MATHEMATICS

!y
1 10 = 10

1 !!! %! z_ y S! %! #V
(a) ex ~ !h,!
[i] x>0

[ ii ] 2 < x < 3

[ iii ] 1 < x < 1 [iv] < x <

! z_! !y y
z_ (a) ex~ !h,! < x < [iv]
(b)

z_

LM 1
!,!! xy !y M 4
MN 2
LM 1 3 0 OP
! A = M 4 0 2 P
MN 2 6 0 PQ

3
0
0 2
6
0

OP
PP y!:! !A%y y!:
Q

A = 0 (0 24) + 2 (6 6) + 0 (0 12) = 0

A !A%y y!:
!,!!
2
(c) 3y 6y 2x + 9 = 0 x!,_ !y #
[i] 3x 4 = 0
[ii] 6x 17 = 0
[iii] x 3 = 0

[iv] y 1 = 0

! z_! !y y
z_

3y2 6y 2x + 9 = 0
or, 3 (y2 2y + 1) = 2x 6
or, 3 (y 1)2 = 2 (x 3)
1
or, (y 1)2 = 4. . ( x 3)
6

!y # x 3 = 16

or, 6x 18 = 1
or, 6x 17 = 0...........[ii]

xy
xy 3x2 + 2y2 = 6 z,_ #!%%! yyA
z_
3x2 + 2y2 = 6
2
y2
or, x +
=1
2
3
2
y
or, x
+
=1
2
2
2
3

d i d i

z,_ #!%%! yyA 0, 3

2

(d) ! f (x) = 2 3x f ( x ) =
2

z_ f (x) = 2 3x
z x~ y x yz
2

f ( x ) = 2 3x log2e 6 x

= 6 x log 2e 2 3 x

xy ! z_! !y y
! f (x) = log (3x + 1), f = (1)~ y
9
9
9
[ii]
[iii]
16
16
4
z_
f (x) = log (3x + 1)
z x~ y x yz
3
f ( x ) = 3 x + 1
[i]

[iv]

9
4

xyy z x~ y x yz
f ( x ) =

af

f 1 =

3x + 1 2

9
9

2 = 16 ..............[iv]
3+1

a f

dy
~ y
dx
[iv] cot

(e) ! z_! !y y ! x = a cos y = a sin

[i] tan
[ii] tan
[iii] cot
z_ x = a cos
z ~ y x yz

dx
= a sin
d
y = a sin
z ~ y x yz

(f)

dy
= a cos
d
a cos = cot ...........[iii]
dy = dy . d =
dx d dx a sin
1

e x 12 dx
x
1

1
[i] x e x + c

z_
=

z
z

~ y
1 x
[ii] x
e +c

! 1x = z

e z dz
1

x
+ c .............[iii]
= e

[iv] e x + c

1
e x . 2 dx
x

= ez + c

xy !

[iii] e x + c

a 2 x 2 dx =

z_ xyy y!
a2

k= 2

x
2

1 dx = dz
x2

x
a 2 x 2 + k sin 1 a + c k~ y ! y

a 2 x 2 dx =

x a2 x 2 a2
x
sin 1 a + c
+
2
2

(g) !,!! xy !y

a f

a f

f sin x dx = 2 2 f sin x dx
0

xy
xy !,!! xy !y
! f (a + x) = f (x)
z_ !,!!
(h) )y ) y

f (sin x ) dx = 2

( x) = f {sin ( x)}
= f (sin x) = (x)

!,!!

z_

! (x) = f (sin x)

z_

e 5 log x dx =
=

z
z

na

f ( x ) dx = n

2a

2
0

f (sin x ) dx

af

f x dx = 2

af

f af

f x dx , f 2 a x = f x

f ( x )dx

e 5 log x dx =
5

e log x dx
6
x 5 dx = x + c y c y %
6

(i) !,!! xy !y

c y !# ~! y t AB )c x! y! A !% B !%
!y y u ~ v 2t y! ! u +2 v
z_ !,!!
(j) hs x y = f (x) x1 , y1 !% # y
z_ # y y1 = f x1 x x1

b gb

!y
2. ! x%y# !!! %! z_ y
(a) yy %! z_ y
[i]

22=4

F 2x + 1 2 I 2 -~ x ! ! ! y
H 3x K
1

w w2

w w2

[ii] !h,! y

w2

[iii] %! y A ~ B _ xy

af

P A =

af

!y! y ! y

FH IK

1
1
1
, P B = , P A B = P B ~ y
2
4
3
A

z_ [i] ! !h,! x ! ! (r + 1)
9c

tr + 1 =

a f

9r

r 2x

F 12 I r
H 3x K

1
1
2 9 r x 9 r r 2r
3 x
9
9 r 1 x 9 3r
= cr 2
3r
r

9
3
x
= x
9 3r = 0
or, 3r = 9 or, r = 3
9c

x ! ! %
1
~ ! y = 9 c3 2 9 3 3
3
1
9!
26 3
=
3! 6 !
3
4

1792
9/ 8/ 7 2 6

=
=
9
/
/
/
3 2 1 27
3

[ii]

1 w
w w2
w2
1

w2
1
w

2
= 1+ w + w
1 + w + w2

w w2
1
w2
1 w

1 + w + w2

c1 = c1 + c2 + c3

w w2
= 0
0 w2
1
0
=0

[ 3 w, 1~ ~! xyh )
1 + w + w2 = 0 ]
[ 3 c1~ h y 0 ]

