HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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Nguyn Trn Hong Giang



NGHIN CU TNH NNG H THNG ROF
S DNG K THUT OFDM



Chuyn ngnh: K Thut in T
M s: 60.52.70




TM TT LUN VN THC S




H NI - 2013



Lun vn c hon thnh ti:
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG


Ngi hng dn khoa hc:
(Ghi r hc hm, hc v)


Phn bin 1:

Phn bin 2: ..




Lun vn s c bo v trc Hi ng chm lun vn thc s ti Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Vo lc: ....... gi ....... ngy ....... thng ....... .. nm ...............

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:
- Th vin ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

1
M U
Thng tin v tuyn tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong x hi ngy nay. S
gia tng lin tc ca cc thit b di ng v khng dy cng vi nhu cu v cc dch v bng
rng to p lc phi tng dung lng ca cc h thng v tuyn. K thut truyn sng v
tuyn qua si quang (Radio over Fiber - RoF) l cng ngh c mong i s ng vai tr
quan trng trong mng khng dy hin ti v trong tng lai v n cung cp cho ngi dng
u cui kh nng truy cp dch v mng bng rng thc s trong khi vn m bo yu cu
tnh di ng ca vic truy cp ang ngy cng tng.
Trong khi k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) phn b d
liu qua s lng ln cc sng mang con c t cch nhau ti cc tn s chnh xc vi
cc bng tn chng ln. K thut OFDM cung cp hiu sut ph, kh nng chng nhiu RF
tt nht v mo a ng thp cho h thng khng dy do n s dng k thut FFT cho
iu ch cung cp tnh trc giao cho cc sng mang con ny qu trnh gii iu ch
khng b xuyn nhiu gia cc bng tn. S dng k thut OFDM l xu hng hin nay cho
cc mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng h tr tc d liu cao.
Do vy vic kt hp OFDM vi truyn dn RoF em li nhiu ch trong nghin
cu cc h tng truyn ti ca mng khng dy th h mi. S kt hp ny lm h thng
RoF c th c s dng cho c truyn dn khong cch ngn cng nh di ti tc cao.
iu ny ci thin linh hot ca h thng v cung cp phm vi bao ph rng cho mng
m khng tng gi thnh v phc tp ca h thng ln nhiu.
Nghin cu nh gi tnh nng h thng RoF s dng k thut OFDM l ni dung
chnh ca lun vn. Cu trc lun vn nh sau: Chng 1 gii thiu tng quan v truyn dn
v tuyn qua si quang (Radio over Fiber). Chng 2 nghin cu v k thut OFDM cho h
thng RoF. Chng 3 m phng h thng RoF s dng k thut OFDM, nh gi cc kt
qu thu c t m phng.
Do hn ch v thi gian cng nh kin thc bn thn, lun vn khng th trnh khi
cc khim khuyt. Rt mong c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c, cc hc vin quan
tm lun vn c hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n TS Nguyn c Nhn hng dn em hon thnh lun
vn ny.
2
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TRUYN DN V TUYN QUA
SI QUANG (RADIO OVER FIBER)
1.1 Gii thiu chung
Chng ny bao gm 3 phn, phn u tin trnh by khi qut v cc thnh phn
ca truyn dn quang nh si quang, ngun quang (Laser), k thut iu bin quang, b
iu bin, b khuch i quang, b thu quang. Phn th hai gii thiu mt cch tng quan l
thuyt v RoF, c im ca RoF v kin trc mng RoF. Phn th ba trnh by nhng ng
dng hin nay ca RoF trong cc mng WLAN, mng di ng t bo, thng tin v tinh v
cc dch v di ng bng rng.
1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn trong h thng truyn dn si quang
1.2.1 Si quang
Si quang l mi trng in mi cho thng tin truyn qua t im ny ti im kia
di dng nh sng. Vi kch thc nh ca si quang cho php nhiu si quang hn trong
cng mt khng gian so vi cp ng. Si quang an ton trong cc mi trng b n mm,
truyn dn si quang cng khng b nh hng do nhiu cm ng in t v cng khng
gy ra nhiu. C hai loi si quang l si quang c chit sut bc v si quang c chit sut
bin i. Si quang chit sut bc c s thay i chit sut t ngt tip gip mt v - 1i,
cn si quang c chit sut bin i c chit sut gim dn bn trong li.
1.2.2 B pht quang
Vai tr ca cc b pht quang l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang v a
tn hiu quang ny vo si quang truyn ti pha thu. Linh kin chnh trong b pht
quang l ngun pht quang. Cc ngun quang c s dng l diode pht quang (LED) v
laser bn dn (LD). LED, lp chuyn tip p-n phn cc thun pht ra nh sng thng qua
s pht x t pht, hin tng ny c gi l hin tng quang in. nh sng c to ra
khi cc cp in t - l trng ti hp li vi nhau vng ngho.Laser bn dn pht ra nh
sng ch yu bi pht x kch thch. Pht x kch thch c cng sut pht cao hn pht x t
pht. m gc ca chm sng laser u ra hp hn so vi LED em n kh nng ghp
ni cao hn vi si quang n mode. Ph nh sng pht ra hp cho php laser hot ng ti
tc cao. Ngoi ra, laser bn dn c th iu ch trc tip ti tn s cao do hin tng pht
x kch thch c thi gian ti hp cc cp in t - l trng ngn. Trong hu ht cc h thng
truyn dn quang, ngun quang thng c s dng l laser bn dn do hiu sut ca
chng cao hn so vi LED.
3

