Phase 1 Report On Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore Metropolitan City

October 2009
Phase 1 Report on Current Environment

Analysis of Bangalore Metropolitan City

Prepared for
Renewable Energy &Energy Efficiency Partnership
Vienna International Center, Austria

www.teri i n.org
www.teriuniversity.ac.in

TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University

Suggested format for citation

T E R I (The Energy and Resources Institute) University. 2009
Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines for Energy
Efficiency, Bangalore City
TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University. 53 pp.
[Project Report No. 2009BS03]

For more information

T E R I (The Energy and Resources Institute)
University Tel. 24682100
Centre for Research on Sustainable E-mail minnim@teri.res.in
Building Science Group (CRSBS) Fax 24682144
IHC Compl ex, 110 003 Web www.teri i n.org
IHC Compl ex, Lodhi Road www.teriuniversity.ac.in
New Delhi, India India +91 New Delhi (0) 11

TERI Uni ver si ty Pr oject Team

Ms. Minni Mehrotra
Ms. Mili Majumdar
Mr. Pradeep Kumar
Ms. Priyanka Kochhar
Dr. Hina Zia
Mr. T Senthil Kumar
Mr. Nitish Poonia
Mr. Kiriti Sahoo

TERI Uni ver si ty Pr oject Advi sor

Dr. A Ravindra, Advisor to Chief Minister of Karnataka (Urban Affairs)
Mr. P R Dasgupta, I A S (Retd), Senior Advisor & Coordinator for TERI South Regional Centre

Secretari al Assi stance

Ms. Jyothi

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the Government of Karnataka officials for their full co-operation and support to carry
this project in Bangalore city. We would like to thank:

1. Sri Bharat Lal Meena, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja
Square, Bangalore 560 002
2. Sri Thirukangowdru, Joint Director Town, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja
Square, Bangalore 560 002
3. Sri Siddaiah, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara
Park West, Bangalore 560 020
4. Sri R. Rangaswamy, Executive Engineer (Electrical) Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah
Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore 560 020
5. Sri T. D. Nanjundappa, Engineer Officer-III, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road,
Kumara Park West, Bangalore 560 020
6. Sri Tushar Girinath, MD, Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560
001
7. Sri B. N. Sathyaprema Kumar, General Manager (HRD), Bangalore Electricity Supply Company
Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560 001
8. Sri Shivananda Murthy H G, MD, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd., No.19, Maj. Gen.
A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.
9. Dr H. Naganagouda, Assistant General Manager, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd.,
No.19, Maj. Gen. A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Location and Topography of Bangalore....................................................... 1
1.2 Climate ...................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2 BANGALORE INFRASTRUCTURE AND STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Institutional Framework of Bangalore.......................................................... 3
2.1.1 Elected ULBS in Bangalore......................................................... 4
2.1.2 Coverage of Area of various ULBs under BMA.......................... 4
2.2 Population growth in Bangalore................................................................... 5
2.3 Land Use Pattern in Bangalore..................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3 ENERGY SCENARIO IN BANGALORE CITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Current Energy Consumption Analysis...................................................... 11
3.2 Current Practices to achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City 11
3.3 AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area......................................... 12
3.4 Existing Energy Tariff................................................................................ 12
3.5 Existing Building Practices in Bangalore................................................... 16
3.6 Existing Commercial Building Energy Audit data from Bangalore city.... 21
CHAPTER 4 EXISTING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS IN BANGALORE AND AT
NATION LEVEL IN INDIA TO ACHIEVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY &
INTEGRATE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1 Analysis .................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Renewable Energy Integration at Karnataka State level ............................ 25
4.3 Energy Conservation Policies at National level ......................................... 27
4.3.1 Voluntary guidelines ECBC.................................................... 27
4.3.2 National Building Code.............................................................. 28
4.3.3 Energy labelling of appliances................................................... 28
4.3.4 The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).................... 28
4.3.5 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)............. 28
4.3.6 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)....... 29
4.3.7 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Mission on
Sustainable Habitats................................................................... 29
4.3.8 Scheme for star rating of office buildings.................................. 30
4.4 Key Issues & Concerns............................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 5 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.1 United Kingdom Regulatory Framework................................................... 32
5.2 Singapore Regulations and Energy efficiency............................................ 38
5.2.1 Air Conditioned Buildings......................................................... 39
5.2.2 Non Air Conditioned Buildings................................................. 39
5.2.3 Air conditioning system............................................................. 40
5.2.4 Switching Control ...................................................................... 40
5.2.5 Energy Metering......................................................................... 40
5.3 Australia Energy Efficiency Framework........................................................... 40
5.3.1 Energy Policies:.......................................................................... 41
5.3.2 Sample benchmarks: .................................................................. 43
5.3.3 Day lighting................................................................................ 44
5.4 IRELAND................................................................................................... 44
5.4.1 Building Energy Rating (BER): ................................................. 45
5.4.2 Artificial Lighting...................................................................... 45
5.4.3 Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning:................................. 46
5.4.4 Renewable Energy Policies:....................................................... 46
5.5 J apan .................................................................................................... 46
5.5.1 Energy Policies:.......................................................................... 46
2 Development of Environmental Building Policies, Regulations and
Guidelines for Bangalore city

5.5.2 White Goods Energy Efficiency Standards............................. 46
5.5.3 Day lighting................................................................................ 47
5.5.4 Ventilation.................................................................................. 47
5.5.5 Thermal Comfort Criteria........................................................... 47
5.6 Netherlands Regulatory Framework................................................................. 48
5.7 Sweden Regulatory Framework........................................................................ 49
5.7.1 Building Envelope...................................................................... 49
5.7.2 Production and distribution of heat:........................................... 49
5.7.3 Benchmarks:............................................................................... 50
5.7.4 Day lighting................................................................................ 50
5.7.5 Ventilation:................................................................................. 50
5.8 Observations & Recommendations for Bangalore City.................................... 52

3 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city
List of Tables

TABL E 1: AREA AND POPUL ATI ON OF KEY J URI SDI CTI ONS I N BANGAL ORE URBAN
DI STRI CT (SOURCE: BANGAL ORE METROPOL I TAN REGI ON REVI SED
STRUCTURE PL AN 2031) ...................................................................... 6
TABL E 2: EXI STI NG AND PROPOSED L AND USE I N BANGAL ORE ................................ 7
TABL E 3: MONTHL Y AND ANNUAL EL ECTRI CI TY DEMAND OF BANGAL ORE CI TY I N THE
FY 2008. (SOURCE BESCOM).............................................................10
TABL E 4: I NDI CATES THE DEMAND AND DI STRI BUTI ON OF POWER I N BANGAL ORE
METROPOL I TAN AREA (BMA) BY VARI OUS CONSUMERS I N FY 2007 2008.
(SOURCE: BESCOM) .........................................................................10
TABL E 5: AT&C LOSSES I N BANGAL ORE METROPOL I TAN AREA (BMA) .................12
TABL E 6: EXTERI OR OPEN SPACE/ SETBACK S I N METRES FOR RESI DENTI AL ,
COMMERCI AL PUBL I C AND SEMI -PUBL I C, TRAFFI C AND TRANSPORTATI ON
AND PUBL I C UTI L I TY BUI L DI NGS UPTO 9.5 MTRS. I N HEI GHT (SOURCE:
BANGAL ORE BUI L DI NG BY E LAWS 2003) ..............................................24
TABL E 7: BUI L DI NG BY E-LAWS 2003 EXTERI OR OPEN SPACES/SET BACKS FOR
RESI DENTI AL , COMMERCI AL PUBL I C AND SEMI -PUBL I C, TRAFFI C &
TRANSPORTATI ON, PUBL I C UTI L I TY BUI L DI NGS ABOVE 9.5 MTS. I N HEI GHT
(SOURCE: BANGAL ORE BUI L DI NG BY E LAWS 2003) ................................24
TABL E 8: COVERAGE FAR FOR RESI DENTI AL , COMMERCI AL , PUBL I C AND SEMI -PUBL I C,
TRAFFI C & TRANSPORTATI ON AND PUBL I C UTI L I TY BUI L DI NG (SOURCE:
BANGAL ORE BUI L DI NG BY E LAWS 2003) ..............................................25
TABL E 9: POWER PURCHASED BY BESCOM FROM VARI OUS SOURCES, I NCL UDI NG
RENEWABL E ENERGY (SOURCE: BESCOM) ...........................................26

List of Figures

FI GURE 1: SHOWS CI TY OF BANGALORE I N SOUTH EAST KARNATAKA ..............2
(SOURCE BANGALORE METROPOLI TAN REGI ON REVI SED STRUCTURE PLAN
2031)........................................................................................2
FI GURE 2: SHOWS BANGALORE METROPOLI TAN REGI ON (BMR) AND I TS THREE
DI STRI CTS .................................................................................3
FI GURE 3: SHOWS BANGALORE METROPOLI TAN AREA (BMA) WHERE THE
REEEP PROJ ECT RESULTS WI LL BE I MPLEMENTED. (SOURCE J NNURM
CI TY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR BANGALORE) .................................5
FI GURE 4: SHOWS DENSI TY PROFI LE OF BANGAL ORE METROPOLI TAN REGI ON
(BMR) ......................................................................................6
FI GURE 5: SHOWS EXI STI NG LAND USE PATTERN OF BANGALORE CI TY (SOURCE
J NNURM CDP FOR BANGALORE) .................................................8
FI GURE 6: SHOWS PROPOSED LAND USE PATTERN OF BANGAL ORE CI TY (SOURCE
J NNURM CDP FOR BANGALORE) .................................................9

CHAPTER 1Introduction

Bangalore, capital city of Karnataka is the fifth largest
metropolitan city of India. Bangalore city is located in South
India in the state of Karnataka.

The city is well known nationally and internationally as a
destination of choice for high technology industries.
It is a city that has transformed itself from a pensioners
paradise to a modern thriving cosmopolitan metropolis.
Thus, Bangalore has noticed a significant immigration of
population. Growth of the city has brought with it challenges
commonly associated with unpredicted growth, traffic
congestion, urban sprawl, shortage of water and electricity
supply and many more.

In line with the approach to make the developing city into an
international metropolis, the city needs to adopt stringent
regulations and guidelines to achieve sustainability.
The objective of this project under REEEP is to achieve energy
efficiency and integrate renewable energy in buildings to attain
energy security in Bangalore city.

This report covers the current environment analysis in
Bangalore city with respect to land use pattern, population,
energy consumption by different building typologies, existing
building regulations and energy related policies in Bangalore
city and at nation level in India. The report also covers existing
good practices and policies of other countries which were
studied in this phase, which could be considered as examples
for Bangalore city.

1.1 Location and Topography of Bangalore

Bangalore is situated in the southeast region of Karnataka State
in South India, at an average elevation of 920m above mean sea
level. It is positioned at 12.97N, 77.56E.

The topography of Bangalore is flat except for a ridge in the
middle running NNE - SSW.
The highest point in Bangalore is Doddabettahalli, which is 962
m and lies on this ridge. There are no major rivers running
through the City. The river Arkavathi (a tributary of the Kaveri)
passes near Nandi Hills, 60 km north of Bangalore, while the
river Kaveri has its nearest approach near Srirangapatnam,

southwest of Bangalore. Bangalore has a number of freshwater
lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala Tank,
Hebbal Lake, Ulsoor Lake, and Sankey Tank.

