09 Principles of Handover in WCDMA

HUAWE TECHNOLOGES CO., LTD.
InternaI
www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential
WCDMA Handover
Principle
HUAWE TECHNOLOGES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Page 1
Why mobile systems need handover?
Mobile systems are composed by cells
which the coverage is limited.
The mobility of the UE.
Providing the continuous service - the
basic element in QoS.
Page 2
TS25.331 Flow of Handover and
Related Parameters
TS25.133 Measurement Process
TS25.215 Definitions of Measurement
ndexes
Page 3
After studying this course, you will:
Understand basic concepts about
handover
Understand the flow of soft handover
Master basic parameters about soft
handover
Master soft handover decision algorithms
Page 4
apter 1 Overview of Handover
apter 2 Handover Measurement
apter 3 Soft Handover
apter 4 Hard Handover
Page 5
1.1 Purposes of Handover
1.2 Modes and Status of te UE
1.3 Metods and Types of
Handover
1.4 omparison between Soft
Handover and Hard Handover
Page 6
Purposes of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic
element in QoS
Providing continuous communication service is the main purpose
of handover.
The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of
using resource
Page 7
1.3 Metods and Types of
Handover
Page 8
ELL_DH ELL_FAH
ELL_PH
URA_PH
IDLE DEAD RRC connection
UE Modes and Status UE Modes and Status
Page 9
ELL_DH ELL_FAH
ELL_PH URA_PH
IDLE
DEAD
- Searching a PLMN
- Find a cell to camps on
- Monitering the paging channel
- Cell reselecting
- Dedicated channel
- Common channel,
low speed service
- Triggered by theCN
- Reducing activities, saving power and resource
RRC connection
These statuses are only applied
in the UTRAN and UE. They
are transparent to the CN.
UE Modes and Status (Status migration) UE Modes and Status (Status migration)
SMS
VP/Voice/PS
Low speed PS
eII Update
No traffic
After severaI eII
Updates
URA Update
Page 10
1.3 Metods and Types of Handover
Page 11
Handover Metods
Changing cells in the status of CELL_DCH
Handover
Directly retry
Changing residing cells in the statuses of DLE, CELL_FACH,
CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH
Cell reselection (forward handover)
Page 12
Handover Types in ELL_DH
Iassify by
System ange
Iassify by
SignaIing FIow
Iassify by
Frequency
ange
Description
ntra- system
Soft handover
ntra-frequency
Low-rate services (e.g. AMR, VP
Hard handover
High-rate services (e.g. PS384K)
No ur interface between to RNCs
nter-frequency
For the purpose of coverage or
load balancing (e.g. handover
between carriers with different
load, handover to the carrier that
supports the HSDPA service.
WCDMA-to-GSM handover)
nter-system
(nter-RAT)
Page 13
1.3 Metods and Types of Handover
Page 14
Features omparison between Soft Handover
and Hard Handover
Item Soft Handover (Softer Handover) Hard Handover
Number of radio Iinks in
te activate set
Several One
Interruption during
andover
No Yes
Frequencies in te ceIIs
before and after
andover
ntra-frequency
ntra-frequency
nter-frequency or
nter-RAT
Handover gain
Maximum-ratio combining or selective
combining which can reduce the impact of
fading and transmission power of the UE.
None
Disadvantage
Occupies more resources.
Problems occur when the power of soft
handover cells is unbalanced.
Call drop ratio is
relatively higher
n a word, some resources are wasted to obtain optimal system performance in soft handover.
Page 15
Soft Handover - (onnection before Disconnection)
RN
NodeB1
NodeB2
Page 16
Softer Handover - (A SpeciaI ase of Soft Handover)
RN Node B
eII A eII B
Page 17
Hard Handover- (Disconnection before onnection)
RN NodeB1
NodeB2
Page 18
"uestions
What are the differences between soft
handover, softer handover, and hard
handover?
Why intra-frequency handover is not
always soft handover?
How does handover gain arise? How
much are various handover gains?
Page 19
Summary
This chapter describes the purposes of
handover, working modes of the UE and
common handover types in the WCDMA
system, compares soft handover and hard
handover and describes respective
advantages and disadvantages.
n addition, this chapter describes a brief
flow of each type of handover.
Page 20
Page 21
2.1 Basic oncepts about
Handover
2.2 Tree Steps of Handover
2.3 Measurement ontroI
2.4 Measurement Report
Page 22
Basic oncepts about Handover
Active set
Monitor set
Detection set
Event report
Event to periodic report
Periodic report
Radio link (RL)
Radio link set (RLS)
Maximum-ratio combining
Selective combining
Soft handover gain
Pilot channel (CPCH)
Page 23
2.1 Basic oncepts about Handover
Page 24
Tree Steps of Handover
Decision
Execution
Measurement
The following figure shows handover
procedure (measurement quality set
to PCPCH Ec/o)
UE measures the CPCH Ec/o
of its serving cell(s) and
neighbor cells. And sends the
measurement report to RNC.
UE measures the CPCH Ec/o
of its serving cell(s) and
neighbor cells. And sends the
measurement report to RNC.
Are handover criteria meet? Are handover criteria meet?
Perform a handover
and update relative
parameters
Perform a handover
and update relative
parameters
Measure
Decision
Execution
Y
N
Page 25
2.1 Basic oncepts about Handover
