VAO-Tamil Mini Materials Sriram Coaching Centre P.rajalingam

TNPSC VAO TAMIL MATERIALS 1
ntw;wp cWjp ! ntw;wp cWjp !! ntw;wp cWjp !!!

cq;fis muR mhpaizapy; mkh;j;Jk; xNu epWtdk;
ntw;wp thif #l! tho;j;Jf;fSld; ..
=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lH =uhk; fy;;tp mwf;fl; lis
TN.GJf;Fb - Gspaq;Fb rajalingam.rp@gmail.com
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Mrphpah; gzpNa mwg;gzp
mjw;Nf cz;id mh;g;gzp

jkpOf;F njhz;L nra;Njhh; rha;tjpy;iy
jkpo; njhz;ld; ghujpjhd; nrj;jJz;Nlh? -mJNghy
fy;tpf;Fk; njhz;L nra;Nthk;
fy;tpr;NrhiyNahL ,ize;J!!!

vdJ ,e;j gilg;gpid vdJ flTshd lhf;lh;
rh;tgs;sp uhjhfpU\;dz; mth;fSf;Fk; vdf;F
Kd;khjphpahf jpfOk; cr;rePjpkd;w cah;ePjpgjp
gp.rjhrptk; gps;is mth;fSf;F rkh;gpf;fpNwd;..
,e;Ehiy ntspapl cjtp nra;j fy;tpr;Nrhiy je;j
fh;zd; Njtjh]; Iah mth;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpia
chpj;jhf;FfpNwd;

,g;gbf;F
gp.,uh[ypq;fk; BA.,D.T.Ed.,DCTT

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TNPSC-VAO
TAMIL-MATERIALS

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khzth;fNs ez; gh;fNs!!
fpuhk eph;thf mYtyh; Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngWtJ vd;gJ
kpf vspjhFk;. Vnddpy; fzpjk; kw;Wk; mwptpaypy; Nfl;fg;gLk;
tpdhf;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;L fpuhk eph;thf mYtyh;pd; gzpfSk;
flikfSk; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs; gw;wpa ghlj;jpw; F 25 kjpg;ngz;
nfhL;g;gjhYk; jkpio njspthf gbf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ,j;Njh;tpy;
ntw;wp ngWtJ vd;gJ vspjhFk;
jkpo; -- 100 tpdhf;fs;
tuyhW -- 30 tpdhf;fs;
elg;G epfo;Tfs; -- 08 tpdhf;fs;
fzpjk; -- 15 tpdhf;fs;
mwptpay; -- 22 tpdhf;fs;
fpuhk eph;thf mYtyh; -- 25 tpdhf;fs;
,e;j Nghl;b epiwe;j cyfpy; ehk; jkpopy; 90 tpdhf;fs; rhpahFk;
gl;rj;jpy; cWjpahf Ntiy tha;g;G fpilf;Fk MfNt ,e;j
nkl;Bhpiy ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;
,e;j Ehypd; KOikahd njhFg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; vq;fis
njhlh;G nfhs;syhk;
xUq;fpizg;ghsh;
=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;
Gukhde;jh eLepiyg;gs;sp
Bvd; GJf;Fb-Gspaq;Fb
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md;ghh;e;j khzth;fNs....
vq;fs; epWtdk; jpwikia kl;LNk %yjdkhf itj;J
nray;gLk; epWtdkhFk;. 100 % ntw;wpNa vq;fspd; ,yf;fhFk;
,e;j gilg;gpid jpdKk; KO rpe;jidNahL gbj;jhy; ntw;wp
cWjp.....
vq;fs; tphpTiuahsh;fs; Njh;th;fs; midtUk; ntw;wp ngWk;
Nehf;fj;NjhL ,jid rkh;gpf;fpd;wdh; ,J midj;J tpjkhd
Nghl;bj; Njh;TfSf;Fk; gad;gLk; ,J KOikahd jkpo;
,dpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;W epidtpy; epw;f Ntz;baitfs; .....cq;fspd;
ntw;wpia vq;fspd; %yk; cWjpahf;f =uhk; Nfhr;rpq;
nrd;lUf;F thUq;fs; muRNtiy MizNahL ntspapy;
nry;Yq;fs;
Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngw tho;j;Jf;fs;
ed;wp
tphpTiuahsh; FO
=uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;
tho;j;Jf;fSld;
gp.,uh[ypq;fk; BA.,D.T.Ed.,DCTT
TET Njh;T ngw;w Mrphpah;
xUq;fpizg;ghsh;, =uhk; Nfhr;rpq; nrd;lh;
epWtdh;;, =uhk; fy;tp mwf;fl;lis
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ghlj;jpl; lk; kw;Wk; nghUslf;fk;

1. 1. nghUj;Jjy;
1) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy;
2) Gfo;ngw;w E}y; kw;Wk; E}yhrphpah;fs;
2. njhlUk;> njhlh;Gk; mwpjy;
1) rpwg;Gj; njhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;Nwhh;fs;
2) milnkhopfshy; Fwpf;fg; gLk; E}y;fs;
3. gphpj;njOJjy;
4. vjph;r;nrhy;iy vLj;njOJjy;
5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;
6. gpioj;jpUj;jk;
1) re;jpg;gpioia ePf; Fjy;
2) xUik gd;ik gpiofis ePf;Fjy;
3) kuGg; gpiofs;> t#cr; nrhw;fis eP f;Fjy;
4) gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis eP f;Fjy;
7. Mq; fpyr;nrhy;Yf;F epfuhd jkpo;nrhy;
8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUisf; fz;lwpjy;
9. XnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F chpa nghUisf; fz;lwpjy;
10. Nth;r;nrhy;iyj; Njh;T nra;jy;

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11. Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W> tpidnar;rk;>
tpidahyizAk; ngah;> njhopw;ngaiu cUthf;Fjy;.

12. mfu thpirg; gb nrhw;fisr; rPh; nra;jy;
13. nrhw;fis xOq; FgLj;jpr; nrhw;nwhlh; Mf;Fjy;
14. ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tifawpjy;
15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gwpjy;
16. tpilfSf;Nfw;g tpdhitj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;
17. vt; tif thf;fpankdf; fz;nlOJjy;
18. jd;tpid> gpwtpid> nra;tpid> nra;ag;ghl;L tpid
thf;fpaq; fisf; fz;nlOJjy;

19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUis
Njh;e;njOJjy;.

20. Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG ,tw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iw
Njh;e;njOJjy;.

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nghUj;Jjy;

,g;gFjpapy; gphpT m tpy; cs;s 4 nrhw;fSf;F Vw;w rhpahd nghUis
gphpT M tpy; cs;s 4 nrhw;fSf;Fk; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.

i) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh; T nra;jy;.
,jpy; cs; s tpdhf;fs; Njh;thsh;fspd; nghUswpjiy ntspg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> mt;tpdhf; fSf;F Vw;g ,g;gFjp
mikf;fg;gl; Ls;sJ.

(m)
mfk; - cs;sk; miz - gLf;if
mf;fk; - jhdpak; muq; fk; - cWg;G
mfit - taJ mfh; - top
maph; - $h;ik mis - Nkhh;
mkh; - Nghh; mhpkh -

Mz;rpq; fk;
(M)
Mjp - Kjy; Mf;fk; - nry;tk;
Mop - fly; M - gR
Mfk; - cly; Mtp - caph;
Mlfk; - nghd; M^c - Mz;
(,)
,fy; - Nghh; ,akd; - $w; Wtd;
,Uk;ig - ghk;G ,twy; - kwjp
,fyd; - giftd; ,Uik - ,d;ik> kWik
,d;dh - Jd;gk; ,lh; - Jd;gk;
,e;J - re;jpud; ,lq;fh; - Kjiy
(<)
<uk; - md;G <l;lk; - $l;lk;
<k; - jz;zPh; <dy; - fjph;
<q;fjph; - re;jpud; <fk; - re;jdkuk;

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(c)
crh - Muha;jy; cs;sk; - Cf;fk;> mfk;
cud; - jpz;zpa mwpT ca;T - tho;f;if
cio - kPd; cz;b - czT
ctif - kfpo;r;rp cLf;if - Mil
cfph; - efk; cQ;R - ca;e;J
cwo;T - gif cj;juk; - kWnkhop
(C)
Cfk; - ngz;Fuq;F Cq; F - kpFjp
Cjk; - ahidf;$l;lk; Cij - thilf;fhw;W
CU - njhil Cd;Wjy; - epiyngWjy;
Cio - gpj;jk; Cuhz;ik - cyfhSk; jd;ik
Cd; - ,iwr;rp

(v)

vl;rj;J - vz;nza;

vl;lk; - ePsk;
vopdp - ,Ujpiu

vj;jdk; - Kaw;rp
vapy; - muz;

vWk;gp - ahid
vopyp - Nkfk;

vy; - #hpad;
vopy; - moF

vz;zy; - epidj;jy;
vk;gp - jk;gp

(V)

Vf;if - ,fo;r;rp

Vkyp - eha;
VWk; - nry;Yk;

Vtyh; - gzpahsh;
Vd; - gd;wp

Vh;G - vOr;rp
Viz - epiy

Vfhh; - Nghfhh;

(I)

Ie;jhh; - gid

Itdk; - kiyney;

(x)

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xfuk; - kapy;

xUT - ePq;F
xa;ay; - nrYj;Jjy;

xWT - tUj;jk;
xf; fiy - ,Lg;G

xz;ld; - ehp

(X)

Xk;gy; - cgrhpj;jy;

XUk; - Muha;e;J
Xuhy; - ePf;Fjy;

Xk;gp - ghJfhj;J
Xy;fhh; - kdk; jsuhh;

Xk;gfy; - fhj;jy;

(xs)

xstpak; - nghwhik

xsljk; - kUe;J
(g)
gfh; - xsp

gr;rpkk; - Nkw;F
gizak; - <L

ghfd; - Gjd;
ghkuk; - %lj;jdk;

ghD - #hpad;
gpizay; - khiy

gpUFb - GUtk;
gpd;dpiy - topgly;

nghj;ij - fly;
nghd;Dyk; - NjtUyfk;

G+o; - fhil
Gzh; - Nrh;f; if

gpujkk; - Muk;gk;
ngUf - epuk;g

gP jd; - Fbg;gtd;
gP s; - fU

Gs;sk; - ths;
Nghjd; - fUfd;