Figure 1: Shows city of Bangalore in South East Karnataka
(SourceBangaloreMetropolitan Region RevisedStructurePlan 2031)

1.2 Climate

Due to its high altitude, Bangalore enjoys a pleasant climate
through out the year. The city falls under moderate climate zone
of India. The Air temperature ranges between 33deg. C and
16deg. C, with an average annual of 24deg.C. Neither summer
nor winter season is extreme. The city receives adequate rainfall
of about 860mm.

Chapter 2 Bangalore Infrastructure and Statistics

The Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR) covers an area of
8005 sq. kms and houses a population of approximately 8.4
million according to 2001 census. The BMR is constituted of
three districts namely, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural and
Ramanagaram (Figure 2)
This project will be implemented in Bangalore Urban
District area/Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA)
which is under the jurisdiction of BBMP (Bruhat
Bangalore Mahanagara Palike) and BDA (Bangalore
Development Area).

Figure 2: Shows Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR) and its three districts

2.1Institutional Framework of Bangalore
There are a number of institutions performing municipal and
urban development functions in the Bangalore Metropolitan
Area. These institutions can be categorized as Urban Local
bodies (ULB), Statutory Authorities, & Government
departments.


2.1.1 Elected ULBS in Bangalore

i) BMP (City Corporation)
ii) Bommanahalli (City Municipal Corporation), CMC
iii) Byatarayanapura (CMC)
iv) Dasarahalli (CMC)
v) KR Puram (CMC)
vi) Mahedevapura (CMC)
vii) RR Nagar (CMC)
viii) Yelahanka (CMC)
ix) Kengeri (TMC)

While the ULBs surrounding BMP share about 60 per cent of
Greater Bangalores area of 560 sq. km, their share of total
population is only about 22 percent. The five-fold density levels
of BMP (19016 persons/sq.km) compared to surrounding ULBs
(3600 persons/sq.km) is indicative of the concentration of
population and activity in BMP. However, all the ULBs have
shown a significant population growth (many have more than
doubled in size) in the last decade.

Following are the Statutory Authorities of Bangalore

i) Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)
ii) Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)
iii) Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development
Authority
iv) Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board
v) Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
vi) Lake Development Authority
vii) Karnataka Slum Clearance Board
viii) Karnataka Urban infrastructure Development and
Finance Corporation
ix) Bangalore International Airport Area Planning
Authority

2.1.2 Coverage of Area of various ULBs under BMA

Area covered under Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) is
shown in table below. (Source, JNNURM City Development
Plan for Bangalore)

ULB / CMC Area (sq. Km)
BMP 226.2
Bommanahalli 43.6
Byatarayanapura 47
Dasarahalli 38
KR Puram 21.3

Mahedevapura 46.2
RR Nagar 66
Yelahanka 38.8
Kengeri 34
BIAAPA (Bangalore International Airport
Area Planning Authority)
792
Total 1353.1

BBMP covers an area of about 800 sq. km and houses a
population of approximately 6.8 million. The whole of BBMP
area including some of the surrounding areas, termed as
Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) comes under the planning
jurisdiction of Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). The
study in this project is thus applicable to BMA
(Bangalore metropolitan Area). Fig 4.

Figure 3: Shows Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) where the REEEP project
results will be implemented. (Source JNNURM City Development Plan for
Bangalore)

2.2 Population growth in Bangalore

As one of the world's fastest growing cities, Bangalore
Metropolitan Area is experiencing a rapid increase in
population. It is anticipated by 2021 population of Bangalore
city will be 9.97 Millions.
The population of Bangalore increased from 41.30 lakh to 56.86
lakh during the decade 1991-2001, representing a decadal

increase of 37.7%, which made Bangalore one of the fastest-
growing Indian metropolises, after New Delhi (Capital of India).
Table 1: Area and population of key jurisdictions in Bangalore Urban District
(Source: Bangalore Metropolitan Region Revised Structure Plan 2031)

Jurisdiction Area
(Sq.Kms)
Population
2001(in
Million)
Projected
population in
2011
Projected
population in
2021
BMA (Bangalore
Metropolitan Area)
1307 6.17 8.83 9.97

Density of population in centre of BMA area represented by
BMP (Bangalore Mahanagar Palike) has highest density of
approximately 19000 persons /sq. kms. However, the average
urban density is 4697 persons/sq. km. The density of Bangalore
Metropolitan Area (BMA) is less as compared to central BMP,
as it covers rural areas and green belt in periphery.

Figure 4: Shows density profile of Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR)

2.3 Land Use Pattern in Bangalore

Bangalore city has developed spatially in a concentric manner.
There are five major zones that are observed in the present land
usage pattern.

Zone 1- The core area consists of traditional business areas,
administrative centre and the central Business district.

Zone 2 The Peri Central area, has old residential areas
planned around the core area.

Zone 3- The Recent extensions of the city (past 3 5 years)
flanking both sides of the outer ring road.

Zone 4 The New layouts, have developed in the periphery
of the city, with small vacant lands and agricultural lands.

Zone 5- The Green belt and agricultural area, in the citys
outskirts including small villages.

A comparative assessment of future land use pattern and
current land use pattern based on surveys conducted in 2003 is
given below. (Source BDA)
Table 2: Existing and proposed land use in Bangalore
Land use
Proposed Land use
(2011) sq. km
Distribution
(%)
Existing Land
use (2003) sq.
km
Distribution
(%)
Residential 243.69 43.16 159.76 37.91
Commercial 16.43 2.91 12.83 3.04
Industrial 38.44 6.81 58.83 13.96
open spaces 77.88 13.79 13.10 3.11
public and semi
public uses
49.08 8.69 46.56 11.05
public utilities 0.00 2.49 0.59
offices and services 0.00 4.27 1.01
transport and
communication
116.97 20.72 88.31 20.96
Unclassified 22.14 3.92 35.26 8.37
Total 564.63 100.00 421.41 100.00
Agriculture 649.24
lake and tank 39.02
Quarry 9.61
Vacant 187.72
Total 1,307.00
Source: Master Plan by Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)


Figure 5: shows existing land use pattern of Bangalore City (Source JNNURM
CDP for Bangalore)

It is to be noted that the Permissible land uses in residential
category are:
Plotted residential developments, villas, semi detached houses,
apartments, hostels, dharmashala, multi dwelling housing,
service apartments, group housing.

Permissible land uses in commercial category are:
All types of shops, markets, shopping complexes, offices, Hotels,
Convention centres, Cinema, Exhibition areas, Hospitals,
entertainment centres, banks, gyms etc (Reference Volume 3
Zoning Regulations of Revised master Plan 2015)

Permissible land uses in industrial category are:
House hold industry, light industries, heavy industries, service
industries like R&D labs, IT, BT, BPO activities, medium
industries (Reference Volume 3 Zoning Regulations of Revised
master Plan 2015)


Figure 6: Shows proposed land use pattern of Bangalore City (Source JNNURM
CDP for Bangalore)

It is observed that both in existing and proposed land use
pattern residential buildings have the highest percentage in
Bangalore followed by transport, industrial, open spaces and
others.


Chapter 3 Energy Scenario in Bangalore city

Bangalore was electrified in August 1905. In 1920, the power
consumption of Bangalore was 2.5MU and the maximum
demand was 100MW.As in any other developing city, energy
demand in the city of Bangalore has been increasing every year.
Growth in industry, IT parks, research and education institutes,
housing and the salubrious climate of Bangalore has affected
power supply and its availability.

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is
responsible for power transmission in the Karnataka State.
The Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) is
responsible for power distribution in Bangalore Metropolitan
Area (Urban District). Data collected from BESCOM for total
demand of energy in Bangalore city in the FY 2008 is given
below.

Table 3: Monthly and annual electricity demand of Bangalore city in the FY 2008.
(Source BESCOM)
Months Total Demand in Bangalore
city (MkWh)
Demand Peak Load (MW)
January-08 680 1640
February-08 685 1655
March-08 725 1680
April-08 905 1661
May-08 905 1691
June-08 822 1684
July-08 800 1634
August-08 736 1670
September-08 740 1693
October-08 736 1651
November-08 693 1633
December-08 738 1641
Total (Annual) 9165 19933

Table 4: Indicates the demand and distribution of power in Bangalore
Metropolitan Area (BMA) by various consumers in FY 2007 2008. (Source:
BESCOM)

Building Categories Sales (MkWh) Percentage (%)
Residential 2684 32.8%
Commercial 2459 30%
Industrial 2425 29.6%

Irrigation & Agriculture 69 0.8%
Water Supply / Street lighting 444 5.4%
Others 91 1.1%
Total 8172

3.1 Current Energy Consumption Analysis

As can be seen in the land use pattern, residential area is
highest in Bangalore city, and energy consumed by residential
area is also highest followed by commercial and industrial
sector.
However, it is important to observe that the intensity of power
consumed by commercial sector is much higher than any other
building sector. The intensity of energy usage /sq. km of built
up area in residential is 16kWh/m
2
, commercial has
159kWh/m
2
and Industrial has 42kWh/m
2
. Thus it is very
important to attain energy efficient commercial buildings in the
city of Bangalore. Moreover, the commercial building area is
increasing every year in Bangalore, with more and more
buildings with high glazed area which are more energy intensive
than old office buildings.

To calculate the energy intensity of various building typologies
following data is used:
1. For residential buildings, from BDA total plot area under
residential land use was collected. This is 159.76 sq.kms.
Average FAR in Bangalore considered is 1. Therefore
total residential built up area is 159760m
2

2. From BESCOM, electricity consumed from residential
area was collected. This is 2684 MU.
3. Thus annual energy intensity of residential buildings in
Bangalore city is = 2684*1000kWh/ 159760m
2
= 16
kWh/m
2

Following similar calculations for commercial and industrial
building sector it is found out that energy intensity for
commercial buildings is 159 kWh/m2/annum in Bangalore
and that for industrial is 42 kWh/m2/annum.

Thus developing regulations and guidelines for commercial
buildings will be a very important part of this project.

3.2 Current Practices to achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City

In order to meet the current energy demand of Bangalore
metropolitan and to reduce the gap between demand and
supply of power, KPTCL and BESCOM are establishing
infrastructure indicated in the 11
th
Five year Plan and are also

upgrading operation and maintenance facilities. There are some
existing policies and programmes to achieve energy efficiency at
city level, state level and nation level. These are described
below.

Following are the energy efficiency measures taken at city level

1. AT&C losses are reduced
2. Integration of a few energy efficiency features in building
regulations of Bangalore.
3. Integration of few renewable energy features in building
regulations of Bangalore.
4. Existing electricity tariff plan, provides lower rate for
buildings that are more energy efficient than others.
5. Current some best design practices followed in Bangalore
city.

3.3 AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area

Data from BESCOM show significant reduction in Aggregate
Technical & Commercial (AT & C) losses in Bangalore city.
(Table 5)

Table 5: AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA)
Year AT &C Losses (%)
2003 04 14.14
2005 05 12.16
2005 06 12.20
2006 07 8.63
2007 08 9.85

3.4 Existing Energy Tariff

On analyzing the intensity of energy usage by various building
typologies, it is observed that though the residential areas have
highest energy sales, the intensity of energy demand /m2 is
lowest. In Bangalore intensity of energy usage /sq. m of built up
area in residential is 16kWh/m2, commercial has 159kWh/m2
and Industrial has 42kWh/m2.
Thus, electricity tariffs in Bangalore are staggered such that
those individuals who use more energy per month pay higher
rates of energy tariff.