Hnh 1.3 - c tnh iu ch ca Laser
C 2 phng php chnh iu bin nh sng trong h thng quang: iu ch trc
tip v iu ch ngoi. Phng php iu bin trc tip,cc tn hiu in a vo b pht
quang thc hin iu bin trc tip thnh tn hiu quang nh Laser Diode hoc LED. Hnh
1.3 cho thy c tnh iu ch ca laser diode vi tn hiu in dng tng t nh trong h
thng RoF. Mt vn cn quan tm trong iu ch trc tip l mo dng phi tuyn ca
qu trnh iu ch do c tnh iu ch, cc mo dng phi tuyn bc hai v bc ba c th gy
ra s suy gim cht lng ca h thng RoF.
Trong k thut iu ch ngoi, mt thit b ring bit c s dng iu ch nh
sng. iu ch ngoi tr thnh phng php vt tri cho cc h thng thong tin quang
ng di tc cao. Cc b iu ch ngoi c th lm bng nhiu loi vt liu v kin trc
mc d cc vt liu in-quang thng thng hng s in mi nh hng n hnh dng
in trng.
1.2.3 B khuch i
Khuch i quang chia lm hai loi l khuch i ton quang v b lp quang in.
Khi tn hiu quang rt yu khng th truyn i xa c na th s c cc b lp thu li v
bin i thnh tn hiu in, sau tin hnh khuch i, chun li thi gian, ti to li dng
tn hiu in ri li bin i v tn hiu quang truyn ln ng truyn. Qu trnh khuch
i trc tip tn hiu quang m khng cn phi thng qua qu trnh bin i v tn hiu in
c gi l khuch i ton quang. Ty thuc vo v tr lp t m c b khuch i sau:
Khuch i cng sut, khuch i thu, khuch i ng truyn. Khuch i quang dng
nguyn 1 pht x kch thch, ging phng php s dng trong laser. C hai dng khuch
4
i quang c bn l khuch i laser bn dn v khuch i quang si trong khuch i
quang si pha tp t him Erbium c s dng ph bin.
1.2.4 B thu quang
Vai tr ca cc b thu quang l bin i tn hiu quang tr v dng tn hiu in.
Thnh phn chnh trong b thu quang l b tch sng quang, n chuyn tn hiu quang sang
tn hiu in da trn hiu ng quang in. Yu cu i vi b tch sng quang cng tng
t nh vi ngun quang l: nhy cao, thi gian p ng nhanh, nhiu thp, gi thnh thp
v tin cy cao. C hai kiu tch sng c bn l tch sng trc tip v tch sng kt
hp (coherent).
a. Tch sng trc tip
Trong cc b thu quang tch sng trc tip, b tch sng quang chuyn i lung
photon n thnh dng in. Dng in ny Sau c khuch i v cho qua mt thit
b ngng. Mt bit s l mc logic 0 hoc 1 ph thuc vo dng ny trn hoc di gi tr
ngng cho trc trong thi gian mt bit. Ni cch khc, quyt nh da trn c nh sng
hay khng trong thi gian mt bit. Thit b tch sng c bn i vi cc mng quang tch
sng trc tip l photodiode (PIN) V photo diode thc (APD). Trong dng n gin nht
ca n, photodiode l lp chuyn tip p-n nh thin ngc. Qua hiu ng quang in, nh
sng ti vng lp chuyn tip s to ra cp in t - l trng trong c min "n" v "p" ca
photodiode. Cc in t gii phng min "p" s vt qua ti min "n" v cc l trng
c to min "n" s vt qua ti min "p", do sinh ra dng in.
b. Tch sng Heterodyne u xa (RHD)
Hu ht cc k thut RoF u da vo nguyn l trn coherent trong diode pht
quang to ra tn hiu RF. Cc k thut ny c gi chung l cc k thut tch
Heterodyne u xa (RHD). Trong khi s dng chuyn i quang-in. Diode quang cng
hot ng nh l mt b trn, n ng vai tr l mt phn t chnh trong cc h thng RoF
da trn RHD. Trong k thut optical heterodyne, hai hay nhiu tn hiu quang c truyn
ng thi v chng c quan h vi nhau ti u thu. Khi cc trng quang tn hiu v
trng quang ca b dao ng ni c trn vi nhau v qua photodiode chuyn thnh tn
hiu RF. S khi pha thu ca k thut c m t trong hnh 1.5. Trong k thut ny tn
s ca b dao ng ni c la chn v hiu chnh sao cho tn hiu RF to ra ti tn s
mong mun.
5

Hnh 1.5 - S khi k thut tch sng hetorodyne
1.3 Truyn dn v tuyn qua si quang RoF
1.3.1 Tng quan v RoF