Ngdk; - Eiu
igAs; - Jd;gk;

gjk; - NrhW
gpsp - fs;

gpj;ij - kaph;
Gak; - Njhy;

Gid - njg; gk;
G+l;if - Fwpf;Nfhs;

Gzy; - ePh;
gud; - ,iwtd;

ghujp - fiykfs;
gUjp - #hpad;

Gfo; - ,ir
gq;fak; - jhkiu

ghril - gRikahd ,ir
Gyk; - Gyik

nghiw - nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy;

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1. (ii) Gfo;ngw;w E}y; kw;Wk; E}yhrphpah; fs;

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghUj;Jf tifapYk; Neub
tpdhf;fshfTk; mikf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,g; gFjpf;Nfw; f Gfo;ngw; w E}y; -
E}yhrphpah;fspd; ngah;fs; vspikahf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
gapy; tjw;Fk; vspikahf epidT nfhs; sTk; cjTk;.

gjpndz; Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; (8+10=18)
vl;Lj;njhif

E}y; njhFj;jth; ghly; fs; njhFg;gpj;jth;
1. ew;wpid cg;G+hpFbf;fpohh; 400
ghz;bad; khwd;
tOjp
2. FWe; njhif cg;G+hpFbf;fpohh; 400 G+hpf;Nfh
3. Iq;FWE}W $lY}h;fpohh; 500 Nrud; ,Uk;nghiw
4. mfehD}W cUj;jpurd;kd; 400
ghz;bad; cf;fpu
ngUtOjp
5. fypj;njhif - 150 -
6. GwehD}W
xy; iyA+h; je; j
G+jg;ghz;bad;
400 -
7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J - 100 -
8. ghpghly; fUk;gps; isg;G+jdhh; 22 -
gj;Jg; ghl;L
1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - ef;fPuh;
2. nghUeuhw;Wg; gil - Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh;
3. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil - cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
4. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;
5. kiygLflhk; (m) $j;juhw;Wg;gil - ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;
6. FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L - fgpyh;
7. Ky;iyg;ghl;L - eg;G+jdhh;
8. gl;bdg;ghiy - cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
9. neLey; thil - ef;fPuh;
10. kJiuf;fhQ;rp - khq; Fb kUjdhh;
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gjpndd; fPo;fzf;F E}y;fs; (11+6+1=18)
mwE}y; - 11.
1. ehybahh; - rkz Kdpth;fs;
2. ehz;kzpf;fbif - tpsk;gp ehfdhh;
3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ - fgpyh;
4. ,dpait ehw;gJ - G+je;Nre;jdhh;
5. jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh;
6. Mrhuf;Nfhit - ngUthapw; Ks; spahh;
7. gonkhop (400) - %d;Wiuaiuadhh;
8. rpWgQ;r%yk; - fhhpahrd;
9. Vyhjp - fzpNkjhtpahh;
10. jpUf;Fws; - jpUts;Sth;
11. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp - $lY}h; fpohh;
mfE}y; - 6
1. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ - khwd; nghiwadhh;
2. Ie;jpiz vOgJ - %thjpahh;
3. jpidnkhop Ik;gJ - fz;zd; Nre;jdhh;
4. jpidkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ - fzpNkjhtpahh;
5. fhh; ehw;gJ - fz;zd; $j;jdhh;
6. ife; epiy - Gy;yq; fhldhh;

fk;gh; - ruRtjp me; jhjp
- rlNfhgh; me;jhjp

vd;dhapdhg; Gyth; - Kf;$lw;gs;S

#hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp - &ghtjp
- fyhtjp
- khdtp[ak;
- ehlftpay;

gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; - kNdhfuh
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- njd;ghz;br; rpq; fk;
- rq;fj;jkpo;
- neQ;Rf;FePjp

n[afhe; jd; - rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs;
- cjak;
- xU gpbr;NrhW
- ,dpg;Gk; frg;Gk;

2. njhlUk;> njhlh;Gk; mwpjy;
2.(i) rpwg; Gj; njhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;Nwhh;fs;

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Njhh; fisr; rpy rpwg;Gg; ngah; fshy;
miog;gJ jkpo; kuG. jkpowpQh;fspd; rpwg; Gg; ngah; fs; mth; fsJ nray;
kw; Wk; gilg;Gfshy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; nghJthf Neub tpdhf;fshf
mikf;fg; gLfpd;wd. mjw; Nfw;g jkpowpQh; fspd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; kw;Wk;
mth; fsJ Nkw; Nfhs; fisAk; Njh;T Nehf;fpy; mtrpakhdij
njhFj;Js;Nshk;. vdNt ,tw; iw ed;F gbj;J kdjpy; epWj;jpf;
nfhz; lhy; ,g;gFjpapypUe;J tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F KOikg; ngz; fisAk;
ngw;W tplyhk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

rhd;Nwhh; Fwpf;fg; gLk; njhlh;

jpUts;Sth; - nja;tg;Gyth;
- ehd;Kfdhh;
- khjhDgq; fp
- nre;ehg; Nghjh;
- ngUehtyh;
- ngha;apy; Gyth; ehadhh;
- Njth;
- Kjw;ghtyh;

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,uhkypq; f mbfs; - ts;syhh;
- mbfshh;
jpUehTf;fuR - MSilauR kUs; ePf;fpahh;
- mg;gh;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - MSilag;gps;is
- jpuhtpl rpR
Re;juh; - MSila ek;gp
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; - Ngahh;
fgpyh; - FwpQ;rpf; Nfhkhd;
fk;gd; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp
- fy;tpapy; nghpath;
Nrf;fpohh; - njhz;lh; rPh; guTth;
Mz;lhs; - #bf;nfhLj;j Rlh; nfhb
- itztk; je;j nry;tp
gz;bif mryhk;gpif - 20-k; E}w;whz;bd; mt; itahh;
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; - cr;rp Nkw;nfhs; Gyth;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; - ghtyh; VW
NjtNeag; ghtzh; - nkhop QhapW
tP uftpuhah; - MRftp
jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;judhh; - jkpo;j; njd;wy;
- jkpo; Kdpth;
- jkpo; nghpahh;
- njhopyhsh;fspd; je;ij
rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; - Njrpa ftp
- tpLjiyf;ftp
- kfhftp
- ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;
- GJf;ftpij je;ij
Rg; G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; - ghNte;jh;
- ghujpjhrdhh;
- Gul;rpf;ftpQh;
- ,aw; iff; ftpQh;
- GJikf;ftpQh;
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c.Nt.rhkpehijah; - jkpo; j;jhj;jh
kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is - etPdf;fk;gh;
GJikg;gpj;jd; - rpWfij kd;dd;
fy; fp ,uh.fpU\;z%h;j;jp - rpWfij je;ij
- tuyhw;W ehtypd;
- je;ij jkpo;ehl;bd; thy;l;lh;
]; fhl;
,uhkfpU\;zh;
ek;gpf;if cs;stdplk; vy;yhk; cz;L
ek;gpf;if ,y;yhjtdplk; xd;Wk; ,y;iy

tpNtfhde;jh;
tpop> vO> ntw;wpfpl;Lk; tiu XahNj
tpOkpd;> vOkpd; mauhJ ciokpd;
Md;kPf gyj;jhy; kl;Lk; ,e;jpah vOr;rpngWk;

gl;bzj;jbfs;
xd;nwd;wpU nja;tk; cz;nld;wpU

fUzhepjp
kuzk; khtPuDf;F mspf;Fk; kyh;r;nrz;L

n[ayypjh
kJtpyf;Fg; Nghhpy; fhty; Jiwapdh; giltPuh;fs;

2. (ii) milnkhopfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs;

nghJthf jkpo; E}y;fspy; mtw; wpd; rpwg;gpw;Nfw;g milnkhop
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j milnkhopfisf; nfhz;Nl ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs;
mikf;fg; gLfpwJ. rpy tpdhf;fs; E}y;fspy; cs;s rpwg;ghd thpfisf;
nfhLj;Jk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;Nfw; g fPNo
gl;baypl;Ls;Nshk;. ,tw; iw ed;F njhlh;GgLj;jp gbj;J kdjpy; ,Uj;jpf;
nfhs; sTk;.

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milnkhopahy; Fwpf;fg; ngWk; E}y;fs;
E}y; milnkhop
mfehD}W - neLe;njhif
GwehD}W - jkpoh; tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpak;
- Gwg;ghl;L
- Gwk;
fypj;njhif - fw; wwpe; Njhh; Vj;Jk; njhif
gl;bzg;ghiy - tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L
ntw; wp Ntw;if - eWe;njhif
%Jiu - thf;Fz;lhk;
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil - ghzhW
kiygLflhk; - $j;juhw;Wg;gil
- ngUq;Fwpr;rp
- fhg; gpag; ghl;L
Ky;iyg;ghl;L - neQ;rhw;Wg;gil
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - Gytuhw;Wg; gil
- jkpo; kiw
- nja; tE}y;
- cj;jpuNtjk;
- cyfg; nghJkiw
- thAiw tho;j;J
- Kg;ghy;
- ts; Stg;gad;
- ngha;ahnkhop
gonkhop - KJnkhop
- %Jiu
- cyf trdk;
- gonkhop ehD}W
fk;guhkhazk; - ,uhkfhij
- ,uhktjhuk;
- fk;gehlfk;
- fk;grpj;jpuk;
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rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy - ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - %Nte;jh; fhg;gpak;
- rpyk;G
- Kjy; fhg;gpak;
- Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;
- xw;Wikf;fhg;gpak;
- Njrpa fhg; gpak;
- Kj;jkpo;f;fhg;gpak;
- rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;
- ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lil nra;As;
kzpNkfiy - kzpNkfiy JwT
rPtfrpe; jhkzp - kzE}y;
ngUq;fij - mftw; fhg;gpak;

rpyg; gjpfhuk;
"khrWnghd;Nd tyk;Ghp Kj;Nj
fhrWtpiuNa fUk;Ng NjNd"

"<d;w Foe;ij vLj;J tsh;f;FJ}ck;
rhd;NwhUk; cz;L nfhy; rhd;NwhUk; cz;L nfhy;"

"G+k;Gfhh; Nghw;WJk; G+k;Gfhh; Nghw;WJk;
khkiy Nghw;WJk; khkiy Nghw;WJk;"

"QhapW Nghw;WJk;> QhapW Nghw;WJk;"
jpq;fis Nghw;WJk;> jpq;fis Nghw;WJk;"

"ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; Nghw;WJk;"

"Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;"

"murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F muz; $w;whtJTk;"

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"fs;tidf;Nfhwy; fLq; Nfhyd;W"
"Njuh kd;dh nrg;Gt JilNad;"
"vOnfd ntOe;jha; vd; nra;jid"
"ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;"
"gj;jpdp flTis gury; Ntz;Lk;"

kzpNkfiy
"vt;Taph;f; fhapDk; ,uq; fy; Ntz;Lk;
kz;bdp Qhyj;J tho;Nthh;f; nfy;yhk;
cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu"

3. gphpj;njOJjy;

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; gphpf;f Ntz;ba nrhy; xd;W nfhLj;J mij
ehd;F tifapy; gphpj;Jf;fhl;b mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. Njh;T Nehf;fpy; Njitahd
kw;Wk; Ke;ija Njh;Tfspy; Nfl; fg;gl;litfisAk; ,q;Nf
njhFj;jspj;Js; Nshk;.

cilahh; - cil+a; +Mh;
thdhh;e;j - thd; + Mh;e;j
%Nte;jh; - %d;W + Nte;jh;
Njdhh;e;j - Njd; + Mh;e;j
jPQ;Rid - jPk; + Rid
njd;Fkhp - njw;F + Fkhp
Mapil - M + ,il
ew; nrq; Nfhy; - ed;ik + nrk;ik + Nfhy;
fhdhh;e;j - fhd; + Mh;e;j
ew; fdp - ed;ik + fdp
fl; Gyk; - fz; + Gyk;
E}w;fly; - E}y; + fly;
MUaph; - mUik + caph;
Gwj;JWg; G - Gwk; + mj;J + cWg; G
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mfj;JWg;G - mfk; + mj;J + cWg; G
jPnjhhP, - jPJ + xhP,
cah;Ts;sp - cah;T + cs;sp
kz;Zw - kz; + cw
nre;jhkiu - nrk;ik + jhkiu
mg;ghNyhh; - mg;ghy; + Xh;
nghypTw - nghypT + cw
ehl;lKJ - ehL + mKJ
MuKJ - Mh; + mKJ
mUk;gad; - mUik + gad;
Nguhde;jk; - ngUik + Mde;jk;
fspg; Gw;W - fspg; G + cw;W
,Ugj;ije;J - ,UgJ + Ie;J
ntz;nghw;fyk; - ntz;ik + nghd; + fyk;
Gyq;fz;LOJ - Gyk; + fz;L + cOJ
ghyKJ - ghy; + mKJ
nte;njhp - nte;J + vhp
nrf;Nfhyk; - nrk;ik + Nfhyk;
%Nte;jh; - %d;W + Nte;jh;
ve; jk; - vk; + jk;
ghril - gRik + mil
ngUk;NgW - ngUik + NgW
gP Lw;whh; - gP L + cw;whh;
ehbJ - ehL + ,J
jPe;jkpo; - jPk; + jkpo;
ige;jkpo; - gRik + jkpo;
,aw;wkpo; - ,ay; + jkpo;
ngUk;Gfo; - ngUik + Gfo;
mtw;nfhU - mtd; + F + xU
FWepyk; - FWik + epyk;
mUz;nkhop - mUs; + nkhop
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jz; Jsp - jz; ik + Jsp
mq;faw;fz; - mk; + fay; + fz;
mfehD}W - mfk; + ehd;F + E}W
ige;jsph; - gRik + jsph;
ngUk;Gfo; - ngUik + Gfo;
mtw;nfhU - mtd; + F + xU
FWepyk; - FWik + epyk;
jf;fnjhU - jf;fJ + xU

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4. vjph;r;nrhy;iy vLj;njOjy;

jkpopy; xU nrhy;Yf;Fhpa ,izahd vjph;r; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjNy ,g;gFjp
tpdhthf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp vspjpy; kjpg;ngz; ngwf;$bait. mtw;iw
NkYk; vspikg;gLj;j xt; nthU nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,izahd vjph;r; nrhy;iy
njhFj;Js; Nshk;.

,ir x tir ,Wjp x njhlf;fk;
,aw;if x nraw;if vjph;j;jhh; x tuNtw;whh;
vl;lh x vl;ba el;G x gif
Kjd;ik x ,Wjp Jd;gk; x ,d;gk;
Xq;fpa x jho;e;j ,d;dh x ,dpa
,ize;jJ x gphpe;jJ> jdpj;J kwg;gJ x epidg;gJ
kfpo;r;rp x Jf;fk; ed;ik x jPik
ed;ik x jPik njhd;ik x GJik
,d;nrhy; x fLQ;nrhy;>
td;nrhy;
,sik x KJik
ntg;gk; x jl;gk;> Fsph;e;j Njhd;w x kiwa
eQ;R x mKjk;> kUe;J tsh;r;rp x Njf;fk;
,dpa x ,d;dh FbauR x KbauR
ntz;ik x fUik kfpo;r;rp x tUj;jk;
Nkij x Ngij ,ize;J x jzpe;J
mhpaJ x vspaJ epiwAk; x FiwAk;
ntw;wp x Njhy;tp tWik x tsik
GJik x goik ,dpaJ x ,d;dhjJ
cah;e;jhh; x jho;e;Njhh; <jy; x Vw;wy;
ngUik x rpWik <uk; x twl;rp
kfpo;r;rp x Jf;fk; <thh; x <ahh;
Fop x NkL cl;gif x Gwg; gif
tP uk; x Nfhio cz;ik x ,d;ik> ngha;
Gfo; x ,fo; cj;jkd; x mjkd;
,oe;jik x ngw;wik cgfhuk; x mgfhuk;
jz; ik x ntk;ik cUtk; x mUtk;
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chpik x mbik ctj;jy; x fha;jy;
kyh;jy; x Ftpjy; cs;sJ x ,y;yJ
tpioe;jhh; x ntWj;jhh; cwT x may;
ngUfp x mUfp> RUq;fp Cly; x $ly;
,opT x cah;T vhpjy; x mtpjy;
ghtk; x Gz;zpak; vspJ x mhpJ
kd;dpg;G x xWg;G(jz;bg; G) Vw;wk; x jho;T
mfyy; x fpl;Ljy; VW x ,wq;F
mq;F x ,q;F xUik x gd;ik
mry; x efy; xopf x jsph;f
mlf;fk; x mlq;fhik xsp x ,Us;
mb x Kb xd;Wf x tpyFf
milg;G x jpwg;G Xq;Fjy; x xLq;Ff
mz;ik x Nra;ik fQ;rk; x jhuhsk;
mikjp x Fog;gk; fyf;fk; x njspT
mUik x vspik fw;wy; x fy;yhik
mUs; x kUs; fdT x edT
myh;jy; x Ftpjy; fhf;f x tpLf
mt;tplk; x ,t;tplk; fhg;ghw;W x iftpL
mwk; x kwk; fhuzk; x mfhuzk;
Mf;fk; x NfL fhyk; x mfhyk;
Mq;F x <q;F Fzk; x Fw;wk;
Mir x epuhir FiwT x epiwT
Mjp x me;jk; $ly; x gphpjy;
Mz;lhs; x mbik nfhL x thq;F
Mz;L x <z;L nfhLik x nrk;ik
,ir x tir nfhs; x nfhL
,zq;F x gpzq;F rQ;ryk; x JzpT
,k;ik x kWik rj;jk; x mikjp
,d;dhh; x ,dpahh; re;J x epre;J
ruk; x mruk; kUs; x njUs;
rhf;fpuij x mrhf;fpuij kyh;r;rp x fspg; G
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rhe;jk; x cf;fpuk; kyh;jy; x $k;Gjy;
rhuk; x rf;if kiwjy; x ntspg;gly;
Rgk; x mRgk; KdpT x fdpT
Ruh; x mRuh; nkd;ik x td;ik
Rth;f; fk; x eufk; Nkd;ik x fP o;ik
nrq; Nfhy; x nfhLq; Nfhy; tsh;jy; x Nja;jy;
Nrh;f x gphpf tisjy; x epkph;jy;
jf;f x jfhjd tho;f x tP o;f
jf;fhh; x jftpyhh; tpUg; G x ntWg;G
jl;gk; x ntg;gk; gz;gpyhd; x gz;Gilahd;
jz;zPh; x nte;ePh; Xa;T x ciog;G
jkh; x gpwh; gifth; x ez; gh;
jtk; x mtk; Nehjy; x jzpjy;
jOT x js; S te;jhd; x te;jpyd;
jhq;F x tpL epiw x Fiw
J}uk; x rkPgk; itjy; x Gfo;jy;
njspT x kf;fk; Kw;gfy; x gpw;gfy;
njhif x tphp ez; gfy; x es;spuT
ey;top x my;top fspg; G x vhpr;ry;> Jauk;
ew;Fzk; x jPf;Fzk; jpz;ik x neha;ik
Nerk; x gif Ez; ik x gUik
gUj;jy; x rpWj;jy; FWik x neLik
gs;sk; x NkL cilik x tWik
ghl;lhsp x Kjyhsp Gyik x klik
ghtk; x Gz;zpak; ntl;rp x fue;ij
gpbj;jy; x tpLj;jy; tQ;rp x fhQ;rp
gpzf;fk; x ,zf;fk; copiQ x nehr;rp
Gfo; x ,fo; Jk;ig x thif
ngWik x rpWik mUF x ngUF
Ngjk; x mNgjk; ey;ywpT x jPawpT
ngha; x nka; ,ir x ,fo;
Nghw;W x J}w;W md;Gilahh; x md;gpyhh;
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5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;

,g;gFjp tpdhtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls; s ehd;F nrhw; fspy; VNjDk;
xd;W kl;Lk;> gpw %d;W nrhw; fspypUe;J khWgl;bUf;Fk;. ,g;gFjp kpfTk;
vspikahdJ. ,Ug;gpDk; jw;rkak; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G> E}y;njhFg;G> jpiz
tiffs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ngUk;ghYk; tpdhf;fs; mikf;fg; gLfpd;wd.
vdNt rw;W ftdj;Jld; mZf Ntz;Lk;.

jpiz tiffs;
mfj;jpiz
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk; > nea;jy;> ghiy> ngUe; jpiz> iff;fpis

Gwj;jpiz
ntl;rp> tQ;rp> copiQ> Jk; ig> thif> fhQ;rp> ghlhz;

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G vd;w tifapy; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ tpidj;njhif
kw;Wk; gz;Gj;njhif Mfpa ,uz; il kl;LNk mjpfkhf ,t;tif
tpdhthf mikf;f KbAk;.

tpidj;njhif
,we; jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjph;fhyk; %d; iwAk; nghJthff; nfhz;lJ.
,jpy; tpidg;gFjp Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWk;.

