MOS INVERTERS: STATIC

CHARACTERISTICS
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
continued
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
31
V
GS,L
= 0 > V
T,L
V
SB,d
= 0 => V
T,d
= V
T0,n
V
SB,L
= V
out
=> V
T,L
= V
T0,L
ADVANTAGES wrt ENH LOADS
(i) Sharper VTC transition & higher
Noise Margins
(ii) Single Power Supply
(iii) Smaller Overall Layout
ENHANCEMENT DRIVER:
CUT: V
GS
= V
in
< V
T0,n
=> I
D
= 0
SAT: V
GS
= V
in
> V
T0,n
, V
DS
= V
out
> V
in
- V
T0,n
I
D

k
n,d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
V
in
V
T0 , n
[ ]
2
LIN: V
GS
= V
in
> V
T0,n
, V
DS
= V
out
< V
in
- V
T0,n
I
D

k
n,d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
2(V
in
V
T0 , n
)V
out
(V
out
)
2
[ ]
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
DEPLETION-LOAD INVERTER
I
L
= I
D
= V
DS,d
V
out
V
in
V
out
V
OH
V
OH
V
OL
V
IL
V
IH
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
V
T0,n
A
B
C
V
out
= V
in
- V
T0,n
LIN
SAT
D
LIN
SAT
V
DD
+ V
T,L
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
32
V
SB,L
= V
out
=> V
T,L
= V
T0,L
V
T,L
V
T0 , L
+ | 2
F
| +V
out
| 2
F
| ( )
DEPLETION LOAD
SAT: V
DS,L
= V
DD
- V
out
> 0 - V
T,L
=> V
out
< V
DD
+ V
T,L
I
L

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
0 V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
2
LIN: V
DS,L
= V
DD
- V
out
< 0 - V
T,L
=> V
out
> V
DD
+ V
T,L
I
L

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
2(0 V
T,L
(V
out
))(V
DD
V
out
) (V
DD
V
out
)
2
[ ]
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
V
out
I
L
= I
D
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
33
V
in
V
out
V
OH
V
OH
V
OL
V
IL
V
IH
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
V
T0,n
A
B
C
V
out
= V
in
- V
T0,n
LIN
SAT
D
LIN
SAT
V
DD
+ V
T,L
V
BS,L
= -V
out
=> V
T,L
= V
T0,L
V
T,L
V
T0 , L
+ | 2
F
| +V
out
| 2
F
| ( )
V
in
V
out
DRIVER OP REGION LOAD OP REGION
V
OL
V
IL
V
IH
V
OH
V
OH
V
OH
V
OL
small
cut-off
saturation
linear
linear
linear
linear
saturation
saturation
A
C
C
B
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
V
out
I
L
= I
D
A
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
34
V
in
V
out
V
OH
V
OH
V
OL
V
IL
V
IH
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
V
T0,n
A
B
C
V
out
= V
in
- V
T0,n
LIN
SAT
D
LIN
SAT
V
DD
+ V
T,L
A
V
DD
I
L
= 0
V
out
A
I
L

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
2(0 V
T,L
(V
OH
))(V
DD
V
OH
) (V
DD
V
OH
)
2
[ ]
0
V
OH
= V
DD
CALCULATION OF V
OH
:
V
in
= V
OL
< V
T0,n
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
I
L
= I
D
V
out
A
=0
=0
CALCULATION OF V
OL
:
V
in
V
out
V
OH
V
OH
V
OL
V
IL
V
IH
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
V
T0,n
A
B
C
V
out
= V
in
- V
T0,n
LIN
SAT
D
LIN
SAT
V
DD
+ V
T,L
C
C
I
L
V
DD
V
out
I
D
V
in
= V
OH
= V
DD
V
OL
V
OH
V
T0,n
V
OH
V
T0, n
( )
2

k
n , L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
2(V
OH
V
T0 , n
)V
OL
(V
OL
)
2
[ ]