Hnh 1.6 - M t truyn dn RoF.
Truyn sng v tuyn trn si quang RoF (Radio over Fiber) l phng php truyn
tn hiu v tuyn c iu ch trn si quang. Hay ni cch khc RoF s dng cc
tuyn quang c tuyn tnh cao truyn dn cc tn hiu RF (analog) n cc trm thu
pht. Cng ngh truyn sng v tuyn qua si quang s dng ng truyn si quang
phn phi cc tn hiu tn s v tuyn (RF) t cc v tr trm trung tm ti cc khi anten
u xa (RAUs), hnh 1.6.
1.3.2 Cc c im ca RoF
a. u im
Suy hao thp
Bng thng rng
Khng chu nh hng ca nhiu tn s v tuyn.
Lp t v bo dng d dng.
6
Gim cng sut tiu th.
Phn b ti nguyn ng.
b. Nhc im.
V RoF lin quan ti iu ch tng t v tch sng nh sng nn v c bn y l
mt h thng truyn dn tng t. Do tn hiu b nh hng bi nhiu v mo, y l hn
ch trong cc h thng thng tin tng t cng nh h thng RoF. Nhng nh hng ny c
xu hng gii hn di ng (DR) ca cc tuyn RoF.
Ngun tp m trong ng truyn si quang tng t bao gm tp m cng
tng i ca laser (RIN), nhiu pha laser, nhiu n ca b tch sng quang, nhiu nhit ca
b khuch i. i vi mo dng trong h thng RoF, mt trong nhng thnh phn mo
dng chnh l do mo dng phi tuyn ca qu trnh iu ch nh cp trong phn 1.2.2,
ngoi ra tn sc ca si cng l yu t gy mo dng gii hn khong cch truyn dn ca
h thng. Trong h thng RoF s dng si n mode, tn sc mu l thnh phn chnh v
cng l nguyn nhn lm tng nhiu pha sng mang RF. Trong h thng RoF s dng si a
mode, tn sc mode l thnh phn ch yu ng gp vo s mo dng. khc phc cc
mo dng ny cc k thut b c th c p dng ti b pht tuyn tnh ha c tnh
iu ch v/hoc ti b thu thng qua cc k thut c tnh knh v cn bng.
1.3.3 Kin trc mng RoF
Mt tuyn quang s dng cng ngh RoF bao gm 3 thnh phn chnh:
Mobile Host (MH): cc thit b i ng trong mng ng vai tr l thit b u cui.
Base Station (BS): c nhim v pht sng v tuyn nhn c t CS n cc MH,
nhn sng v tuyn nhn c t MH truyn v CS. BS khng c chc nng x l tn hiu,
n ch n thun bin i t thnh phn in/quang v ngc li chuyn v hoc nhn t
CS. BS gm 2 thnh phn l antenna v thnh phn chuyn i quang in tn s RF.
Central Station (CS): l cc trm x l trung tm. Do kin trc mng tp trung nn tt
c cc chc nng nh nh tuyn, cp pht knh, u c thc hin v chia s CS.
7

Hnh 1.7 - CS-BS-MH trong mt tuyn RoF.
1.4 Mt s ng dng ca k thut RoF
a. Mng t bo
Vi s lng thu bao di ng ngng tng nhanh cng vi nhu cu ngy cng ln cc
dch v bng rng gy p lc i hi cc mng di ng phi tng thm dung lng. Bi
vy, lu lng di ng (GSM hay UMTS) c th c truyn dn mt cch hiu qu gia
cc CS v BS bng cch tn dng nhng li ch ca si quang. Cc chc nng RoF khc
nh phn b dung lng ng cng em li nhng ch li hot ng ng k trong cc
mng t bo.
b. Thng tin v tinh
Thng tin v tinh l mt trong ng dng thc tin ca k thut RoF, lin quan n
u xa ca antenna ca cc trm mt t. H thng s dng cc tuyn si quang ngn c
chiu di nh hn 1km v hot ng ti tn s t 1GHz n 15GHz. Bng cch , cc thit
b tn s cao c th c lp t mt cch tp trung. Vi vic s dng ca k thut RoF, cc
anten s khng cn t trong vng iu khin m chng c th t cch xa nhiu km vi
nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Cc thit b chuyn mch cng c th c t nhng v tr
thch hp m khng yu cu phi trong vng ph cn ca cc anten trm mt t.
c. Cc dch v bng rng di ng.
Khi nim dch v hay h thng bng rng di ng (MBS) l nhm m rng nhng
dch v c sn trong mng s tch hp dch v bng rng (B-ISDN) c nh ti tt c ngi
s dng di ng. Cc dch v trong tng lai c th pht trin trn mng B-ISDN cng phi
c h tr trn h thng MBS. Nu cng ngh RoF c s dng to ra cc sng mm
th cc trm gc c th n gin hn v gim chi ph, bng cch lm cho s trin khai
trn quy m ln cc mng MBS kh thi v mt kinh t.
8
d. Mng cc b khng dy (WLAN)
Khi thit b di ng v my tnh ngy cng tr nn mnh m, nhu cu truy nhp bng
rng di ng ti cc mng WLAN cng tng ln. iu ny dn n tn s sng mang phi
cao hn p ng nhu cu v dung lng. V d cc mng WLAN hin ti hot ng ti
bng tn ISM tn s 2,4GHz v yu cu tc cc i 11Mbps trn mi sng mang (IEEE
802.11b). Cc mng WLAN bng rng th h sau c bn yu cu n 54Mbps trn mi
sng mang v cng s yu cu tn s sng mang cao hn ti bng tn 5 GHz (IEEE
802.11a). Cc tn s sng mang cao hn dn n cc t bo micro, pico v tt c nhng kh
khn lin quan n s ph sng. Cch u t hiu qu cho vn ny l trin khai k thut
RoF. Trc tin, mng WLAN bng tn 60GHz thc hin truyn t BS (trm trung tm),
tn s b dao ng n nh ti IF cng vi d liu truyn qua si quang. Sau , tn s b
dao ng c s dng chuyn i d liu ln sng mm ti b chuyn tip (RS-trm u
xa). iu ny dn n n gin ha ng k cc b chuyn tip u xa v qua em li
hiu qu thit k cc trm gc.
1.5 Kt lun chng
Chng 1 trnh by nhng vn c bn nht v RoF nh: khi nim, cc thnh
phn trong h thng, cc u nhc im cng nh ng dng ca n trong cc h thng:
mng t bo, thng tin v tinh, mng WLAN, mng truyn thng cho cc phng tin giao
thng, Trong chng tip theo chng ta s tm hiu v k thut OFDM p dng cho h
thng RoF.
CHNG 2: K THUT OFDM CHO H THNG ROF
2.1 Gii thiu chung
Chng ny trnh by v k thut ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM: cc
nguyn l c bn, cc c im v ng dng ca OFDM vo trong h thng RoF.
2.2 K thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM)
Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) phn chia ton b bng thng cn truyn vo nhiu sng mang con trc giao
v truyn ng thi trn cc sng mang ny. Theo , lung s tc cao c chia thnh
nhiu lung tc thp hn. V th c th gim nh hng ca tr a ng v chuyn i
knh pha inh chn lc thnh knh pha inh phng. Nh vy OFDM l mt gii php cho
tnh chn lc ca cc knh pha inh trong min tn s.
9
2.3 Cc nguyn l c bn trong OFDM
Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia mt lung d liu tc cao thnh cc lung
d liu tc thp hn v pht ng thi trn mt s cc sng mang con trc giao. V
khong thi gian symbol tng ln cho cc sng mang con song song tc thp hn, cho
nn lng nhiu gy ra do tri tr a ng c gim xung. Nhiu xuyn k t ISI
c hn ch hu nh hon ton do vic a vo mt khong thi gian bo v trong mi
symbol OFDM. Trong khong thi gian bo v, mi symbol OFDM c bo v theo chu
k trnh nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI.
Nu k hiu cc sng mang con c dng trong h thng OFDM l si(t) v sj(t).
m bo trc giao cho OFDM, cc hm sin ca sng mang con phi tha mn iu kin sau:
( ) ( )
*
1,
1
.
0,
s
s
t T
i l
t
i l
s t s t dt
i l T
+
=