CWfha; - Cwpfha;
- CWk;fha;
- CWfpd;w fha;
njhLfly;> miyfly;> nra;njhopy;> Rlh;kzp> joq;fUtp> Koq;F
KuR> MLnfhb> nfhs;G+> cz;Fotp.
(v.fh)
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nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;nlOJf
MLnfhb> nfhs;G+> joq;fUtp> cz;Foy;> ntQ;Rlh;
m) MLnfhb M) nfhs;G+ ,) cz;Foy; <) ntQ;Rlh;
m> M> , %d;Wk; tpidj;njhif vdNt> <> ntQ;Rlh;jhd; ,jd;
tpil.

gz;Gj;njhif
gz;Gg;ngaUf;Fk; ngah; r;nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNa gz;G tpFjp ikiaAk;
gz;G cUthfpa Mfpa vd;w nrhy;Yk; kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj;njhif.

fhhpUs; - fUik + ,Us; (fUikahfpa ,Us; )

fLkio> ntz;rq; F> ngUk;Gdy;> Ez;zwpT> fLk; ciog;G>
nghw;fhyk;> ngUQ; N[hjp> ngU efh;> fUkzp> Gj;Japh;> Ngnuhsp>
KJkf;fs;> FWkzf;$yp
(v.fh)

nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyj; Njh;f
m) nrk; ik M) ntz;ik ,) fUik <) nghWik
(tpil <)
1. gpiojpUj;jk;

6 (i) re;jpg;gpioia eP f;Fjy;
re;jpg;gpio vd;gJ xU nrhy;ypd; tpFjpNahL kw;nwhU nrhy; NrUk;nghOJ
Vw;gLk; khw;wq; fspy; Vw;gLk; gpio MFk;.

ehk; vOJk;NghJ nghJthf mjpfk; nra;Ak; gpio re;jpg; gpio ty;ypd
vOj;Jf;fshfpa f> j> j> g kpFk; ,lq;fspy; kpfhkYk;> kpfhj ,lq;fspy;
kpFe;Jk; vOJtJ re;jpg;gpio MFk;.

ty;nyOj;J kpFk; ,lq; fs;
f;> r;> j;> g; vd;w ehd;F ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk capnuOj;Jld;
$b nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;.
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,t; ntOj;Jf;fSk; xd;iw Kjyhff; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; epiy nkhopNahL
NrUk;NghJ rpytplq;fspy; ,k;nka;naOj; J kpFe;J tUk;.

6. (ii) xUik gd;ik gpiofis eP f;Fjy;

,g;gFjp gd;ikf;F Vw;whw;Nghy cs;s njhlhpy; xUikAk; xUikf;F
Vw;whw;Nghy cs;s njhlhpy; gd;ikAk; nfhLj;J> nfhLf;fg;gl;l ehd;F
njhlhpy; gpioaw;w njhliu Njh;T nra;Ak; tpjkhf mikf;fg; gLfpwJ.
vdNt xUik-gd;ik gw;wpa njspT Njit.

xUik
xUik vd;gJ xd;iw kl;Lk; Fwpg; gJ.
xUikapy; njhlq; Fk; xU njhlhpd; KbT xUikapy;jhd; Kba Ntz;Lk;.
(v.fh) kuk; rha;e;jJ> mwpQh; te;jhh;.

gd;ik
gd;ik vd;gJ xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;litfis Fwpg;gJ.
gd;ikapy; njhlq;Fk; xU njhlhpd; KbT gd;ikapy; jhd; mika Ntz;Lk;.
(v.fh) kuq;fs; rha;e;jd> fUtpfs; gOjile;jd.

jd;ikg; ngah;
xUik gd;ik
ahd; - ahk;> ahq; fs;
ehd; - ehk;> ehq;fs;

Kd;dpiyg; ngah;
xUik gd;ik
eP - ahk;> ahq; fs;

glh;f; ifg; ngah;
xUik gd;ik
mtd;> mts; - mth;fs;
mJ - mit
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jk;gp - jk;gpkhh;
jq;if - jq;ifkhh;
fz; - fz;fs;
ehp - ehpfs;

gpio jpUj;jk;
mitfs; - mit
mJfs; - mJ
vdJ kfs; - vd; kfs;
xU Ch; - Xh; Ch;
ehl;fs; - ehs;fs;
nghJtopmy;y - nghJtopmd;W
rpy mwpQh; - mwpQh; rpyh;
mtd; my;y - mtd; my;yd;
mts; my;y - mts; my;ys;
mth;fs; my;y - mth;fs; my;yh;
mit md;W - mJ md;W
mJ my;y - mJ md;W
mit md;W - mit my;y
mJ chpikahdJ - m/J chpikahdJ
ahd; jhk; te;Njd; - ahd; jhd; te;Njd;
ehd; jhk; nrd;Nwd; - ehd; jhd; nrd;Nwd;
ehk; jhd; NghNthk; - ehk; jhk; NghNthk;
ePh;jhd; nfhLj;jPh; - ePH; jhk; nfhLj;jPh;
mit jhd; Xbd - mit jhk; Xbd

xUik gd;ik
md;W - my;y
jhd; - jhk;

gpio jpUj;jk;
kd;dh; jd; Fbfsplk; md;gha; ,Ug;ghh; - kd;dh; jk; Fbfsplk;
md;gha; ,Ug; ghh;
Mikfs; Ntfkha; XlhJ - Mikfs; Ntfkha; Xlh
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7. Mq;fpyr;nrhy;Yf;F epfuhd jkpo;r;nrhy;

N`h;fl;bq; rY}d; - KbjpUj;jfk;
N`hl;ly; - cztfk;
nkbf;fy; \hg; - kUe;jfk;
fpshj; ]; Nlhh;]; - Jzpaq;fhb
g]; ]hlhz;l; - NgUe; Jepiyak;
fk;ngdp - FOkk;
,z;l];l;hp - njhopyfk;
ilg;iul;bq; ,d;]; bA+l; - jl;nlOj;Jg; gapyfk;
]; Nl\dhp \hg; - vOJnghUs; mq;fhb
fhgp ghh; - Fsk;gpafk;
B ]; lhy; - NjdPh; mq;fhb
gphpz;bq;gpu]; - mr;rfk;
M];gply; - kUj;Jtkid
]; fhyh;\pg; - gbg;Gjtpj;njhif
Ngh];l; Mgp]; - mQ;ry; epiyak;
hp[p]; lh; Ngh];l; - gjptQ;ry;
nl];l; - Nrhjid
ogd; - rpw;Wz;b
g]; l; Nuq;f; - Kjy; juk;
g]; - NgUe; J
buhty; - gazk;
v];.v];.vy; .rp. vf;];rhk; - ,ilepiyg; gs;sp tpLg;G
rhd;W Njh;T
lTz; g]; - efug; NgUe; J
gpA+l;b Gy; - mofhf
nthh; f;\hg; - gzpkid
]; iky; - rphpg;G
vyf;rd; fkp\d; - Njh;jy; Mizak;
fhz; lf;l; rh;bgpNfl; - ed;dlj;ijr; rhd;wpjo;
nrd;luy; ftz;nkd;l; - eLtz; muR
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Ngf;fpq; rhh;[; - fl;Lkhdj;njhif
fk;A+l;lh; Nfhh;]; - fzpg;nghwp gphpT
8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUisawpjy;
xyp NtWghLfis mwpe;J rhpahd nghUis fz;Lgpbj;jNy ,g;gFjp
tpdhf;fshf mikfpd;wJ. jkpopy; cr;rhpg; gpy; nky;ypa khWghLila
vOj;Jf;fshd (e> d> z)> (y>s>o) (u>W) Mfpa vOj;Jf;fis ikak;
nfhz;Nl tpdhf;fs; mikfpd;wd. vdNt> mit xt;nthd;iwAk; gphpj;J
thpirg;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;.
jd;ik - ,ay;G
jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp
typ - Jd;gk;
tsp - fhw;W
top - ghij
xyp - rj;jk;
xsp - ntspr; rk;
xop - eP q;F
,iy - Xh; cWg;G
,is - ,isj;jy;> nkypjy;
,io - E}y; ,io
kiu - khd;
kiw - Ntjk;
Gfo; - ew; ngah;
Gfs; - $W
my;yp - kyh;
ms;sp - thhpnaLj;J
kzk; - ey;y thrid
kdk; - cs;sk;
tpiy - gzk;
tpis - cw;gj;jp nra;
tpio - tpUk;G
fid - Fuy; xyp
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fiz - mk;G
mud; - rptngUkhd;
muz; - ghJfhg;G
jiy - rpuk;
jis - fl;L
jio - ,iy
mspg;gJ - nfhLg;gJ
mopg;gJ - ,y;yhkw;nra;tJ
fiy - mwpTg;gFjp> fiyj;JtpL
fis - eP f;F
fio - %q;fpy;
gzp - Ntiy

yfu sfu ofu NtWghL
miy - eP uiy mis - tis mio - $g; gpLjy;
cyT - elkhL csT - NtT coT - gaph; j;njhopy;
thy; - cWg;G ths; - fUtp tho; - tho; jy;
xyp - Xir xsp - ntspr; rk; xop - eP f;F
fyk; - fg; gy; fsk; - ,lk;
nfhy; - nfhzUjy; nfhs; - ngw;Wf;nfhs;
jhy; - ehf;F jhs; - ghjk; jho; - gzpe;JNgh
typ - typik tsp - fhw;W top - ghij> rhiy
nty; yk; - ,dpg;Gf;fl;b nts; sk; - eP h;
Ntiy - gzp Ntis - nghOJ
fsp - kfpo; r;rp fop - jb
this - kPd;tif thio - jhtuk;
fiy - Mz;khd; fis - Ntz;lhj
gaph;
fio - %q;fpy;
jis - fl;L jio - ,iy
myF - gwit%f;F msF - ngz; khy; moF - ftpd;
myk; - fyg;ig msk; - cg;gsk;
My; - Mykuk; Ms; - MSjy; Mo; - KOF
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Myp - kioj;Jsp Msp - tpyq;F Mop - fly;
csp - fUtp cop - ,lk;
ciy - ciyf;fsk; cis - gplhpkaph; cio - khd;
cy;F - Rq;fk; cs;F - epid
vy; - gfy; vs; - jhdpak;
fyq; F - fyf;fkiljy; foq;F - kfsph;
tpilahl;Lg;
nghUs;
fhyp - gRf;$l;lk; fhsp - nja; tk; fhop - kyk;
fpstp - nrhy; fpotp - KJikailjy;
Fsk;G - tpyq;FcWg;G Fok;G - Nkhh; f;Fog;G
$yp - rk;gsk; $sp - Nga;
nfhiy - nfhy;Yjy; nfhis - ghl;L
Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy; Nfhs; - Gwq;$wy;
fyp - Xir fsp - kfpo; r;rp fop - cg;gq;fop
$yp - rk;gsk; $sp - Nga;
Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy; Nfhs; - Gwq;$wy;
#iy - Neha; #is - nrq;fy;
#is

