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Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Structures
~
are used in the
CDP model. In order to determine them one should deduct the elastic part (correspond-
ing to the undamaged material) from the total strains registered in the uniaxial compres-
sion test:
,
~
0
el
c c
in
c
= (1)
.
0
0
E
c el
c
= (2)
Fig. 5. Definition of inelastic strains 0
When transforming strains, one should consider from what moment the material
should be defined as nonlinearly elastic. Although uniaxial tests show that such be-
haviour occurs almost from the beginning of the compression process, for most nu-
merical analyses it can be neglected in the initial stage. According to Majewski, a lin-
ear elasticity limit should increase with concrete strength and it should be rather as-
sumed than experimentally determined. He calculated it as a percentage of stress to
concrete strength from this formula:
.
80
exp 1
lim
=
c
f
e (3)
P. KMIECIK, M. KAMISKI 628
This ceiling can be simply arbitrarily assumed as 0.4 f
cm
. Eurocode 2 specifies the
modulus of elasticity for concrete to be secant in a range of 00.4 f
cm
. Since the basic
definition of the material already covers the shear modulus and the longitudinal
modulus of concrete, at this stage it is good to assume such an inelastic phase thresh-
old that the initial value of Youngs modulus and the secant value determined accord-
ing to the standard will be convergent. In most numerical analyses it is rather not the
initial behaviour of the material, but the stage in which it reaches its yield strength
which is investigated. Thanks to the level of 0.4f
cm
there are fewer problems with so-
lution convergence.
Having defined the yield stress-inelastic strain pair of variables, one needs to de-
fine now degradation variable d
c
. It ranges from zero for an undamaged material to
one for the total loss of load-bearing capacity. These values can also be obtained from
uniaxial compression tests, by calculating the ratio of the stress for the declining part
of the curve to the compressive strength of the concrete. Thanks to the above defini-
tion the CDP model allows one to calculate plastic strain from the formula:
( )
,
1
~ ~
0
E d
d
c
c
c
in
c
pl
c
= (4)
where E
0
stands for the initial modulus of elasticity for the undamaged material. Know-
ing the plastic strain and having determined the flow and failure surface area one can
calculate stress
c
for uniaxial compression and its effective stress
c
.
( ) ( ),
~
1
0
pl
c c c c
E d = (5)
( )
( ).
~
1
0
pl
c c
c
c
c
E
d
= (6)
3.1. Plotting stress-strain curve without detailed laboratory test results
On the basis of uniaxial compression test results one can accurately determine the
way in which the material behaved. However, a problem arises when the person run-
ning such a numerical simulation has no such test results or when the analysis is per-
formed for a new structure. Then often the only available quantity is the average com-
pressive strength ( f
cm
) of the concrete. Another quantity which must be known in order
to begin an analysis of the stress-strain curve is the longitudinal modulus of elasticity
(E
cm
) of the concrete. Its value can be calculated using the relations available in the lit-
erature 0:
( ) , 1 . 0 22
3 . 0
cm cm
f E = (7)
Modelling of reinforced concrete structures and composite structures... 629
where:
f
cm
[MPa],
E
cm
[GPa].
Other values defining the location of characteristic points on the graph are strain
c1
at average compressive strength and ultimate strain
cu
0:
( ) , 7 . 0
31 . 0
1 cm c
f = (8)
cu
= 3.5 . (9)
The formulas (89) are applicable to concretes of grade C50/60 at the most.
On the basis of experimental results Majewski proposed the following (quite accu-
rate) approximating formulas:
( ) ( ) [ ], 140 . 0 exp 024 . 0 exp 2 0014 . 0
1 cm cm c
f f = (10)
( ) [ ]. 0215 . 0 exp 1 0011 . 0 004 . 0
cm cu
f = (11)
Knowing the values of the above one can determine the points which the graph should
intersect.
Fig. 6. Stress-strain diagram for analysis of structures, according to Eurocode 2
The curve can be also plotted on the basis of the literature 0, 0, 0,0,0. The most
popular formulas are presented in Table 2, but the original symbols have been re-
placed with the uniform denotations used in Eurocode 2.
P. KMIECIK, M. KAMISKI 630
Choosing a proper formula form to describe relation
c
c
one should note
whether the longitudinal modulus of elasticity represents initial value E
c
(at stress
c
= 0) or that of secant modulus E
cm
. Most of the formulas use initial modulus E
c
which is neither experimentally determined nor taken from the standards. Another
important factor is the functional dependence itself. Even though the Madrid pa-
rabola has been recognized as a good relation by CEB (Comit Euro-International
du Bton), this function is not flexible enough to correctly describe the perform-
ance of concrete.
