1

TNG QUAN V T HIM VIT NAM

Bi Tt Hp - Cc Kinh t a cht v Khong sn
Trnh nh Hun - Lin on a cht x - him

Tm tt: Nhng kt qu iu tra, nh gi, thm d t nhng nm 1950 n nay
khng nh Vit Nam l quc gia c tim nng ln v t him. Cc m t him
Vit Nam c quy m t trung bnh n ln, ch yu l t him nhm nh (nhm lantan
- ceri), c ngun gc nhit dch v tp trung vng Ty Bc Vit Nam, to iu kin
thun li pht trin thnh mt cm cng nghip khai thc, ch bin t him trong
tng lai. Vi nhu cu s dng t him trn th gii ngy cng tng, c bit hin nay
Trung Quc (nc cung cp 95% t him cho th trng th gii) bt u thc hin
chnh sch d tr ti nguyn khong sn th th trng t him th gii tr nn si
ng. V vy, cng tc iu tra, nh gi v thm d t him cng nh nghin cu
chnh sch u t khai thc, ch bin, xut khu t him hin nay cn c c bit
quan tm.
1. Khi qut chung v t him
1.1. c im a ha - khong vt
t him l nhm gm 15 nguyn t ging nhau v mt ha hc trong bng h
thng tun hon Mendeleev v c gi chung l lantan, gm cc nguyn t c s th
t t 57 (lantan) n s th t 71 (lutexi). Thng thng ytri (s th t 39) v scandi
(s th t 21) cng c xp vo nhm t him v trong t nhin n lun i cng cc
nguyn t ny. Cc nguyn t t him v c tnh c bn ca t him c thng k
bng 1.
Bng 1. Cc nguyn t t him v cc c tnh c bn
TT Nguyn t
K hiu
ho hc
Th t
nguyn t
Ho
tr
Nguyn t
lng
HLTB
trong v tri
t (ppm)
Cc oxyt
1 Lantan La 57 3 138,92 29,00 La
2
O
3

2 Ceri Ce 58 3,4 140,13 60,00 CeO
2

3 Prazeodim Pr 59 3,4 140,92 9,00 Pr
4
O
11

4 Neodim Nd 60 3 144,27 37,00 Nd
2
O
3

5 Prometi Pm 61 3 145,00 - Khng
6 Samari Sm 62 2,3 150,43 8,00 Sm
2
O
3

7 Europi Eu 63 2,3 152,00 1,30 Eu
2
O
3

8 Gadoloni Gd 64 3 156,90 8,00 Gd
2
O
3

9 Tecbi Tb 65 3,4 159,20 2,50 Tb
4
O
7

10 Dysprosi Dy 66 3 162,46 5,00 Dy
2
O
3

11 Honmi Ho 67 3 164,94 1,70 Ho
2
O
3

12 Erbi Er 68 3 167,20 3,00 Er
2
O
3

13 Tuli Tm 69 3 169,40 0,50 Tm
2
O
3

14 Ytecbi Yb 70 2,3 173,04 0,33 Yb
2
O
3


2
TT Nguyn t
K hiu
ho hc
Th t
nguyn t
Ho
tr
Nguyn t
lng
HLTB
trong v tri
t (ppm)
Cc oxyt
15 Lutexi Lu 71 3 174,99 0,50 Lu
2
O
3

16 Ytri Y 39 3 88,92 29,00 Y
2
O
3

17 Scandi Sc 21 3 59,72 - Sc
2
O
3
Trong cng ngh tuyn khong, cc nguyn t t him c phn thnh hai
nhm: nhm nh v nhm nng hay cn gi l nhm lantan-ceri v nhm ytri. Trong
mt s trng hp, c bit l k thut tch trit, cc nguyn t t him c chia ra
ba nhm: nhm nh, nhm trung gian v nhm nng (xem bng 2).
Bng 2. Phn nhm cc nguyn t t him
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y
Nhm nh (nhm lantan ceri) Nhm nng (nhm ytri)
Nhm nh Nhm trung Nhm nng
Thc t cc nguyn t him ny khng him trn tri t (hnh 1). Theo Cc
Kho st a cht Lin bang M - USGS: Fact Sheet 087-02, 2002, hm lng trung
bnh ca ceri (Ce=60ppm) cao hn hm lng trung bnh ca ng (Cu=50ppm), ngay
c nh lutexi (c hm lng trung bnh trn tri t t nht trong nhm t him) cng
c hm lng trung bnh cao hn antimon (Sb), bismut (Bi), cacdimi (Cd) v thali (Tl).