[iii] xyy y! P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)

P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
1 1 1
= +
3 4 2
4+3 6
1
=
=
12
12
P a A Bf
B
P FH IK = P (A)
A
1
B
PF I = .
H AK 4

1
1
1
12
=
3=
=
1
12
4
3

(b) yy ~! z_ y
21=2
2
2
[i] x y = 25 # ! ~ zwy ! y
[ii] ~! x!,_ y! yyA (4, 0) ~ y !y # x = y, x!,_ # ! y
z_ [i] x2 y2 = 25
Y
!! y,_ #
zwy = 2 .
[ii] ! P (x, y) x!,_ z yy !%
SP =

x=y

a x 4 f2 + a y 0 f2

PM =

x y
12

a f

+ 1

M
X

xy
2

P (x, y)
X

x!,_ e SP = PM

a x 4f2 + ay 0f2 = x2y

a x yf 2
or, (x 4) + y =

x 2 2 xy + y 2
2
2
2
2
or, 2x 16x + 32 + 2y = x 2xy + y2
or, x2 + y2 + 2xy 16x + 32 = 0
x!,_ # x2 + y2 + 2xy 16x + 32 = 0.
or, x2 8x + 16 + y2 =

(c) yy ~! z_ y
[i] ! f (x) = log x f (log x)~ xhs ! y
d2 y
[ii] ! y = sin2x
! y
dx 2
z_ [i] f (x) = log x
f (log x) = log (log x)
d
d
log log x

f (log x ) =
dx
dx
1
1

=
log x x
1
=
x log x
1
f (log x)~ xhs
.
x log x
2
[ii] y = sin x
z x~ y x yz
dy
dx = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x
xyy z x~ y x yz

d2y
= 2 cos 2 x
dx 2

m a

fr

2 1= 2

(d) yy ~! z_ y
[i] y ! y

z_ [i]
=
=
=
[ii]

x2
dx
2 + x3

[ii] y ! y

21=2

1 x
dx
1+ x

x2

dx
2 + x3
1 dz
! 2 + x3 = z
3 z
3x2dx = dz
1
log z + c
3
1
log 2 + x 3 + c , y c y %
3
1 1 x
dx
0 1+ x

z
z
z

a f

2 1+ x
dx
1+ x
0
1 2
1
= 1 + x dx dx
0
0
=

= 2 log 1 + x x 0
= 2 log 2 1 0 + 0

FH IK

4
= log4 log e = log e

(e) yy ~! z_ y
[i] px + qy + r = 0 x # ! y
[ii]

d2y
dy
= 1+
~ y ! y
dx
dx 2

z_ [i] px + qy + r = 0
or, qy = px r
p
r
or, y = q x q
z x~ y x yz
dy
p
= q
dx
xyy z x~ y x yz
d2y
= 0 zyz ! x #
dx 2
[ii]

d2y
dy
= 1+
2
dx
dx

2
F
d2 yI
dy
or, G
=1+
J
2
dx
H dx K

= 2, y = 2

21=2

(f)
[i]
[ii]
[iii]

yy !! z_ y
23=6
3
2
y x 3x + 9x 5 x yy y x y z
y #y) !!T y Ky y
xy = c2 y,_ y !% y x! x + t2y = 2c y

t
s~ t~ y ! y ! y t = 3.
t +1
[v] y y yy y ! # x = 16x + 5t2 y y! y c

[iv] s =

y
z_ [i] ! y = x3 3x2 + 9x 5
z x~ y x yz
dy
dx =
=
=
=

3x2 6x + 9
3 (x2 2x + 3)
3 (x2 2x + 1 + 2)
3 {(x 1)2 + 2}

x~ yy yh y

dy
= 0 S)V y y
dx

_ x yy y x y z

[ii] ! a x b # !hy f (x) ~! Ky

~y !!T #y x ~ a, a + h, a + 2h, ...., a + (n 1) h, a + nh !%%! myy a x b
!hy ! h n z!hy != y a + nh = b y nh = b a

lim h
h 0

n 1

f aa + rhf =

r=0

af

f x dx

y b- y |#y
a- y !#y
[iii] ! ! !% (x1, y1)
xy = c2

z x~ y x yz
dy
=0
dx
y
y dy
= x
dx
y + x

LM dy OP = xy
N dx Qc x , y h
x
dy O
L
=
NM dx QPc x , y h y

x
(x1, y1) !% x! y = y1
1
1
x + t2y = 2c y y = 2 .
t

FH IK

x1 12 = 1
y1
t
or, x1 = y1t2
xyy x1y1 = c2
or, y12t2 = c2
or, y1t = c
c
or, y1 = t
c
y1 = t x1 = ct
c
y1 = x1 = ct
t

FH

c
! !% yyA ct, t

IK y FH ct, ct IK

t
t +1
z t~ y x yz
1
t +1 .1 t
ds
2 t +1
dt =
t +1

[iv] s =

LM dsdt OP =
N Qt = 3

a f
a f

2 t +1 t
t+2
=
2 t +1 t +1
2 t +1 t +1

3+2
5
2.4.2 = 16

a f

5
t = 3, ~ t~ y s~ ! y 16 .
[v] x = 16t + 5t2
z t~ y x yz
dx
v=
= 16 + 10t
dt
xyy z t~ y x yz
d2x
f = 2 = 10 = %
dt
y! y c y