=

=

}
(2.1)
Trong :
( )
( ) 2
, 1, 2,
0, c
j k ft
k
e k N
s t
k kh
t A

=
=

(2.2)
f=1/T l khong cch tn s gia hai sng mang con, T l thi gian k hiu, N l s
sng mang con v N.f l bng thng truyn dn v ts l dch thi gian
2.3.1 M tnh ton hc ca tn hiu OFDM
Tn hiu OFDM pht trong bng tn c s c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( )
k
k
s t s t kT

=
=

(2.3)
Trong sk(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM phc pht bng gc th k xc nh nh sau:
( )
1
2
,
2
,
w( ) exp 2 ( ) ,
0,
N
i k
N
FFT
i
RF k
win G FFT win
i
t kT x j t kT
T
s t kT
kT T T t kT T T
t

(
| |

( |

\ .

=

s s + +

(2.4)
Trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM
TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM
10
TG l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh
Twin l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph
Af=1/TFFT l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang
N l di FFT, s im FFT
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn
i l ch s v sng mang con, ie{-N/2, -N/2+1, -1, 0, +1,..., -N/2}.
xi,k l vect im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu,
rng) c iu ch ln sng mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
w(t) l hm xung nh dng c biu din nh sau:
( )
( ) | |
( ) | |

+ s s
s s
s s +
=
win FFT FFT win FFT
FFT G
G G win win G
T T t T , T T t cos 1
2
1
T t T 1,
T t T T , T T t cos 1
2
1
t w
(2.5)
Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch RF c xc nh nh sau:
,
( ) ( )
RF RF k
k
s t s t kT

=
=

(2.7)
trong sRF,k(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM RF th k c biu din nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )
/ 2 1
,
/ 2
,
1
Re exp 2 ,
0,
N
i k c
i N
FFT
RF k win G FFT win
w t kT x j f t kT
T
s t kT kT T T t kT T T
t

(
| |

+
` ( |
\ .
)

