1.

DNA, RNA structure

2. DNA replication

3. Transcription, translation
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of
nucleotides
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
Figure 10.2A
Nucleotide
Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous
base
Sugar
Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA nucleotide
Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G
Figure 10.2B
Pyrimidines
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Purines
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RNA is also a nucleic acid
different sugar
U instead of T
Single strand, usually
Figure 10.2C, D
Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or U)
Uracil (U)
Sugar
(ribose)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
James Watson and Francis Crick worked out
the three-dimensional structure of DNA, based
on work by Rosalind Franklin
DNA is a double-stranded helix
Figure 10.3A, B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the
strands together: A and T, C and G
Figure 10.3D
Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model
Hydrogen bond
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Untwisting and replication of DNA
each strand is a template for a new strand
Figure 10.4B
helicase
DNA polymerase
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA replication begins at many specific sites
How can entire chromosomes be replicated during S phase?
Figure 10.5A
Parental strand
Origin of replication
Bubble
Two daughter DNA molecules
Daughter strand
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Each strand of the
double helix is
oriented in the
opposite direction
Figure 10.5B
5 end 3 end
3 end 5 end
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA
polymerase
works in
only one
direction
5 end
P
P
Parental DNA
Figure 10.5C
DNA polymerase
molecule
5
3
3
5
3
5
Daughter strand
synthesized
continuously
Daughter
strand
synthesized
in pieces
DNA ligase
Overall direction of replication
5
3
Telomere
sequences
are lost
with each
replication.
Cancer,
aging
telomeres
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is
translated into the polypeptide
Figure 10.6A
DNA
RNA
Protein
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
The information constituting an organisms
genotype is carried in its sequence of bases
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transcription produces genetic messages in the
form of mRNA
Figure 10.9A
RNA
polymerase
RNA nucleotide
Direction of
transcription
Newly made RNA
Template
strand of DNA
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
In transcription,
DNA helix unzips
RNA nucleotides line
up along one strand
of DNA, following the
base-pairing rules
single-stranded
messenger RNA peels
away and DNA
strands rejoin
RNA polymerase
DNA of gene
Promoter
DNA Terminator
DNA
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Area shown
in Figure 10.9A
Growing
RNA
RNA
polymerase
Completed RNA
Figure 10.9B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RNA transcripts of DNA
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Noncoding
segments,
introns, are
spliced out
A cap and a tail
are added to
the ends
Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving
the nucleus
Figure 10.10
DNA
RNA
transcript
with cap
and tail
mRNA
Exon Intron Intron Exon Exon
Transcription
Addition of cap and tail
Introns removed
Exons spliced together
Coding sequence
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Tail
Cap
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The words of the DNA language are triplets
of bases called codons
The codons in a gene specify the amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide
Translation of nucleic acids into amino acids
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.7
DNA molecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA strand
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
Polypeptide
TRANSLATION
Codon
Amino acid
U C A G
U
C
A
G
G
A
C
U
G
A
C
U
G
A
C
U
G
A
C
U
UUU
UUC
UUA
UUG
CUU
CUC
CUA
CUG
AUU
AUC
AUA
AUG
GUU
GUC
GUA
GUG
phe
leu
leu
ile
met (start)
val
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
CCU
CCC
CCA
CCG
ACU
ACC
ACA
ACG
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
ser
pro
thr
ala
UAU
UAC
UAA
UAG
CAU
CAC
CAA
CAG
AAU
AAC
AAG
AAA
GAU
GAC
GAA
GAG
tyr
stop
stop
his
gln
asn
lys
asp
glu
UGU
UGC
UGA
UGG
CGU
CGC
CGA
CGG
AGU
AGC
AGA
AGG
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG
cys
stop
trp
arg
ser
arg
gly
F
i
r
s
t