Hnh 1. S phn b ca cc nguyn t trong v tri t
Hin nay bit khong 250 khong vt cha t him, trong c trn 60
khong vt cha t 5 8% t him tr ln v chng c chia thnh hai nhm:
- Nhm th nht: gm cc khong vt cha t t him, c th thu hi nh mt
sn phm i km trong qu trnh khai thc v tuyn qung.
- Nhm th hai: gm cc khong vt giu t him c th s dng trc tip nh
sn phm hn hp t him.
Theo thnh phn ho hc, cc khong vt t him c chia thnh 9 nhm:
1. Fluorur: yttofluorit, gagarunit v fluoserit.

3
2. Carbonat v fluocarbonat: bastnezit, parizit, ancylit, hoanghit
3. Phosphat: monazit, xenotim
4. Silicat: gadolinit, britholit, thortveibit
5. Oxyt: ferguxonit, esinit, euxenit
6. Arsenat: checrolit
7. Borat: braitschit
8. Sulfat: chukhrolit
9. Vanadat: vakefieldit
Trong 9 nhm trn, 5 nhm u l quan trng nht, c bit l nhm
fluocarbonat, phosphat v oxyt. Trong , cc khong vt bastnezit, monazit, xenotim
v gadolinit lun c xem l nhng khong vt quan trng.
1.2. Lnh vc s dng
Cc sn phm ca t him c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip,
nng nghip, y hc, Nhng lnh vc s dng chnh ca cc nguyn t t him v
hn hp ca chng tm tt bng 3.
Bng 3. Lnh vc s dng chnh ca cc nguyn t t him v hn hp
TT Tn K hiu Lnh vc s dng
1 Ceri Ce
Cht xc tc; gm, s; knh; mt hp kim ca kim loi t
him c s dng khng ch cho nh la trong bt
la m cn c s dng, c l quan trng hn, trong thp
thanh lc bi s loi b oxy v sulfur; cht hunh quang
v bt nh bng
2 Dysprosi Dy
Gm, s; cht hunh quang v ng dng ht nhn; nam
chn vnh cu
3 Erbi Er
Gm, s; thuc nhum knh; si quang hc; ng dng ht
nhn v laze
4 Europi Eu Cht hunh quang
5 Gadolini Gd
Gm, s; knh; s d tm v trc quan ho nh y hc
quang hc v t tnh
6 Holmi Ho Gm, s; ng dng ht nhn v laze
7 Lantan La
Cht xc tc t ng; gm, s; knh; cht hunh quang v
cht nhum
8 Luteti Lu
Tinh th n cht pht sng, cht xc tc, sn xut hunh
quang tia X c bit
9 Neodym Nd
Cht xc tc; my lc IR, laze; cht nhum v nam chm
vnh cu
10 Praseodym Pr Gm, s; knh v cht nhum; nam chm vnh ca
11 Promethi Pm Cht hunh quang, pin ht nhn v dng c o lng thu nh
12 Samari Sm B lc vi ba; ng dng ht nhn v nam chm vnh cu
13 Scandi Sc
Khng gian v tr; gy bng chy; ng dng ht nhn;
cht bn dn v chiu sng
14 Terbi Tb Cht hunh quang; nam chn vnh cu; pin nhin liu
15 Thuli Tm Trc quan ho nh y hc v ng chm in t
16 Ytterbi Yb Cng nghip ho hc v ngh luyn kim
17 Yttri Y
T in; cht hunh quang (ng dn tia catiot-CRT v
n), cng ngh rada v cht siu dn