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
35
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
I
L
= I
D
V
out
A
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
36
V
in
V
out
V
OH
V
OH
V
OL
V
IL
V
IH
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
V
T0,n
A
B
C
V
out
= V
in
- V
T0,n
LIN
SAT
D
LIN
SAT
V
DD
+ V
T,L
CALCULATION OF V
IL
:
dV
out
/dV
in
= -1 @ V
in
= V
IL
B
V
DD
I
D
V
out
I
L
B
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
V
in
V
T0 , n
[ ]
2

k
n, L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
2(V
T,L
(V
out
))(V
DD
V
out
) (V
DD
V
out
)
2
[ ]
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
I
L
= I
D
V
out
A
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
37
CALCULATION OF V
IL
CONT:
V
in
= V
IL
and dV
out
/dV
in
= -1
B
Differentiating wrt V
in
and setting V
in
= V
IL
:
SOLVING FOR V
IL
:
-(-1)
-(-1)
V
IL
V
T0 , n
+
k
n, L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
out
V
DD
V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
dV
T , L
(V
out
)
dV
out

2 | 2
F
| +V
out
k
n, d
'
W
L



_
,

d
V
IL
V
T0 , n
[ ]

k
n, L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
2(V
T , L
(V
out
))
dV
out
dV
in



_
,





+2(V
DD
V
out
)
dV
T,L
(V
out
)
dV
out



_
,

dV
out
dV
in



_
,

2(V
DD
V
out
)
dV
out
dV
in



_
,

1
]
1
1
(-1)
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
V
in
V
T0 , n
[ ]
2

k
n, L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
2(V
T,L
(V
out
))(V
DD
V
out
) (V
DD
V
out
)
2
[ ]
(5.39)
(5.41)
2(V
DD
V
out
)
(V
DD
V
out
)
0
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
38
CALCULATE V
IL
UPDATE V
T,L
(V
out
)
EQ. (1)
CALCULATE V
out
,V
IL
EQs. (5.39) and (5.41)
CONTINUE
ITERATION ?
YES
NO
THROUGH
NUMERICAL
ITERATIONS
V
T,L
V
T0 , L
+ | 2
F
| +V
out
| 2
F
| ( )
(1)
START V
out
= V
OH
= V
DD
V
IL
CALCULATE V
T,L
(V
OH
)
EQ. (1)
V
T,L
> ?
39
V
in
V
out
V
OH
V
OH
V
OL
V
IL
V
IH
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
dV
out
dV
in
=-1
V
T0,n
A
B
C
V
out
= V
in
- V
T0,n
LIN
SAT
D
LIN
SAT
V
DD
+ V
T,L
CALCULATION OF V
IH
:
V
in
= V
IH
and dV
out
/dV
in
= -1
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
C
C
I
L
V
DD
V
out
I
D
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
2(V
in
V
T0 , n
)V
out
(V
out
)
2
[ ]

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
2
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
I
L
= I
D
V
out
CALCULATION OF V
IH
:
V
in
= V
IH
and dV
out
/dV
in
= -1
C
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
40
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
2(V
in
V
T0 , n
)V
out
(V
out
)
2
[ ]

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
2
Differentiating wrt V
in
and setting V
in
= V
IH
:
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
dV
T , L
(V
out
)
dV
out

2 | 2
F
| +V
out
SOLVING FOR V
IH
:
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
2V
out
+ 2(V
IH
V
T0,n
)
dV
out
dV
in



_
,

2V
out
dV
out
dV
in



_
,





1
]
1
1

k
n, L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
2 V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
dV
T,L
(V
out
)
dV
out



_
,

dV
out
dV
in



_
,

V
IH
V
T 0,n
+ 2V
out
+
k
n,L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n, d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
T, L
(V
out
)
[ ]
dV
T,L
(V
out
)
dV
out



_
,

(5.42)
(5.45)
(5.44)
CALCULATE V
IH
CONTINUE
ITERATION ?
THROUGH
NUMERICAL
ITERATIONS
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
41
V
T,L
> ?
CALCULATE V
out
, V
IH
EQs. (5.42) and (5.44)
YES
NO
CALCULATE
dV
T , L
(V
out
)
dV
out
V
T,L
(V
out
) EQ. (1)
EQ.(5.45)
START V
out
= V
OL
UPDATE
V
T,L
(V
out
) &
dV
T , L
(V
out
)
dV
out
V
IH
> ?
dV
T,L
dV
out