B
a
s
e
T
h
i
r
d

B
a
s
e

Second Base
Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code
unity of life
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An exercise in translating the genetic code
Figure 10.8B
Start
codon
RNA
Transcribed strand
Stop
codon
Translation
Transcription
DNA
Polypeptide
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
In the cytoplasm, a
ribosome attaches
to the mRNA and
translates its
message into a
polypeptide
The process is aided
by transfer RNAs
Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters
during translation
Figure 10.11A
Hydrogen bond
Amino acid attachment site
RNA polynucleotide chain
Anticodon
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Each tRNA molecule has a triplet anticodon on
one end and an amino acid attachment site on
the other
Figure 10.11B, C
Anticodon
Amino acid
attachment
site
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribosomes build polypeptides
Figure 10.12A-C
Codons
tRNA
molecules
mRNA
Growing
polypeptide
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
mRNA
mRNA
binding
site
P site A site
P A
Growing
polypeptide
tRNA
Next amino acid
to be added to
polypeptide
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An initiation codon marks the start of an
mRNA message
Figure 10.13A
End
Start of genetic message
AUG = methionine
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
mRNA, a specific tRNA, and the ribosome
subunits assemble during initiation
Figure 10.13B
1
Initiator tRNA
mRNA
Start
codon
Small ribosomal
subunit
2
P site
Large
ribosomal
subunit
A site
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The mRNA moves a codon at a time relative to
the ribosome
A tRNA pairs with each codon, adding an amino
acid to the growing polypeptide
A STOP codon causes the mRNA-ribosome
complex to fall apart
Elongation
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.14
1 Codon recognition
Amino acid
Anticodon
A
site
P site
Polypeptide
2
Peptide bond
formation
3
Translocation
New
peptide
bond
mRNA
movement
mRNA
Stop
codon
b a
Red object = ?
What molecules are present
in this photo?
Table 14.2
Types of RNA
Type of RNA Functions in Function
Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
Nucleus,
migrates
to ribosomes
in cytoplasm
Carries DNA
sequence
information to
ribosomes
Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
Cytoplasm
Provides linkage
between mRNA
and amino acids;
transfers amino
acids to ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
Cytoplasm Structural
component
of ribosomes
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The sequence of codons in DNA spells out the
primary structure of a polypeptide
Polypeptides form proteins that cells and
organisms use
Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell
is DNARNAprotein
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mutations are changes in the DNA base
sequence
caused by errors in DNA replication or by
mutagens
change of a single DNA nucleotide causes
sickle-cell disease
Mutations can change the meaning of genes
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.16A
Normal hemoglobin DNA
mRNA
Normal hemoglobin
Glu
Mutant hemoglobin DNA
mRNA
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Val
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of mutations
Figure 10.16B
mRNA
NORMAL GENE
BASE SUBSTITUTION
BASE DELETION
Protein Met Lys Phe Gly Ala
Met Lys Phe Ser Ala
Met Lys Leu Ala His
Missing
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.23A, B
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Homologous
chromosomes
Reciprocal
translocation
Nonhomologous
chromosomes
Chromosomal changes can be large or small
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary of
transcription
and
translation
Figure 10.15
1
Stage mRNA is
transcribed from a
DNA template.
Anticodon
DNA
mRNA
RNA
polymerase
TRANSLATION
Enzyme
Amino acid
tRNA
Initiator
tRNA
Large
ribosomal
subunit
Small
ribosomal
subunit
mRNA
Start
Codon
2
Stage Each amino
acid attaches to its
proper tRNA with the
help of a specific
enzyme and ATP.
3
Stage Initiation of
polypeptide synthesis
The mRNA, the first
tRNA, and the
ribosomal subunits
come together.
TRANSCRIPTION
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10.15 (continued)
4 Stage Elongation
Growing
polypeptide
Codons
5
Stage Termination
mRNA
New
peptide
bond
forming
Stop Codon
The ribosome recognizes
a stop codon. The poly-
peptide is terminated and
released.
A succession of tRNAs
add their amino acids to
the polypeptide chain as
the mRNA is moved
through the ribosome,
one codon at a time.
Polypeptide