4
1.3. Cc kiu m cng nghip
t him c th to thnh m cng nghip c lp hoc l cc nguyn t i cng
vi nhiu loi hnh ngun gc khc nhau. Theo Greta J. Orris1 and Richard I. Grauch
[11] c th chia ra lm 17 kiu m t him nh sau:
1- Kiu cacbonatit (Carbonatites)
2- Kiu cacbonatit c lm giu (Carbonatites with residual enrichment)
3- Kiu m lin quan n phc h xm nhp kim (Alkaline igneous complexes)
4- Kiu oxyt st nhit dch (Hydrothermal iron-oxide deposits)
5- Kiu m lin quan n phun tro (Other Igneous affiliated)
6- Kiu m lin quan n bin cht (Deposits hosted by metamorphic rocks)
7- Kiu m sa khong b bin (Shoreline placer deposits)
8- Kiu m sa khong trm tch bi t (Alluvial placer deposits)
9- Kiu m sa khong khng r ngun gc (Placer uncertain origin)
10- Kiu m sa khong c (Paleoplacers)
11- Kiu m hp th ion (Ion adsorption weathering crusts)
12- Kiu phosphorit (Phosphorites)
13- Kiu bauxit hoc laterit chnh (Bauxite or lateraite hosted)
14- Kiu m fluorit (F deposits)
15- Kiu m ch (Pb deposits)
16- Kiu m urani (Uranium deposits)
17- Cc kiu khc: Hn hp v khng xc nh (Others: miscellaneous and unkown).
Trong cc loi hnh m nu trn, quan trng nht l cc loi hnh 1, 2, 3, 11, 12,
14 chng chim tr lng khai thc c hiu qu v sn lng khai thc ch yu trn th
gii hin nay.
1.4. Nhu cu v th trng qung t him
Nm 1794: Sn xut thng mi t him u tin ti o.
Nm 1953: Nhu cu t him khong 1.000 tn (tng ng 25.000.000 USD).
Nm 1965: M khai thc m t him c lp u tin l Mountain Pass (M).
Nm 2003: Nhu cu t him khong 85.000 tn (tng ng 500.000.000 USD).
Nm 2008: Nhu cu t him khong 124.000 tn (tng ng 1,25 t USD).
Nm 2015: D kin nhu cu t him trn ton th gii khong 200.000 tn
(tng ng 2,0 3,0 t USD).
D bo nhu cu th trng t him n nm 2015 ( 15%) th hin hnh 2.

Hnh 2. D bo nhu cu th trng t him ca th gii n nm 2015
(theo IMCOA)
Hin nay, Trung Quc sn xut hn 95% cc nguyn t t him trn th gii,
mt s nc ang pht trin nh Canada, M v Australia. D bo trong thi gian ti
nhu cu cung v cu s c cn i. Tuy nhin, cc nguyn t t him nhm nhm
nh (LREE) c d bo l cung vt qu cu, trong khi cc nguyn t t him nhm
nng (HREE) nhu cu s ngy cng tng, lng cung s khng lng cu. Lng
sn xut t him trn th gii t nm 1985 n nm 2009 c th hin hnh 3. Cc
nc tiu th t him ln nht l M (26,95%), Nht Bn (22,69%), Trung Quc
(21,27%). Cc nc xut khu cc sn phm t him ln nht l Trung Quc, M,
Nht, Thi Lan. Cc nc nhp khu cc sn phm t him ln nht l Nht Bn,
Php, c, Anh, Australia. D bo gi ca mt s kim loi t him n nm 2015 nh
bng 4.