V
in
V
out
k
R
= 10
5V
5V
k
R
= 2
k
R
= 4
V
DD
= 5V
V
T0,n
= 1 V
V
T0,L
= -3V
k
n,d
= k
n,L
= 40 A/V
2
k
R

k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
k
n, L
'
W/L ( )
L
where
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
42
TYPICAL VTCs FOR DEPLETION LOAD INVERTERS FOR
DIFFERENT k
R
VALUES
In GENERAL:
k
n, d
'
k
n, L
'
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
43
DESIGN OF DEPLETION LOAD INVERTERS
FOR GIVEN SET OF PROCESS PARAMETERS: V
OH
, V
OL
=> V
IH
, V
IL
V
OL
V
OH
V
T0,n
V
OH
V
T0, n
( )
2

k
n , L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
V
OH
= V
DD
V
OH
V
T0 , n
V
OH
V
T0,n
( )
2

1
k
R
V
T, L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
Solving for k
R
:
k
R

k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
k
n, L
'
W/L ( )
L

V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
2
2(V
OH
V
T0,n
) V
OL
V
OL
( )
2
where V
in
= V
OH
= V
DD
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
44
POWER DISSIPATION CONSIDERATIONS
P
DC

V
DD
2
I
DC
(V
in
"0")+ I
DC
(V
in
"1")
[ ]

P(V
in
0) + P(V
in
1)
2
WHEN V
in
= V
OH
:
WHEN V
in
= V
OL
: DRIVER CUT-OFF, LOAD LIN
I
L
= I
D
= 0 => P(V
in
= 0) = 0
I
L
= 0
V
DD
V
out
A
C
I
L
V
DD
V
out
I
D
I
DC
(V
in
V
DD
)
k
n , L
'
W/L ( )
L
2
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2

k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
2
2(V
OH
V
T0,n
) V
OL
V
OL
( )
2
[ ]
DRIVER LIN, LOAD SAT
P(V
in
1) V
DD
k
n, L
'
W/L ( )
L
2
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
P
DC
(average)
V
DD
2
k
n, L
'
W/L ( )
L
2
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
45
DIE AREA CONSIDERATIONS
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
V
DD
GND
V
in
V
out
L
d
W
d
W
L
L
L
Metal 1
n
+
Polysilicon (doped)
Depletion Implant
Local Interconnect
(Buried Contact)
V
DD
GND
V
in
V
out
L
d
W
d
W
L
L
L
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
46
EXAMPLE 5.3:
Consider a depletion load inverter with parameters:
V
DD
= 5 V
V
T0,n
= 1.0 V
V
T0,L
= -3.0 V
(W/L)
d
=2, (W/L)
L
= 1/3
k
n,d
= k
n,L
= 25 A/V
2
Calculate V
OL
, V
OH
, V
IL
, V
IH
on the VTC and the noise margins.
1).
V
OH
= V
DD
= 5 V
2). V
OL
V
OH
V
T0,n
V
OH
V
T0, n
( )
2

k
n , L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
START Iteration with V
T,L
(V
OL
) = V
T,L
= -3 V
= 0.4 V
1/2

F
= -0.3 V
+
-
I
D
V
in
I
L
V
GS,L
= 0
V
DD
I
L
= I
D
V
out
Terminate iterations when V
T,L
0.1V and dV
T,L
/dV
ou

t
20%
2).
V
OL
V
OH
V
T0,n
V
OH
V
T0, n
( )
2

k
n , L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
T,L
(V
OL
)
[ ]
2
START Iteration with V
T,L
(V
OL
) = V
T0,L
= -3 V
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
47
V
OL
5 1.0 5 1.0 ( )
2

1 /3
2



_
,
[3.0]
2
0.192V
USE V
OL
= 0.192 V To UPDATE V
T,L
(V
OL
)
V
T,L
(V
OL
) V
T0 , L
+ | 2
F
| +V
OL
| 2
F
| ( )
3.0V+ 0.4V
1 /2
0.6V+ 0.192V 0. 6V ( ) 2.95V
TERMINATE ITERATION IF V
T,L
( = 0.1 V) YES
V
OL
5 1.0 5 1.0 ( )
2

