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98
CC PHNG PHP TNH TON NI LC
SN PHNG BTCT NG SUT TRC
METHODS CACULATE FORCE AND STRESS
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SLAB
ThS. NGUYN TIN THNH
Khoa Cng trnh, Trng HHH
Tm tt:
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic s dng sn ng sut trc trong ta nh cao tng em
li nhiu thun li hn so vi sn b tng ct thp thng thng. H thng sn b tng
ng sut trc rt ph hp cho sn nh cao tng vi ti trng ng v cn khng gian
ln, cng nh cc kt cu cn vt nhp ln.
V vy, vic nghin cu cc phng php tnh ton ni lc, ng sut trong sn b tng ng
sut trc l rt cn thit.
Abstract:
Recently, a lot of high-building applied prestressed concrete floor and took its advantages
than reinforce concrete. Prestressed, concrete slab systems are ideally suited for floor
construction of buildings where the live loads to be supported are of a higher order and
the uninterrupted floor space are desirable, for which reason longer spans between the
supporting elements are required.
Thus, research methods calculate force and stress prestressed concrete slab in high-
buildings is necessary.

1. t vn
B tng ng lc trc (BT ULT) l b tng, trong thng qua lc nn trc to ra v
phn b mt lng ng sut bn trong ph hp nhm cn bng vi mt lng mong mun ng
sut do ti trng ngoi gy ra. Vi cc cu kin BT ULT, ng sut thng c to ra bng cch
ko thp cng cao.
B tng thng c cng chu ko rt nh so vi cng chu nn. l nhn t
dn n vic xut hin mt loi vt liu hn hp l b tng ct thp (BTCT).
Nh cao tng hin nay ng dng rt nhiu tnh nng v cng ngh mi ca b tng.
Vic ng dng sn b tng ct thp ng lc trc trong thit k v thi cng nh cao tng l rt cn
thit.
2. Cc phng php tnh ton ni lc sn BTCT ULT
phn tch sn, tnh ton ni lc, ng sut trong sn c th s dng nhiu cch khc
nhau. Trong khun kh bi bo, tc gi ngh 3 phng php tnh ton c th ng dng ti Vit
Nam.
2.1 Phng php phn phi trc tip:
Trong tnh ton bn sn theo phng php phn phi trc tip, mmen un M
0
ca tng
bn c phn phi cho cc min mmen m v mmen dng da trn bng tra cc h s c
lp sn. Phng php phn phi trc tip mang tnh ng dng cao, d s dng v n gin. Tuy
nhin phm vi s dng hi b hn ch.
Phng php phn phi trc tip theo tiu chun ACI:
m bo kh nng chu un ca sn trng thi gii hn chu c m men m
v m men dng do ti trng bt li nht gy ra, tiu chun ACI a ra cc iu kin sau:
- Phi c t nht 3 nhp lin tc theo mi phng.

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- Cc nhp phi u nhau. Theo tng phng, cc nhp k nhau khng c chnh nhau
qu 1/3 chiu di nhp ln hn.
- Tt c cc ti trng u l ti trng ng, hot ti phi l ti trng phn b u v nh
hn 2 ln tnh ti.
- Cc sn phi l hnh ch nht, t l nhp di v nhp ngn khng c vt qu 2.
- Ct khng c lch v tr qu 10% khong cch gia cc ng tim ct ca cc ct k
tip nhau theo mi phng.
Quy trnh tnh ton theo phng php phn phi trc tip:
2.1.1 Xc nh m men tng cng:
M men tng cng do ti trng tnh ton M
0
:
2
0 2
0
. .
M
8
n
w l l
= (1)
Trong : w
u
: ti trng phn b
l
2
: b rng dm - bn.
l
n
: chiu di thng thu ca nhp, c tnh l khong cch gia 2 mt trong ca gi ta
(ct, m ct, hoc vch) nhng khng c nh hn 0.65l
1
(l
1
l khong cch tm 2 gi
ta).
2.1.2 Phn phi m men cho cc bn:
i vi cc nhp trong, m men M
0
c phn phi 65% cho m men m v 35% cho m
men dng. Gi tr ny xp x nh dm ngm 2 u chu ti trng phn b da trn gi thit gc
xoay ca cc im lin kt pha trong l khng ng k. Tit din ti hn i vi m men m l tit
din ti v tr mt gi ta (ct, tng, m ct) ca bn sn. Vi ct trn, tit din ti hn i vi m
men m nm ti v tr cnh hnh vung tng ng.
i vi cc ct bin, lc ch tc dng ln ct mt pha nn s gy ra m men khng cn
bng. Gc xoay s lm gim m men m v tng m men dng gia nhp v gi trong u
tin. ln gc xoay ca ct bin ph thuc vo cng ca ct tng ng. Nu cng ca
ct ln so vi cng ca dm - bn, ct s ngn cn gc xoay ca bin ngoi ca sn v ng
vai tr nh mt lin kt ngm, t l phn phi m men M
0
s tng t nh cc nhp trong (65% ti
gi v 35% ti nhp). Ngc li, nu cng ca ct khng ln, ct ng vai tr nh mt gi c
nh. Lc ny, m men ti gi ngoi s bng 0, m men gia nhp l 0.63M
0
, m men ti gi trong
u tin bng 0.75M
0
. Nu sn khng c dm bin, t l phn phi ln lt cho cc tit din trn
s l 0.26M
0
, 0.50M
0
, 0.70M
0
. Nu sn c dm bin: 0.30M
0
, 0.50M
0
, 0.70M
0
.
2.1.3 Phn phi m men cho cc di nhp v di ct:
Sau khi phn phi m men cho cc bn, cn phn phi m men cho cc di nhp v di
ct ca bn.
S phn phi m men m v m men dng cho cc di ct ph thuc vo t s l
2
/l
1
v l
2
/l
1
, vi
sn khng dm =0. Sau khi phn phi m men cho di ct, lng m men cn li s phn phi
cho di nhp.