!y
3. ! x%y# !!! %! z_ y
(a) yy %! z_ y
42=8
[i] 4 !y ~ 7 %% 6 ~! y!y !! y !! [i] ! %z
!y yy [ii] %z !y yy yy ! y
n
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ...... +
=
[ii] y!! xyy _ yy y y
2.5 5.8 8.11
6n + 4
3 n 1 3n + 2
y n ~! ) y ~ n 1.
[iii] yA ! yy y
3x + y + z = 10
x+yz=0
5x 9y = 1

fa

z_ [i] 4 !y 7 %% 6 !y y y 11 C 6 zy
!! ! 2 !y y %% y ! 4
4 !y 2 ~ 7 %% 4 !y y y 4 C 2 7C 4 zy
! 2 !y yy yy
=

2
11 C

4C

7C

4!
7!
6! 5!

2 !2 ! 4 !3! 11!
1 7/ !/ 6/ 4/ 5 3/ !/ 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/
= / //
/ / 9/ 8/ 7/ !/
4 3!
11 10
=

2/ 3/

5
= 11 .
3 !y 3 %% !y y y 4 C 3

4 C 4
4 2
6 !! 2 !y y

7C

zy

7C

zy

~ !! y = 4 C 2 7C 4 + 4 C 3 7C 3 + 4 C 4 7C 2
4/ !/
7!
4/ !/
7!
4/ !/
7!
= 2 !2 ! 4/ !/ 3! + 3!1! 4/ !/ 3! + 0 ! 4/ !/ 5!2 !
7 6 5 4/ 7 6/ 5 4 7 6
+
+
=
4/
3/ 2/ 1
2
= 210 + 140 + 21
= 371
6 !! 2 !y yy yy

371
= 11
=
C6

371
11!
6! 5!

53

/ / / 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 53
371
=
/ / 9/ 8/ 7/ = 66 .
11 10
2 3

[ii] ! P (n) : 1 + 1 + 1 + ...... +

2.5

5.8

811
.

a3n 1fa3n + 2f = 6n + 4
1

n = 1
1
1
y = 2 5 = 10
1
1
y = 6 1 + 4 = 10
n = 1 P (n)
! n = m P (n)
P (m) :

1
1
1
1
m
+
+
+ .... +
=
2 5 5 8 8 11
6
m
+4
3m 1 3m + 2

fa

~ n = m + 1
P (m + 1) :

1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .... +
+
2 5 5 8 8 11
3m 1 3m + 2
3m + 2 3m + 5

fa

f a

fa

m
1
= 6m + 4 +
3m + 2 3m + 5

a fa f
3m 2 + 5m + 2
=
2 a3m + 2fa3m + 5f
3m 2 + 3m + 2 m + 2
=
2 a3m + 2fa3m + 5f
3m am + 1f + 2 a m + 1f
=
2 a3m + 2fa3m + 5f
am + 1fa3m + 2f
=
2 a3m + 2fa3m + 5f
m +1
m +1
= 6 m + 10 =
6 m +1 + 4
n = m + 1 P (m + 1)

y!! xyy _ x%y P (n) y n ~! )y ~ n 1.

[iii] Cramer~ ! yy xyy y!

x = 1, y= 2 , z = 3

y = 3

1 1
1 1 1
5 9 0

1 = 10
0

2 = 3 10
1
1 0 1
5 1 0

1 1
1 1
1 9 0

~ 3 = 3

1 10
1 0

5 9

= 3 (0 9) 1 (0 + 5) + 1 (9 5)
= 27 5 14
= 46
= 10 (0 9) 1 (0 + 1) + 1 (0 1)
= 90 1 1
= 92
= 3 (0 + 1) 10 (0 + 5) + 1 (1 0)
= 3 50 + 1
= 46
= 3 (1 + 0) 1 (1 0) + 10 ( 9 5)
= 3 1 140
= 138

46
138
92
= 2 , y = 46 = 1, z = 46 = 3
46
! yy x = 2
y=1
z=3

x=

(b) yy %! z_ y
[i] y2 = 4ax x!,_ z x!

at12 , 2 at1

i ~ d

42=8

at 22 , 2 at 2

i !% %! y y # !

y ! y! x!,_ y! ! y y t1t2 = 1.

x 2 y2
+ 2 = 1 a 2 > b 2 z,_k y!y# yy y~ %! !% z!w y y ~
2
a
b

y y 11 + ee + tan 2 tan 2 = 0 .
5
[iii] ~! y,_ y!m yyA y (2, 3) ~ (2, 5) zwy
4
[ii]

y,_ # ! y

i d

z_ [i] at12 , 2 at1 at22 , 2 at2 !% %! y y #

x at 2
y 2 at1
= 2 12
2 at1 2 at2 at at
1
2
or,

x at12
y 2 at1
=
a t1 + t2 t1 t2
2 a t1 t2

or,

y 2 at1 x at12
........[i]
=
2
t1 + t2

g b

gb

y2 = 4ax x!,_ y! yyA (a, 0).