= s s + +

(2.8)
Trong fc l tn s sng mang RF.
11
2.3.2 S h thng truyn dn OFDM

Hnh 2.2 - S truyn dn OFDM trong min RF.
Tn ti hai s iu ch trong h thng v tuyn dng iu ch OFDM: iu ch
OFDM bng k thut x l tn hiu s, l loi iu ch tn hiu trong bng tn gc v iu
ch v tuyn RF a ton b ph tn ca tn hiu bng tn gc OFDM ln vng tn s v
tuyn RF. y ta s nghin cu s iu ch OFDM trong min RF.
a. Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song v ngc li
Tng ny chuyn lung bit u vo thnh d liu pht trong mi k hiu OFDM.
Vic phn b d liu pht vo mi k hiu ph thuc vo phng php iu ch c dng
v s lng sng mang con. Ti pha thu chuyn ngc v lung d liu ni tip ban u.
b. Tng iu ch sng mang con
Tng iu ch sng mang con thc hin phn b cc bit d liu ngi dng ln cc
sng mang con, bng cch s dng s iu ch (phn 2.4).
c. Tng chuyn i t min tn s sang min thi gian IFFT
Sau tng iu ch sng mang con, tn hiu OFDM c dng l cc mu tn s. Php
bin i IFFT chuyn tn hiu OFDM trong min tn s sang min thi gian. Tng ng vi
mi mu ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian (mi u ra ca IFFT) cha tt c cc
mu trong min tn s (u vo ca IFFT). Hu ht cc sng mang con u mang d liu.
Cc sng mang con vng ngoi khng mang d liu c t bng 0.
d. Chn/ loi b khong bo v.
12
Hai ngun nhiu giao thoa (interference) thng thy trong cc h thng truyn
thng, cng nh trong h thng OFDM l ISI v ICI.
- ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference): nhiu giao thoa lin k t, c nh ngha l
xuyn nhiu gia cc symbol trong khong thi gian Symbol Ts ca cc frame FFT
lin tip (trong min thi gian).
- ICI (Inter-Carrier Interference): nhiu giao thao lin sng mang, c nh
ngha l xuyn nhiu gia cc knh sng mang ph (subchannels) ca cng mt
frame FFT (trong min tn s).
Phng php s dng khong bo v trong k thut OFDM cn c gi l chn tin
t lp CP (Cycle Prefix). Tin t lp CP l mt k thut x l tn hiu trong OFDM nhm
hn ch n mc thp nht nh hng ca nhiu xuyn knh v nhiu xuyn k t n tn
hiu OFDM, m bo yu cu v tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph.
e. Tng iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM
u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l mt tn hiu bng tn c s, tn hiu ny c trn
nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn RF. Hu ht cc ng dng v tuyn, th tn hiu
OFDM c to ra ti bng tn c s s dng cc mu phc, sau chuyn ph tn hiu
bng tn c s ln ph RF bng cch dng mt b iu ch IQ. B iu ch IQ s dch ph
tn tn hiu OFDM t bng tn c s phc ln vng tn s v tuyn RF, v chuyn t tn
hiu phc sang tn hiu thc (ly phn thc). Tn hiu RF pht lun l tn hiu thc v n ch
bin i gi tr cng trng.
2.3.3 Cc thng s c trng ca h thng truyn dn OFDM
a. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM

Hnh 2.5 - Cu trc tn hiu OFDM.
win G FFT sym
T T T T + + = (2.14)
b. Cc thng s trong min thi gian
13
T hnh 2.5 c th tch thng s OFDM trong min thi gian: chu k k hiu
sym
T ,
thi gian truyn hiu qu hay thi gian
FFT
T , thi gian bo v
G
T , thi gian ca s
win
T .
Trong m phng ch thc hin i vi
FFT
T v chu k k hiu chim a phn thi gian. Nu
khng tnh n thi gian ca s, th cng thc (2.14) tr thnh:
G FFT sym
T T T + = (2.17)
FSR t s gia thi gian FFT v thi gian k hiu c nh ngha bi.
sym
FFT
T
T
FSR = (2.18)
c. Cc thng s trong min tn s
Hnh 2.6 trnh by sp xp OFDM trong min tn s. B l rng bng tn cho tt c
cc sng mang con, rng bng tn sng mang con Af, v s sng mang con
sub
N .

f N B
sub
A =
(2.19)
d. Quan h gia cc tham s trong min thi gian v trong min tn s
Thng s min thi gian
FFT
T v thng s min tn s Af c quan h vi nhau (chng
l t l nghch ca nhau). V vy, ch cn thit lp gi tr cho mt thng s l thit k
h thng.
2.4 OFDM m ha
Trong h thng OFDM, tn hiu u vo l dng bit nh phn. Do , iu ch
trong OFDM l cc qu trnh iu ch s v c th la chn trn yu cu hoc hiu sut s
dng bng thng knh. Dng iu ch c th qui nh bi s bit ng vo M v s phc dn =
an + bn ng ra. Cc k t an, bn c th c chn l { 1,3} cho 16 QAM v {1} cho
QPSK v BPSK. M hnh iu ch c s dng ty vo vic dng ha gia yu cu tc
truyn dn v cht lng truyn dn.
2.4.1 iu ch BPSK
Trong mt h thng iu ch BPSK, cp cc tn hiu s1(t), s2(t) c s dng biu
din cc k hiu c s hai l "0" v "1". Nu chn mt hm nng lng c s l:
b c
b
T t t f
T
t s s = u 0 ); 2 cos(
2
) ( t

Khi
) ( ) (
1
t E t S
b
u =

14
) ( ) (
2
t E t S
b
u =
(2.22)
Ta c th biu din BPSK bng mt khng gian tn hiu mt chiu (N=1) vi hai
im bn tin (M=2) : S1 =
b
E , S2 = -
b
E nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.7 - Biu khng gian tn hiu BPSK
2.4.2 iu ch QPSK
y l mt trong nhng phng php thng dng nht trong truyn dn. Bn bn tin
ng vi cc vector c xc nh nh sau:
) 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 (
4
) 1 2 cos[(
]
4
) 1 2 sin[(
2
1
=
(

=
(
(
(

= i
s
s
i E
i E
s
i
i
i
t
t
(2.29)
Ta thy mt tn hiu QPSK 4 mc c c trng bi mt vector tn hiu hai chiu
v bn bn tin nh hnh v.