Page 26
Measurement ontroI
Measurement control is used to notify the UE of the object to be
measured, neighbor cell list, report method, and event parameters.
When measurement conditions are changed, the RNC notifies the
UE of new conditions.
Measurement Control, normal case
UE UTRAN
Measurement Control
Page 27
Measurement ontroI
Measurement Control
The RNC sends a
measurement control message
according to the best cell in the
active set.
~ Measurement identity
~ Measurement command
~ Measurement type
~ Measurement object
~ Criteria of measurement report
~ Measurement report mode
Page 28
Measurement Objects
Measurement objects
ntra-frequency measurement
~ CPCH RSCP, CPCH Ec/o, or Pathloss (normally Ec/o)
nter-frequency measurement
~ CPCH RSCP, CPCH Ec/o
nter-RAT measurement
~ GSM Carrier RSS, BSC dentification, and BSC Reconfirmation
Page 29
Measurement ModeI
Measurement time of layer 1 is 200 ms. The vendor
can decide the filtering method.
Filtering parameters of layer 3 can be configured.
Measurement results are reported when the reporting
criteria are met.
Layer 1
Iiltering
Layer 3
Iiltering Evaluation
oI reporting
criteria
A D B C
C'
parameters
parameters
Page 30
Measurement ModeI - Layer 3 FiItering
Filtering of measurement results by the UE is calculated according to
the following formula:
F
n
(1-d)F
n-1
+dM
n
F
n
: new measurement result after L3 filtering
F
n-1
: the last measurement result after filtering
M
n
: the latest measurement result from the physical layer of the UE
d0.5
k/2
, K is the parameter in filter coefficient in the measurement
control message (default=3 ). f it is set to 0 , layer 3 filtering is
unavailable.
Page 31
2.1 Basic oncepts about
Handover
2.2 Tree Steps in Handover
Page 32
Measurement Report
When the measurement reporting criteria are met, the UE
reports the results to the RNC as an event.
Measurement Report
UE UTRAN
Measurement Report
Page 33
Measurement Report Metods
Event report
The measurement report is sent when the reporting criteria are met.
Periodic report (event to periodic report)
f the RNC does not respond after several events are reported, the
UE switches to periodic report.
The interval between report and total report times are controlled
through parameters.
Page 34
Intra-frequency Measurement Events
ntra-frequency measurement events are identified through 1X:
1A: A CPCH signal from monitor set enters the reporting range. Means a
monitor ceII is good enoug tat te UE can add it into active set.
1BA CPCH signal in active set leaves the reporting range. Means a ceII in
te active set is not good enoug according to te best ceII.
1C: Replace event. A CPCH signal from a monitor set is better than one in
the active set.
1D: Event of changing the best serving cell.
1F: Event that measurement results of the cells in the active set are lower
than an absolute threshold.
Page 35
Inter-frequency Measurement Events
Inter-frequency measurement events are identified by 2X:
2B event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than an absolute
threshold value and the quality of another inter-frequency neighbor
cell is higher than another threshold value. - Handover based on
Coverage
2C event: The quality of the inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher
than an absolute threshold value. - Handover based on Non-Coverage
(e.g. Load)
2D event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than an absolute
threshold value. t is used to start the compress mode.
2F event: The quality of the serving cell is higher than an absolute
threshold value. t is used to stop the compress mode.
Page 36
Inter-RAT Measurement Events
Inter-RAT Measurement events are identified troug 3X:
3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than an
absolute threshold value, but the quality in a GSM cell is higher than
another absolute threshold value. - Handover based on Coverage
3C event: The quality in a GSM cell is higher than an absolute threshold
value. - Handover based on Non-Coverage (e.g. Load)
2D event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than an
absolute threshold value. t is used to start the compress mode.
2F event: The quality of the currently used frequency is higher than
another absolute threshold value. t is used to stop the compress mode.
Page 37
Some Event Report ontroI Parameters
Relative threshold (reporting range)
Unidirectional difference between two measurement results, for example,
relative threshold value between 1A event and 1B event
Absolute threshold (threshold)
Measurement results reach an absolute value, for example, absolute
threshold values of 1E event and 1F event
Hysteresis
Bi-directional difference between two measurement results
Time to trigger
Time that lasts until the previous threshold value is met
Weight factor (W)
Control calculation of comparative benchmark values
Page 38
Event Report Decision
Deciding according to the judgment inequation
ExampIe: decision inequation of 1A event
f W = 0, for RSCP and Ec/o,
10LogM(New)<10LogM(Best) - (R1a-H1a/2)
M: measurement results
R: relative threshold values
H: hysteresis
W: weight factor. t is 0 generally.
10 1 10 10
1
1
a Best
N
i
i New
H R LogM W M Log W LogM
A
+
'
+
'
>