[i] #! (a, 0) !%y#

0 2 at1 a at12
=
t1 + t2
2

a/ 1 t12
or, at
/ 1= t +t
1
2

or, t12 t1t2 = 1 t12

or, t1t2 = + 1
or, t1t 2 = 1 Sy!V
[ii]

x 2 y2
+
= 1 a2 > b 2
a2 b2

i z,_ y!y# yy y~ %! !% z!w y ~ .

%! !% z!w y ~
!% %! yyA y (a cos , b sin ) ~ (a cos , b sin )
y b sin
x a cos
y! # b sin b sin = a cos a cos ...........[i]

x 2 y2
+
= 1 z,_ ~! y! yyA (ae, 0) y e z,_ zwy
a2 b2
[i] # (ae, 0) !%y#

0 b sin
ae a cos
=
b sin sin
a cos cos

or,

/ sin
e cos
=
+

2/ cos
sin
/ 2/ sin
sin
2
2
2
2

f a

+
+
+
cos cos
= sin sin
2
2
2
+
+
+
or, e cos
= cos cos
+ sin sin
2
2
2
or, e cos

or, e cos

F
H

I
K

F
H

+
+

= cos
= cos
2
2
2

I
K

2
or, e =
+
cos
2
cos

1 e cos 2 cos 2
=
or,
1+ e
+

cos
+ cos
2
2

2 sin sin
1
e

2
2
or,
=
1+ e

2 cos cos
2
2

1 e

= tan tan
1+ e
2
2

or, 1 e + tan tan = 0 Sy!V

1+ e
2
2
or,

[iii]
Y
(2, 5)
(2, 1)

(2, 3)

% y!m yyA (2, 3) (2, 5) x~ y,_ ! x yx yhsy

a2 2f2 + a5 + 3f2 = 8
Se = zwyV
or, ae = 4
5
FH3e = 54 IK
or, a = 4

y!m )c = 2ae =

4
16
or, a =
5

xyy y! e2 = 1 + b 2

a
2
b
2
or,
= e 1
a2

i
16 16 F 25 I

1
=
5 5 H 16 K

or, b 2 = a 2 e 2 1

// 9
16 16
144
= 5 5 16
/ / = 25

FH
IK a f
ay 1f2 a x 2f2 = 1

y,_ w yyA 2 +2 2 , 5 2 3 = 2, 1
y,_ #

256
25

144
25

a f

a f

25 y 1 2 25 x 2 2

= 1.
256
144

(c) yy %! z_ y
[i] y ! y nlim

[ii] y y
[iii] y y

z_ [i]

lim
n

= lim

n
lim

LM
MN
1
n

= nn

lim

= nn
lim

= n

za

LM
MN

n + 1 + n + 2 + ... + 2n
n3

dx
1
= log 2
4 + 5 cos x 3

2x + 1

12 + 12 x 9 x 2 dx

n + 1 + n + 2 + ..... + 2 n
n3

LM
N

n +1
+
n
n

r=1
n

r=1
n

r=1

OP
PQ

n+2
+ ..... +
n

OP
PQ
n+n
n

OP
Q

n+r
n

r
1+ n
1 + rh

a3nh = 1f

1
LM 1
1O
a1 + xf1 + 2 PP
= M
1
PQ0
MN1 + 2
3
I 2
2F
= G 2 2 1J = 3 d2
3H
K

2 1 .

1 + x dx

42=8

[ii]

z
z

2
0

2
0

z
z

2
0

dx
4 + 5 cos x

dx
x
2
4+5
x
1 + tan 2
2
1 tan 2

FH1 + tan 2 2x IK dx
4 + 4 tan 2

x
x
+ 5 5 tan 2
2
2

1
2 dz
dz
= 2
2
09z
0 32 z 2

LM
N

3+ z
2
log
=
2 3
3 z

OP1
Q0

x
dx
2
=
x
9 tan 2
2
! tan 2x = z
x
1
sec 2 dx = dz
2
2

2
0

sec 2

x
z

1
1
= 3 log 2 3 log 1

0 2
0 1

1
= 3 log 2 Sy!V
[iii]

za

2x + 1

1
9
1
=
9
1
=
9
=

1
=
9

= 1
9

za
za
za
z

12 + 12 x 9 x 2 dx

18 x 9 12 + 12 x 9 x 2 dx

12 18 x 21 12 + 12 x 9 x 2 dx

12 18 x 12 + 12 x 9 x 2 dx +
12 + 12 x 9 x 2

d 12 + 12 x

9x2

z
i

12 + 12 x 9 x 2 dx
7

//
21
3/
+
9/
3/

4 4x
+
x 2 dx
3
3

1
1+
4I 2 F
2 2
F
12 + 12 x 9 x 2 i 2 + 7
x I dx + c1
d
H 3K H 3K
1
1+

21
9

3
2 2
2

12 + 12 x 9 x
+7

27

3
2
= 27 12 + 12 x 9 x 2 + 7

LMe x 23 j
MM
N

LM F x 2 I
MM H 3 K
MN

OP
PP
Q

4 + 4x x2
x2
3
3
16
1
3 +c
+ sin
2
18
4
3

OP
PP
PQ

4 4x
+
x2
3 3
8
3x 2
+ sin 1
+ c Sy c y %V
2
9
4

(d) yy %! z_ y
[i] yy y

d2y
dy
= log x + 2 , _ xy y = 0,
=0
2
dx
dx
(ey + 1) x dx = (x + 1) ey dy.