This greatly incentivizes energy conservation, since electricity
bills will be significantly higher for buildings that use greater
amount of electricity.

Residences:

Tariff Schedule LT-1(LowTension)
Applicable to - Installations serviced under Bhagyajyothi and Kutirajyothi (BJ/KJ) schemes, for
economically weaker section
Energy charges
(including recovery towards
service main charges)
355 paise per unit subject to a monthly minimum of Rs.30 per
installation per month
Tariff Schedule LT-2(a)(i)(LowTension)
Applicable to - For residences coming under the category other than the BJ/KJ schemes
For the first kW Rs 20/-
Fixed charges per month
For every additional kW Rs 30/-
For the first 30 units

185 paise/unit
For the next 70 units

290 paise / unit

360 paise/unit

420 paise/unit
For the next 100 units 445 paise/ unit
Energy charges per month
For consumption exceeding 400 units 470 paise / unit
Tariff Schedule HT-4(a) (High Tension)
Applicable to - Residential apartments and colonies availing power supply from H.T. line
Demand charges Rs.100/- per kVA of billing demand
Energy charges 330 paise/unit


Institutes:

Tariff Schedule LT-2(a)(i)(LowTension)
Applicable to - Schools, Colleges, Educational institutions run by State/Central Govt.,/Local Bodies, for
Charitable Institutions and Hospital, Dispensaries, Health Centres and religious establishments run by
Charitable Institutions
For the first kW Rs 20/-
Fixed charges per month
For every additional kW Rs 30/-
For the first 30 units 185 paise/unit
For the next 70 units 290 paise / unit
For the next 100 units 360 paise/unit
For the next 100 units 420 paise/unit
For the next 100 units 445 paise/ unit
Energy charges per month
For consumption exceeding 400 units 470 paise / unit
Tariff Schedule LT-2(b) (LowTension)
Applicable to - The installations of Private Professional and other private educational institutions including
aided, unaided institutions having only lighting or combined lighting & heating, and motive power
Fixed charges Rs.30 Per KWsubject to a minimumof Rs.60 per month
For the first 100 units
415 paise per unit

465 paise per unit

490 paise per unit

Energy charges

For the Balance units 525 paise per unit
Tariff Schedule HT-2(a)(i) (High Tension)
Applicable to - Universities, Educational Institutions belonging to Government, Local bodies, Aided
Institutions, Hostels of all Educational Institutions
Demand charges Rs.180/kVA of billing demand/month
For the first one lakh units 380 paise per unit
Energy Charges
For the balance units 430 paise per unit
Tariff Schedule HT-2(b)(i) (High Tension)
Applicable to - Educational Institutions, Un-aided Educational Institutions other than those maintained by
Government and Local Bodies
For the first two lakh units 485 paise per unit
Energy Charges

Offices:
Tariff Schedule LT-3(i)(LowTension)
Applicable to - All offices, Police Stations, Commercial Complexes, Information
Technology (IT) enabled services, I.T. based medical transcription centers
Fixed charges per month Fixed charges Rs. 35 per KW
For the first 50 units 505 paise/unit
Energy charges
For the Balance units 600 paise/unit
Demand based tariff (optional) where sanctioned load is above 5 KWbut below 50 KW
Fixed charges Rs. 50 per KW
Energy charges As above
Tariff Schedule LT-5(i)(LowTension)
Applicable to - Heating & Motive power (including lighting) installations of Information Technology
industries engaged in development of hardware & Software
Fixed charges for 5 HP & below
i) Rs. 25 per HP

for above 5 HP & below 40 HP
ii) Rs. 30 per HP

for 40 HP & above but below 67
HP
iii) Rs. 40 per HP

for 67 HP & above iv) Rs. 110 per HP
Tariff Schedule HT-2(a)(i) (High Tension)
Applicable to - Information Technology Industries engaged in development of Hardware & Software
For the first one lakh units 380 paise per unit
Energy Charges
Tariff Schedule HT-2(b)(i) (High Tension)
Applicable to - All offices, Banks, Commercial Multi-storied buildings, Information Technology (IT)
enabled services and I.T. based medical transcription centers
For the first two lakh units 485 paise per unit
Energy Charges

Note:
High Tension Supply is applicable to Bulk Power Supply of Voltages of 11KV (including 2.3/4.6
KV) and above at Standard High Voltage or Extra High Voltages when the Contract Demand is
50 KW/ 67 HP and above
Low Tension Supply is applicable for 400 Volts Three Phase and 230Volts Single Phase Supply
100 paise = 1 Rs (Indian Rupee)


3.5 Existing Building Practices in Bangalore

Practicing service consultants, architects and manufacturers from Bangalore city were
interviewed to understand the existing building industry practices in the city of
Bangalore. As summary of the interview from various stakeholders is described below:

Lighting Systems:

Given below is the abstract of the discussions held with various
electrical consultants in conjunction with their past projects
related to designing lighting systems

It has been found that the inefficient incandescent lamps which
were dominating the market across various sectors earlier are
rapidly phasing out and currently the lamps which are
predominantly installed are CFLs (Compact Fluorescent
Lamps) and TFLs (Tubular Fluorescent Lamps). Electronic
ballasts are also becoming more common now a day. Usage of
highly efficient lamps such as T-5 is still very limited and that
too is confined to office spaces only. People still have the notion
that CFLs are the most energy efficient lamps. Lack of
awareness and technical knowledge among the client,
architects, vendors and the lighting consultants about the
efficient lighting systems is slowing down the transformation
from energy inefficient to energy efficient lighting solutions.
Only 20-25% of lighting consultants, actually understands the
energy efficiency in the lighting schemes, but then they too
dont have their final say in the selection of luminaires and
lamps, as it is mostly decided by the architects and their
aesthetical perceptions.

Application of lighting controls such as dimmable ballasts,
occupancy sensors, and daylight sensors is catching up
gradually in IT (information technology), commercial and
hospitality buildings. Due to the higher initial investment,
which is about 20% higher in comparison, and longer payback
periods, lighting controls are not very popular in residential and
institutional building sectors. Also in a very few projects the
LCC (life cycle cost) analysis is carried out by the consultants. In
the absence of LCC analysis clients are not very keen and sure to
opt for controls in the lighting scheme to save energy.

One of the major obstructions in achieving energy efficiency in
lighting systems which came up is the ownership rights of the
building. Most of the IT office buildings, commercial buildings
are leased out properties. Either the lighting systems come in a

preinstalled package with the building or in a few cases the
tenant gets opportunity to install the lighting system himself. In
the first case the owner usually is not worried about the
operating costs of the building as it will be recovered from the
tenant so efficiency is no concern for them. In the second case
tenant opts for the efficient lighting systems only if there is
possibility of recovering the investment in their tenure-ship
period.

Also the marketing strategies of the manufacturers are not
focused on energy efficiency; hence the awareness and the
technical knowledge are not transferred from manufacturers to
the vendors, architect, consultants etc. It was suggested by the
consultants that energy star rating system for the lighting
fixtures should be in place to make it simpler for the buyers,
who without much of technical knowledge can also go for the
efficiency in lighting schemes.

Street lighting scheme in and around Bangalore city utilizes
high pressure sodium vapour lamps, metal halide lamps, which
have high efficacies and are integrated with the timer controls.
Also majority of the traffic signal lighting are integrated with
the solar photovoltaic.

Suggestions: Following are few suggestion made by the
consultants to achieve energy efficiency in the lighting system

Sensitization workshops on energy efficient solutions should be
held to educate the clients so that they will start demanding
efficient solutions, as clients, in most of the cases are the final
decision making authorities.
Energy star rating of the lighting fixtures should be put in place,
which will make it easier for non-technical people also to go for
energy efficiency.
There should be some baseline benchmarks in the building bye-
laws for efficiency in lighting systems pertaining to lamp
efficacies, ballasts, sensor applications etc.

Solar Energy:

In the current scenario in Bangalore, solar energy is being
tapped for both thermal and electricity generation applications.
Thermal application of solar energy is quite popular and in
great demand in the city as Bangalore being located in moderate
climate zone has a huge demand of hot water during early hours
of the day through out the year. Also the recovery period on the
investment is shorter for solar thermal application due to higher
efficiencies. There are almost 90-100 manufacturers in and
around Bangalore who produces solar water heating systems.

On the other hand electricity generation from solar photovoltaic
requires high initial investments and with longer pay back
periods, it is currently installed in very selective projects only.

Building materials and architectural design strategies:

Given below is the abstract of few discussions held with various
architects and manufacturers working in and around Bangalore
for quite a long time

Commonly used building materials in Bangalore city, under
various categories, are as follows

Walls: Bricks, Solid Concrete Blocks (used in almost 60% of
the construction works), Hollow Concrete Blocks, Hollow Clay
Blocks, Glass as in structural glazing (all the IT buildings and
commercial buildings) etc

Windows/Glazing:
Resi dential Sector In residential sector buildings, single
glazed windows along with clear glass is in common practice.
Some people also go for tinted glass with various shades with an
objective to change the mood of the space and to maintain
visual privacy from outside. Glass and frame selection are not
guided by the thermal properties in this sector. Usage of double
glazing in this sector is miniscule.
Commer cial Sector In Commercial sector only in 25% of
the cases double glazing with high performance glass is
installed. Out of the rest 75%, in 80% cases it is single glazing
and 20% it is double glazing with normal tinted glass. Single
glazing consists of 70% clear glass and 30% shaded glass. Glass
selection criteria is mostly governed by the virtue of providing
the inside view of the space from outside. In very few shopping
malls the client have put up reflective glasses with better
thermal properties but double glazing is still not in practice
across the sector.
Offi ce Bui ldi ngs Most of the IT office buildings located in
Bangalore are installed with double glazed windows

Roofs: RCC (reinforced cement concrete) is very commonly
used in roofs, hollow clay blocks along with the RCC is also
practiced. Provision of providing light colour reflective coating
or surfaces to reflect back the solar radiation on the roof top is
not in use.
Floor s: Vitrified tiles, locally available granite, marble etc.

Selection of the building materials is mostly governed by initial
costs, availability, aesthetical appearance, and the longevity of
the material. Thermal properties such as conductance, SHGC
(solar heat gain coefficient) and U value (overall heat transfer
coefficient) of the material are not very popular terms in the
market and only a handful of architect actually give them
priority while selecting the materials. Material selection is more
of a way of expressing the architectural style for architects. Lack
of awareness and technical knowledge of the material properties
is quite a hindrance in constructing energy efficient buildings,
as its a well known fact that building skin plays a major role in
deciding the cooling or heating demand of any building.

Bangalore being located in the moderate climate zone has got a
huge potential in achieving energy efficiency in building sector
by utilizing the solar passive building design techniques to
achieve thermal and visual comfort in the built environment
and reducing its dependency on the active systems. For almost
nine months, during a year, weather is very pleasant in the city
and natural ventilation is sufficient to maintain the required
thermal comforts. There are architects who are incorporating
solar passive design techniques in their projects, but as a whole,
the quantum of such work, is not much reflected on the city
scale. In small scale projects the climate responsive design is
much more reflected than in the large scale projects developed
by leading builders.