Hnh 3. Sn lng t him sn xut t nm 1985 - 2009

5

Bng 4. D bo gi ca mt s oxyt kim loi t him n nm 2015
(Theo tp on Mackie Research Capital)
Gi (USD)
xyt t him
Nm
2010
Nm
2011
Nm
2012
Nm
2013
Nm
2014
Nm
2015
Dysprosium oxide (Dy) 305 375 454 504 580 672
Dysprosium Fe (Dy) 300 369 446 496 570 661
Gadolinium oxide
(Gd
2
O
3
)
70 73 71 78 65 55
Lutetium Oxide (Lu
2
O
3
) 412 461 517 579 648 726
Terbium oxide (Tb
4
O
7
) 6 7 1 1 1 10 78 968 .172 .373 .029
Yttrium Oxide (Y
2
O
3
) 78 99 121 135 163 186
Neodymium (Nd
2
O
3
) 90 113 125 151 176 238
Europium Oxide (Eu
2
O
3
) 45 49 54 6 6 7 4 9 9 04 65 31
Yttrium Oxide (Y
2
O
3
) 8 8 3 10 11 12
Theo thng k gi ca USGS gi t him trn th gii t nm 1970 n nm
2010 c s bin ng theo tng nm, tng giai on v nhu cu s dng. T nm 1970
n nm 1988 do nhu cu s dng t him cha cao v ch p dng trong mt s lnh
vc nht nh, do vy gi t him cha cao. T nm 1988 n nm 1993 gi t him
tng mnh t 2.050USD/tn tng nh im trn 10.000USD/tn, sau t nm 1993
n nm 2006 gi t him nhn chung gim dn v thp nht l nm 2006, gi t him
sp x 4.000USD/tn. Tuy nhin, vo nm 2010 gi t him tng mnh m, vt
ngng 12.000USD/tn (hnh 4).


Hnh 4. Biu thng k gi t him t nm 1970 n nm 2010
ng trng trung bnh t 12,5% n trn 122,9% ty theo lnh vc cng nghip
(bng 5).
D bo t nay n nm 2014 tc tng trng ca cc ngnh ngh cng nghip
ph thng tng mnh dn n vic s dng cc nguyn t t him cng tng ln vi
mc t

6
Bng 5. D kin tng trng ca cc ng dng lin quan vi t him n nm 2014
(theo trang website: http://metal-pages.com)
n v tnh (000s)
Lnh vc s dng
Nm 2008 Nm 2014
Tng trng
hng nm (%)
Nguyn t s dng
My tnh 293.000 529.000 12,5 Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Dy
Xe p, xe my in 23.000 100.000 34,2 Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Dy
Bnh c quy xe in 527 2.717 38,8 La, Ce, Pr, Nd
Xe my in 527 2.717 38,8 Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Dy
Mn hnh LCD 102.200 375.000 29,7 Eu, Y, Tb, La, Ce
in thoi theo tiu
chun Chu u (CE)
1.055 58.000 122,9 Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Dy
in thoi 1.222.245 2.250.000 13,0 Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Dy
Tua bin gi 81 239 24,1 Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Dy
2. Khong sn t him Vit Nam
2.1. c im phn b
Cc kt qu nghin cu, tm kim, thm d pht hin v ghi nhn nhiu m,
im qung t him trn lnh th Vit Nam (hnh 5).

Hnh 5. S phn b cc m t him Vit Nam
- Cc m t him gc v v phong ho phn b Ty Bc gm Nm Xe, Nam
Nm Xe, ng Pao (Lai Chu), Mng Hum (Lo Cai), Yn Ph (Yn Bi).