42=8

x = 1

[ii] yy y
[iii] #y% ! yy ~ y y y yy #y% y y ,! y y

#y% y ) y%y! ! ! ^y #y% y xy% y

64 %
2
z_ [i] d 2y = log x + 2

dx

or, d

or,
or,

or,

F dy I = alog x + 2f dx
H dx K
dy
d F I = log x dx + 2
H dx K

z
z z z

dx

dy
= log x dx dx + 2 dx
dx
dy
= x log x x + 2 x + c1
dx
dy
= x log x + x + c1
dx
dy
= 0 x = 1
dx
0 = log 1 + 1 + c1 or, c1 = 1
dy
= x log x + x 1
dx
dy = x log x dx + x dx dx

z z

z z

dy = x log x dx + x dx dx

y=

x2
x2 x2
log x
+
x + c2
2
4
2

x2
x2
or, y = 2 log x + 4 x + c2
_ y = 0, x = 1

0=

1 log1+ 1 1+c
2
2
4

c2 = 1
y=

1 3
=
4 4

3
x2
x2
log x +
x+
2
4
4

a f

[ii] e y + 1 xdx = x + 1 e y dy
or,

e y dy
xdx
= y
x +1 e +1

or,
or,

z z
z z z
e y dy
xdx
=
x +1
ey + 1

dx

e y dy
dx
= y
x +1
e +1

or, x log x + 1 = log e y + 1 + log c

FG e x IJ = log c de y + 1i
H x + 1K
ex
= c de y + 1i

x +1
2
2
e 2 x = c 2 de y + 1i a x + 1f

or, log

[iii] ! #y% y = G ~ t
~ ! #y% y = g
1
y%y# ddtG G 3
1

dG
= kG 3
dt
dG
1 = K dt
G3

z z

8g

dG

= kdt
1
0

g G3

or,

3 2 3 8g
G
= kt 30
2
g

{a f
{

2
2
3
8g 3 g 3 = 3k
2
2
2
3
4 g 3 g 3 = 3k
or,
2

or,

dG = 3 g 2 3 dt
1
G3 2

64g

or,

3 23
g =k
2

dG 3 2 3 t
dt
= g
1
2
0
3
G
g

3 2 3 64 g 3 2 3
G
= g t
2
2
g

2
3 2
3
. 15g 3 = g 3t
2
2
15 ^y #y% y 64 %

or,

or,

or,

2
2
3
3 2
16 g 3 g 3 = g 3 t
2
2

or, t = 15

(e) yy y! z_ y
4 4 = 16
[i] z x%= ) ~! A% xy,! ye ! !! 88 !y !!T y y y
y F A% x# y 45 h #y 2 !y h x y !

y
[ii] ! x cos + y sin = p y!
a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 = p2

x2 y2
+
= 1 z,_! y y
a2 b2

[iii] y y yy _ ,_ ! , xye xhs!! y y y ~! e

[iv] ~! y !e y2 = 4ax ~ x2 = 4ay x!,_ xhs e! !! y ~ y yy

y e ! y
[v] y !# ~! y e v2 = u2 + 2fs )e! !y y S!%y ! x V
[vi] y c y ~! y !! xy t1, t2 ~ t3~ v1, v2 ~ v3
v v

t +t

y y v2 v1 = t1 + t2
3
2
2
3
[vii] ~! h # xy # ~! y[ x !y h #
y !y # ~! y x ~! y[ xy # ! y ! %! !yy
~ z ~z A y! y y h zFy

ax + yf2 !y

z_ [i] ! A% xy,! ye yy r !y
~ zFy h !y
h
r = cot 45 = 1
r=h
1
1
A% xy = 3 r 2 h = 3 h 3 3r = h
1
v = 3 h 3
z t ~ y x yz

dh
dv 1
= .3/ h 2 .
dt
dt 3/
or, 88 =

22
dh
22
7
dt

LM3 dvdt = 88 ~ h = 2 OP
N
Q

h 45

dh 88 7
=
dt 22 2 2 = 7
#y 2 !y h x y 7 !y!!
or,

2
y2
[ii] x +
=1
a2 b2
z x~ y x yz

2 x 2 y dy
+
=0
a 2 b 2 dx
or,

dy
2 x b 2 b2 x
= 2
=
dx
2y
a2 y
a

4x

LM dy OP = b22 x1
N dx Qb x , y g a y1
1

[ (x1, y1) z,_ z yy !% ]

(x1, y1) !% z,_ #

b2 x
y y1 = 2 1 x x1
a y1
2
2 2
or, a y y1 a y1 = b2x x1 + b2x12
or, b2x x1 + a2y y1 = a2y12 + b2x12
or, b2x x1 + a2y y1 = a2b2........... [i]