#y; - fUg;gk; #s; - rgjk; #o; - Rw; W
jtiy - ghj;jpuk; jtis - tpyq;F
Jiy - juhR Jis - jhtuk;
Njhy; - rUkk; Njhs; - Gak;
eyp - tUe;J esp - eLf;fk;
ey;yhh; - ey;yth; es;shh; - gifth;
griy - kfsph;
epwNtWghL
gris - xU nfhb
ghy; - gRk;ghy; ghs; - jho;g;ghs; gho; - ghohjy;

ufu wfu NtWghL
muk; - fUtp mwk; - jUkk;
mhp - jpUkhy;> eWf;F mwp - njhpe; Jnfhs;
myhp - myhpg;G+ mywp - mOJ
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miu - ghjp miw - tPl;bd; gFjp
Mu - epuk;g Mw - #L jzpa
,uj;jy; - ahrpj;jy; ,wj;jy; - rhjy;
Muy; - xUtif kPd; Mwy; - jzpjy;
,iw - jPdp ,iw - ,iwtd;> murd;
cuT - typik cwT - njhlh;G> cwtpdh;
cuy; - ,bf;Fk; cuy; cwy; - nghUe;Jjy;
cU - tbtk; cW - kpFjp
ciu - Ngr; R ciw - %b
vhp - jP vwp - tPR
Vhp - eP h;epiy vwp - tPR
fhp - ahid fwp - fha;fwp
- mLg;Gf;fhp
fiu - Vhpf;fiu fiw - mOf;F
Fiuj;jy; - eha;Fiuj;jy; Fiw - RUf;Fjy;
Fuq;F - thduk; Fwq;F - njhil
$iu - tPl;Lf;$iu $iw - Jzp
rPhpa - rpwe;j rPwpa - rpde; j
nrhpj;jy; - rPuikjy; nrwpjy; - jpzpj;jy;
jhp - mzpe;Jnfhs; jwp - ntl;L
jpiu - miy jpiw - fg; gk;
epiu - thpir epiw - epiwj;J itj;jy;
guit - fly; gwit - gwf;Fk; gwit
ghp - Fjpiu gwp - gwpj;Jf;nfhs;
kuk; - jU kwk; - tPuk;
khp - ,w kwp - (khd;Fl;b)
kU - kzk; kW - (jL> Fw;wkhd)
kiu - khd;> jhkiu kiw - Ntjk;
tUj;jy; - Jd;GWj;jy; tWj;jy; - fha;fwp tWj;jy;
tpuy; - iftpuy; tpwy; - ntw; wp> typik
tpuF - je;jpuk; tpwF - fl;il
mUF - rkPgk; mWF - mWfk;Gy;
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,Uk;G - Xh; cNyhfk; ,Wk;G - FWq; fhL
chp - gl;il cwp - J}f;F
Cu - efh;e;J nry;y Cw - Ruf;f
xUj;jy; - ahid xWj;jy; - Nfhgpj;jy;
Futh; - nghpNahh; Fwth; - xU rhjpah;
FUF - ehiu FWF - neUq;F
nrU - Nghh; nrW - tay;
Nruy; - ,izjy; Nrwy; - nry;Yjy;
nrhhpa - rpe; j nrhwpa - fuz;l
JuT - fpzW JwT - Jwj;jy;
njhpj;jy; - njhptpj;jy; njwpj;jy; - rpjWjy;
Nju - Muha;e;Jghh; f;f Njw - njspa
eiu - ntz;kaph; eiw - Njd;
epiu - thpir epiw - epiwT
gpiu - ciwNkhh; gpiw - ,sQ;re;jpud;
Gwk; - gf;fk; Guk; - Ch;
GuT - fhj;jy; GwT - Gwh
nghhp - new; nghhp nghwp - milahsk;
nghU - Nghh;nra; nghW - nghWj;Jf;nfhs;
nghUg;G - kiy nghWg;G - flik
kuk; - tpUl;rk; kwk; - ghtk;
khp - ,we;JNgh kwp - jL
kUfp - kUkfs; kWfp - kaq;fp
kiu - jhkiu kiw - Ntjk;

z d
mzy; - jhb mdy; - neUg;G
Mzp - ,Ug; G Mzp Mdp - jkpo; khjk;
Cz; - czT Cd; - ,iwr;rp
fzk; - $l;lk; fdk; - ghuk;
mz;zk; - (Nky; tha;) md;dk; - (gwit)
Miz - fl;lis Mid - ahid
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muz; - Nfhl;il mud; - rptd;
miz - jOT mid - jha;
Mz; - Mz;ghy; Md; - gR
,iz - xg; G ,id - tUe;J
cz;zp - rpWcaphp cd;dp - epidj;J
cz; - rhg;gpL cd; - cd;Dila
vz;z - epidf;f vd;d - vd;W nrhy;y
vtz; - vt;tplk; vtd; - ahtd;
viz - njhl;by; Vid - kw; iw
fz;zd; - fpU\;zd; fd;dd; - fh; zd;
fzp - Nrhjplh; fdp - gok;
dfu zfu NtWghL
fd;dp - Fkhp fz;zp - mUk;G> G+khiy
gd;dp - kidtp gz;zp - nra;J
ghdk; - Fbghdk; ghzk; - mk;G
Gid - myq;fhp Giz - njg;gk;
gdp - Fsph; gzp - njhopy;
Ngd; - jiyg;ngz; Ngz; - fhg; ghw;W
kd; - murd; kz; - G+kp
kdk; - cs;sk; kzk; - eWkzk;> thrid
kid - tPL kiz - cl;fhUk; gyif
khd; - Gs;spkhd; khz; - ngUik
td;ik - typik tz;ik - nfhil
fid - xyp fiz - mk;G
fhd; - fhL fhz; - ghh;
Fdp - tis Fzp - Fzj;ij
cilaJ
Nrhid - tplhkio Nrhiz - xU kiy
jdp - jdpikahd jzp - Fiw
jd;ik - ,ay;G jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp
jpd;ik - jPik jpz;ik - typik
jpid - jhdpak; jpiz - rhjp
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jpd; - jpd;D jpz; - typa
Jdp - ntWg; G Jzp - Mil
Jid - tpiuT Jiz - cjtp
NjePh; - B NjdPh; - Njd;Nghd;w
,dpaePh;
ehdk; - f]; J}hp ehzk; - ntl;fk;
ehd; - ahd; ehz; - ntl;fk;
gd;d - nrhy;y gz;z - nra;a
gdpf;f - eLq;f gzpf;f - fl;lisapl
gid - xU kuk; giz - gUj;j
td;ik - Mw;wy; tz;ik - nfhil

efu dfu NtWghL
me;ehs; - me;jehs; md;dhs; - mg;ngz;
,e;ehs; - ,e;j ehs; ,d;dhs; - ,j;jifats;
ve;ehs; - ve;jehs; vd;dhy; - vd;dhy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ
ve;ehL - ve;jehL vd;dhL - vdJ ehL
ve;epiy - ve;jepiy vd;dpiy - vdJ ehL
Ke;ehs; - %d;Wehs; Kd;dhs; - Kw; fhyk;
Ke;E}y; - %d;WE}y; Kd;E}y; - Kjy;E}y;
Ke;E}W - %d;W E}Wfs; Kd;D}W - Kd;GE}W
ee;E}y; - ekJE}y; ed;D}y; - ey;yE}y;
NjePh; - Fbg; gJ NjdPh; - Njd;fye;j ePh;

9. XnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F chpa nghUisf; fz;lwpjy;
jkpopy; cs;s 246 vOj;Jf;fspy; 43 vOj;Jf;fSf;F kl;Lk; jdpg;nghUs;
cz;L. ,e; j 42 vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd nghUis fz;Lgpbj;jNy ,g; gFjp
tpdhthf mikfpwJ.
,e;j 42 vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd nghUisNa TNPSC tpdhf;fshf
mikf;fpd;wdh;. vdNt jkpo; mfuhjpapy; nfhLf;fg; gl;Ls;s gy; NtW
nghUs; fis jtpj;jy; eyk;.
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caph; ,dk; : M> <. C> V> I> X - 6
k ,dk; : kh> kP> K> Nk> ik> Nkh - 6
j ,dk; : jh> jP> J}> Nj> ij - 5
g ,dk; : lh> G+> Ng> ig> Ngh - 5
e ,dk; : eh> eP> Ne> ie> Neh - 5
f ,dk; : fh> $> if> Nfh - 4
t ,dk; : th> tP> it> nts - 4
r ,dk; : rh> rP> Nr> Nrh - 4
ah : - 1
neh : - 1
J : - 1
42

caph; ,dk; (6) j ,dk; (5)
M - gR jP - neUg;G
< - gwf;Fk; G+r;rp J} - ntz;ik
C - ,iwr;rp Nj - nja;tk;
V - mk;G ij - ijj;jpq;fs;
I - moF> jiytd; jh - nfhL
x - tpdh> kjF (ePh;jq;Fk; gyif

k ,dk; (5) g ,dk; (5)
kh - nghpa tpyq;F gh - ghl;L> epoy;> moF
kP - NkNy G+ - kyh;
% - %g;G Ng - Eiu> moF
Nk - md;G> Nkd;ik ig - gRik> ifg; ig
ik - fz;ik (mQ;Qdk;) Ngh - nry;> Nghjy;
Nkh - Kfh;jy;> Nkhj;jy;

e ,dk; (5) f ,dk; (4)
eh - ehf;F fh - Nrhiy
eP - eP $ - G+kp
Ne - md;G> Neak; if - fuk;
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ie - tUe;J> iejy; Nfh - murd;
Neh - Neha;> tUj;jk;
10. Nth;r;nrhy;iyj; Njh;T nra;jy;
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fis vspjpy; vjph;nfhs;s thf;fpaq;fis
gphpj;njOJtjpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;.
xU thh;j;ijapy; Nth;r;nrhy;iy gphpf;f KbahJ.
Nth;r;nrhy; vd;gJ nghJthd fl;lisahfNth VtyhfNth ,Uf;Fk; .