1 /3
2



_
,
[3.0]
2
0.192V
3).
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
48
V
in
= V
IL
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
V
in
V
T0 , n
[ ]
2

k
n, L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
2(V
T,L
(V
out
))(V
DD
V
out
) (V
DD
V
out
)
2
[ ]
(5.39)
V
IL
V
T0 , n
+
k
n, L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n,d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
out
V
DD
V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ] (5.41)
V
T,L
V
T0 , L
+ | 2
F
| +V
out
| 2
F
| ( )
(1)
V
in
= V
IL
=> V
out
> V
OH
= V
DD
START with V
out
= V
OH
= 5 V
V
T,L
(V
out
) 3.0V+ 0.4V
1 /2
0.6V+ 5 V 0.6V ( ) 2.36V
SUBSTITUTE V
T,L
(V
out
) into V
IL
V
IL
1.0V+
1
6



_
,
V
out
5 V 2.36V
[ ]
0.167V
out
+ 0.56V
V
out
6V
IL
3.35
==>
EQ. (5.41)
V
out
6V
IL
3.35
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
49
SUBSTITUTE V
out
into I
L
= I
D
EQ. (5.39)
, SOLVE for V
IL
k
n, d
'
2
W/L ( )
d
(V
IL
V
T0 , n
)
2

k
n, L
'
2
2 | V
T , L
(V
out
) | V
DD
6V
IL
+ 3.35 ( )
[
V
DD
6V
IL
+ 3.35 ( )
2
]
1
2
(2)(V
IL
1.0)
2

1/ 3
2
2 | 2.36 | 5 6V
IL
+ 3.35 ( ) [
5 6V
IL
+ 3.35 ( )
2
]
SOLVING FOR V
IL
V
IL
= 0.98 V, 1.36 V NOTE: V
IL
> V
T0,n
= 1.0 V
SUBSTITUTE V
IL
to V
out
V
out
6(1.36) 3.35 4.81V
USE V
out
to UPDATE V
T,L
(V
out
)
V
T,L
(V
out
) 3.0V+ 0.4V
1 /2
0.6V+ 4.81V 0. 6V ( ) 2.38V
V
IL
= 1.36 V
PREV V
T,L
VALUE = -2.36 V
TERMINATE ITERATION
PREV V
out
VALUE = 5 V
TERMINATE ITERATION IF V
T,L
( = 0.1V) YES
4). V
in
= V
IH
START with V
out
= V
OL
= 0.192 V
V
T,L
(V
out
) 3.0V+ 0.4V
1 /2
0.6V+ 0.192V 0.6V ( ) 2.95V
dV
T , L
(V
out
)
dV
out

2 | 2
F
| +V
out

0.4
2 0.6 + 0.192
0.22
SUBSTITUTE V
T,L
(V
out
), dV
T,L
(V
out
)/dV
out
into V
IH
EQ. (5.44)
V
IH
V
T 0,n
+ 2V
out
+
k
n,L
'
W/L ( )
L
k
n, d
'
W/L ( )
d
V
T, L
(V
out
)
[ ]
dV
T,L
(V
out
)
dV
out



_
,

1 + 2V
out
+
1
6



_
,
(2.95) [ ] 0.22 ( ) 2V
out
+1.1
==> V
out
0. 5V
IH
0.55
SUBSTITUTE V
out
into I
L
= I
D
EQ. (5.42)
, SOLVE for V
IH
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
2(V
in
V
T0 , n
)V
out
(V
out
)
2
[ ]

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
2
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
50
k
n, d
'
2
W
L



_
,

d
2(V
in
V
T0 , n
)V
out
(V
out
)
2
[ ]

k
n , L
'
2
W
L



_
,

L
V
T,L
(V
out
)
[ ]
2
51
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
1
2
2 ( ) 2 V
IH
1.0 ( ) 0. 5V
IH
0.55 ( ) 0. 5V
IH
0.55 ( )
2
[ ]