One of the key reasons behind it is that the western building
style and material practices, dominates in majority of the
projects in this rapidly growing IT city of India. Client like
MNCs and other Corporates seeks similar kind of structures, i.e.
all glazed facades, built in US and European countries. Other
possible reason for providing glazing on the entire facade on
each side of the building can be seen as a result of occupying of
one floor by 3-4 clients and each of them asks for a view from
the builder. In that case to increases the saleability of their
property builders usually provides glazing on all the facades.

Positive side of the coin is that there are few corporates and
their number is increasing gradually who proactively
approaches all the leading manufacturers and consultants to
adopt best available energy efficiency solutions in their
upcoming projects.

Energy efficiency is not a very common topic of discussion in
the meetings held between client, architect, and various
consultants such as HVAC, electrical, plumbing etc. Hardly
there exists any iterative design process where inputs of various
consultants and architect are incorporated in the designs and
reworked to achieve energy efficiency. In absence of energy

modelling in most of the projects, clients are not aware of the
operating costs of the building and they end up paying huge
energy bills.

In the residential building sector, builders do not feel
themselves accountable for the energy performance
benchmarks of a building, as they are not the end users. Also
there are no existing energy performance benchmarks for the
buildings in the bye-laws.

Suggesti ons: Following are few suggestions by the
manufacturers and architects to achieve energy efficiency in
buildings in Bangalore city

1. Cool roof and green roof concept should be introduced in
the bye-laws
2. Baseline should be established to define minimum daylight
levels to be achieved in all the spaces considering the
Bangalore climatic conditions.
3. Usage of unnecessary glass needs to be curbed down in the
upcoming structures.
4. Manufacturer needs to get their materials/products tested
in the certified laboratories and should put all the required
properties of the materials in front of the buyers and help
them choosing better performing materials to achieve
energy efficiency.
5. It was also suggested that embodied energy data for various
materials should be available to everybody.
6. Energy star rating of buildings which will guide the users
about the energy performance of the building once it is fully
occupied should be placed in bye-laws to make it easy for
non-technical people also to go for energy efficient
buildings.

HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning)

Given below is a summary of interview taken with one of the
oldest and most renowned HVAC consultant in Bangalore city.

Earlier in Bangalore city all the centralised HVAC systems were
water cooled systems. When market for centralized air
conditioning grew, and scarcity of water increased and
designers started selecting air cooled chillers. When energy
crisis occurred, people again preferred water cooled condensers.
Nowadays in the city of Bangalore hybrid systems are most
common which use a combination of water cooled and air
cooled chillers. Air cooled chillers in Bangalore are
comparatively efficient than in other cities in India with

predominant hot and dry climate, this is due to favourable
ambient conditions in Bangalore.
In day use building, consultants are using chillers to produce ice
in the night which can then be used for cooling during day time.

Suggestion
Indirect evaporative cooling is not common in Bangalore, this
should be practiced more to provide cooling effect near to air
conditioning.
It was also suggested that metering from different kind of
consumptions in buildings should be made mandatory as part
of building regulations.

3.6 Existing Commercial &Residential Building Energy Audit data from
Bangalore city

The energy audits of buildings in Bangalore have shown very
different energy consumption patterns depending upon the
design and construction of the building. Audit of old
commercial buildings with no integration of energy efficiency
features have predicted very high Energy Performance Index
(EPI) in the range of 300 kWh/m
2
/annum. Energy audit of
ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) compliant
buildings have shown an EPI in the range of 150
kWh/m
2
/annum. Energy audit of some solar passive buildings
designed in Bangalore city have shown EPI as low as
75Kwh/m
2
/annum.
Bangalore city falls under Moderate climate zone of India, and
hence the outside weather conditions are very favourable for
naturally ventilated buildings. Integration of solar passive
architecture techniques and natural ventilation to achieve
thermal comfort in commercial buildings can reduce
dependence on air conditioning thus resulting in lower EPI or
lower energy consumption by the building.
The solar passive building audited in Bangalore had all
circulation areas, reception, dinning hall naturally ventilated
which helped reduce annual energy consumption while
maintaining the required thermal comfort.
Energy audit reports of residential buildings in Bangalore show
different trend in different seasons of the year. The average
house hold electricity consumption in respect to refrigerators
and air conditioners in various seasons in Bangalore city is
given below:

Household Avg. Energy Consumption (kWh)
Autumn Winter Spring Summer
Bangalore 237.7 218.9 233.5 252.0

Chapter 4, Existing Policies and Regulations in Bangalore and at
Nation level in India to achieve Energy Efficiency & Integrate
Renewable Energy in Buildings

License is required from Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike
(BBMP), if a person intends to erect or re-erect a building or
make material alterations.

Following are the existing building bye laws in Bangalore city to
integrate energy efficiency/ sustainability measures:

1. While granting license, the Authority imposes a condition
that at least two trees are grown in the sites where the site
area exceeds 200 sq.mt. in the interest of improving the
environment of the area.
2. Open spaces: Every room intended for human habitation
shall abut on an interior or exterior open space or open
verandah open to such interior or exterior open space. This
has been integrated to achieve natural ventilation and
natural daylight, the regulations specify proper design of
ventilation and lighting system in all habitable and
basement areas, mezzanine floor etc. Minimum aggregate
area of openings excluding doors shall not be less than 1/6th
of the floor area in the case of residential buildings. In the
case of other public buildings like business houses,
educational buildings, offices, institutional and hospital
buildings, the minimum aggregate area of openings shall be
not less than 1/5th of the floor area. The area of openings
shall be increased by 25% in the case of kitchen. No portion
of the room shall be assumed to be lighted if it is more than
7.5 m from the opening. Though this clause has been
integrated in the building bye laws, it is felt that this is not
enough to integrate daylight and to achieve reduction in
electricity consumption due to efficient window design.
3. Exterior open spaces/ set backs, coverage, floor area ratio,
numbers of floors and heights - The set backs required on
all the sides of building/s, maximum plot coverage,
maximum FAR, maximum number of floors, maximum
height of buildings that are permissible for different
dimensioned sites and widths of roads are set out in Tables
4, 5 and 6 given below. This has also been integrated to
achieve natural daylight and ventilation in buildings.
However, these set backs and height restrictions need to be
evaluated for their performance.
4. The Bangalore building codes include specific regulations
for multi-storeyed residential buildings, group housing, row

housing projects and more of which are being constructed
in BBMP area. Such regulations require significant open
space (not less than the buildings height between
structures).Road width for different heights of buildings are
also specified.

5. Solar water heating and solar lighting to be provided for
various building typologies is recommended in the building
bye laws. The bye laws provide recommendation on
quantity of hot water required by different building
typologies, based on the size of construction.
6. Solar photovoltaic lights are required to be installed in multi
unit residential buildings for lighting the set backs,
driveways and internal corridor lights. However, these are
not mandatory clauses.
4.1 Analysis

It is observed that in the current building bye laws of Bangalore,
except some clauses which aim to achieve natural light and
ventilation in all habitable spaces, there are no clauses as such
to achieve energy efficient buildings in the city. Currently there
are no benchmarks of energy consumption for different building
typologies in Bangalore city. Development of Energy
Performance Benchmarks is very crucial to attain energy
efficiency in building sector.

There are two ways to achieve energy efficiency in Bangalore
metropolitan:
1. Create awareness among architects and independent
builders regarding energy efficient design principles.
2. Integration of energy efficiency requirements,
benchmarks and renewable energy within the existing
building codes of Bangalore.

Also, currently the building bye laws of Bangalore do not
integrate ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) framed by
BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency), Ministry of Power, Govt. of
India. The code needs to be integrated to achieve energy
efficiency in the city.

The building bye laws can also integrate some features of
National Green Building Rating System GRIHA. This will
further help to achieve energy efficient and sustainable
buildings in Bangalore city.

Recommendations to integrate these standards in the building
bye laws of Bangalore will be a part of this project. Some
international best practices which could be adopted in
Bangalore will also be explored.

Thus, there is a need to create guidelines, regulation, to achieve
energy efficient buildings, which can be integrated within the
existing building bye laws. These regulations will be supported
by lifecycle cost analysis for easier implementation.
Table 6: Exterior Open Space/ Setbacks in Metres for Residential, Commercial
Public and Semi-Public, Traffic and Transportation and Public Utility Buildings Up
to 9.5 metres. in Height (Source: Bangalore Building Bye Laws 2003)

Abrviations T & T = Trafic & Transportation, P.U. = Public utility

Table 7: Building Bye-Laws 2003 Exterior open spaces/set backs for
Residential, Commercial public and Semi-public, Traffic & Transportation, Public
utility buildings above 9.5 mts. in height (Source: Bangalore Building Bye Laws
2003)

SL. No Height of Building in metres. Exterior open spaces / set-backs
to be left on all sides (Front, Rear
and Sides) in metres.
1 Above 9.5 upto 12 4.5
2 Above 12 upto 15 5.0
7 Above 27 upto 30 10.0
8 Above 30 upto 35 11.0
9 Above 35 upto 40 12.0
10 Above 40 upto 45 13.0
11 Above 45 upto 50 14.0
12 Above 50 16.0
Depth of
site in
mtrs.
Residential Commercial T&T.P.U. &
Public and Semi-
Public
Residential Commercial T &T.P.U. &
Public and
Semi Public
Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
Width of
site in
mtrs.
Left Right Left Right Left Right
Upto 6 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.50 - Upto 6 - 1.00 - - - 1.50
Over 6
upto 9
1.00 1.00 1.50 - 1.50 1.50 Over 6
upto 9
1.00 1.00 - 1.50 1.50 1.50
Over 9
upto 12
1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 3.00 1.50 Over 9
upto 12
1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.50
Over 12
upto 18
3.00 1.50 3.00 1.50 3.00 1.50 Over 12
upto 18
1.50 3.00 1.50 3.00 2.00 3.00
Over 18
upto 24
4.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 4.50 2.00 Over 18
upto 24
2.50 3.50 2.50 4.00 3.00 3.00
Over 24 5.00 3.50 4.50 3.00 6.00 3.00 Over 24 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.50 3.50 4.50


Table 8: Coverage far for Residential, Commercial, Public and Semi-public,
Traffic & Transportation and public utility building (Source: Bangalore Building
Bye Laws 2003)

Residential Commercial Public &Semi Public
T&T &Public Utilities
Plot Area
in Sq. mts.
Plot
Coverage
Max.
F.A.R
Max.
Plot
Coverage
Max.
F.A.R
Max.
Plot
Coverage
Max.
F.A.R
Max.
Road width
(Mtrs)
A Intensely Developed Area
Upto 240 65% 0.75 65% 1.00 60% 1.00 Upto 6
Over 240
Upto 500
60% 0.75 60% 1.00 55% 1.00 Over 6 upto 9
Over 500
Upto 750
60% 1.00 60% 1.25 50% 1.00 Over 9 upto 12
Over 750
Upto 1000
60% 1.00 60% 1.25 50% 1.25 Over 12 upto 15
Over 1000 60% 1.25 55% 1.50 45% 1.25 Over 15
B Moderately Developed Area
Upto 240 65% 1.00 65% 1.25 60% 1.00 Upto 9
Over 240
Upto 500
60% 1.25 60% 1.50 55% 1.25 Over 9 upto 12
Over 500
Upto 750
60% 1.25 60% 1.50 50% 1.25 Over 12 upto 15
Over 750
Upto 1000
60% 1.50 60% 1.75 50% 1.50 Over 15 upto 18
Over 1000 60% 1.75 55% 1.75 45% 1.50 Over 18
C- Sparsely Developed Area
Upto 240 65% 1.00 65% 1.25 60% 1.25 Upto 9
Over 240
Upto 500
60% 1.25 60% 1.50 55% 1.50 Over 9 upto 12
Over 500
Upto 750
60% 1.50 60% 1.75 50% 1.50 Over 12 upto 15
Over 750
Upto 1000
60% 1.50 60% 1.75 50% 1.80 Over 15 upto 18
Over 1000 60% 2.00 55% 2.00 45% 1.80 Over 18

4.2 Renewable Energy Integration at Karnataka State level


INDIA is the only country in the world having separate Ministry
for development of renewable energy sources in the world.
Ministry of New and Renewable Sources of Energy (MNRE),
New Delhi is the Secretariat for promoting renewable energy
sources in the country. MNRE forms different National
Programmes to mainstream renewable energy sources in each
state in the country. These are canalized through state nodal
agencies.

Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd. (KREDL) is the
state nodal agency of MNRE in Karnataka.

KREDL is currently promoting projects to harness energy from
wind, small hydro, solar energy, biomass and energy recovery
from waste through private investment. KREDL advices
Government of Karnataka for policies to be adopted to ensure
systematic growth of projects for harnessing energy from
renewable energy sources.

One of the National Programmes of MNRE is Solar Photovoltaic
(SPV) Programme, under which MNRE is providing subsidy
and other facilities to encourage the use of solar energy devices.
This programme is being channelized in Karnataka by KREDL.

It is estimated that in the Moderate climate zone of Bangalore,
the households consume nearly 2000MW of energy in the
morning hours for heating water alone. Extensive uses of solar
water heaters in Bangalore can alone save much electrical
energy which could then be used for the industrial activity
currently being affected by shortage of power.

Potential from wind energy in Karnataka at state level
is assessed to be 1662 MW.
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) has
established availability of 700MW of small hydro
power potential in Karnataka State. Currently more than
450 Million Units of electrical energy has been generated from
small hydro power projects in the state.
Biomass is also one of the renewable source of energy
and biomass power project of 81MW have been
commissioned in Karnataka State.

In the city of Bangalore, BESCOM purchases power from
various sources. Table below shows power purchased by
BESCOM from various sources, including Renewable Energy.
Table 9: Power purchased by BESCOM from various sources, including
Renewable Energy (Source: BESCOM)


Energy Purchased in MU SN SOURCE
2007-08 2008-09
1 Hydel Power 6395 5761
2 Thermal Power 8798 9048
3 Lignite Power 1269 1108
4 Atomic Energy 327 343
5 Conventional Energy 662 574
6 Non-Conventional Energy 457 305
7 Wind Mill Energy 1292 1438
8 Diesel Generating 2006 4435
9 UI Charges 384 695
10 Short term Open Access Charges 39 723
TOTAL 19834 200435

It is seen in the above table, that renewable energy also holds a
high percentage in the electricity purchased by BESCOM. This is
very good; however, this is at the central level, there is a huge
potential which need to be explored to integrate renewable
energy at individual building level in Bangalore city. This
project will frame such guidelines, policies for integration of
renewable energy at individual building level.

4.3 Energy Conservation Policies at National level

Energy the lifeline of mankind is a vital input for economic
growth. The energy consumption in India is about 3% of global
total. The demand of electricity in country has been growing at
the rate of 7 to 8% annually. The need of energy conservation in
India assumes a greater significance because of increasing gap
between demand and supply.

There are few incentives and policies at National, level that are
applicable for buildings in Bangalore city. But these are not
enough to achieve Bangalore as an energy efficient sustainable
city.

4.3.1 Voluntary guidelines ECBC

The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is a national
voluntary guideline for designing more energy efficient
buildings.
It is applicable for commercial buildings with connected load
demand above 500KW. The code recommends efficiency for
heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system,
building envelope performance, interior and exterior lighting
systems, hot water provision, electrical power and motors.

While the ECBC is a voluntary code that any building can
choose to meet, Bangalore currently has no provision for
mandating or encouraging voluntary adoption of ECBC
guidelines.

4.3.2 National Building Code

While the National Building Code is not integrated with the
Energy Conservation Building Code, it does incorporate some
aspects of energy conservation and energy efficiency both
through design, materials choices, and construction practices,
though few of these are actually mandatory.

In particular, the National Building Code is referred with
respect to artificial lighting, natural ventilation and air
conditioning. However, it needs to be checked if these
requirements are being followed and if building control
authorities are checking for compliance when plans are
submitted for building permission.

4.3.3 Energy labelling of appliances
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under Ministry of Power
(MoP), has several programs to set labels and energy efficient
standards for refrigerators, air conditioners, motors and other
appliances. Energy labelling on voluntary basis for refrigerators
and tubular fluorescent lighting was launched in 2006. Labelled
products have been in the market since 2006.

4.3.4 The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
MoEF has established mandatory norms and standards for
environmental clearance of large construction projects. All new
construction projects are appraised on the basis of the norms
and standards by both the Expert Appraisal Committees (EACs)
at MoEF and State Expert Appraisal Committees (SEACs) at the
State/ UT level. The EACs/ SEACs grade the projects as
Platinum (90-100 points), Gold (80-89 points), Silver (60-79
points) and Bronze (40-59 points), depending on the points
achieved. The detailed criteria for gradation and the expected
performance standard are provided in the manual. The State
Pollutions Control Boards verify the compliance of the
Environmental Management Plan and the observance of the
criteria of gradation by the project proponents.

4.3.5 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
MNRE initiated several programmes focusing on the utilization
of renewable energy sources in buildings. The MNRE has a solar
buildings programme that provides financial support for the

design and construction of energy efficient and solar passive
buildings.
The MNRE has launched and incentivised GRIHA (Green
Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) as a national rating
system.

4.3.6 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
Endorsed by the MNRE, GRIHA is a five star rating system for
green buildings which stresses on passive solar techniques for
optimizing indoor visual and thermal comfort. In order to
address energy efficiency, GRIHA encourages optimisation of
building design to reduce conventional energy demand and
further optimise energy performance of the building within
specified comfort limits. A building is assessed on its predicted
performance over its entire life cycle from inception through
operation.

GRIHA integrates all relevant Indian codes and standards for
buildings and acts as a tool to facilitate implementation of the
same.

4.3.7 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Mission on
Sustainable Habitats
As a response to combat the impacts of climate change, the
Prime Ministers Council on Climate Change has released
Indias National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) on
June 30, 2008. The NAPCC, along with its eight missions
1
,
serves as the first country-wide framework on climate change
with the approval and support of the Government of India.
These eight NAPCC missions map out long term and integrated
strategies to achieve key national goals from the climate change
perspective. The NAPCC identifies measures that promote
development objective of the country while producing co-
benefits that address climate change effectively.

The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat comprises three
components, namely,
Promoting energy efficiency in the residential and
commercial sector
Management of municipal solid wastes, and
Promotion of urban public transport

In an attempt to promote energy in the residential and
commercial sectors, the mission emphasises on the extension of
the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), use of energy

1
The eight missions of the NAPCC are:
National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat, National Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, National
Mission for a Green India, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, and National Mission for Strategic
Knowledge for Climate Change

efficient appliances and creation of mechanisms that would help
finance demand side management.

In essence, the NAPCC gives a further boost to exiting initiatives
on green and energy efficient buildings and construction in
India.

4.3.8 Scheme for star rating of office buildings
In order to accelerate the Energy Efficiency activities in
commercial buildings, the Bureau of Energy efficiency (BEE)
has developed the scheme for star rating of buildings. The
programme is based on actual performance of the building, in
terms of specific energy usage (in kWh/sq m/year) with the
following highlights:

The Programme would rate office buildings on a 1-5 star
scale, with 5-Star labelled buildings being the most energy
efficient.
Initially, the programme shall target the following 3 climatic
zones for air-conditioned and non- air-conditioned office
buildings;
o Warm and Humid
o Composite
o Hot and Dry
However, shall subsequently be extended to other climatic
zones and building types.
Energy Performance Index (EPI) in kWh / sq m/ year is
considered for rating the building. Bandwidths for Energy
Performance Index for different climatic zones have been
developed based on percentage air-conditioned space. For
example buildings in composite climate zone like New Delhi
with air conditioned area greater than 50% of the built up
area, the bandwidths of EPI range is between 190-90
kWh/sq m/year. Thus, a building would get a 5-Star rating if
the EPI falls below 90kWh/sq m/year and 1 Star if it is
between 165-190 kWh/sq m/year.
Similarly for buildings in warm and humid climatic zone like
Chennai, the bandwidths of EPI range between 200-100
kWh/sq m/year. The building shall get a 5-Star rating if its
EPI is below 100 kWh/sq m/year and 1 Star if it is between
200-175 kWh/sq m/year.
For buildings with air conditioned area less than 50% of
their built up area, in a composite climatic zone, the
bandwidths of EPI range between 80-40 kWh/sq m/year.
Similarly for buildings in warm and humid climatic zone like
Chennai, have bandwidths of EPI ranging between 85-45
kWh/sq m/year.

The Star rating Programme provides public recognition to
energy efficient buildings, and creates a demand side pull
for such buildings. Buildings with a connected load of 500
kW are considered for BEE star rating scheme.
EPI is kWh/sq.mt/year in terms of purchased & generated
electricity divided by built up area in sq.mt. However the
total electricity does not include electricity generated from
on-site renewable sources such as solar photovoltaic etc.

4.4 Key Issues &Concerns

Some of the key issues and concerns which have come forward
in this report are mentioned below:
1. Bangalore Metropolitan is no more a small city, it has
extended its limits to 1353 sq. kms integrating the
neighbouring CMCs and TMC. Thus the results of this
project will be integrated in the entire Bangalore
Metropolitan Area which covers an area of 1353 sq.kms.

2. Majority of Bangalores energy consumption is used by
residential sector followed by commercial and industrial.

3. While the commercial sector uses less energy than the
residential, the commercial sector is much more energy
intensive, in terms of kWh/m
2
. Thus, improving energy
efficiency of commercial and industrial buildings will be
very important in Bangalore city.

4. Implementation of ECBC, GRIHA and other efficient
designs is very limited in Bangalore. Very few builders &
architects construct energy efficient buildings. Infact
designers do not refer also to the ECBC code. In terms of
energy efficiency or sustainability the only common
practice is solar water heaters and rain water harvesting
in the city of Bangalore.

5. Bangalore due to its Moderate climate zone, can easily
achieve energy efficiency, however, these policies and
guidelines need to be developed.


Chapter 5 International Case Studies

Seven countries were selected to study their existing building
regulations and policies to integrate energy efficiency. These are
United Kingdom (UK), Singapore, Australia, Ireland, Japan,
Netherlands, Sweden. This chapter briefly describes the
important features learnt from the international case studies.

5.1 United KingdomRegulatory Framework

There are 4 parts of to the UK building regulations relating to
energy, L1A for new dwellings, L1B for refurbished dwellings,
L2A for new non dwellings, L2B for refurbishments of non
dwellings.