=
2. Other measurement variables (e.g. RSCP, Ec/o)
10 1 10 10
1
1
a Best
N
i
i New
A
+ +
'
+
'

=
1. Path loss
Page 39
- ExampIe of 1A Event Measurement Report
Measurement results in the primary cell
1A event occurs
Page 40
Event Report Decision (ontinued)
Trigger criteria of 1B event:
10 1 10 10
1 1
1
- - Best
N
i
i new
A
+ +
'
+
'

=

1 1 1 1 New
H T M
Trigger criteria of 1F event:

1/ Best NotBest
H M M + >
Trigger criteria of 1D event:

1. nAS New
H M M + >
Trigger criteria of 1 event:
Page 41
- ExampIe of 1B Event Measurement Report
1B event is reported
Delete the cell which primary scrambling code is 23
Page 42
Event Report
Page 43
Event Report
Replace cell 1 by the cell 2
Page 44
Event Report
Page 45
"uestions
n which cases does the RNC trigger
measurement control?
s the start time of intra-frequency,
inter-frequency, and nter-RAT
measurement the same?
When is an event reported?
How to report an event?
What events does intra-frequency
measurement contain?
What events does inter-frequency
measurement contain?
Page 46
Summary
This chapter describes concepts related to
handover, explains measurement control, which
covers measurement objects, event report.
Page 47
Page 48
3.1 FIow of Soft Handover
3.2 ommon Parameters and Intra
Frequency Neigbor eII
Page 49
FIow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link
(Reporting 1A event)
(Add new radio link)
Page 50
FIow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link
Page 51
FIow of Soft Handover - DeIeting Radio Link
(Reporting 1B event)
(Del old radio link)
Page 52
apter 3 FIow of Soft Handover
3.1 FIow of Soft Handover
3.2 ommon Parameters and Intra
Frequency Neigbor eII
Page 53
Setting ommon Parameters of Soft Handover
ReIative tresoId
1A and 1B event have their individual values.
The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong
handover. (1A < 1B)
~ Default setting: 1A: 3 dB; 1B: 6 dB
Hysteresis
Configure it for each event separately.
Usually the threshold values of 1A event and 1B event are 0 dB and those
of 1C, 1D, 1F are 4 dB.
This value affects the soft handover area of the UE.
MML command for adding cell-class intra-frequency handover
parameters: ADD ELLINTRAFRE"HO
MML Command for setting RNC-class intra-frequency handover
parameters: SET INTRAFRE"HO
Page 54
ommon Parameters of Soft Handover (ontinued)
Time to trigger
Configured it for each event separately.
The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong
handover. (1A < 1B)
~ Default setting: 1A: 320 ms; 1B: 640 ms; 1C, 1D: 640 ms
Lay 3 fiItering coefficient
t is shared by all types of intra-frequency measurement.
This parameter is sensitive to the delay of event triggering and ping-
pong handover.
t is usually set to 3.
Page 55
Intra Frequency Neigbor eII
Te Handover can onIy appened among te neigbor ceIIs
MML: Add IntraFreqNeII:
Configure neighbor cells with the same frequency
The maxim number of ntraFreqNCell for each cell is 31
Page 56
"uestions
Draw the signaling flow chart of soft
handover.
What is the impact of parameters in soft
handover on system performance?
What parameters can affect
performance of soft handover besides
the parameters described in this
chapter?
Page 57
Summary
This chapter describes the signaling
flow and common parameters of soft
handover in WCDMA.
Page 58
Oter Handovers
The WCDMA system supports many handover technologies.
Besides soft (softer) handover described previously, there are
intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover,
and nter-RAT handover.
f the system supports HSDPA, the WCDMA system also
supports handover between carrier frequency of HSDPA and
ordinary carrier frequency to balance load and to utilize network
resources efficiently.
Refer to supplementary contents for description of intra-
frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover, and
nter-RAT handover. This part is provided for self-study.
Page 59
ourse
Summary
ourse Summary
This course describers the principles,
algorithm, related parameters and
general flow of soft handover in the
WCDMA system.
Tank you
www.huawei.com
Page 61
4.1 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
4.2 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
4.3 Inter-RAT Hard Handover
Page 62
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
- Measurement and Event
Measurement
t is similar to that in soft handover
Related events
1D event
Page 63
- Handover FIow
TARGET NODEB SOARE NODEB
3. ALCAP ESTABLSHMENT
9. ALCAP RELEASE
Page 64
- ommon Parameters
BeBitrateThd: BE service handover rate decision threshold.
f the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is not more
than this threshold, the system performs soft handover for the users using
this service.
f the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is greater
than this threshold, the system performs intra-frequency hard handover for
the users using this service.
MML: SET HOOMM
Parameters related to the 1D event
Time to trigger (640ms), hysteresis (4dB)
The parameters should be appropriate so the system can not only track
changes of the signal to perform handover, but also avoid ping-pong
handover.
Page 65
Page 66
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview
Features
The frequency is different after handover.
For the UE with only one transceiver, the compress mode should be
started to assist measurement.
Advantages
The handover success rate is higher than that of intra-frequency hard
handover.
The load on carrier frequencies are balanced.
Page 67
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview
(ontinued)
Disadvantages
The compress mode causes extra radio resource
Application scenarios
Uncontinuous coverage of carrier