1
2
1
3



_
,
2.95 [ ]
2
SOLVING FOR V
IH
V
IH
= 0.10 V, 1.96 V NOTE: V
IH
> V
T0,n
= 1.0 V
SUBSTITUTE V
IH
to V
out
USE V
out
to UPDATE V
T,L
(V
out
), dV
T,L
(V
out
)/dV
ou
)
V
IH
= 1.96 V
PREV VALUES = -2.95 V, 0.22
TERMINATE ITERATION
V
out
0. 5V
IH
0.55
V
out
0.5(1.96) 0.55 0.43V PREV V
out
VALUE = 0.192 V
V
T,L
(V
out
) 3.0V+ 0.4V
1 /2
0.6V+ 0.43V 0.6V ( ) 2.90V
dV
T , L
(V
out
)
dV
out

0.4
2 0.6 + 0.43
0.19
TERMINATE ITERATION IF V
T,L
0.1V & dV
T,L
/dV
ou

t
20%
YES
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
52
V
IH
= 1.96 V
V
IL
= 1.36 V
V
OL
= 0.186 V
V
OH
= 5 V
NM
H
= V
OH
- V
IH
= 5 - 1.96 = 3.04 V
NM
L
= V
IL
- V
OL
= 1.36 - 0.186 = 1.17 V
5) NOISE MARGINS
53
CMOS INVERTER - STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
V
in
= V
gsn
= V
gsp
+ V
DD
V
out
= V
dsn
= V
dsp
+ V
DD
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
G
B
S
D
G B
S
D
V
DD
V
in
V
out
V
SS
CUTOFF NONSATURATED SATURATED
V
GSp
> V
Tp
V
GSp
< V
Tp
V
GSp
< V
Tp
p-device V
in
< V
T,p
+ V
DD
V
in
< V
Tp
+ V
DD
V
in
> V
Tp
+ V
DD
V
DSp
> V
GSp
- V
Tp
V
DSp
< V
GSp
- V
Tp
V
out
> V
in
- V
Tp
V
out
< V
in
- V
Tp
V
GSn
< V
Tn
V
GSn
> V
Tn
V
GSn
> V
Tn
n-device V
in
> V
Tn
V
in
> V
Tn
V
in
< V
Tn
V
DSn
< V
GSn
- V
Tn
V
DSn
> V
GSn
- V
Tn
V
out
< V
in
- V
Tn
V
out
> V
in
- V
Tn
I
Dp
I
Dn
Department of Computer Science
and Electrical Engineering
Inverter : Operating Regions
Cutoff Linear V
OL
> (V
DD
+V
T0,p
) E
Saturation Linear Low V
OL
V
IH
D
Saturation Saturation V
th
V
th
C
Linear Saturation High V
OH
V
IL
B
Linear Cutoff V
OH
< V
T0,n
A
pMOS nMOS V
out
V
in
Region
V
in
= V
gsn
= V
gsp
+ V
DD
V
out
= V
dsn
= V
dsp
+ V
DD
E
I
dsn
V
out
= 0
V
DD
54
I
dsn
I
dsp
V
out
B
V
DD
I
dsp
V
out
A
= 0
V
DD
C
I
dsn
I
dsp
V
out
V
DD
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
D
I
dsn
I
dsp
V
out
V
DD
V
in
- V
T0n
E
C
D
A
B
I
Dp
= 0
I
Dp
I
Dp
I
Dp
I
Dn
I
Dn
I
Dn
I
Dn
= 0
G
B
S
D
G B
S
D
V
DD
V
in
V
out
V
SS
I
dsp
I
dsn
I
Dp
I
Dn
V
DD
V
DD
V
out
V
in
V
DD
/2
V
DD
/2 V
Tn
V
DD
V
Tp
+
A B D
E
C
V
out
= V
in
- V
Tp
V
out
= V
in
- V
Tp
- V
T0p
LIN
LIN
SAT
V
in
- V
T0p
V
T0n
V
DD
+V
T0p
SAT
V
in
A B
C
D
E
V
out
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
55
I
dsp
V
out
A
= 0
V
DD
I
Dp
= I
Dn
= 0
V
OH
= V
DD
E
I
dsn
V
out
= 0
V
DD
I
Dp
= I
Dn
= 0
V
OL
= 0
CALCULATE V
OL
CALCULATE V
OH
E
A
I
Dn
= 0
I
Dp
= 0
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
56
I
dsn
I
dsp
V
out
B
V
DD
CALCULATE V
IL
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
V
GSn
V
T0 n
( )
2