There are certain common criteria which are followed in all the
above mentioned regulations. These are:

1. Criterion 1: The calculated Building CO2 Emission Rate
(BER) for the building as constructed must not be greater
than the Target Emission Rate (TER), procedure for which
is defined in the regulations.

For individual dwellings < 450sqm - The Standard
Assessment Procedure for the Energy Rating of Dwellings
(SAP 2005) has to be used
For individual dwelling > 450sqm and non dwellings - The
Governments Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM) or
using an Approved Dynamic Simulation Model (DSM)
software packages have to be used.

2. Criterion 2: The performance of building fabric, ventilation,
cooling, heating, lighting, hot water system should be better
than the efficiencies recommended by regulations and
standards.

3. Criterion 3: Those parts of the building which are not
provided with comfort cooling systems have appropriate
passive control measures to limit solar gains.

4. Criterion 4(Quality of construction and commissioning):
The dwelling should be constructed and equipped such that
the performance is consistent with the predicted DER
(Dwelling Emission Rate) or BER (Building Emission Rate).

5. Criterion 5 (providing information): Necessary provisions to
be made to enable energy efficient operation of the building.

For Residential building typology, weather new construction or
existing construction applying for refurbishments, following is
the summary of regulations to be followed:
Submission of Energy Performance Certificate is a must

The performance of the building fabric and the fixed building
services should be better than set in the standards. This is
intended to place limits on design flexibility to discourage
excessive and inappropriate trade off e.g. buildings with poor
insulation standards offset by renewable energy systems with
uncertain service lines.

There are set minimum energy performance requirements for
new buildings, in the form of target CO2 emission rates. (arising
from heating, hot water, ventilation and lighting.) The predicted
rate of CO2 emissions from a new dwelling should not be
greater than the Target Emission Rate (TER, which is
determined by the procedures set out in the building
regulations.

TER is the minimum energy performance requirement. It is the
mass of CO2 emitted per year per square meter of useful floor
area of the building (Kg/m2/year).the procedure used to
calculate or the software used has to be shown as part of
submission.

A final calculation of DER is carried out to reflect any changes
in performance between design and construction and to
demonstrate that the building as constructed meets the TER.

There is a limit on design flexibility in order to achieve the TER.
Building envelope needs to be much better than the standards
in order to achieve the TER. Thus the U value of building
envelope has to better than the standards.

Standards and guidelines for air permeability, limiting thermal
bridging and air leakage need to be followed. Air pressure tests
and commissioning are carried out for each new dwelling
constructed. This is not applicable for non ac buildings in
Bangalore, but could be adopted for A/C buildings.

Efficiency of hot water system appliance are recommended

Fixed air conditioners should have an energy efficiency
classification equal to or better than the regulations.


Fixed internal lighting fittings will show compliance to the
regulations on providing lighting fixtures that only take lamps
with luminous efficacy more than 40lumen per circuit Watt.
Circuit Watt means the power consumed in lighting circuits by
lamps, their associate gear and power factor correction
equipment.

For external lighting the regulation suggests either lamp
capacity should be less than 150W per lighting fitting and the
light should automatically switch off when there is enough
daylight, or lamps having an efficacy of more than 40lumens
per circuit Watt should be used.

As per the standards for new dwelling, provision should be
made to limit the internal temperature rise due to solar gains.
This can be done by an appropriate combination of window size
and orientation, solar protection through shading and other
solar control measures, ventilation (day and night) and high
thermal capacity. There are procedures which help designers to
check whether solar gains are in excess or in control.

There is a code of practice for day lighting which gives guidance
on maintaining adequate levels of day lighting. The regulations
demand a balance between daylight and solar gain. The building
regulations do not specify minimum daylight requirements,
however, reducing window area produces conflicting impacts on
the predicted CO2 emissions: reduced solar gains but increased
use of electric lighting.

To demonstrate appropriate construction procedures are
followed, a report demonstrating the construction checklist is
submitted.

The owner of the building should be provided be provided by
sufficient information about the building and its maintenance
requirements, so that the building is operated in such a manner,
so as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the
circumstances. This information is a part of the Home
I nfor mation Pack.

An energy rating has to be prepared and fixed in a conspicuous
place in the dwelling. The calculations are carried out according
to the approved procedures.

There is a separate regulation for power and fuel
conservation in existing dwellings. This is known as
L1B.

The Secretary of State approves methodology of calculation of
energy performance of buildings. This is achieved in the form of
target CO2 emission rates. When a building is erected it should
not exceed its target CO2 emission rate. This applies to an
existing building, where the useful floor area is more than
1000m2, where the proposed building work includes an
extension or an increase in the installed capacity of a fixed
building service, change of material in an existing dwelling, or
change of function.

Most of the regulations defined in new dwellings, is applicable
for existing buildings also. Following is the summary of
regulations for existing dwellings:

The person, who is carrying out the work, shall provide to the
local authority a notice which specifies:
The target CO2 emission rate for the building,
The calculated CO2 emission rate of the building as constructed.

There is a restriction on the area of windows, roof windows and
doors, such that the sum of these does not exceed 25% of the
extension floor area.

There are guidelines for Heating and lighting in the extension
areas. The area weighted u value of all the elements in the
extension should not be greater than the recommended values.

There are U values recommended for all the building envelope
parts including, walls, roof, floor, windows, roof windows and
doors.

If in the existing dwelling, there is an extension of heating or
hot water system, it is required that the equipment should be
installed with efficiencies recommended in Standards. The aim
is to discourage an existing appliance being replacement by a
significantly less carbon efficient one.

The heating and hot water systems should be commissioned, so
that at completion, the system and the controls are working in
order and can operate efficiently to conserve power and fuel.
Heating is not prominent in Bangalore, however, it would be
very essential to add the clause of commissioning of all
commercial buildings in Bangalore, and that the commissioning
certificate to be attached with completion certificate.

Efficiency/ energy performance of mechanical ventilation
systems is defined in the regulation. For a fixed household air
conditioner, it is required to provide a unit equal or better than
those specified under the labelling scheme.


Efficient electric lighting to be achieved by selection of lamps
such that luminous efficacy is greater than 40 lumens per circuit
watt. Circuit Watt means power consumed in lighting circuits,
by lamps and their control gears, and associated power factor
correction equipment.

For external lighting, efficiency to be achieved by use of lamp
that should not exceed 150Watt per light fitting. Lights should
automatically switch off when there is daylight. Lighting fittings
should have sockets that can only be used with lamps having an
efficacy more than 400 lumens per circuit Watt.

The building fabric should be constructed, so that there are no
avoidable thermal bridges in the insulation layers caused by
gaps. Reasonable provisions are also required to reduce
unwanted air leakage through new envelope parts. Up gradation
of thermal building elements, should be upgraded such that
technically and functionally it is feasible with a simple pay back
period of no greater than 15 years.

As in case of new dwellings, on completion of work, the owner
of the dwelling should be provided with sufficient information
about the building and its maintenance requirements, such that
the building is operated in such a manner, so that it does not
consume more power and fuel that reasonable. This has to be a
part of Home I nfor mati on Pack.

Bui ldi ng regulation for Conser vati on of fuel and
power for new bui ldings other than dwellings is L2A

The Secretary of State approves methodology of calculation of
energy performance of buildings. This is achieved in the form of
target CO2 emission rates. When a building is erected it should
not exceed its target CO2 emission rate. Person who is carrying
out the work should submit to the local authority a notice
specifying:
The target CO2 emission rate for the building, and
The calculated CO2 emission rate for the building as
constructed.

Building emission Rate (BER) submission should be
accompanied by report, signed by a qualified person, detailing
how the emission factors have been derived.

As explained earlier, the five criterions are applicable for all
other buildings also other than dwellings.
These are explained below:

1. Criterion 1: The calculated Building CO2 Emission Rate
(BER) for the building as constructed must not be greater
than the Target Emission Rate (TER), procedure for which
is defined in the regulations.

2. Criterion 2: The performance of building fabric,
ventilation, cooling, hating, lighting, hot water system
should be better than the efficiencies recommended by
regulations and standards.
Limits for air permeability allowed are also mentioned.
In buildings with a total useful area more than 1000m2,
automatic meter reading and data collection facilities
should be provided.
Energy meters to be installed at various end use categories
(heating, lighting, etc) which contribute 90% of annual
energy consumption.
Efficiencies of heating, cooling, mechanical ventilation,
hot water system to be met as per the regulations.
The Air Handling Units should be capable to achieve a
speci fi c fan power at 25% of design flow rate no greater
than that achieved at 100% design flow rate.
Ventilation system fans rated at more than 1100Watt, to
be equipped with variable speed drives.
In office, industrial and storage areas, lighting to be
provided with average initial efficacy of not less than 45
Luminaire - lumen per circuit Watt. In all other spaces,
average initial (100 hours) lamp efficacy should not be less
than 50 lamp lumen / circuit Watt. There are guidelines to
integrate lighting controls for energy conservation.

3. Criterion 3: Those parts of the building which are not
provided with comfort cooling systems have appropriate
passive control measures to limit solar gains.

4. Criterion 4(Quality of construction and commissioning):
Performance of the building as built is consistent with that
predicted in BER. Procedures and documents have to be
submitted to local authorities to ensure that this criterion
is met.
The building envelope should be constructed of a
reasonable quality such that the insulation is reasonably
continuous and air permeability is maintained. All
buildings that are not dwellings are subject to pressure
tests to check the air permeability of building envelope.
The person carrying out work shall provide a notice
confirming that the fixed building services have been
commissioned as per the approved procedures.


5. Criterion 5 (providing information): Necessary provisions
to be made to enable energy efficient operation of the
building.
The owner of the building should be provided with
sufficient information about the building, the fixed
building services, and their maintenance requirements, so
that the building can be operated in such a manner so as
to conserve maximum fuel and power.

5.2 Singapore Regulations and Energy efficiency

Within the Building Regulations of Singapore, there are
separate sections for lighting, ventilation and energy efficiency
which outline requirements to be met by new buildings in
Singapore. These are summarized below.

1. Lighting to be adequately provided in the building, to
protect people from injury, due to isolation from natural
lighting or lack of artificial lighting. Artificial lighting has to
comply with a separate code of Practice for Artificial
Lighting of Buildings. To integrate natural lighting an
aggregate light transmitting area of not less than 10% of the
floor area of the room should be provided. Also, to promote
energy efficiency, use of only artificial lights is discouraged.

2. Residential buildings should be provided with adequate
natural lighting.

There is a separate section on ventilation in the building
regulations, to protect people from loss of amenity due to lack of
fresh air.

1. Mechanical ventilation or air conditioning system should
comply with the ventilation rates given in a separate code of
practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning in
Buildings.
2. Natural ventilation to be provided by means of openings
with an aggregate area of not less than 5% of the floor area
of the room.
3. In case of car parking above the ground, 15% of the floor
area of the car park is required to be ventilated.
4. Windows should be located such that they open to the
exterior of the building or an adjoining open space; and in
case of above ground car park, cross ventilation through out
the car park should be achieved.
5. In residential units, mechanical ventilation may be provided
in bathroom, toilet or lavatory and basement.