Hnh 2.8 - Biu tn hiu tn hiu QPSK
Xem bng ta thy, mc '1' thay i vo E , cn logic '0' th bin i vo E . V
cng mt lc pht i mt symbol nn lung vo phi phn thnh hai tng ng v c bin
i mc ri nhn ri nhn vi hai hm trc giao tng ng.
2.4.3 iu ch QAM
iu bin cu phng iu ch bin sng mang QAM (iu ch bin gc),
sng mang b iu ch c bin ln pha. iu ch QAM l c u im l tng dung lng
truyn dn s. Dng tng qut ca iu ch QAM c xc nh nh sau:
15
) 0 ( ); 2 sin(
2
) 2 cos(
2
) (
0 0
T t t f b
T
E
t f a
T
E
t S
c i c i i
s s = t t
(2.30)
Tn hiu sng mang gm hai thnh phn vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp hp
bn tin tn hiu ri rc. V th c tn l "iu ch tn hiu vung gc".C th phn tch Si(t)
thnh cp hm c s:
T t t f b
T
t
c. i
s s = 0 ) 2 sin(
2
) (
1

T t t f a
T
t
c. i
s s = 0 ) 2 sin(
2
) (
2
(2.31)

Hnh 2.9 - Chm tn hiu M-QAM
2.4.5 M Gray
Gin IQ (Inphase Quadrature) cho s iu ch s ch ra vector truyn cho tt c
cc lin hp t d liu. Mi lin hp t d liu phi c phn phi mt vector IQ duy nht.
M Gray l mt phng php cho s phn phi ny, sao cho cc im cnh nhau trong vm
sao ch khc nhau mt bit n. M ny gip gim thiu t l li bit ton b v n gim c
hi nhiu li bit xy ra t mt li symbol n. M Gray c th c s dng cho tt c cc
s iu ch PSK ( QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK) v QAM(16-QAM,64-QAM,256-QAM...).
Bng 2.4 M Gray
Thp phn M Gray Thp phn M Gray
0 0000 8 1100
1 0001 9 1101
2 0011 10 1111
3 0010 11 1110
4 0110 12 1010
5 0111 13 1011
6 0101 14 1001
7 0100 15 1000
16



Hnh 2.11 - Gin IQ cho cc dng iu ch s dng trong OFDM
2.5 c im ca OFDM
2.5.1 u im
- OFDM tng hiu sut s dng bng cch cho php chng ln cc sng mang con.
- Bng cch chia knh thng tin ra thnh nhiu knh con fading phng bng hp, cc
h thng OFDM chu ng fading la chn tn s tt hn nhng h thng sng mang n.
- OFDM loi tr nhiu giao thoa lin k hiu (ISI) v nhiu giao thoa lin sng mang
(ICI) bng cch chn thm vo mt khong thi gian bo v trc mi symbol.
- S dng vic chn knh v m knh thch hp, h thng OFDM c th khi phc
li c cc symbol b mt do hin tng la chn tn s ca cc knh.
- K thut cn bng knh tr nn n gin hn k thut cn bng knh thch ng
c s dng trong nhng h thng n sng mang.
17
- S dng k thut DFT b sung vo cc chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch lm
gim chc nng phc tp ca OFDM.
- Cc phng php iu ch vi sai gip trnh yu cu vo b sung b gim st knh.
- OFDM t b nh hng vi khong thi gian ly mu (sample timing offsets) hn so
vi h thng n sng mang.
- OFDM chu ng tt nhiu xung vi v nhiu xuyn knh kt hp.
2.5.2 Nhc im
- K hiu OFDM b nhiu bin vi mt khong ng ln. V tt c cc h thng
thng tin thc t u b gii hn cng sut, t s PARR cao l mt bt li nghim trng ca
OFDM nu dng b khuch i cng sut hot ng min bo ha u khuch i tn hiu
OFDM. Nu tn hiu OFDM t s PARR ln hn th s gy nn nhiu xuyn iu ch. iu
ny cng s tng phc tp ca cc b bin i t analog sang digital v t digital sang
analog. Vic rt ngn (clipping) tn hiu cng s lm xut hin c mo nhiu (distortion)
trong bng ln bc x ngoi bng.
- OFDM nhy vi tn s offset v s trt ca sng mang hn cc h thng n sng
mang. Vn ng b tn s trong h thng OFDM phc tp hn h thng n sng mang.
2.6 H thng OFDM cho mng RoF
V c bn, vic p dng k thut OFDM vo trong h thng RoF cng tng t nh
h thng v tuyn. Qu trnh iu ch OFDM c thc hin trong min s sau s c
iu ch ln sng mang quang theo hai cch c bn: c s h tr hoc khng c s h tr
ca sng mang RF. i vi h thng RoF, qu trnh iu ch c th h tr sng mang RF
thng hay s dng nh hnh 2.12. C th nh sau:

