The museum would also be a
support for our citys schools since teachers
would be able to use the museums resources as
part of their lessons. In addition, the museum
could support new research and writing about
our history, and we would all learn more about
our past.
39
TOEFL iBT
Sample Response
Both a history museum and a park would provide
many benefits to our city. If I had to choose one,
however, I would choose a museum. In my
opinion, a museum has several advantages over a
park. It can be enjoyed in any season of the year,
it is educational, and it can be used for a variety
of other things that would benefit our city.

to
P r ac tice Te s t
D ir ec t
READING (pg. 251)
TOEFL iBT
LISTENING (pg. 264)
Passage 1 (pg. 251)

1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. D
11. A
12. Male: C, D, F
Female: B, E,
to
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. B
6.
Passage 2 (pg. 255)

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. D
12. A
13. B, D, E
Passage 3 (pg. 260)
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. B, C, F
40
0-1 month
Black and
white
Red and green
Pastel shades
Shades of gray:
5% contrast
Shades of gray:
less than 5%
contrast
2-3 months
4-5 months
X
X
X
X
X
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. A
11.
YES
Chlorophyll levels
Protective coating
Sugars
NO
X
Watery sap
Thin tissues
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. B
18. C
19. C
20. D
21. A
22. B
P r ac tice Te s t
D ir ec t
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TOEFL iBT
23.
Classic/Late Classic
natural colors
Transitional
chemical dyes
designs based on stripes
designs influenced by traders
designs including crosses and rectangles
24. A
25. D
26. D
27.
YES
Observation forms
Sample lesson plans
NO
X
X
Book reviews
Teacher evaluation
Journals
X
X
X
28. A
29. C
30. D
31. C
32. B
33. D
34. A
41
Rug
P r ac tice Te s t
SPEAKING (pg. 276)
A person who has been an important role model
for me is my grandfather. Whenever I have
difficulty pursuing my goals and dreams, I think
of him. My grandfather came from a poor family.
He had to quit school when he was young and go
to work to help support his family. But he didnt
let this stop him. He took classes at night and
finished high school. Then he worked hard to
build up his business. Hes very successful now.
When I think of all the hardships my grandfather
went through, I feel inspired. I have things a lot
easier than he did. I havent had to quit school or
work to help my parents. So, whenever I feel
discouraged, I remember my grandfather and
think: If he could become so successful, I can too.
I definitely prefer working out at a gym to playing
sports. I am a very independent person, and Im
not at all competitive, so I dont particularly
enjoy playing sports. When I work out at a gym, I
can do it just the way I like. I can go to the gym
when I want and spend as much time exercising
there as I want. I can do the exercises I want to
do and skip the ones I dont enjoy. How I spend
my time is entirely up to me. This makes the
experience relaxing and enjoyable to me. Theres
also no competition involved. I dont have to
worry about doing my exercises better or faster
than anybody. I dont have to worry about
keeping up with the team or about what anyone
else thinks of me. I dont have to try hard to win.
I only have to worry about my own goals. Thats
the way I prefer it.
The man is happy about the changes that will be
made to the university bus service. He believes
that the fare increase is a good idea because
services will increase at the same time. Also, even
though the university bus fare will go up, it will
still be less than the fare on city buses. Hes
happy that more buses will be added to the
downtown bus route. Those buses are always
crowded and slow because a lot of students ride
them. Hes looking forward to an improvement in
this situation when the new buses are added. He
also agrees with the new bus route to Mountain
View. He explains that many students live in that
part of the city. The new bus route will be
convenient for them. It will also make things
42
D ir ec t
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TOEFL iBT
better for everyone since more students taking

the bus means fewer cars on campus. The man
thinks the bus service changes will be good for
everyone.
A dialect is a variety of a language that a group of
people speaks. If speakers of different language
varieties can understand each other, then the
varieties are considered dialects of the same
language. If the speakers cant understand each
other, then their language varieties are
considered to be different languages. The lecturer
points out that its not as easy as it may seem to
make the distinction between dialect and
language. She gives some examples where
political boundaries determine the difference.
One example is Denmark and Norway. Danish
and Norwegian speakers can understand each
other, so their languages could be considered
dialects of the same language. However, they are
spoken in two different countries, so they are
seen as two different languages. Another example
is Germany. Language varieties spoken in
different parts of the country arent always
mutually intelligible. But theyre spoken within
the boundaries of one country, so theyre
considered to be dialects of one language rather
than distinct languages.
The man has a sociology assignment due soon,
and he doesnt think he can finish it on time. Hes
behind on his work because he was sick recently.
One solution is to ask the professor for an
extension. The other solution is to work on the
assignment all weekend. I think the first solution
is the better one. The man is afraid that the
professor wont want to give him an extension,
especially since he isnt the only student whos
been sick. I think, though, that she will probably
understand his problem and consider it a
reasonable excuse. Its quite possible that shes
already given extensions to the other students
who were sick. If he gets an extension, hell have
the time to do a good job on his assignment and
get the grade he deserves. If, on the other hand,
he tries to meet the due date by working hard all
weekend, he probably wont do a good job. Hell
be rushed and tired, and thats certain to affect
the quality of his work. Itll probably also be bad
for his health since he was sick recently.
P r ac tice Te s t
The Faroe Islands belong to Demark but are
located in the North Atlantic between Norway
and Iceland. Even though their location is in the
far north, its warm enough for people to live
there because the area is warmed by the waters
of the Gulf Stream. However, its too far north to
do much farming.