nrhy; Nth;r;nrhy; nrhy; Nth;r;nrhy;
mfo; e;jhd; - mfo; mfd;W - mfy;
mile;Njhk; - mil mzpe;jhd; - mzp
mhpe; J - mhp mhpaJ - mUik
mwpe; jhd; - mwp mbj;jhs; - mb
myws; - myW mUspdh; - mUs;
mWe;jJ - mW mWtil - mW
mtpo;e;jJ - mtpo; mwpahJ - mwp
Mz;lhs; - Ms; Mbdhs; - Mo; e;jhh;
Mbdhs; - ML Mo; e;jhh; - Mo;
,dpJ - ,dpik ,dpg;G - ,dpik
,Ug; G - ,U ,ak; gpaJ - ,ak; G
<e;jJ - < <d; whs; - <d; W
<l;bdhs; - <l;b cz; ghh; - cz;
cOjhd; - cO czT - cz;
cwq;fpdhd; - cwq;F Ch;e;jJ - Ch;
cUf;Fk; - cUf;F cOtpj; jhd; - cO
cs;sk; - cs; cs;sPL - cs;
vQ; rpa - vQ; R vLf;Fk; - vL
vz;zpa - vz; vz;zpdhd; - vz;
va;jhd; - va; vLj;jhd; - vL
vOe; jhd; - vO vOjpdhd; - vOjp
Vj;Jjy; - Vj;J xl;Ljy; - xl;L
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xope;jhd; - xop xl;Ltpg;G - Xl;L
xl;baJ - xl;L XlhJ - XL
Xbdhd; - Xb Xjpath; - Xjp
fw;f - fy; filay; - fil
fw;Nwd; - fy; fhl;rpapy; - fhz;
fhl;baJ - fhl;L fz; L>
fz; ldd;
- fhz;
fw;whd; - fy; fbj;jhd; - fb
fhzhik - fhz; fhl;Lthd; - fhl;L
fhj;jhd; - fh fhj;jtd; - fh
fhz;ghh; - fhz; fhg;ghw; wpdhd; - fhg;G
fps;spdhd; - fps;sp $ty; - $
Nfl;f> Nfl;ly; - Nfs; nfhz; lhd; - nfhs;
nfhzh;e;jhd; - nfhzh; nfhd; wij - nfhy;
nfhlhik - nfhs; Fiuj;jJ - Fiu
Fbj;jhd; - Fb Fspj; jhd; - Fsp
$wpdhh; - $wp nfhs;Sjy; - nfhs;
nfhd; whd; - nfhy; Nfhjpdhd; - Nfhjp
nfha;jhd; - nfha; rha;e;jJ - rha;
rhw;wpdhs; - rhw;W rphpg;G - rphp
rhpe;jhd; - rhp rpjwpa - rpjW
rPhpa - rPh;ik rPz; bdhd; - rPz; L
rPj;jhy; - rP Rl;lJ - RL
RUl;bdhd; - RUl;L #bdhd; - #L
nrd;whd; - nry; nry;thd; - nry;

11. Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W> tpidnar;rk;>
tpidahyizAk; ngah;> njhopw;ngaiu cUthf;Fjy;

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,g;gFjp tpdhf;fis vspjpy; tpilaspf;f tpidKw;W> tpidnar;rk;>
tpidahyizAk; ngah;> njhopw;ngah; ,tw;wpd; ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;jpUj;jy;
kpf mtrpak;.
tpidKw;W
fUj;J Kw;Wg; ngw;wpUg; gJ tpidKw;W vdg; gLk;
,J Ntw;Wik Vw;fhJ
,J fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
v.fh. XbaJ> tP o;e;jhd;

tpidnar;rk;
fUj;J Kw;Wg; ngwhky; vQ;rpapUg; gJ tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. Xb> tPo;e;J

tpidahyizAk; ngah;
tpidKw;W xd;W ngah; r;nrhy;ypd; jd;ikiag; ngw;W Ntw;Wik
cUig Vw;fj;jf;fjhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ tpidahyizAk; ngah; vdg;gLk;.
,J jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplq; fspYk; tUk;.
v.fh. Xbaij> tpo;e;jtid

njhopw;ngah;
njhopiyf; fhl;LtJ njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
njhopy; vd;gJ xU nghUspd; Gidg; ngah;r;rpiaNah my;yJ xU
nraiyNah Fwpf;Fk;.
v.fh. Xl;lk;> tP o;r;rp
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,g;gFjp tpdhf;fSf;F Nkyk; tpiuthf njspT ngw
Nth;r;nrhy;ypypUe;J tpidKw;W> tpidnar;rk;> tpidahyizAk; ngah;>
njhopw;ngah; Mfpa xt;nthd;iwAk; gphpj;Jf; nfhLj;Js;Nshk;.

Nth;r;nrhy; tpidKw;W tpidnar;;rk;
tpidahyizAk;
ngah;
njhopw;ngah;
nfhL nfhLj;jhd; nfhLj;J nfhLj;jtd; nfhLj;jy;
gL gLj;jhh; gLj;J gLj;jtiu gLj;jy;
eb ebj;jJ ebj;J ebj;jtid ebj;jy;
ngW ngw; whd; ngw;W ngw; Nwhiu ngwy;
cz; cz;lhd; cz;L cz;liu cz;ly;
nry; nrd;whh; nrd;W nrd;wtiu nry; yy;
nrd;wtd; nry;Yjy;
njhL njhl;lJ njhl;L njhl;lj; njhly;
tPo; tPo;e;jhd; tPo;e;J tPo;e;jtid tPo;r;rp
fhz; fz;lhd; fz;L fz;lhiu fhzy;
Njh; Njh;e;jhh; Njh;e;J Njh;e;jtiu Njh;jy;
jpd; jpd;wJ jpd;W jpd;whiu jpd;Djy;
Fb Fbj;jhd; Fbj;J Fbj;jhiu Fbj;jy;
mW mWj;jhd; mWj;J mWj;jtid mWj;jy;
cil cilj;jhh; cilj;J cilj;jtiu cilg;G
gwp gwpj;jhd; gwpj;J gwpj;jhid gwpj;jy;
Xb xbj;jhs; xbj;J xbj;jtid xbj;jy;
XL XbaJ XL Xbaij Xl;lk;
ntl;L ntl;bdhd; ntl;b ntl;batid ntl;ly;
G+R G+rpdhh; G+rp G+rpatiu G+Rjy;
mb mbj;jhh; mbj;J mbg; ghiu mbj;jy;
,aw;W ,aw;Wdh; ,aw; wp ,aw; wpatid ,aw;Wjy;

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12. mfu thpirg;gb nrhw;fisr; rPh;nra;jy;
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; mfu thpir Kiwia
epidT$Wk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ed;F jkpo; fw;NwhUf;Ff; $l nka;naOj;Jf;fis rw;W Ntfj;Jld;
mfu thpirg;gLj;Jjy; rw;W rpukkhd xd;Wjhd;. vdNt> ehk; Kd;dh; fw;w
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; thpir Kiwia gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapd; %yk; kPz;Lk;
epidTWj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; kpfTk; ed;W.
m M , < c C v V I x X xs
f fh fp fP F $ nf Nf if nfh Nfh nfs
q qh qp qP q+ nq Nq iq nqh Nqh nqs
r fh rp rP R # nr Nr ir nrh Nrh nrs
Q Qh Qp QP | nQ NQ iQ nQh NQh nQs
l lh b B L ^ nl Nl il nlh Nlh nls
z zh zp zP z Z} nz Nz iz nzh Nzh nzs
j jh jp jP J jh nj Nj ij njh Njh njs
e eh ep eP E eh ne Ne ie neh Neh nes
g gh gp gP G G+ ng Ng ig ngh Ngh ngs
k kh kp kP K % nk Nk ik nkh Nkh nks
a ah ap aP A A+ na Na ia nah Nah nas
u uh hp hP U & nu Nu iu nuh Nuh nus
y yh yp yP Y Y} nt Nt it nth Nth nts
t th tp tP T T+ nt Nt it nth Nth nts
o oh op oP O * no No io noh Noh nos
s sh sp sP S

ns Ns is nsh Nsh nss
w wh wp wP W W} nw Nw iw nwh Nwh nws
d dh dp dP D D} nd Nd id ndh Ndh nds

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13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jpr; nrhw;nwhlh; Mf;Fjy;

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; jkpo; nrhw;nwhlh; gw;wpa njsptpid NrhjidapLk;
tpjkhf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU nrhw;nwhlh; vOtha; + nra;ag;gLnghUs; + gadpiy vd;w mikg; Gld;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthf jkpo; nrhw;nwhlh;fspy; Kjypy; vOthAk; filrpapy; gadpiyAk;
tUk;. ,ilapy; nra;ag; gL nghUs; kw;Wk; gpw nrhw;fs; tUk;.
,r;nrhw;nwhlh; xOq;FgLj;Jjypy; ctikfs; kw;Wk; gonkhopfs; ,lk;
ngWfpd;wd.