Table 2. Stress-strain relation for nonlinear behaviour of structure
Formula name/
source
Formula form Variables
Madrid parabola
=
1
2
1
1
c
c
c c c
E
( )
1
,
c c c
E f =
Desay
& Krishnan
formula
2
1
1
+
=
c
c
c c
c
E
( )
1
,
c c c
E f =
EN 1992-1-1
( )
2 1
2
+
=
k
k
f
cm c
cm
c
cm
f
E k
1
05 . 1
= ,
1 c
c
=
( )
1
, ,
c cm cm c
f E f =
Majewski
formula
c c c
E = if
cm c
f e
lim
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
cm c
cm
c
c
cm
c
c
cm c
f e if
e
e
f
e
e
f
e
e
f
lim
lim
2
lim
1 lim
2
lim
2
1 lim
2
lim
1 4 1 2
2
1 4
2
>
( )
lim
2 e
f
E
c
cm
c
=
,
e
lim
in formula (3)
( )
1
, ,
c cm c c
f E f =
Wang & Hsu
formula
=
2
1 1
2
c
c
c
c
cm c
f
if 1
1
c
c
=
2
1
1 / 2
1 /
1
c c
cm c
f
if 1
1
>
c
c
( )
1
,
c cm c
f f =
Senz formula
3 2
c c c
c
c
D C B A
+ + +
=
symbols in formula (12)
=
1 1
,
, , ,
cu c
cu cm c
c
f f E
f
c
for Madrid parabola depending on longitudinal modulus of elasticity
The consequence of this property of the parabola is either the exceedance of the
concretes strength for a correct initial modulus value or the necessity to lower the
value in order to reach a specific stress value in the extreme. Figure 8 shows relation
c
c
for the Madrid parabola for grade C16/20 concrete. The following batch deno-
tations were assumed:
E
cm
E
c
= E
cm
= 28608 MPa was assumed as the initial modulus, calculated ex-
tremum f
cm
= 26.81 MPa;
E
c
/E
cu
= 2 the doubled tangent of the angle of the secant passing through point
(
c1
, f
cm
), amounting to E
c
= 25602 MPa, calculated extremum f
cm
= 24.00 MPa (correct);
P. KMIECIK, M. KAMISKI 632
0.4 f
cm
the value of initial modulus E
c
= 31808 MPa matched so that the curve
intersects point (
c
, 0.4f
cm
), calculated extremum f
cm
= 29.81 MPa;
E
c
= E
cm
a straight line describing the elastic behaviour of the concrete up to
(
c
, 0.4f
cm
).
As one can see, when initial modulus E
c
is assumed to amount to E
cm
, the strength of
the concrete is much overrated despite the fact that the initial modulus is still underrated
(numerically E
cm
is not the highest value). In the case of parabolic relations one should
artificially lower modulus E
c
in order for the graph to intersect the correct value f
cm
.
A sufficiently detailed description of relation
c
c
has been proposed by Senz. The
function with a 3rd order polynomial in the denominator (Table 2) depends on the vari-
ables:
( )
( )
.
1
1
1
,
,
1
,
1 2
2
,
1
1
2
1
2 3
4
1
3
2
1
1
1 3
4
1 3
4
3
4 3
= =
= =
=
+
= =
P
P
P P
P
f
E
P
f
f
P P
f P
P
D
f P
P
C
f P
P P
B
E
A
cm
c c
cu
cm
c
cu
c cm c cm
cm c
(12)
Fig. 9. Comparison of curves
c
-
c
based on table 2 relations for grade C16/20 concrete
Modelling of reinforced concrete structures and composite structures... 633
The above notation allows one to shape the function graph so that it intersects
points: (
c1
, f
cm
) and (
cu
, f
cu
). The relation proposed by Wang and Hsu is an interesting
notation. These are two functions describing the curves ascending and descending
part. They also include coefficient representing the reduction in compressive stress
of concrete resulting from locating reinforcing bars in the compressed zone. In figure
9 = 1.0 (no reinforcement taken into account). It is worth noticing that Wang and
Hsu relation, the Majewski relation and the Madrid parabola almost coincide. The
same applies to the Desay and Krishanan relation and the Senz relation, but in the
latter case the same point (
cu
, f
cu
) which followed from the Desay and Krishanan for-
mula was assumed since a lower value of function f
cu
would result in an improper
shape of the curve. The standard relation yields intermediate results.
4. Stress-strain curve for uniaxial tension
The tensile strength of concrete under uniaxial stress is seldom determined through a di-
rect tension test because of the difficulties involved in its execution and the large scatter of
the results. Indirect methods, such as sample splitting or beam bending, tend to be used [2]:
( )
. 30 . 0
3 / 2
ck ctm
f f = (13)
Fig. 10. Definition of strain after cracking tension stiffening 0
The term cracking strain
ck
t
~
is used in CDP model numerical analyses. The aim is
to take into account the phenomenon called tension stiffening. Concrete under tension
is not regarded as a brittle-elastic body and such phenomena as aggregate interlocking
P. KMIECIK, M. KAMISKI 634
in a crack and concrete-to-steel adhesion between cracks are taken into account. This
assumption is valid when the pattern of cracks is fuzzy. Then stress in the tensioned
zone does not decrease sharply but gradually. The strain after cracking is defined as the
difference between the total strain and the elastic strain for the undamaged material:
,
~
0
el
t t
ck
t
= (14)
.