LM3 x12 + y12 = 1OP

MN a2 b2 PQ

xyy x cos + y sin = p y! z,_

b 2 x1 a 2 y1 a 2 b 2
=
=
cos sin
p

x1 =

b 2 sin
a 2 cos
y
=
~
1
p
p

3 (x1, y1) z,_ z!! !%

4
2
4
2
a cos + b sin = 1
p2 a 2
p2b2

or, a2cos2 + b2sin2 = p2 Sy!V

[iii] ! ,_ # x2 + y2 = a2
y a ,_ yy
! (x, y) ,_ z!! y !%
,_ ! xye = 2x
X
= 2y
xye e = A = 2x.2y = 4xy
A2 = 4x2y2
P = 4x2 (a2 x2) S! A2 = PV
z x~ y x yz

dP
= 8x (a2 x2) 4x2.2x
dx
= 8xa2 16x3

xyy z x ~ y x yz
d2P
= 8a2 48x2
dx 2

~ P ~ y x y
or,
or,
or,
or,

dP
=0
dx
8xa2 16x3 = 0
8x (a2 2x2) = 0
a2 = 2x2 [ x 0, 3 xye 2x ]
a
x=
[ x }yd y y ]
2

(x, y)
o

LM OP = 8a2 48 a2
2
N dx Q x = a2

2
~ d 2P

= 16a2 < 0

a
P~ y xy
2
a
x=
A2~ y xy
2
a
x=
A~ y xy
2
2
2
~ x = a y2 = a 2 a2 = a2
2
a
y=
2
A~ y xy x = y
xye e , ! ~! e

x=

[iv] x2 = 4ay
Y

x2
or, y = 4 a
y2 = 4ax

or,
or,

x2 = 4ay

x4
= 4a x
16 a 2
x3 = 64a3 or, x = 0
x = 4a
x = 0, y = 0
x = 4a, y = 4a
OABCO x e
=
=

z
z

y dx [ y y2 = 4ax ]

4a

2 a x dx

= 2 a.

4a x 2

4a

16 a 2
3

! e =

4a

dx

4 a
1 1
. 8a a
. . 64 a 3
3
4a 3
32
16
= 3 a2 3 a2

2 32 4a 1 1 3 4a
x

. x
3
4a 3
0
0

16 a 2
3

(4a, 0)

4a

y2 = 4ax

y dx [ y x2 = 4ay ]

[v]

s
X
O
P

! OX y f c !# ~! y u y! O !% yey ~ t

y! P !% xy y OP = s.
% y! f c !# %y P !% y v y ! #
dv
= f
dt

ds
= f
y dv
ds dt
ds
3 P !% y = v = dt

= f
y v dv
ds
y vdv = fds

z z
v dv =

OP
Q

f ds

2
y v2 = fs + 2c
y v2 = 2fs + c [ c = y % ]
y%y# v = u s = 0

u2 = c
v2 = u2 + 2fs Sy!V
[vi] ! y y! u ~ ! f c !# ! t1, t2 t3 xy y
y x, y z
x = u + ft1.........(1)
y = u + f (t1 + t2)......(2)
z = u + f (t1 + t2 + t3)......(3)
y+z
u+ x
x+y
y%y# v1 = 2 , v2 = 2 , v3 = 2

x+ y u+ x

v2 v1
2 = y u

= 2
y+z x+ y z x
v3 v2

2
2
u + f t1 + t2 u
=
u + f t1 + t2 + t3 u + ft1

c
h c
f c t1 + t2 h
=
t ct1 + t2 + t3 t1 h

t +t
= 1 2
t2 + t3

3f 0

Sy!V

[vii] ! AB h # A ~ y zFy h !y
A # xy y y[ C !% xy D !% !m# y[

xy y
y%y# AC = x, AD = y.
! C !% y[ u.
u2 = 2gx [ 3 y[! A !% !yy yy ]

xyy y%y# C !% D !% !yy y !m# y[ ~z A y!

z= xy %! t [ %! y! y ! # yy y
1
1 2
gt
~
DB = 2 gt 2
2
1
1
h x = ut + 2 gt 2 ..........[i]
h y = gt 2 ..........[2]
2
[1] [2] !y yz
ut = (h x) (h y) = y x
y x
or, t = u
t ~ y (2)~ ! yz
CB = ut +

2
yx 2 1
yx
1
h y = g
g
=

/
2
2
2 gx
u2
/

or, h = y +
h zFy

a x + yf

3u 2

R|
yS
|T

|UV 2
|WC
D

U|
||
V| h
||
W

= 2 gx

a y xf2 = 4 xy + a y xf2 = a x + yf2 .

4x

4x

4x

!y Sy!V

4x

!y
4. ! x%y# !!! %! z_ y
6 4 = 24
{ (a) (b)~ yy ~! z_ y }
{ (c) (d)~ yy ~! z_ y }
{ (e), (f) (g)~ yy %! z_ y }
(a) [i] (1 + x)32~ !h,! (3r + l) (x + 5) y r~ y

! y
[ii] n ( > 1) yd )y y (42n + 2 15n 16) yz 225 myy !y
(b) [i] Fy !y! yy x! 53! !y yy yy ! y
[ii] y = 1 + x +

x2 x3

+ ... ...
2!
3!