Hnh 2.12 - H thng RoF s dng OFDM
18
D liu u vo l dng bit nh phn c a qua b iu ch s bng gc (v d
nh QAM hay PSK), to thnh cc k hiu iu ch s. u ra ca b iu ch s l cc
k hiu c biu din di dng phc. Cc k hiu ny c i qua b bin i ni tip/
song song chia lung vo tc cao thnh cc lung nh vi tc thp hn. Sau ,
lung tn hiu song song c phn b trn cc sng mang con trc khi c a n b
IFFT. Ti y din ra hai qu trnh: chn sng mang con rng v bin i tn hiu t min
tn s sang min thi gian. Cng ti b IFFT ny, cc sng mang con trc giao c to ra.
Tn hiu u ra ca b bin i song song/ ni tip trong min thi gian c chn khong
bo v CP. Thnh phn thc v o t hai ng ra ca b iu ch OFDM s c a vo b
iu ch vi sng mang v tuyn RF. Sau cng tn hiu RF s c a vo mt u ca b
iu ch quang s dng k thut iu ch trc tip hoc iu ch ngoi. u ra ca b iu
ch quang l tn hiu OFDM c iu ch sang min quang v c phng vo si
quang.
Ti pha thu, qu trnh din ra ngc li. u tin tn hiu quang s c gii iu
ch quang. B gii iu ch quang thc cht l cc b thu quang tch sng trc tip hoc
Coherrent. i vi trng hp s dng k thut tch sng heterodyne, tn hiu OFDM
pha pht c th dng bng gc m khng cn iu ch ln min RF v cc tn hiu RF c
th c chuyn i trc tip ti b thu quang thng qua k thut ny. Tn hiu in thu
c sau b gii iu ch quang s c khuch i v a qua b gii iu ch v tuyn
a tn hiu v bng tn c s. Tn hiu bng tn c s s c gii iu ch OFDM. Qu
trnh gii iu ch OFDM c thc hin ngc li so vi pha pht. Cui cng tn hiu s
c a qua b gii iu ch s thu li dng bit ban u.
2.7 Kt lun
Chng 2 trnh by chi tit v nguyn l c bn OFDM, c s ton hc v s
OFDM, chc nng ca cc khi trong s . Phn cui chng l tng quan v nguyn l
p dng OFDM trong RoF. Ta thy v c bn, nguyn l ca k thut OFDM s dng trong
h thng v tuyn cng ging k thut OFDM s dng trong h thng thng tin quang.
Trong chng tip theo, ta s a ra m hnh h thng RoF s dng k thut OFDM v m
phng m hnh bng cng c MATLAB - Simulink.
19
CHNG 3: M PHNG H THNG ROF S DNG K THUT
OFDM
3.1 Gii thiu chung
Trong chng 3 ny ta s tm hiu a ra m hnh h thng RoF s dng k thut
OFDM v m phng m hnh bng cng c MATLAB Simulink, kt qu thu c t m
phng ta c th a ra kt lun ch ra rng vic ng dng k thut OFDM vo trong h
thng truyn dn RoF ci thin ng k cht lng tn hiu thu c.
3.2 M hnh h thng ROF s dng OFDM

Hnh 3.1 - S truyn dn OFDM - RoF.
M hnh h thng RoF ng dng OFDM trn knh truyn quang hin c coi l mt
m hnh y tim nng cho gii php truyn dn v tuyn bng rng tc cao. lm
c iu ny, h thng RoF phi c kh nng to ra cc sng v tuyn v cho php truyn
dn mt cch ng tin cy qua ng truyn si quang.
3.3 M phng h thng ROF s dng k thut ODFM
Phn ny ta s dng cng c MATLAB-Simulink thc hin m phng s
truyn dn OFDM. y ta m phng m hnh tng ng bng gc (b qua iu ch v
tuyn).Sau y l cc khi c s dng trong h thng:
3.3.1 Pha pht
a. B to bit nh phn Bernoulli (Bernoulli Binary Generator)
b. B m ha RS (15,11) (RS (15,11) Encoder)
c. Khi QPSK Mapping:
d. Khi Training:
e. B iu ch bng gc OFDM v chn tin t lp (OFDM Baseband Modulator and
Add Cylic Prefix)
20
f. Khi Training Insertion
g. B chuyn i song song / ni tip (P/S)
h. Khi Laser Diode
3.3.2 Pha thu
a. Khi Photodiode
b. B chuyn i ni tip / song song (S/P)
c. Training Separation
d. B gii iu ch bng gc OFDM v loi b tin t lp (OFDM Baseband
Demodulator and Remove Cylic Prefix)
e. B c tnh knh (Channel Estimator):
f. Khi Channel Compensation
g. Khi Remove Zero
h. Khi QPSK Demapping
i. B gii m RS(15,11)
j. B tnh ton BER (BER Calculation):
3.3.3 S m phng h thng
OFDM s dng cc sng mang con truyn song song cc lung d liu tc thp.
M Reed Solomon (15,11) c dng nh m FEC cho tn hiu bng gc.
Khi iu ch QPSK v khi training (to chui tp m gi) c dng cung cp
u vo cho vic to k hiu OFDM (khi IFFT v khi chn tin t lp).
Trong qu trnh to k hiu OFDM, u tin b pht chuyn i d liu u vo t
lung ni tip sang cc dy song song. Mi dy d liu cha mt k hiu cho mi sng
mang. Bin i Fourier ngc chuyn i d liu t min tn s thnh cc mu d liu min
thi gian tng ng. Sau chn tin t lp ngha l chn cc khong thi gian bo v gia
cc k hiu OFDM lin tip gip chng li nhiu ISI.
Khi Training Insertion xc nh chui hun luyn (training pattern) trong k hiu
OFDM v t chng v tr nh sn trong k hiu OFDM to thun li cho qu trnh hun
luyn (training). Sau khi chuyn i song song/ni tip P/S chuyn cc d liu song
song ny thnh mt lung ni tip v to tn hiu OFDM bng cch to ra lin tc cc mu
thi gian. Tn hiu OFDM c dng trong khi Laser Diode. Laser diode chuyn i tn
hiu ny t tn hiu in sang quang. Tn hiu quang c truyn quang si quang n
mode.
21
B thu thc hin c li vi b pht ti to li tn hiu bng gc. Ti pha thu
photodiode s chuyn i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in.
Cc khi c tnh knh v khi Channel Compensation c dng m t c im
knh tp m dao ng ca ng cng sut v t ci thin BER
Khi tnh ton t l li m s bit li trn tng s bit v a ra s BER.