Recommendations provided in the Energy Efficiency Section
are summarized below:

1. The buildings have to be designed to reduce:

Solar heat gain through the roof.
Solar heat gain through the building envelope.
Air leakage through doors, windows, and other openings
on building envelope.
Energy consumption of lighting, air conditioning and
mechanical ventilation systems and,
Energy wastage through adequate provisions of
switching means.

2. Commercial buildings with an aggregate floor area of more
than 500m2 shall be installed or equipped with means to
facilitate the collection of energy consumption data.

There are separate guidelines to achieve Energy Efficiency in
Air Conditioned buildings, and separate requirements for
non air conditioned buildings, this is very similar to the case
of Bangalore.

Air Conditioned Buildings

1. The envelope thermal transfer value (ETTV) of the
building, as determined by the set procedures should not
exceed 50W/m2.
2. In respect of roofs with skylight, the roof thermal
transfer value (RTTV) as determined by procedures laid
down by the Commissioner of Building Control, shall not
exceed 50W//m2. Maximum thermal transmittance for
roof of air conditioned buildings is also recommended in
the guidelines, corresponding to various weight groups.

Non Air Conditioned Buildings

1. Maximum thermal transmittance (U value) of the roof
are also recommended in the building regulations.
These are not as stringent as those for air conditioned
buildings. These requirements are not applicable for
buildings less than 500m2 of floor area.
2. All windows on the building envelope shall not exceed
the air leakage rates as specified in the Standards.


Air conditioning system
Where the cooling capacity of any air conditioning system
exceeds 30kW, the equipment has to comply with the relevant
energy efficiency standards.

Switching Control

Air conditioning system is required to be equipped with manual
switches, timers or automatic controllers for shutting off part of
the air conditioning system during periods of non occupancy or
reduction in heat load.

Lighting control for artificial lighting shall be provided in
accordance with the Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency
Standard.

In any hotel building, a control device has to be installed to
automatically switch off the lighting and reduce or switch off air
conditioning when guest room is not occupied.

Energy Metering

For buildings used as office, shops, hotel or a combination
thereof, suitable means for monitoring of energy consumption
is to be provided to all incoming power supply to a building and
the sub circuits serving:

A central air conditioning system,
A major mechanical ventilation system,
A vertical transportation system,
A water pumping system
General power supply to tenancy areas
General lighting supply to tenancy areas
General power supply to owners premises
General lighting supply to owners premises.

5.3 Australia Energy Efficiency Framework

In the Australian Building Regulations, there is a separate
section on Energy Efficiency
In Australia it was accepted a minimum standard of energy
efficiency performance needs to be regulated. For example, a
developer who intends to sell a house or building is not
concerned about the ongoing energy costs that the occupier is to
bear, and as many energy features can not be easily retrofitted,

it is more effective to include them initially. Regulations
requiring energy efficient performance will act to prevent this.
Thermal property requirements for building fabric are defined.
These have been defined according to building classification and
climate zone.

Energy Policies:
The Building Code of Australia (BCA) has the following
requirements for the buildings to follow:

Performance requirements:
The building regulations of Australia have two types of
performance requirements as specified in the Building Code of
Australia, BCA. :

1. A building and its services must have energy efficient
features appropriate to the following requirements:
The geographic location of the building; and
The effects of nearby permanent features such as
topography, structures and buildings
The function of the building and its usage including its
services
The internal environment of the building
Utilization of building solar radiation for heating and
controlled to minimize energy for cooling
The sealing of the building envelope against air
leakage.
air movement utilization in order to assist heating and
cooling
the source of energy for operation of building services

2. A building and its services must have appropriate features
that facilitate the maintenance of systems and components
useful to the function and building usage which excludes
single occupancy dwellings.

Methods for verification of Building performance:
1. In order to verify building performance for single occupancy
dwellings and its services, compliance has to be
demonstrated using Accurate, a Residential Energy Rating
Software for Australia developed by CSIRO. In this regard
an averaging of energy ratings must be carried out in
MJ/m2.annum or points. Depending on the climatic zones,
dwellings have to achieve 3.5 to 4 stars in this regard.
2. Annual energy consumption of the proposed building with
the proposed services should not be more than the limits set
out in the code across 7 different building typologies
excluding dwellings.

3. Verification using a reference building

Compliance is verified when it is determined using a thermal
calculation method that the annual energy consumption of the
proposed building is not more than the annual energy
consumption of a reference building.

The annual energy consumption must be calculated for the
reference building, using:
The Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions (these are detailed
permissible efficiency limits for building fabric, HVAC
systems, ventilation openings, external glazing, artificial
lighting, hot water supply systems and infiltration)
A solar absorptance of 0.7 for the external walls and roofs;
and
The maximum lamp power density or maximum
illumination power density without any increase for a
motion detector, corridor lighting timer, manual dimming
system, programmable dimming system, dynamic dimming
system, fixed dimming system, daylight sensor or dynamic
lighting control device; and thermal calculation method for
both the proposed building and the reference building
require the following information. Detailed specifications
regarding the inputs to be used in the calculation for the list
below are also given in BCA.

o Location, being either the location where the building
is to be constructed if appropriate climatic data is
available, or the nearest location with similar climatic
conditions in the same climate zone, for which climatic
data is available; and
o Information on adjacent structures and features of the
building
o Environmental conditions such as ground reflectivity,
sky and ground form factors, temperature of external
bounding surfaces, air velocities across external
surfaces of the building
o Building orientation, roof form, external doors, floor
plan, including the location of glazing, ground to
lowest floor arrangement, dimensions of external,
internal and separating walls, number of storeys,
intermediate floors of the building
o In the building, information on surface density of
envelope walls over 220 kg/m
2
and degree of building
sealing given
o Information regarding the space, floor coverings,
internal shading devices, their criteria such as colour
and their operation
o Number and sizes of lifts and escalators present in the
building

o Range and type of services and energy sources for
building
o Internal artificial lighting levels and internal power
loads
o Internal air-conditioning zones
o Daily and annual profiles of building occupancy,
operation of services
o Internal relative humidity range; and
o Supply hot water temperature and rate; and
System resistances for fans and pumps; and
Outdoor air economy cycle provision.
The output of annual energy consumption has to be in
terms of annual energy consumption for lighting, heating,
cooling, air handling, ventilation, lifts and hot water supply.
To these figures, conversions factors for electricity are
applied to get a total annual energy consumption figure. The
constants for conductance and solar heat gain have been
included in the regulations

Sample benchmarks:
The maximum permissible energy consumption limits for
offices in Melbourne city are 640MJ/ m
2
/annum (gas or oil)
and 540MJ/ m
2
/annum (electricity) and for shops and
restaurants have higher permissible limits of 1010 and 1440(gas
and oil), 870 and 1040(electricity) respectively

A space within a building used by occupants is to be provided
with artificial lighting consistent with its function or use which,
when activated in the absence of suitable natural light, will
enable safe movement.
Artificial lighting must not exceed the Maximum Lamp Power
Density as included in the building code, for example in a
bathroom, dressing room or the like, provide an average
artificial light source efficacy of not less than 40 Lumens/W.

Artificial lighting of a room or space in a Class 3 building must
be individually operated by a switch or other control device.

A mechanical ventilation system must follow the following
regulations:
It should be capable of being inactivated when the building
or part of the building served by that system is not occupied;
and
When serving a conditioned space, not to provide
mechanical ventilation in excess of the minimum quantity
required by Part F4 by more than 50% other than where
there is
o Additional unconditioned outside air supplied to
provide free cooling; or to balance required exhaust

ventilation such as toilet exhaust; or to balance process
exhaust such as from a health-care building or
laboratory; or
o additional exhaust ventilation needed to balance the
required mechanical ventilation; or
o an energy reclaiming system that preconditions outside
air
o It should follow the standards mentioned in the code
regarding maximum fan motor power to flow rate
ratio, minimum thermal efficiency of a water heater,
minimum energy efficiency ratio for refrigerant chillers
and minimum energy efficiency ratio for packaged air
conditioning equipment.

Day lighting
Natural lighting must be provided in habitable rooms,
classrooms in primary or secondary schools and all
playrooms or childhood centre.
Natural lighting must be provided by windows such that
10% of the floor area of the room; and are open to the sky or
face a court or other space open to the sky or an open
veranda, carport etc

5.4 IRELAND

Under the energy policies of the codes, principal conservation
requirements outline the following for heat retention & thermal
insulation:
1. It prescribes methods of determining the thermal insulation
properties of the associated building materials and
provision of thermal insulation/ controlling devices for
achieving energy efficiency and economy
2. The standard thermal transmittance (U-value) values for
various building components along with calculation
methods for determining the overall U-values for various
conditions/ circumstances should be accounted.
3. Generic standards should be followed to conserve energy
with respect to the ratio of open and closed spaces in
buildings, etc.
4. Installation of Building artificial lighting systems design
and construction of which use the most reasonable amounts
of fuel and power must be in place
5. Reasonable provisions for controlling the above systems are
also required as per the regulations
6. Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) will allow building
developers to easily meet this requirement by evaluating
their building within the framework SEI has been created.


5.4.1 Building Energy Rating (BER):
The Building Energy Rating has been outlined in the energy
regulations of the building code. Following are the guidelines
that are accounted in this rating system:
1. Building design for high energy performance and limit the
amount of energy required for the building operation and
practicable low CO2 emissions.
2. Energy usage for Space and water heating systems must be
limited but without compromising user requirements
3. To avoid excessive heat losses and local condensation
problems, provision should be made to limit local thermal
bridging, e.g. around windows, doors and other wall
openings, at junctions between elements and at other
locations.
4. Avoiding Solar Over-heating : Buildings should be designed
and constructed so that to rely on natural ventilation and
avoid thermal discomfort due to overheating caused by solar
gain, and those spaces that incorporate mechanical
ventilation or cooling do not require excessive plant
capacity to maintain the desired space conditions.

5.4.2 Artificial Lighting
Under the artificial lighting system, following provisions should
be made as described in the code:
1. Energy efficient artificial lighting systems (other than
emergency lighting, display lighting or specialist process
lighting) and adequate control of these systems should be
provided
2. Lighting controls should be in place to encourage maximum
use of daylight and avoid unnecessary artificial lighting,
particularly when spaces are unoccupied.
3. The guidance in relation to the efficiency and control of
artificial lighting need not be applied Where the total design
lighting load does not exceed 1000 W
4. There should be provisions for local manually operated
switches in easily accessible positions within each working
area or at boundaries between working areas and general
circulation routes. The distance on plan from any local
switch to the luminaries it controls should generally be not
more than 8 metres, or 3 times the height of the light fitting
above the floor if this is greater;
5. Daylight-linked photo-electric must be provided for
switching or dimming for lighting adjacent to windows or
other sources of natural light
6. Provision for remote controlled switches operated by infra
red transmitter, sonic, ultrasonic or telephone handset
controls must be there

7. There should be automatic switching systems which switch
the lighting off when they sense the absence of occupants
8. Time-controlled switches must be installed in the spaces to
control lighting demand.

5.4.3 Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning:
1. The guidance in relation to ACMV systems is not applicable
to the areas less than 200 m2 treated by an Air Conditioning
and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) system
2. ACMV systems can be considered to be adequately sized if
the specific fan power (SFP) is less than the values given-
For ACMV systems in new buildings, the SFP should be no
greater than 2.0 W/litre/second.