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
2 V
GSp
V
T0 p
( )
V
DSp
V
DSp
2
[ ]
I
Dp
= I
Dn
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
V
in
V
T0 n
( )
2

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
2 V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
V
out
V
DD
( )
V
out
V
DD
( )
2
[ ]
V
GSn
= V
in
, V
GSp
= V
in
- V
DD
, V
DSp
= V
out
- V
DD
B
I
Dn
I
Dp
I
dn
G
B
S
D
G B
S
D
V
DD
V
in
V
out
V
SS
I
dsp
I
dsn
I
Dp
I
Dn
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
V
in
V
T0 n
( )
2

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
2 V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
V
out
V
DD
( )
V
out
V
DD
( )
2
[ ]
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
57
DIFFERENTIATING wrt V
in
k
n
'
W
L



_
,

n
V
in
V
T0 n
( ) k
p
'
W
L



_
,

p
V
out
V
DD
( ) + V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
dV
out
dV
in



V
out
V
DD
( )
dV
out
dV
in
1
]
1
(-1)
(-1)
V
IL
V
IL
V
IL

2 V
out
+ V
T0 p
V
DD
+ k
R
V
T 0 n
1+ k
R
k
n
'
W
L



_
,

n
V
IL
V
T0 n
( ) k
p
'
W
L



_
,

p
2V
out
V
IL
+ V
T 0 p
V
DD
[ ]
SOLVING FOR V
IL
k
R

k
n
'
W/L ( )
n
k
p
'
W/L ( )
p
where
(1)
(2)
SOLVE (1) and (2) for V
out
and V
IL
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
58
I
Dp
= I
Dn
D
I
dsn
I
dsp
V
out
V
DD
CALCULATE V
IH
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
2 V
GSn
V
T0 n
( )V
DSn
V
DSn
2
[ ]

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
V
GSp
V
T0 p
( )
2
V
GSn
= V
in
, V
DSn
= V
out
,V
GSp
= V
in
- V
DD
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
2 V
in
V
T0 n
( )V
out
V
out
2
[ ]

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
2
D
G
B
S
D
G B
S
D
V
DD
V
in
V
out
V
SS
I
dsp
I
dsn
I
Dp
I
Dn
I
Dp
I
Dn
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
2 V
in
V
T0 n
( )V
out
V
out
2
[ ]

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
2
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
59
DIFFERENTIATING wrt V
in
SOLVING FOR V
IH
V
IH

V
DD
+ V
T0 p
+ k
R
2V
out
+ V
T0 n
( )
1 + k
R
k
R

k
n
'
W/L ( )
n
k
p
'
W/L ( )
p
where
k
n
'
W
L



_
,

n
V
in
V
T0 n
( )
dV
out
dV
in
+ V
out
V
out
dV
out
dV
in



1
]
1
k
p
'
W
L



_
,

p
V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
(-1)
(-1)
V
IH
V
IH
(3)
(4)
SOLVE (3) and (4) for V
out
and V
IH
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
60
CALCULATE V
th
I
Dp
= I
Dn
C
I
dsn
I
dsp
V
out
V
DD
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
V
in
V
T0 n
( )
2

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
2
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
V
GSn
V
T0 n
( )
2

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
V
GSp
V
T0 p
( )
2
V
GSn
= V
in
, V
GSp
= V
in
- V
DD
C
G
B
S
D
G B
S
D
V
DD
V
in
V
out
V
SS
I
dsp
I
dsn
I
Dp
I
Dn
I
Dp
I
Dn
k
n
'
2
W
L