3+3

2
3
1
~ z = y y y ..... y x = log e 1 e z
2
3

3+3
1
1
dy
~ y x~ z ! y
(c) [i] y = e sin x ~ z = ecos x y y
dz
dy
[ii] xy + 1 = cos (xy)
~ y ! y x = 2 , y = 0
dx

F
H

I
K

3+3

cos x
dy
(d) [i] y = tan 1 1 + sin x + sin log x
-~ y ! y
dx

1 + y12 2
2
2
2
[ii] x + y = a y
= a.
y2
(e) [i] y ! y

tan x
dx . [ii] y ! y
cos 4 x

3+3

2 x dx
4 x 2 x+ 2 + 5

3+3

(f) [i] y ! y
[ii] y ! y

z
z
za
za

tan 1 x dx
b2

(g) [i] y ! y

[ii] y ! y

cos 2

dx
x + a 2 sin 2 x

sin x dx
2 cos x 3 + cos x

fa

x dx
x 1 x2 + 4

fd

3+3

3+3

(h) [i] !!T y Ky yy

x 2 dx -~ y ! y

[ii] y ! y

sin x dx
sin x + cos x

3+3

32

z_ (a) [i] (1 + x) !h,! (3r + 1)

= t 3r + 1 = 32 C3r . x 3r
~ (r + 5) = tr + 5
r+4
32
= t r + 4 + 1 = Cr + 4 x

y%y# 32 C3r = 32 Cr + 4
3r = r + 4
xy 3r + r + 4 = 32
y 2r = 4
y 4r = 28
y r = 2
y r = 7
r~ y 2 y 7.
[ii] 4 2 n + 2 15 n 16
= 16 n + 1 15n 16

= 1 + 15 n + 1 15n 16
= 1+

n + 1C 15 + n + 1C
1
2

a f

152 + n + 1C3 153 + ...... + 15 n + 1 15n 16

= 1 + 15 n + 1 + 152 n + 1 C2 + n + 1C3 15 + ...... + 15n 1 15n 16

= 15 2 n + 1 C2 + n + 1C3 15 + ..... 15 n 1
= 225

n +1

C2 + n + 1C3 15 + ..... + 15 n 1

x > 1 yy yd )y _ y!! y 225 myy !y

(b) [i] % x! 366 ! y ~ 366 ! 52! ) y 2 ! x!!= y
Tz 52 y 52! !y yy y ~ Fy !y! x! 53! !y y

x!!= %! ! ~! !y y
~ y %! ! !!! !! y y
[i] !y yy
[ii] yy Ay
[iii] Ay %y [iv] %y ,!y
[v] ,!y %y [vi] %y !y
[vii] !y !y

%y y %! ! %y xhs y y %y !% y = 7
! A = !y! x! 53! !y yy y
y A y xhs %y !% y = 2

af

A y y yy = P A =

2
.
7

2
3
y = 1 x + x x + ........
2 ! 3!
x
e
=
y2 y3

......
z= y
2
3`
= log e 1 y
or, eZ = 1 y
or, ez = 1 ex
or, e x = 1 e z

[ii]

a f

or, e x =

1
1 ez

x = loge
1
(c) [i] y = esin x

1
Sy!V
1 ez

1
z = e cos x

y
e sin x
sin 1 x + cos 1 x
=
=e
z e cos 1 x

y=

ze 2

= e2

LM3sin 1 x + cos 1 x = 2 OP
N
Q

z z~ y x yz

dy
= e2
dz

dy
~ y x~ z ! y
dx
[ii] xy + 1 = cos (xy)
z x~ y x yz
dy
dy
= sin xy y + x
y+x
dx
dx
dy
1 + sin xy = 0
or, y + x
dx
dy
= 0 1 + sin xy 0
y+x
dx
dy
y
=
or,
dx
x
dy

x = 2 , y = 0, dx = 0 .

F
H

I
K

I
a f FH
K
a f
a f

(d) [i]

F
I a f
H
K
x
x
F
I
cos2 sin 2
2
2

1
G
= tan
GH cos2 2x + sin 2 2x + 2 cos 2x sin 2x JJK + sin alog xf
R|F cos x + sin x I F cos x sin x I U|
H 2 2 K H 2 2 K V + sin alog xf
= tan 1 S
|| FH cos 2x + sin 2x IK 2
||
T
W
F cos 2x sin 2x I

1
= tan G
GH cos 2x + sin 2x JJK + sin alog xf
F 1 tan 2x I

1
= tan G
GH 1 + tan 2x JJK + sin alog xf
F tan 4 tan 2x I

1
= tan G
GH 1 + tan 4 tan 2x JJK + sin alog xf
R xU
= tan 1 Stan FH 4 2 IK V + sin a log x f
W
T
x
= 4 2 + sin alog x f

cos x
y = tan 1 1 + sin x + sin log x

z x~ y x yz

dy
1 cos log x
=0 +
dx
2
x
cos
log
x
dy
1

dx
x
2
[ii] x2 + y2 = a2
z x~ y x yz
dy
2x + 2y
=0
dx
x
dy
y dx = xy
y y1 = y
xyy z x~ y x yz

y2 =

d2y
dx 2

=
=

x2
dy
y+
y
dx =
2
2
y
y

yx

x 2 + y2
=
y3

a2
y3

FG1 + x 2 IJ 2
H y2 K

x 2 + y 2 i 2 y3
d

d1 + y12 i 2

y2

a2
3
y

(e) [i]
=
=
=

z
z
z
zd
zd

y3

a2

a3 y3
= 3 2
y
a
= a Sy!V

tan x
dx
cos 4 x
tan x . sec 4 x dx

tan x 1 + tan 2 x sec 2 x dx

z 1 + z 4 . 2 zdz

= 2

! tan x = z2

sec 2 x dx = 2 zdz

z 2 + z 6 dz

2
2
= 3 z3 + 7 z 7 + c
3
7
2
2
= 3 tan 2 x + 7 tan 2 x + c , c = y %
[ii]