5.4.4 Renewable Energy Policies:
The Greener Homes Scheme provides assistance to
homeowners who intend to purchase a new renewable energy
heating system for either new or existing homes. The scheme is
administered by Sustainable Energy Ireland and aims to
increase the use of renewable energy and sustainable energy
technologies in Irish homes over the next 5 years.

5.5 Japan

5.5.1 Energy Policies:
Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental
Efficiency (CASBEE) evaluates the natural energy utilization in
a building through the following parameters:
1. Natural light: Planning for natural light systems that use
sunlight in place of lighting equipment (e.g., light shelves,
top lights, and high side lights) should be there.
2. Natural ventilation: Planning for the use of natural
ventilation and ventilation systems that are effective in
replacing the use of air conditioning equipment and reduce
cooling loads (e.g., automatic dampers, night purging,
ventilation systems linked to atria, solar chimney
ventilation towers, etc.)
3. Geo-thermal energy: Planning for the use of geo-thermal
heat usage systems that are effective in replacing the use of
air conditioning equipment and reduce heating and cooling
loads. (cool and heat tube pits)

5.5.2 White Goods Energy Efficiency Standards
Energy Saving Labelling Program (ESLP) was launched on
August 21, 2000 in Japan under the Energy Conservation Law
(launched in 1999). According to the Energy Conservation Law,
energy efficiency labelling of designated products is mandatory.

The label has to contain the product name, model, energy
consumption efficiency ratio and power/fuel consumption.
Because the ESLP is based on the Top Runner Program TRP, it
is necessary to underline, that TRP differs from similar
programs in most other countries because it does not impose
minimum energy performance standards for particular
appliances. The Japanese standards set a lower limit for the
sales-weighted average efficiency for each product category per
manufacturer and importer, while each appliance has to meet
the standards with most other country systems.

5.5.3 Day lighting
Assessment criteria by CASBEE
1. Daylight Factor - The daylight factor is derived from two
reference charts one for ordinary openings such as
windows in a wall, and the other for skylights and other
forms.
2. Openings by orientation
3. Daylight devices

5.5.4 Ventilation
The SHASE 102-1997 Ventilation Standard and Commentary
and the building Standards Law govern the ventilation
requirements of building in Japan. The parameters that are
considered for ventilation provision performance under
CASBEE are-
Ventilation rate
Natural ventilation performance
Consideration of outside air intake
Air supply planning (Not applicable at the preliminary design
stage)

5.5.5 Thermal Comfort Criteria
Assessment criteria by CASBEE: The following parameters are
evaluated for Thermal performance of the building envelope-
Room Temperature Setting
Building perimeter performance
Zoned Control performance
Temperature and Humidity control
Individual control
Allowance for after-hours air-conditioning
Monitoring systems
Humidity control
Type of Air conditioning system

The criteria of Temperature & humidity control, Individual
control, Allowance for after-hours air-conditioning and
Monitoring systems are not applicable during the Preliminary
design stage.


5.6 Netherlands Regulatory Framework

Present Building Regulations/Codes:
Energy economy for the Netherlands is primarily concentrated
on retaining the heat in the building. The relevant codes
followed for the insulation requirements are NEN -1068 & NEN
2686.

As per the above mentioned codes following are the
requirements to be followed in the building construction:
1. The maximum percentage of area in relation to the floor
area of the building need to be defined to comply with
thermal insulation requirements.
2. In residential buildings 25% and for non-residential
buildings 40% of the total area is limited for doors, windows
and their frames where minimum thermal resistance of the
area is 0.11 m2.K / W. An additional area of 4% can be
added which does not have to comply with any thermal
insulation requirements.
3. Artificial Lighting in the enclosed common circulation areas
limits minimum provision for 10 lux as standard.
4. Renewable Energy resources have not been defined as
requirement in the built environment consciousness
regarding the gain and contribution of this instrument has
been recognised towards the countrys commitments for
Kyoto protocol.
5. As part of Day lighting requirement and outside view, there
must be an equivalent daylight area of 10% minimum of the
floor area in residential area or 0.5 m2 in any residential
room. Similarly, 7% of the floor area of the residential area
or 0.35 m2 in any residential room is mandatory for
accommodation buildings.
6. There must be minimum 2m from the boundary of the site
for the areas providing natural lighting. The obstruction
angle to be observed is not smaller than 25 for every
separate segment as specified in NEN 2057.
7. In the Ventilation requirement, openings for ventilation
must be a minimum of 2 metres from the boundary of the
property and the discharge must be directly to the open air.
Minimum capacity of such systems have been prescribed for
general openings, near cooking appliances, toilets,
bathrooms, common circulation spaces, enclosed waste
storage spaces, etc.
The minimum ventilation and rapid ventilation rates follows
(natural or mechanical) for different spaces including office
spaces should be followed as mentioned in the building
regulations.

The thermal comfort segment is addressed as a part of the
Energy conservation requirement which defines the Thermal
insulation requirements of materials used for various types of
buildings and spaces. The internal and external constructions of
a bathroom, toilet room or residential area shall have an air flow
rate that does not exceed 0.2m3/s. The Thermal Insulation
Code is NEN 1068 and thermal insulation requirements are
based on - External temperature 10C to -5C and Internal
temperature 22C.
5.7 Sweden Regulatory Framework

Present Regulations:
Buildings shall be designed so that the energy requirement is
limited by low heat losses, efficient use of heat and efficient use
of electricity.
Building heat losses have to be limited which can be regulated
through the following design requirements:

5.7.1 Building Envelope
The surface related heat loss is calculated for external building
elements that are in contact with heated indoor air. Corrections
for contact with ground, windows not exposed to solar radiation
and thermal bridges are applied to the area weighted average U
value calculated. The building envelope has to be airtight with
average air leakage rate not more than 0.8 l/s m
2
for dwellings
and 1.6 l/s m
2
for other spaces at 50 Pa of air pressure.

5.7.2 Production and distribution of heat:
The building heat losses are regulated by efficient boiler
systems, insulation of hot water distribution pipes, limit on the
temperature level of water that is used as a heating medium to
55 C, protection of heating systems against heat losses, and
their control systems

Efficient use of heat is regulated through the following design
requirements:
Buildings in which the energy requirement for heating
the ventilation air exceeds 2 MWh annually shall be
provided with special arrangements which limit energy
losses by not less than 50% if the heat energy
requirement
o Is substantially supplied by oil, coal, gas or peat, or
o Is wholly or partly supplied by electricity during the
period November to March inclusive.

1. Special arrangements to limit the heat losses can be attributed to:
A ventilation heat exchanger,
A heat pump or

A solar heating installation
Or if other constructional measures are taken which give
the equivalent reduction of the energy requirement for
heating.

2. Efficient use of electricity is regulated through the following
design requirements:
Building services installations which require electrical energy
shall be designed so that the power requirement is limited and
energy is used efficiently. These will include low power and
energy requirement for ventilation, fixed lighting, electric
heaters and motors. The Boards handbook efficient use of
electricity in buildings may serve as guidance

5.7.3 Benchmarks:
Typical heating energy consumption is as follows:
Typical villa heating : 15 000 kWh/year (new detached
house)
New apartment house: 120 kWh/m2 /year
Old apartment house: 250 kWh/m2 /year
Typical 2 room apartment water heating: 2-3000
kWh/year

5.7.4 Day lighting
A general figure which may be applied is that the area of the
window pane in a space should be not less than 10% of the floor
area. If parts of the building or other buildings obscure daylight
by more than 20
0
, the glazed area should be increased. A
simplified method for checking that the glazed area is
appropriate is given in Swedish Standard SS 91 42 01 (1).

5.7.5 Ventilation:
In order to limit the heat losses through mechanical ventilation,
regulation has been imposed on the thermal insulation and air
tightness of ventilation systems and on their control systems

Under the ventilation requirement, minimum rate of
flow of extracted air has been highlighted in the code for
different spaces which should be followed.
In the duration of usage, rooms shall have continual air
change. The rate of flow of outside air shall be not less
than 0.35 l/s per m2 of floor area.
The indoor air velocity should not be higher than 0.15
m/s in the occupied zone during the heating season and
not higher than 0.25 m/s at other times.
In a case where lift well has natural ventilation, the
aggregate area of the ventilation openings should be not
less than 0.01 m2/m2 well areas.

In a situation when the garage has natural ventilation
and the floor area is greater than 50 m2, the aggregate
area of the ventilation openings should be not less than
0.03 m2/m2 floor area when the number of parking
movements/space < 1 during the busiest 8 hour period.
When parking traffic is of greater intensity, the
aggregate area of ventilation openings should be not less
than 0.06 m2/m2 floor area. If the garage has natural
ventilation and the floor area in the garage is less than
50 m2, the aggregate area of the ventilation openings
should be not less than 0.002 m2/m2 floor area

Air intakes and ventilation systems should be designed and
constructed, so that the recommended values regarding the
quality of outside air are not exceeded for the supplied air.
Quality of air is defined in terms of highest allowable content in
air of sulphur dioxide, soot (floating particles), nitrogen dioxide,


The requirement of the mandatory provision is complied with if
the building is designed so that, at the design outside
temperature,
The lowest directional operative temperature in the
occupied zone will be 180C in habitable rooms and
workrooms and 200C in sanitary accommodation and in
institutional premises, and in rooms for children in day
nurseries and nursery schools and for the elderly in
service buildings
The differences in directional operative temperature at
different points in the occupied zone of the room will
not exceed 5 K
The surface temperature of the floor in the occupied
zone of a room will be not less than 160C (in sanitary
accommodation not less than 180C and in premises
intended for children not less than 200C) and not more
than 27
0
C, and
The air velocity in the occupied zone of a room will not
exceed 0.15 m/s. (BFS 1998:38)

For spaces in dwellings, offices and similar, the requirement can
usually be considered to have been complied with if the space
has a normal window area and is heated by radiators, ceiling or
under floor heating and the effect of thermal bridges has been
taken into consideration in designing the building.


5.8 Observations &Recommendations for Bangalore City

Learning from International regulations which can be
integrated in Building Bye laws of Bangalore city

1. Buildings regulations of Bangalore city, needs to
integrate Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of
India to achieve energy efficiency, as ECBC already
outlines mandatory and prescriptive requirements to
achieve energy efficiency in commercial buildings.

2. There should be a separate Energy Efficiency section that
should be added in the current building regulations of
Bangalore city.

3. Separate Regulations and guidelines will be framed for
different building typologies such as residences,
commercial, industrial. Further classification for
guidelines & regulations for design stage, construction
stage and post occupancy stage will be framed.

4. For air conditioned and non air conditioned buildings,
there should be separate requirements in the building
regulations.

5. Energy metering is a must and should be integrated as a
mandatory clause for commercial buildings and big
housing projects in Bangalore.

6. Benchmarks for Energy performance Index
(kWh/m
2
/annum) for various building typologies and
thermal and visual comfort criteria should be added in
the existing building regulations.

7. A checklist will be prepared along with the regulations
for Bangalore city, so that while submitting application
for license, people can also submit the checklist, in order,
to confirm all criteria are met satisfactorily.

8. Commissioning of all commercial or air conditioned
buildings should be made mandatory.

Phase 1 Report On Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore Metropolitan City

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October 2009

Phase 1 Report on Current Environment

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