Load caused handover
Hierarchical cell
Page 68
Inter-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement in inter-frequency hard handover
Measurement variables:
~ CPCH RSCP, CPCH Ec/N0
Different measurement types are used for different handover purposes:
~ Edge of carrier coverage area: CPCH RSCP
~ Center of carrier coverage area: CPCH Ec/o
Page 69
- Measurement and Event (ontinued)
Measurement Report Methods
Event report
~ 2D event: The quality of current frequency is lower than a certain absolute
threshold value. t is used to start the compress mode.
~ 2F event: The quality of current frequency is higher than a certain absolute
threshold value. t is used to stop the compress mode.
~ 2B event: The quality of current frequency is lower than the absolute
threshold value, and the quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than
another absolute threshold value. t is used in coverage handover trigger.
~ 2C event: The quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than a certain
absolute threshold value. t is used in load handover trigger.
Periodic report
Page 70
- Starting and Stopping of te ompression Mode
Starting conditions of measurement
2D event: f the quality of the currently frequency is lower than a certain
absolute threshold value, the compress mode is started.
Use the velocity estimation algorithm to decide starting of inter-frequency
handover measurement.
Stopping conditions of measurement
2F event
After the best cell is changed, the new best cell does not have any inter-
frequency neighbor cell.
The timer of inter-frequency measurement expires.
The speed estimate status of the UE changes, and related inter-frequency
handover measurement is disabled according to the hierarchical cell algorithm
n hard handover, if the coverage reason is triggered, handover is stopped
simultaneously.
Page 71
Inter-frequency Hard Handover FIow
Signaling flow
9. ALCAP RELEASE
3. ALCAP ESTABLSHMENT
SOARE NODEB
TARGET NODEB
Page 72
- ommon Parameters
nter-frequency coverage handover parameters:
Methods for report inter-frequency measurement: periodic or event
nter-frequency measurement variables: CPCH Ec/o or CPCH RSCP.
nter-frequency measurement layer 3 filtering coefficient, time to trigger,
and hysteresis
Starting and stopping threshold values of inter-frequency measurement:
Configure it respectively for CPCH Ec/o, CPCH RSCP, and configure 2D,
2F event for CS and PS.
nter-frequency coverage handover threshold value: quality threshold value
of the target cell
Quality threshold value of used frequency in inter-frequency hard handover
Lowest access threshold value in inter-frequency handover
Page 73
Inter-frequency Hard Handover - "uestions
Why the compress mode threshold for the CS and PS are
configured different?
The Eb/No required by these two services are different, so the
RSCPs are also different.
f the UE uses the CS service and PS service at the same time,
the 2D and 2F parameters of which service are used to decide
starting the compress mode?
f the parameters of any service meet the threshold, the compress
mode will started.
s the compress mode started immediately after the UE sends
the 2D parameter?
The compress mode is started after the RNC reconfigure the RB.
Page 74
Page 75
Inter-RAT Hard Handover
Overview
Measurement and Event
Handover Decision Algorithm
Handover Flow
Common Parameters
Page 76
Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Overview
Category
WCDMA FDD <GSM
WCDMA FDD <WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD <CDMA2000
Features
The radio access technology (RAT) adopted in the system after handover
is different.
Need compress mode to assist measurement.
Advantages
Coverage: Solve the problem of transition between different systems.
Capacity: mprove the utilization of old equipments to the greatest extent
(2G-3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and the requirement for compatibility of
equipment is high.
The UE is complicated.
Page 77
Measurement in nter-RAT hard handover (GSM measurement)
Measurement types:
~ GSM Carrier RSS
~ BSC dentification
~ BSC Reconfirmation
Measurement processing: layer-1 filtering, layer-3 filtering
Page 78
- Measurement and Event (ontinued)
Measurement Report
~ Event report
2D event: starting GSM measurement
2F event: stopping GSM measurement
3A event: The quality of WCDMA is lower than an absolute
threshold but quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than
another absolute threshold. - Handover based on Coverage
3C event: The quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than an
absolute threshold. - Handover based on Non-Coverage (e.g. Load)
Page 79
Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Decision AIgoritm
Decision of nter-RAT handover
nter-RAT handover based on coverage
~ Event
3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower
than an absolute threshold value, but quality of a GSM cell is
higher than another absolute threshold value.
~ Periodic
Evaluation: Confirm the status according to the GSM RSS
measurement value and the BSC of the target cell in GSM and
evaluate the cell of which the GSM RSS exceeds the absolute
threshold value. f both conditions are met, consider the cell of
which the BSC is confirmed.
Page 80
- Decision AIgoritm (ontinued)
nter-RAT handover based on non-coverage
~ Event
The 3C event means that the quality of the GSM cell is
higher than an absolute threshold value.
Page 81
Inter-RAT Handover FIow
1. Relocation
Required
. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
1. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response
5. Prepare
Handover
Response
6. Relocation
Command
7. H : Handover
Irom UTRAN Command