2 x dx
4x 2x + 2 + 5

1
log 2e
1
=
log 2e
=

z
za

dz

z2

4z + 5
dz

! 2x = z

f af

2 x .log e2 dx = dz

z2 2 + 1 2

1
log e z 2 + z 2 4 z + 5 + c
log 2e

1
log e 2 x 2 + 4 x 2 x + 2 + 5 + c , c = y %
2
log e

(f) [i]

tan 1 x dx

z z{
z

d
tan 1 x
dx
1
1

x dx
= x tan 1 x
1+ x 2 x
= tan 1 x dx

i dx} dx

z
z

x
1
dx
2 1+ x
1 z.2 zdz
= x tan 1 x 2
1 + z2
1 + z2 1

dz
= x tan 1 x
1 + z2
dz
= x tan 1 x dz +
1 + z2
= x tan 1 x

! x = z2

z
z z

dx = 2zdz

= x tan 1 x z + tan 1 z + c
= x tan 1 x x + tan 1 x + c
=
[ii]

ax + 1f tan 1

z
z
z

b 2 cos 2

x x + c , c = y %

dx
x + a 2 sin 2 x

sec 2 x dx
b 2 + a 2 tan 2 x
dz
=
b2 + a 2 z 2
dz
1
= 2
a
b 2
z2 + a
=

=
=

(g) [i]

FH IK
F I
1 1
1 G z J + c
tan

a2 b
GH ba JK
a
az
1
tan 1 F I + c
HbK
ab
a tan x I
1
tan 1 F
H b K + c,
ab

c = y %

z a fa f
z a fa f
z a fa f LMN z
z aa ffaa ff
I
z FH
K

2
0

sec2x dx = dz

=
=

! tan x = z

sin x dx
2 cos x 3 + cos x

! cos x = z

dz
1 2 z 3+ z

dz
0 2 z 3+ z

1 1 2z + 3+z
dz
5 0 2z 3+z
1 1
1
1
dz
+
5 0 3+ z 2 z

af

f x dx =

a f OPQ

f x dx

sin x dx = dz
x
z

0 2
1 0

1
1
= 5 log e 3 + z log e 2 z 0
1
loge4 log1e loge3 + log e2
=
5

=
[ii]

FH IK

1
8
log e
5
3

za

x dx
x 1 x2 + 4

fd

i
2
Bx + C A d x + 4i + a x 1faBx + Cf
x
A
=
+
!
a x 1f d x 2 + 4i x 1 x 2 + 4 =
a x 1f d x 2 + 4i

x = A (x2 + 4) + (x 1) (Bx + C)
1
x = 1 1 = 5A + 0 A =
5
z x2~ y yz
1
0=A+B B= A=
5

xyy z % y yz
O = 4A C C = 4A =

za
F
z GGH
z
z

x dx
x 1 x2 + 4

I
JJ
K

1 dx
1

5 x 1 5

dx
1

x 1 10

xdx
4
+
+4 5

x2

z
z

dx
+4

x2

2 xdx
4
dx
+
2
2
5
x +4
x + 22
x
1
1
2
log x 2 + 4 + tan 1 + c
= log x 1
5
10
5
2
b

h
x 2 dx = lim
h 0
a

h
= hlim
0

1
4
x+
1 1
5
5 dx

+
2
5 x 1
x +4

1
= 5

(h) [i]

fd

4
5

lim h
h 0

aa + rhf2
n

c = y %

f (x) = x2
f (a + rh) = (a + rh)2
nh = b a

r =1

da 2 + 2 arh + r 2 h 2 i
n

n= 1
n

a2

r =1

lim
h 0

2 ah 2

r +

r =1

lim h 3
h 0

a f

r2

r =1

a fa

2
3
h 2
lim 2 ah n n + 1 + lim h n n + 1 2 n + 1
= hlim
+
a
nh
0
h
h 0
2
6

m a

fr

fa

2
= lim a nh + lim anh nh + h + lim nh nh + h 2nh + h
h 0
h 0
h 0
6
2
= lim {a ( b a )} + lim {a ( b a ) ( b a + h )}+ lim

h 0

h 0

2 ba
= a (b a) + a (b a) +
6
2

=
=
=
=

h 0

f3

ab afab a + hf m2 ab af + hr a3nh = b af
6

2
R
b af U
a
|
2
ab af S|a + a ab af + 3 |V|
T
W
ab af d3a 2 + 3ab 3a2 + b2 2ab + a2 i
3
ab af db2 + ba + a2 i

b3

a3
3

[ii]

I=

2I =
=
=

sin
2

z
z
z
z

sin

cos

sin x + cos x
dx
sin x + cos x

FH 2 xIK +

FH 2 xIK

dx

dx

2
0

= 2

4
sin x

dx = .
4
sin x + cos x

LM3 a f a xf dx = a f aa xf dxOP
0
N 0
Q

sin x
cos x
2
dx +
dx
0
sin x + cos x
sin x + cos x

FH 2 xIK

cos x
dx
cos x + sin x

= x
I=

sin x
dx
sin x + cos x