Njh;T Nehf;fpy; rpy nrhw;nwhlh;fs;

cLf;if ,oe;jtd; if Nghy
EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;
xU ghidr;Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;
gRitg; gphpe;j fd;WNghy
,iy kiwf; fha;Nghy
ahidg; grpf;Fr; Nrhsg;nghhpah?
,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;GNghy
rpWJsp ngU nts; sk;
Nrhopad; FLkp Rk;kh MlhJ
vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;
Fuq;F ifg;gl;l G+khiy Nghy
filkil jpwe; jJ Nghy
gz;gl;l ige;jkpo; gho; gl;Lf; fple;jJ
ehLk; nkhopAk; ekjpU fz;fs;
Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W
MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp
jpq;fs; mkpo; J jpfo; Mtpd; ghypdpJ
gl;b kz;lgj;Jg; ghq;fwpe;J VWkpd;
xWj;jhiug; nghd;Nghy; nghjpe;J
Vio mOj fz;zPh; $hpa this xf;Fk;
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jkpoh; fs; tho; tpd; ,uf;fzk; mwpe;jth;
Fd;wpd; Nky; vhpAk; tpsf;F
cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy
Co;tpid cWj;Jte;J Cl;Lk;
Ez;zpjpd; kfpo;e;jd;W xz;Zjy; KfNd
ty; yth; ey;ytuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
J}a neQ;rpdh; Jd;gk; nra;ahh;
ciog;gpd; thuh cWjpfs; csNth?
eP jpf;Fg; Nghuhlhjtd; eil gpzk;
kpd;DtJ vy;yhk; nghd; my; y
Fd;W Kl;ba FUtp Nghy

14. ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tifawpjy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; nrhy; vj;jifa ngah; r;nrhy; vd fz;lwpjNy
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,t;tpdhf;fSf;F vspjpy; tpilaspf;Fk;
tifapy; ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; midj;J tiffisAk; mjw;fhd
cjhuzq;fisAk; Njh;T Nehf;fpy; njhFj;Js;Nshk;.

gz;Gg;ngah;
xU nghUspd; gz;ig czh;j;Jk; ngah;. mJ epwk;> Rit> tbtk;>
msT vd;Dk; ehd;fpd; mbg;gilapy; mikAk;.

ntz;ik - epwg;gz;Gg; ngah;
,dpg;Gr;Rit - Ritg; gz;Gg; ngah;
tl;ltbtk; - tbtg; gz;Gg;ngah;
Kj;jkpo; - msTg; gz;Gg; ngah;

gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjpfs;
ed;ik - ik
njhy;iy - I
khl;rp - rp
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khz;G - G
koT - c
ed;F - F
ed;wp - wp
ed;W - W
eyk; - mk;
ed;dh; - mh; (m) eh;
jpl; gk; - gk;

(ik tpFjp ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;)
(v.L) nrk;ikNfhy;> %Nte;jh;> Kk;khhp> rJutay;> fUq; fy;> tl;lf;fpzW>
Nfhgk;> frg;G> Jth;g;G> Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> Fl;il> nrt;tfk;> cauk;>
cUz;il> nrk;ik> tl;lepyh> ePs;efh;> Kf;Fzk;.

2) njhopw;ngah;
xU njhopiy czh;j;Jk; ngah;. njhopy; vd;gJ <z;L> xU nghUspd;
Gilngah;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

njhopw;ngah;fs; tpFjpfs;
1. elj;jy; - jy;
2. ghly;> Mly; - my;
3. Ml;lk;> tl;lk; - mk;
4. nfhiy - I
5. njhOif> nraw;if - I
6. ghh; it - it
7. elg;G - G
8. tuT - T> c
9. kwjp - jp
10. tsh;r;rp> czh;r;rp - rp
11. cjtp> Gytp - tp
- cz;Nlid
- cz;fpd;Nwid> cz;Nlid
Kd;dpiy - ghLfpd;whia (ghLfpd;w cd;id)
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- te;jhia> tUtia
- tUfpd;whia
glh;f; if - ghLthid (ghLgtid)
- ele;jhid> elg;ghid

15. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrhy;ypw;F rhpahd ,yf;fzf;
Fwpg;ig Njh;e;njLf;FkhW mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspf;f fP o;fz;l ,yf;fzq;fis njhpe;J nfhz;lhy; jhd; xU
nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;ig mwpa KbAk;.

tpidKw;W
xU nghUs; nra;j njhopiyf; Fwpj;J te;J> Kw;Wg; ngw;w nrhy;
tpidKw;W vdg; gLk;.
mJ jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; fhl;Lk; ; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ; gadpiyahf
tUk; ; Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ.

tiffs;:
1. njhpepiy tpidKw;W
nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;> nra;nghUs;> vd;Dk;
MwpidAk; ntspg; gilahfj; njhptpf;Fk; tpidKw;W njhpepiy tpidKw;W
vdg;gLk;.
v.L. nry;tk; ghlk; vOjpdhd;
kq;if> $lj;jpy; mhprpkhf;Nfhyk; mikj;jds.;
kq;if> ,y;yj;jpy; aho; vLj;Jj; jkpopir ghbdhs;.
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njhpepiy tpidKw;W
nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy;> vd;Dk; 6 tifg;gl;l
ngah; r;nrhw;fisr; rhh;e;J tUk;.
Ntyd; nea;fpwhd; - nghUl; ngah; rhh;e;j njhpepiy
tpidKw;W
muq; fk; epiwe;jJ - ,lg;ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy
tpidKw;W
fhiy mUk;gpaJ - fhyg; ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy
tpidKw;W
iffs; rpte;jd - rpidg;ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy
tpidKw;W
nts;is mbj;jhd; - gz;Gg;ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy
tpidKw;W
Ml;lk; Kbe;jJ - njhopw;ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy
tpidKw;W
fUtp> nra;nghUs; vd xd;wpuz;L FiwapDk; mJTk; njhpepiy
tpidKw;NwahFk;.

njhpepiy tpidKw;W
mKjh Xtpak; tiufpd;whs;

2. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

nra;gtidAk;> jpiz ghy;fisAk; ntspg;gilahff; fhl;bf;
fhyj;ijf; Fwpg; ghf czh;j;Jk; tpidKw;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
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,t;tpidKw;W nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; Kjyhd Mwd; mbg;gilapy;
Njhd;Wk;.
(v.fh) Fioapds;> nghd;dpdd; - nghUs;
Cud;> Gwj;jpdd; - ,lk;
Mjpiuad; - fhyk;
nrq; fz;zd; - rpid
ey;yd;> fhpad; - Fzk;
,d;nrhy;yd; - njhopy;
fhh;Nkfk; nry;td; - nghUl; ngah; rhh;e;j Fwpg;G
tpidKw;W
nropad; (kJiuahd;) - ,lk;
,uhkd; etkpahd; - fhyg;ngah;
Nrhod; nrq;fz;zd; - rpidg;ngah; rhh;e;j Fwpg;G
tpidKw;W.
jiyth; vspah; - Fzg; ngah; rhh;e;j Fwpg;G
tpidKw;W
jhkiu nkd; eilahs; - njhopw;ngah; rhh;e;j Fwpg;G
tpidKw;W
tpFjpfs;: (md;> Mh;> m> J> E> Md;> mh;> Ms;)

3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W
nray; epfo;itf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W
vdg;gLk;.

16. tpilfSf;Nfw;g tpdhitj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;
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,g;gFjpapy; tUk; tpdhf;fs; tpil tbtj;jpYk; rpy rkaq; spy;
tpdhf;Nfw;w tpilahfTk; tUfpd;wJ. vdNt> tpdhf;fspd; tiffisAk;
tpilfspd; tiffisAk; mwpjy; mtrpak;.

mWtif tpdhf;fs;
1. mwptpdh
jhk; mwpe;jij kw;wtUk; mwpe;Js;shuh vd mwpa tpdTtJ.
(v.L) rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
2. mwpahtpdh
jhk; mwpahj xd;iw kw;wthplk; tpdtp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf
tpdTtJ.
(v.L) Iah ,r;nra;Aspd; nghUs; ahJ?
nghUs; ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ ahJ?

3. Iatpdh
jkf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s Iaj;ij Nghf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Nfl;gJ.
(v.L) ,jidr; nra;jth; ,uhkdh? ,yf;Fzdh?
mq;F Njhd;WtJ ghk;gh? fapwh?

4. nfhsy; tpdh
xd;iw kw;wthplk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl; L tpdTtJ.
(v.L) tzpfNu gUg;G cs;sjh? vd tpdTjy;

5. nfhil tpdh
xd;iw kw;wtUf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; nghUl; L tpdTtJ.
(v.L) mzpz Mil cs;sNjh?
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khztpf;F rPUil ,y;iyah?
6. Vty; tpdh
xU nraiy nra;AkhW VTtjw;fhf tpdTtJ.
(v.L) jk;gp filf;Fr; nrd;W gq; fs; thq;fp tUthah?
khztNu! jpUf;Fwis kdg; ghlk; nra;jPuh?
1. mq;F epw;gth; Mzh> ngz;zh? - Iatpdh
2. eP Njh;Tf;Fg; gbj;Jtpl;lhah? - Vty; tpdh
3. cd;dplk; ed;D}y; cs;sjh? - nfhsy; tpdh
4. cdf;Fr; rPUil cs;sjh? - nfhil tpdh
5. Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fs; ahit? - mwptpdh
6. nghOJ Gyh;e;Jk; vOe;jpUf;ftpy;iyah? - Vty; tpdh

vz; tif tpilfs;
1. Rl;Ltpil
tpdTk; tpdhtpw;Fr; Rl;b tpilaspg;gJ.
(v.L) njd;fhrpf;Fr; nry;Yk; top ahJ?
,e;j tpdhtpw;F ,J vd;gJ tpilahapUg;gpd; Rl;Ltpil MFk;.
2. kiwtpil
tpdTk; tpdhtpw;F vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; tpilapUg; gpd; kiwtpil
vdg;gLk;.
(v.L) eP ePe;Jthah? (ePe;jkhl;Nld;)

3. Neh;tpil
tpdTk; tpdhtpw;F cld;ghl;Lg; nghUspy; tpilaspj;jhy; Neh;tpil.
(v.L) eP ehis gs;sp nry;thah?

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17. vt;tif thf; fpankdf; fz;nlOJjy;
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; xU nrhw;nwhlh; nfhLj;J mJ vt;tif thf;fpa
tiffisAk; mjd; ,yf;fzq; fisAk; mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;.

thf;fpak;
vOtha;> gadpiy> nra;ag;gLnghUs; vd;wike;J nghUs; epiwT
ngw;wpUf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlh; thf;fpak; vdg; gLk;.