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Hnh 1. S di ct v di nhp
- i vi m men dng, 60% s phn phi cho di ct.
- i vi m men m:
i vi nhp gia, 75% m men m phn phi cho di ct.
i vi nhp bin, s phn phi m men ph thuc l
2
/l
1
, l
2
/l
1
, cng chng xon ca
dm bin
t
.
.
2. .
cb
t
cs s
E C
E I
= (2)
Trong : E
cb
v E
cs
: m un n hi ca b tng dm v b tng sn
I
s
: m men qun tnh ca dm bn
C: hng s lin quan n cng chng xon ca dm bin
3
.
1 0.63 .
3
x x y
C
y
| |
=
|
\ .

(3)
vi x l cnh ngn, y l cnh di ca tit din ch nht thnh phn trong tit din ngang chu
xon trong phm vi chiu cao tit din ct.
Nu
t
rt nh, gn bng 0, 100% m men m s phn phi cho di ct. Nu
t
2.5 th 75%
m men m s phn b cho di ct.
2.2 Phng php khung tng ng
V lc ct v m men un trong sn l do ti trng thng ng tc dng ln tng sn nn
c th phn tch c lp tng sn. Phng php khung tng ng c dng xc nh ni
lc cho sn, s nhp bt k, nhp c th l u hoc khng u nhau. Theo phng php ny,
tng tng ct ton b sn dc theo ng tim ca sn, to thnh khung theo c 2 phng, gi
l khung tng ng..
Khung tng ng c phn t ct bao gm 2 ct tng trn v tng di k tip nhau
ca sn v phn t dm c chiu rng tnh t tm 2 nhp k tip nhau, chiu cao bng chiu dy
sn. Ct c gi thit l ngm 2 u.

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Hnh 2. S khung tng ng.
2.2.1 M men qun tnh ca dm - bn:
M men qun tnh ca dm - bn thay i dc theo trc dm - bn do nh hng ca kch
thc cc b phn kt cu ct, m ct v bn m ct (nu c). cng ca bn sn ti v tr ct
hoc trong phm vi m ct c th xem nh cng tuyt i, ti gn v tr vi m ct hoc ct,
cng ca dm - bn nh hn. T tim ct n mt ct hoc mp m ct, m men qun tnh ca
dm - bn ly bng m men qun tnh ti mt ct hoc ti mt m ct chia cho (1 - c
2
/l
2
)
2
, trong
c
2
l kch thc ca ct hoc m ct, l
2
l kch thc nhp theo phng ang xt.
2.2.2 Ct tng ng:
Trong khung tng ng, i vi sn khng dm, ton b phn m men trong sn gia
cc cnh ct v dm - bn s truyn thng qua lc xon. m t phn ng ca kt cu i vi
s truyn m men gia sn v ct do un v xon, gi thit rng ct c cnh tay n v 2 pha ca
ct. Cnh tay n ny s truyn m men t sn vo ct thng qua xon. Ct pha trn v ct pha
di sn cng vi cnh tay n ny c coi nh mt cu kin, c gi l ct tng ng.

Hnh 3. Ct tng ng

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cng ca ct tng ng c tnh nh sau:

1 1 1
ec c t
K K K
= +
E
(4)
Trong : K
ec
: cng ca ct tng ng
K
c
: tng cng ca ct pha trn v pha di sn
cng ca ct: K
c
=k
c
EI/l
c

Vi ct c tit din khng i: k
c
=4
l
c
: chiu di ca ct c tnh t tm sn tng di n tm sn tng trn.
K
t
: cng chng xon ca cnh tay n

3
2 2 2
9
(1 / )
cs
t
E C
K
l c l
=

(5)
E
cs
: m un n hi ca b tng sn
c
2
: b rng ct
l
2
: b rng ca dm - bn
C: m men chng xon ca cnh tay n.
Vi tit din hnh ch nht:

3
.
1 0.63 .
3
x x y
C
y
| |
=
|
\ .