8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete

10. Handover
Complete
11. Send
End
Signal
UE
Node B SRNC CN MS BSC
Page 82
Inter-RAT Handover - ommon Parameters
nter-RAT coverage handover parameters
Starting and stopping thresholds of nter-RAT measurement: They
determine the thresholds of the 2D event and 2F event. Configure CPCH
Ec/o, CPCH RSCP for the CS service and PS service respectively.
Measurement variables for the 2D event and 2F event in nter-RAT
handover: Select CPCH Ec/o or PCH RSCP.
BSC selection confirmation switch
nter-RAT coverage handover threshold: GSM RSS threshold in nter-RAT
coverage handover. Configure it for the CS service and PS service
respectively.
Quality threshold of used frequency in nter-RAT handover
Configure time to trigger and hysteresis for each event respectively
Penalty duration
Page 83
Summary - ategories of Handover
According to the signaling characters
~ Soft handover (softer handover)
~ Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell:
~ ntra-frequency handover
~ nter-frequency handover
~ nter-RAT handover (UMTS GSM/GPRS)
According to the purpose of handover:
~ Based on Coverage
~ Based on Noncoverage

09 Principles of Handover in WCDMA

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

09 Principles of Handover in WCDMA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HUAWE TECHNOLOGES CO., LTD.

You might also like