Hnh 3.19 - S m phng h thng

3.4 Kt qu m phng
a. Tn hiu OFDM pha pht v thu

Hnh 3.20 - Tn hiu OFDM pha pht Hnh 3.21 - Tn hiu OFDM pha thu
22
b. Ph tn hiu OFDM pha pht v thu

Hnh 3.22 - Ph OFDM pha pht Hnh 3.23 - Ph OFDM pha thu
c. Biu chm sao pha pht v thu

Hnh 3.24 Biu chm sao pha pht Hnh 3.25 Biu chm sao pha thu (sau
khi c tnh knh)
d. T l li bit BER:

Hnh 3.26 - So snh BER ca m hnh c dng m RS v khng dng m RS
23
Hnh 3.26 cho thy s khc bit BER ca m hnh c dng m RS v khng dng m
RS. M Reed Solomon (15,11) c dng nh m FEC cho tn hiu bng gc gip h thng
sa li nh m ci thin c BER tt hn so vi khi khng dng m RS. li ca b
m ha c th t c khong 3 dB ti BER = 10
-3
.

Hnh 3.27 So snh BER ca m hnh vi cc h s trong s khi Laser.
i vi nh hng ca mo dng phi tuyn do qu trnh iu ch trc tip laser c
th kho st ti cc h s phi tuyn c v d khc nhau. Hnh 3.27 cho thy cc ng cong
BER ca m hnh vi cc h s iu ch khc nhau trong s khi Laser theo cng thc
(3.1). Mc thit thi do mo phi tuyn gy ra c th khong 0,8 dB i vi trng hp
ch c mo bc 2 v hn 1 dB i vi trng hp c c mo bc 2 v mo bc 3 ti BER =
10
-5
.
3.5 Kt lun chng
Ni dung chng tin hnh thc hin m phng h thng truyn dn RoF s dng
k thut OFDM. Vi s h tr ca phn mm MATLAB - Simulink, ta a ra cc kt
qu tnh ton BER cho h thng RoF-OFDM, kt qu cho thy s khc bit BER khi m
hnh c dng m RS v khi khng dng m RS, cng nh tnh ton BER trong s Laser
vi cc h s phi tuyn.
24
KT LUN V KIN NGH
Trong khun kh n, cc ni dung c trnh by bao gm: l thuyt v truyn
dn RoF, k thut OFDM v c th ha l thuyt bng m hnh m phng ng dng k
thut OFDM vo h thng truyn dn RoF.
Chng I trnh by mt cch tng quan nht v truyn dn RoF vi cc c im
v kh nng ng dng ca RoF vo trong cc mng vin thng nh: mng t bo, thng tin
v tinh, mng WLAN, mng truyn thng cho cc phng tin giao thng.
Chng II l l thuyt v k thut OFDM. Nguyn l, c s ton hc ca k thut
OFDM c trnh by r rng. Bn cnh , s h thng truyn dn OFDM cng
c phn tch k cng. Cui chng trnh by mt cch tng quan phng thc p dng
k thut OFDM vo trong h thng RoF.
Chng III ta tin hnh m phng kim nghim li l thuyt OFDM p dng cho
truyn dn RoF. Vi s h tr ca phn mm Mathlab - Simulink, ta a ra cc kt qu
tnh ton BER cho h thng RoF-OFDM, kt qu cho thy s khc bit BER khi m hnh c
dng m RS v khi khng dng m RS, cng nh tnh ton BER trong s Laser vi cc
h s phi tuyn.
Nh vy, lun vn cng t c nhng thnh cng nht nh: kt qu ca ti
c th c ng dng cho vic thit k cc h thng RoF trong cc mng khng dy th h
mi v cng l ti liu tham kho cho cc k s vin thng v cc sinh vin nghin cu.
Tuy nhin, lun vn vn cn nhng hn ch v cn nhng kin gp qu bu ca cc
Thy C hon thin hn na.
Kin ngh hng pht trin ti:
- Xy dng m hnh m phng chi tit hn vi b iu ch RF v knh si quang.
- S dng cc dng iu ch s khc nhau kt qu m phng c chnh xc hn.