_
,

n
V
in
V
T0 n
( )
2

k
p
'
2
W
L



_
,

p
V
in
V
DD
V
T 0 p
( )
2
SOLVING for V
th
= V
in
V
in
V
th

V
T0 n
+
1
k
R
V
DD
+ V
T0 p
( )
1+
1
k
R



_
,

Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
61
NOTE THAT
V
th
= V
in
= V
out
V
th
- V
T0n
< V
out
< V
th
- V
T0p
V
DD
V
DD
V
out
V
in
V
DD
/2
V
DD
/2 V
Tn
V
DD
V
Tp
+
A B D
E
C V
out
V
out
= V
in
- V
Tp
V
in
- V
T0n
V
out
= V
in
- V
Tp
- V
T0p
LIN
LIN
SAT
V
in
- V
T0p
V
T0n
V
DD
+V
T0p
SAT
V
in
A B
C
D
E
Department of Computer Science
and Electrical Engineering
Effect of k
R
on V
th
V
DD
= 5V
V
T0,n
= 1.0V
V
T0,p
= -1.0V
k
R
= 0.25
k
R
= 1.0
k
R
= 4.0
V
in
= V
out
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Input Voltage (V)
V
in
- V
out
V
in
V
out
V
DD
V
th
V
T0n
V
DD
+ V
T0p
I
Dp
= I
Dn
I
DC
= 0, V
in
< V
T0n
I
DC
= 0, V
in
> V
DD
+ V
T0p
I
DC
= MAX, V
in
= V
th
POWER SUPPLY CURRENT VS V
IN
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
62
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
63
DESIGN OF CMOS INVERTERS
V
in
V
th

V
T0 n
+
1
k
R
V
DD
+ V
T0 p
( )
1+
1
k
R



_
,

SOLVING FOR k
R
FOR IDEAL INVERTER
V
th

1
2
V
DD
k
R

V
DD
+ V
T 0 p
V
th
V
th
V
T0 n



_
,

2
k
R
( )
ideal

0. 5V
DD
+ V
T 0 p
0. 5V
DD
V
T0 n



_
,

2
IF V
T0
= V
T0n
= - V
T0p
k
R
( )
symmetric
inverter
1
k
R

k
n
'
W/L ( )
n
k
p
'
W/L ( )
p

n
C
ox
W/L ( )
n

p
C
ox
W/L ( )
p

n
W/L ( )
n

p
W/L ( )
p
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
64
k
R
( )
symmetric
inverter
1
FOR SYMMETRIC INVERTER
W/L ( )
n
W/L ( )
p

n
W/L ( )
n
W/L ( )
p

230cm
2
/Vs
580cm
2
/Vs
W/L ( )
p
2.5 W/L ( )
n
V
IL

1
8
3 V
DD
2V
T0
( )
V
IH

1
8
5 V
DD
2V
T0
( )
V
T0
= V
T0n
= -V
T0p
V
IL
+ V
IH
= V
DD
NM
H
= V
OH
- V
IH
= V
DD
- V
IH
NM
L
= V
IL
- V
OL
= V
IL
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
65
POWER DISSIPATION CONSIDERATIONS
P
DC

V
DD
2
I
DC
(V
in
"0")+ I
DC
(V
in
"1")
[ ]

P(V
in
0) + P(V
in
1)
2
WHEN V
in
= V
OH
:
WHEN V
in
= V
OL
:
I
L
= I
D
= 0 => P(V
in
= 0) = 0
I
dsp
V
out
A
= 0
V
DD
E
I
dsn
V
out
= 0
V
DD
I
L
= I
D
= 0 => P(V
in
= 1) = 0
P
DC
= 0
A
E
I
Dp
= 0
I
Dn
= 0
DIE AREA CONSIDERATIONS
n
+
Polysilicon
n-Well
p
+
Metal 1
Contact/via
COLOR LEGEND
V
DD
GND V
out
V
in
V
DD
GND
V
out
V
in
Kenneth R. Laker, University of Pennsylvania
66
Department of Computer Science
and Electrical Engineering
Supply Voltage Scaling
V
DD
(min) = V
T0,n
+ |V
T0,p
|
For any input voltage: Atleast one
transistor is ON.
Department of Computer Science
and Electrical Engineering
Effect of V
DD
on VTC
Input Voltage (V)
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
V
in
= V
out
V
T0,n
= 1.0V
V
T0,p
= -1.0V
V
DD
= 4.0
V
DD
= 3.3
V
DD
= 5.0
V
DD
= 2.0