People have been living in the mild climate of

the Faroe Islands for more than one thousand
years. The temperatures usually stay above
freezing, and snow doesnt fall often. The
summer temperatures are not too hot. It rains
much of the time, 260 days a year on average.
Because the climate is not too cold, people can
live there. However, its difficult to make a living
from farming because its so far north. Some
people raise sheep or grow potatoes, but the
majority make their living from fishing. Oil has
been discovered near the islands, and this may
become a new source of income for the people
there.
D ir ec t
to
TOEFL iBT
The lecturer explains that there is a new type of

ethanol that is made from stems and stalks of
plants. This type of ethanol is more efficient to
produce than corn-based ethanol. The production
process also causes less pollution. Less land is
needed because grasses used to make this type of
ethanol an produce more fuel per acre than corn
can. Moreover, these grasses are actually good for
the environment because they can stop erosion
and give wild animals a place to live.

Sample Response
We each have our own ideas about where is the
best place to live. For some people, city living is
better while others prefer life in the countryside.
For myself, I agree with the statement that city
life is better than life in the countryside. I think a
city provides more opportunities for jobs and
more access to culture, and city living helps keep
people open minded.

I dont think anyone will disagree that there are

many more job opportunities in a city than there
are in a rural area. No matter what kind of job
you are looking for, you can probably find it in a
city. Whether you are a doctor, lawyer, engineer,
police officer, or factory worker, you are certain
to find employment in a city. In the countryside,
on the other hand, you generally cannot find the
same variety of job opportunities. There are
probably fewer job openings there in general,
too.
In a city, you have access to a variety of cultural

events. There are all different kinds of movies,
plays, and concerts. There are museums and art
galleries. There are places that give art, music, or
dance classes if you are interested in learning
how to do these things yourself. The
opportunities to participate in cultural activities
of this sort are endless in a city. On the other
hand, while there may be movies and concerts in
small towns in the countryside, they are few and
infrequent.
Living in a city helps keep people open minded.

This is because there is a variety of people living
in a city. There are people of different social
classes and different religions. In some major
cities, there are people from a lot of different
WRITING (pg. 280)

Sample Response
The reading passage and the lecture both discuss
the use of ethanol fuel, made from plants, as an
alternative to gasoline. The author of the reading
passage believes that ethanol is not a good
alternative, but the lecturer disagrees.

The lecturer says that the most important reason

to use ethanol is that it is a renewable resource.
The plants used to make it are not used up
forever but can be grown again every year.
Another big advantage is that it does not pollute the
air and water as much as other types of fuel do.
The author of the reading passage explains some

of the disadvantages of ethanol made from corn.
The author says that it takes more energy to
make the ethanol than the ethanol itself
produces. In addition, cultivation of corn uses up
a lot of land that could be used for food. It can
also cause environmental damage such as soil
erosion and using up groundwater.
43
P r ac tice Te s t
D ir ec t
countries. In any city, you get used to interacting

with people from all different backgrounds. You
are less likely to fear or misunderstand people
who are different because you are used to being
around them. In small towns in the countryside,
however, people tend to be mostly the same.
People dont have the opportunity to spend time
with people from different backgrounds. This can
lead to prejudices simply from a lack of
understanding.

I am sure there are many advantages to living in

the countryside, but in my opinion, when
everything is taken into consideration, life in the
city is much better.
44
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INTRODUCTION

Skimming and Scanning (pg. 16)

Practice 4 (pg. 23)

par. 2 Pidgins and creoles contact languages,

par. 4 Gullah descendents of slaves

par. 6 Tok Pisin a national language of Papua

par. 5 Why father of modern art?

Establishing Context (pg. 31)

10. due, two weeks, three weeks, next month, end

idea 2 Designer-John Roebling

READING SKILLS (pg. 56)

Skill 8 (pg. 73)

READING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 86)

Skill 1 (pg. 116)

Skill 5 (pg. 122)

Skill 2 (pg. 117)

Skill 6 (pg. 124)

Skill 3 (pg. 118)

She focused largely on the middle and upper classes.

She only wrote novels.

She was interested in beauty and nature.

She wanted to portray life realistically.

Believed that object permanence develops around 4 months

Believed that object permanence develops around 9 months

Did an experiment using toys hidden behind a curtain.

Did an experiment using objects moving across a screen.

The age of the lake

The isolation of the lake

The condition of the lakes water

The length of the lake

Lecture 2 (pg. 130)

It is the story of the

Back issues of journals

Current issues of magazines

Conversation 2 (pg. 134)

Took place on the Mississippi River

Had characters based on people from

Was about small-town life

Dealt with slavery and freedom

Caused a lot of controversy

Its special body shape

Its method of molting

Its ability to go for a year without eating

Its tolerance of temperature changes

Financial need statement

4. Opinion: My cousin Mary is a very important

Mary, and I feel that I can talk to her about

Just like going to a party, spending

The food at home is just as good as

Apartments are generally smaller

Skill 5 (pg. 160)

cold weather can be

Every part of the world has pleasant

At a party you can only do

Specific Information At a party you dance, eat,

Specific Information Since my mother is a very

General Idea In an apartment, you live

Skill 6 (pg. 163)

There might be other reasons for the zebras

recognize each other in the dark when they are

Zebras stripes might protect them from other

loosestrife takes over a large area and changes

Skill 9 (pg. 177)