(6)
vi x l cnh ngn, y l cnh di ca tit din ch nht thnh phn trong tit din ngang
chu xon trong phm vi chiu cao tit din ct.
Nu c dm theo phng vung gc vi phng tnh ton chy qua ct th K
t
nn tng ln
I
sb
/I
s
vi I
s
l m men qun tnh ca bn khng k n thn dm, I
sb
l m men qun tnh ng thi
ca bn v dm.
Lc , cng thc (4) tr thnh:

1 1 1
( / )
ec c t sb s
K K K I I
= +

(7)
2.2.3 Tnh ton m men trong khung tng ng:
C th s dng my tnh vi cc chng trnh tnh ton theo phng php phn t hu
hn xc nh m men trong khung tng ng.
2.3 Phng php phn t hu hn
Hin nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v cc phn mm tnh ton theo
phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH), vic tnh ton ngy cng tr nn thun tin v chnh xc.
Phng php PTHH l mt cng c c hiu lc gii cc bi ton t n gin n phc tp
trong nhiu lnh vc. Thc cht ca phng php ny l chia vt th bin dng thnh nhiu phn
t c kch thc hu hn gi l phn t hu hn. Cc phn t ny c lin kt vi nhau bng
cc im gi l nt. Cc phn t ny vn l cc phn t lin tc trong phm vi ca n, nhng do
c hnh dng n gin nn cho php nghin cu d dng hn da trn c s ca mt s quy lut

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v s phn b chuyn v v ni lc. Kt cu lin tc c chia thnh mt s hu hn cc min
hoc cc kt cu con c kch thc cng nh cng tt nhng phi hu hn. Cc min hoc cc
kt cu con c gi l cc PTHH, chng c th c dng hnh hc v kch thc khc nhau, tnh
cht vt liu c gi thit khng thay i trong mi phn t nhng c th thay i t phn t ny
sang phn t khc.
Kch thc hnh hc v s lng cc phn t khng nhng ph thuc vo hnh dng hnh
hc v tnh cht chu lc ca kt cu (bi ton phng hay bi ton khng gian, h thanh hay h
tm v...) m cn ph thuc vo yu cu v mc chnh xc ca bi ton t ra. Li PTHH
cng mau, ngha l s lng phn t cng nhiu hay kch thc ca phn t cng nh th mc
chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton cng tng, t l thun vi s phng trnh phi gii.
Cc c trng ca cc PTHH c phi hp vi nhau a n mt li gii tng th
cho ton h. Phng trnh cn bng ca tan h kt cu c suy ra bng cch phi hp cc
phng trnh cn bng ca cc PTHH ring r sao cho vn m bo c tnh lin tc ca ton
b kt cu. Cui cng, cn c vo iu kin bin, gii h phng trnh cn bng tng th xc
nh gi tr ca cc thnh phn chuyn v. Cc thnh phn ny c dng tnh ng sut v bin
dng.
3. Kt lun.
Nh vy ng lc trc chnh l vic to ra cho kt cu mt cch c ch cc ng sut
tm thi nhm tng cng s lm vic ca vt liu trong cc iu kin s dng khc nhau. Chnh
v vy b tng ULT tr thnh mt s kt hp l tng gia hai loi vt liu hin i c cng
cao.
Phng php phn phi trc tip v khung tng ng l 2 phng php c in, nhm
xc nh s b ban u hoc tnh ton gn ng.
Phng php PTHH ng dng tnh ton cc phn mm chuyn ngnh nn cho kt qu
chnh xc hn nhng cn kim sot c s liu u vo v x l cc s liu u ra.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Ng Th Phong, Nguyn nh Cng, Trnh Kim m, Nguyn Xun Lin, Nguyn Phn Tn,
Kt cu b tng ct thp (phn cu kin c bn), NXB Khoa hc v K thut,H Ni, 2001.
[2] ] Ng Th Phong, L Trn Cng, Trnh Kim m, Nguyn L Ninh, Kt cu b tng ct thp
(phn cu kin nh ca), NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2001.
[3] Phan Quang Minh, Thit k sn b tng ng lc trc, NXB Trng i hc Xy dng H ni, 2008.
[4] Bungale S. Taranth, Steel,concrete & composite design of tall buildings, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
[5] J ames R. Libby , Modern Pre-streesd Concrete, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984.

Ngi phn bin: TS. Phm Ton c