7

8
- t him trong sa khong ch yu dng monazit, xenotim l loi phosphat
t him, t hn l silicat t him (orthit). Trong sa khong ven bin, monazit, xenotim
c tp trung cng vi ilmenit vi cc mc hm lng khc nhau, phn b ven b
bin t Qung Ninh n Vng Tu. Sa khong monazit trong lc a thng phn b
cc thm sng, sui in hnh l cc m monazit vng Bc B Khng (Ngh An) nh
cc im monazit Pom Lu - Bn Tm, Chu Bnh Monazit trong sa khong ven
bin c coi l sn phm i km v c thu hi trong qu trnh khai thc ilmenit.
Ngoi cc kiu m t him nu trn, vng Ty Bc Vit Nam cn gp nhiu
im qung, biu hin khong ho t him trong cc i mch ng - molipden nhit
dch, mch thch anh - x - him nm trong cc bin cht c, trong vi; cc th
migmatit cha khong ho urani, thori v t him Sin Chi, Thn Sin (Lai Chu);
Lng Pht, Lng Nho (Yn Bi); nhng cha c nh gi.
2.2. Cc kiu m cng nghip
* Theo ngun gc c th chia cc m, im qung t him trn lnh th Vit
Nam thnh 3 loi hnh m nh sau:
- M nhit dch: phn b Ty Bc, gm cc m ln, c gi tr nh Bc Nm
Xe, Nam Nm Xe, ng Pao, Mng Hum, Yn Ph v hng lot cc biu hin khong
ho t him khc trong vng. Thn qung c dng mch, thu knh, , i xuyn ct
vo cc c thnh phn khc nhau: vi, phun tro baz, syenit, phin.
Hm lng tng oxyt t him trong cc m t 1% n trn 36%.
- Kiu m hp th ion: kiu m ny mi c pht hin ti khu vc huyn Bo
Thng, tnh Lo Cai. Qung t him phn v phong ha ca granit kim, hm lng
tng t him khong 0,0443 0,3233%, trung bnh khong 0,1% tREO. Cc kt qu
nghin cu bc u cho thy, kiu qung ny tuy hm lng t him khng cao,
nhng iu kin khai thc thun li, cng ngh tch tuyn qung n gin. Do , cn
c quan tm iu tra, thm d khai thc khi c nhu cu.
- M sa khong: gm 2 kiu sa khong cha t him:
+ Sa khong lc a: phn b vng Bc B Khng (Pom Lu, Chu Bnh v
Bn Gi). Ti cc m, im qung ny t him di dng khong vt monazit,
xenotim i cng ilmenit, zircon. Qung nm trong cc trm tch thm sng bc I v II.
Ngun cung cp cc khong vt cha t him ch yu t khi granit B Khng. Hm
lng monazit 0,15 4,8kg/m
3
, iu kin khai thc, tuyn n gin nn cn c quan
tm thm d v khai thc khi c nhu cu.
+ Sa khong ven bin: ven bin Vit Nam c nhiu m v im qung sa khong
ilmenit c cha cc khong vt t him (monazit, xenotim) vi hm lng t 0,45
4,8kg/m
3
nh m K Khang, K Ninh, Cm Ha, Cm Nhng (H Tnh), K Sung
(Tha Thin Hu), Ct Khnh (Bnh nh), Hm Tn (Bnh Thun) Tuy nhin,
monazit, xenotim trong cc m titan sa khong cha c nh gi y .
* Theo thnh phn nguyn t, qung t him Vit Nam c th chia lm 2 loi:
- t him nhm nh: gm cc m Nam Nm Xe, Bc Nm Xe, ng Pao v
qung sa khong. Trong , khong vt t him ch yu l bastnezit (Nm Xe, ng
Pao, Mng Hum) v monazit (Bc B Khng, sa khong ven bin).
- t him nhm nng: in hnh l m Yn Ph, t l hm lng oxyt t him
nhm nng trn tng oxyt t him trung bnh khong 30%. Ngoi m Yn Ph, m t
him Mng Hum, t l ny tng i cao, trung bnh khong 22%.

9
2.3. Tr lng v ti nguyn
Tr lng v ti nguyn t him cc m c tm kim, nh gi v thm
d c thng k bng 6.
Qua bng 6 cho thy:
- Tng tr lng v ti nguyn t him trong cc m gc v phong ha Vit
Nam t khong trn 16 triu tn tng oxyt t him, tp trung ch yu tnh Lai Chu.
Cc m t him gc v phong ha Vit Nam u thuc loi quy m ln, trong m
t him ln nht l Bc Nm Xe.
- Tng tr lng v ti nguyn monazit khong 7.000 tn. Khi lng ti nguyn
khng ln nhng phn b tp trung, iu kin khai thc, tuyn n gin nn cn c
quan tm thm d v khai thc khi c nhu cu.
Bng 6. Tng hp tr lng v ti nguyn t him Vit Nam
Tr lng-Ti
nguyn (tn)
TT
Tn m,
im
qung
cha
qung

Thnh phn
khong vt qung
Hm lng
1
2
1

1
2
2

3
3
3

3
3
4

T

n
g


Ghi ch
1
M
t him
ng Pao
syenit
phc h
Pusamcap
Bastnezit, parizit,
lantanit, octit.
0,539%
TR
2
O
3

3
7
0
.
5
8
3

1
.
4
7
5
.
6
9
9

2
.
5
3
5
.
5
9
1


4
.
3
8
1
.
8
7
3


2
M
t him
Bc
Nm Xe
vi
h tng
Na Vang
Bastnezit, parizit,
cordilit, fluocerit,
sinkizit, lantanit,
mariniakit, octit,
monazit, xenotim,
uranokiecxit,
Qung phong
ha:
2,016,8%
TR
2
O
3