thf;fpa mikg; G
ngUk;ghYk; xU thf;fpaj;jpy;
vOtha; - KjypYk;
gadpiy - ,WjpapYk;
nra;ag;gLnghUs; - ,ilapYk; tUk;

vOtha;
mWtifg;ngah;r; nrhw;fSk;> tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; vOthahf
tUk;.
gadpiy
tpidKw;W (njhpepiy> Fwpg;G) ngah;r;nrhy;> tpdhg;ngah; Mfpad
gadpiyahf tUk;.
thf;fpa tiffs;
1. jdp thf;fpak;
xU vOthNah> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOtha;fNsh te;J xNu
gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ jdp thf;fpak; MFk;. vOtha;>
nra;ag;gLnghUs; ,d;wpAk; thf;fpak; miktJz;L.
(v.L) ghujpjhrd; jkpo; czh;it tsh;j;jhh;.
(xU vOtha;) (xNu gadpiy)
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Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fs; %tUk; jkpio tsh;r;jdh;.
(%d;W vOtha;) (xNu gadpiy)
vOtha; ,y;yhky;
(v.L) itfiwj; JapnyO
nra;ag;gLnghUs; gadpiy

nra;ag; gLnghUs; ,d;wp
ghit te;jhs;
(v.L) Kfpy; tz;zd; jpUf;Fws; fw;whd;
mKjd; vOJfpwhd;.
G+ tpopAk; rf;jpAk; godp nrd;wdh;.
2. njhlh; thf;fpak;
jdp thf;fpaq;fs; gy njhlh;e;J tUtJk; xNu vOtha; gy
gadpiyfisg; ngw;W tUtJk; njhlh; thf;fpakhFk;.
(v.L) ngz;Zf;F kjpg; Gf;nfhLq; fs;
chpik nfhLq; fs;> tzf;fk; nrYj;Jq;fs;
3. fyit thf;fpak;
xU Kjd;ik thf;fpaKk; mjNdhL xd;Nwh gyNth nghUs;
njhlh;Gs;s rhh;G thf;fpaq;fSk; Nrh;e;J tUtJ fyit thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
(v.L) jpUts;Sth;> xt; nthUtUf;Fk; xOf;fj;ij caphpDk; Nkyhf Xk;g
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
1. ehk; tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mrphpah; vq; fSf;F mwpTiu
$wpdhh;.
2. kio nga;J nfhz;bUe;j nghOJk;> $l;lk; fiyahJ ,Ue;jJ.

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18. jd;tpid> gpwtpid> nra;tpid> nra;ag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaq; fisf;
fz;nlOJjy;
gFjp 17y; gapd;w thf;fpaq;fisj; jtpu jd;tpid> gpwtpid>
nra;tpid> nra;ag; ghl;Ltpid thf;fpaq;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iw fz;lwpAk;
tpjkhf ,g; gFjp tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,t;thf;fpaq;fisg;
gw;wpa ,yf;fzq;fis mwpjy; kpf mtrpak;.
1. jd;tpid
xUtd; jhNd nra;Ak; nraiy czh;j;Jtijj; jd;tpid thf;fpak;
vd;gh;.
(v.L) Nfhij ed;F gbj;jhs;
kd;dh; ehl;il Mz;lhh;
nghpath; flTis njhOjhh;
2. gpwtpid
xUtd; gpwiuf; nfhz;L njhopiyr; nra;tpj;jiy czh;j;JtJ
gpwtpid thf;fpakhFk;.
(v.L) Mrphpah; ghlk; fw;gpj;jhh;.

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19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUis Njh;e; njOJjy;
ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; ctikfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L me;j ctikahy;
tpsf;fg; gLk; nghUis fz;lwpAkhW Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt. ,g;gFjpf;fhf
Vuhskhd ctikfisAk; mjw;Fhpa nghUl; fisAk; gl;baypl;Ls;Nshk;.

mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk; Nghy - nghWik
ed;ghy; fye;jPikahy; jphpjy; Nghy - nfLjy;
kug;ghit ehzhy; caph; kUl;ly; Nghy - kaq; Fjy;
mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gspq; FNghy; - ntspg;gLj;jy;
mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghy - mhpa nray;
mbaw;w kuk;Nghy - tP o;jy;
,yT fhj;j fpspNghy - Vkhw;wk;
clYk; capUk; Nghy - xw;Wik> neUf;fk;
fly;kil jpwe;jhw;Nghy - ntspNaWjy;
gfytidf; fz;l gdpNghy - ePq;Fjy;
cs;sq; if ney;ypf;fdpNghy - njspT
jhkiuapiyj; jz;zPh; Nghy - gw;wpd;ik
Ngbif thshz;ik Nghyf; nfLk; - Kaw;rpapd;ik
xw;fj;jpd; Cw;whk; Jiz Nghy - Cd;WNfhy;
nghUGyp GypNahL rpiyj;j Nghy; - vjpnujpNu epd;W Nghhply;
flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghy
- gadw;wJ
nfhLf;Fj; Njsha;f; nfhl;LtNjd;
- tUj;jk;
,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy
- eLf;fk;
nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy
- xw;Wik
jhiaf; fz;l Nriag; Nghy
- ,d;gk;> mjpf kfpo;r;rp
efKk; rijAk; Nghy
- ,iz gphpahik
kio fhzg; gaph;Nghy
- thLjy;
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NtypNa gapiu Nka;e;jJ Nghy
- eatQ;rfk;
md;wyh;e;j kyh; Nghy - Gj;Jzh;T
,Ujiyf;nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghy - jtpg;G
moypy; tpOe;j GOg;Nghy - Ntjid
fz;fl;L tpj;ij Nghy - khaj;Njiu
gj;jiu khw;Wj;jq;fk;Nghy - ngUik
ehAk; G+idAk; Nghy - gif
miy Xa;e;j fly;Nghy - mikjp
gRkuj;jhzp Nghy - vspjhfg; gjpjy;
Fd;wpd;Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghy - gaDlik gad;
fdpapUg; gf; fha; fth;e;jJ Nghy - mwpahik> Njitaw;w
nray;
,iykiwf; fha; Nghy - kiwnghUs;
Miyapy; mfg;gl;l JUk;GNghy - Jd;gk;
Fuq;F ifapy; mfg;gl;l G+khiy Nghy - ehrk;
nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;FNghy - gadpd;ik
nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy - xw;Wik
QhapW fz;l jhkiu Nghy - kfpo;r;rp
ePh;Nky; vOj;JNghy - epiyaw;wJ
gok; eOtpg; ghypy; tpOe;jJ Nghy - ,d;gkpFjp
nte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;r;RtJ Nghy - tUj;jk;
mdypw; gl;l nkOF Nghy - Jd;gk; fz;L cUFjy;
Fspf;fg; Ngha; Nrw;iwg; G+rpf; nfhz;L
tUtJ Nghy
- FWk;Gfspy; <LgLtJ
nghd;kyh; kzk; ngw;wJ Nghy; - nghUl; nry;th; mwpTr;
nry;tj;jhy; Njbf;nfhs;tJ
ckpFw;wpf; if rypj;jJ Nghy - tUj;jk;
fz;zpyhjhd; fz; ngw;W ,oe;jJ Nghy - jtpg;G
fiwahd; Gw;nwLf;ff; fUehfk; Fb GFe;jJ
Nghy
- mj;JkPwy;
mr;rpy; thh; j;jhw;Nghy - xw;Wik
mzptFj;jhw;Nghy - xNu rPuhf
mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jhw;Nghy - ftdk;
Mg;giwe;j kuk;Nghy - cWjp
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20. Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG ,tw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iw Njh;e;njOJjy;

,g;gFjpapy; ghlypd; ,uz;L mbfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L Nkhid> vJif>
,iaG Mfpa %d;wpy; VNjDk; xd;iw fz;lwpAkhW tpdhf;fs;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,tw;wpd; ,yf;fz tiffis mwpe;jpUj;jy;
mtrpak;.

Nkhidj;njhil
Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid. nra;As; Kjy; mbapd; Kjy;
vOj;J mLj;j mbfspd; Kjy; vOj;jhf tUtJk;>
Xh; mbapy; cs;s Kjy; rPhpd; Kjy; vOj;J mt;tbapy; cs;s kw;w
rPh;fspd; Kjy; vOj;jhf tUtJk; Nkhidj;njhil vdg;gLk;.
Xh; vOj;Jf;F Nkhidahf mjd; ,d vOj;Jk; tuyhk;.
,d vOj;Jf;fs;
m> M - xd;Wf;F xd;W ,dk;
,> <> v> V> C> x> X - xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,dk;
tiffs;
I. mbNkhid
nra;As; Kjy; mbapd; Kjy; vOj;J mLj;j mbfspd; Kjy;
vOj;jhf tUtJ mbNkhid MFk;. (,d vOj;Jk; Nkhidahf mikAk;).
(v.L) ehzhy; capiuj; Jwg;ghh; ----------
ehz; Jwthh; ---------
II. rPh;Nkhid
1. ,iz Nkhid
mstbapy; Kjy; rPhpd; (1>2 rPh;fs;) Kjy; vOj;J> ,uz;lhk; rPhpYk;
Kjy; vOj;jhf tUtJ ,iz Nkhid MFk;.
,d vOj;Jk; Nkhidahf mikAk;.

2. nghopg;G Nkhid
mstbapy; 1>3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ nghopg; G Nkhid
vdg;gLk;.
(v.L) ez;gw;wh uhfp eakpy; nra;jhh;f;Fk;

3. xUc Nkhid
mstbapy; 1>4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ
(v.L) mzpad;Nwh ehDilik rhd;Nwhh;f;F m/jpd;Nwy;
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4. $io Nkhid
mstbapy; 1>2>3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
(v.L) vz;gjj;jhy; va;jy; vspnjd;g ahh;khl;Lk;

5. Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid
mstbapy; 1>3>4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ
(v.L) ghit tpsf;Fk; gyTld; gug;Gkpd;

6. fP o;f;fJtha; Nkhid
mstbapy; 1>2>4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
(v.L) mtph;kjp mida jpUEjy; mhpit.

7. Kw;W Nkhid
mstbapy; 1>2>3>4 rPh;fspYk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Kw;WNkhid
vdg;gLk;.
(midj;Jr; rPh;fspYk; Nkhid ,Uf;Fk;)
(v.L) fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; fiyfisf; fw;whd;.

njhil tpfw;gk; Kjy; rPh; ,uz;lhk; rPh; %d;whk; rPh; ehd;fhk; rPh;
1) ,iz * *
2) nghopg; G * *
3) xUc * *
4) $io * * *
5) Nkw;fJtha; * * *
6) fP o;fJtha; * * *
7) Kw;W * * * *

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VAO-Tamil Mini Materials Sriram Coaching Centre P.rajalingam

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TNPSC VAO TAMIL MATERIALS 1

ntw;wp cWjp ! ntw;wp cWjp !! ntw;wp cWjp !!!

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