Qung gc:
0,631,35%
TR
2
O
3


1
.
7
4
4
.
6
6
2

5
.
9
6
2
.
7
9
9


7
.
7
0
7
.
4
6
1

ang
thm d
3
M
t him
Nam Nm
Xe
phu tro
h tng
Vin Nam
Parizit, flogopit,
basnezit, lantanit
0,536%
TR
2
O
3

5
.
6
8
0

1
9
3
.
4
8
8

7
4
0
.
8
9
1

3
.
1
5
0
.
0
0
0

4
.
0
9
0
.
0
5
9

ang
thm d
4
M
t him
Mng
Hum
Trm tch
t
Monazit, bastnezit,
samarskit,
rabdophanit,
cordinit, exinit,
thorit, zircon
1,03,18%
TR
2
O
3


4
5
.
9
7
6

8
3
.
2
3
1

1
2
9
.
2
0
7

Quy
hoch
d tr
Quc
gia
5
M
t him
Yn Ph
phin
h tng
Sng Mua
Ferguxoxit,
xenotim, monazit,
samackit, octit,
treralit, cherchit,
rapdofanit,
tocbecnit
0,17%
TR
2
O
3


2
7
.
6
8
1

4
.
0
1
4


3
1
.
6
9
5


6
M
monazit
Pom Lu
Trm tch
t
Monazit, xenotim,
orthit
0,154,8
kg/m
3
Monazit

1
.
0
9
0

2
2
5

1
.
3
1
5


7
M
monazit
Chu Bnh
Trm tch
t
Monazit, xenotim,
orthit
0,15 4,8
kg/m
3
Monazit

2
.
6
3
2

7
3
4

3
.
3
6
6


8
M
monazit
Bn Gi
Trm tch
t
Monazit, xenotim,
orthit
0,15 4,8
kg/m
3
Monazit

7
1
0

2
.
0
3
9

2
.
7
4
9



10

Kt lun
Vit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia c tim nng ln v qung t him, cc
m t him ch yu thuc nhm nh, hm lng qung thuc loi trung bnh, phn b
tp trung vng Ty Bc, nn c iu kin thun li pht trin thnh mt cm cng
nghip khai thc, ch bin trong tng lai. V vy, nh nc cn c chnh sch u t
thm d, khai thc ngun ti nguyn khong sn ny phc v pht trin kinh t khu vc
v t nc.
Cng vi cng tc thm d v khai thc cc m t him bit nh ng Pao,
Nm Xe cn tip tc u t pht hin, nh gi loi hnh t him mi (kiu hp
th ion) nhm gia tng ngun ti nguyn, phc v pht trin kinh t lu di.
Cng tc nh gi, thm d sa khong ven bin cn ch trng nh gi ti
nguyn monazit mt cch y . Monazit trong sa khong ven bin c hm lng
khng cao nhng iu kin khai thc, thu hi d nn cn ch thu hi kt hp trong
qu trnh khai thc qung sa khong ven bin nhm s dng trit ti nguyn v bo
v mi trng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Ngc Anh, Phm V ng v nnk, 1972. Bo co kt qu cng tc tm
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GENERAL OUTLINES OF RARE EARTHS IN VIET NAM
BUI TAT HOP
1
, TRINH DINH HUAN
2

1
Department of Geological and Mineral Economy
2
Geological Division of Radioactivity and Rare Earths
The results of investigation, evaluation and exploration from the 1950s to date
have been confirming that Viet Nam is a country of great potential in rare earths. Rare
earth mines in Viet Nam are of from medium to large size, mainly of light rare earth
group (lanthanum-cerium group), of hydrothermal origin and are concentrated in
Northwest Viet Nam, creating favourable conditions to develop into a complex of
extraction industry and processing of rare earths in the future. With the increasing
demand for rare earths in the world, especially when China (supplying 95% of rare
earths to the world market) begins a policy of reserve of mineral resources, the world
market of rare earths becomes animated. Therefore, the investigation, evaluation and
exploration of rare earths, as well as study of a policy of investment in the exploitation,
processing and export of rare earths at present need a special attention.