0
c
t el
t
E
= (15)
Plastic strain
pl
t
~
is calculated similarly as in the case of compression after defin-
ing degradation parameter d
t
.
In order to plot curve
t
t
one should define the form of the weakening function.
According to the ABAQUS users manual, stress can be linearly reduced to zero, start-
ing from the moment of reaching the tensile strength for the total strain ten times
higher than at the moment of reaching f
ctm
. But to accurately describe this function the
model needs to be calibrated with the results predicted for a specific analyzed case.
Fig. 11. Modified Wang & Hsu formula for weakening function at tension stiffening for concrete C16/20
The proper relation was proposed by, among others, Wang and Hsu [11]:
,
if
if
4 . 0
>
=
=
cr t
t
cr
cm t
cr t t c t
f
E
(16)
Modelling of reinforced concrete structures and composite structures... 635
where
cr
stands for strain at concrete cracking. Since tension stiffening may consid-
erably affect the results of the analysis and the relation needs calibrating for a given
simulation, it is proposed to use the modified Wang & Hsu formula for the weakening
function:
, if
cr t
n
t
cr
cm t
f
>
= (17)
where n represents the rate of weakening.
5. Conclusion
Problems with solution convergence may arise when full nonlinearity of the material
(concrete) with its gradual degradation under increasing (mainly tensile) stress is assumed.
Simple FE techniques, consisting in reducing the size of stress increment or increasing the
maximum number of steps when solving the problem by means of the Newton-Raphson
approach, may prove to be insufficient. Therefore the CDP model uses viscosity parameter
which allows one to slightly exceed the plastic potential surface area in certain suffi-
ciently small problem steps (in order to regularize the constitutive equations). Viscoplastic
adjustment consists in choosing such > 0 that the ratio of the problem time step to ap-
proaches infinity. This means that it is necessary to try to match the value of a few times
in order to find out how big an influence it has on the problem solution result in
ABAQUS/Standard and to choose a proper minimum value of this parameter.
The CDP model makes it possible to define concrete for all kinds of structures. It is
mainly intended for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures and concrete-con-
crete and steel-concrete composite structures. However, it is recommended that before
an analysis of the structure one should test the behaviour of the material itself, e.g. by
carrying out a numerical analysis of cylindrical samples under compression, in order
to compare it with the given stress-strain relation. Because of the character of concrete
failure, some quantities can be rather assumed than determined in laboratory tests.
Therefore the assumptions should be verified by comparing other parameters, e.g. the
deflection of the modelled structural component. This means that the model parame-
ters often need to be calibrated several times in the course of the numerical analysis.
Wrocaw Centre for Networking and Supercomputing holds a licence for the Abaqus software
(http://www.wcss.wroc.pl), grant No. 56.
References
[1] ABAQUS: Abaqus analysis user's manual, Version 6.9, 2009, Dassault Systmes.
[2] Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1-1: general rules and rules for buildings,
Brussels, 2004.
P. KMIECIK, M. KAMISKI 636
[3] Godycki-wirko T.: The mechanics of concrete, Arkady, Warsaw, 1982.
[4] Jankowiak I., Kkol W., Madaj A.: Identification of a continuous composite beam numeri-
cal model, based on experimental tests, 7
th
Conference on Composite Structures, Zielona
Gra, 2005, pp. 163178.
[5] Jankowiak I., Madaj A.: Numerical modelling of the composite concrete-steel beam inter-
layer bond, 8
th
Conference on Composite Structures, Zielona Gra, 2008, pp. 131148.
[6] Kmita A., Kubiak J.: Investigation of concrete structures. Guide to laboratory classes,
Wrocaw University of Technology Publishing House, Wrocaw, 1993.
[7] Lee J., Fenves G.L.: Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures, Journal
of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 124, No. 8, 1998, pp. 892900.
[8] Lubliner J., Oliver J., Oller S, Oate E.: A plastic-damage model for concrete, Interna-
tional Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 25, 1989, pp. 299329.
[9] Majewski S.: The mechanics of structural concrete in terms of elasto-plasticity, Silesian
Polytechnic Publishing House, Gliwice, 2003.
[10] Szumigaa A.: Composite steel-concrete beam and frame structures under momentary
load, Dissertation No. 408, Pozna Polytechnic Publishing House, Pozna, 2007.
[11] Wang T., Hsu T.T.C.: Nonlinear finite element analysis of concrete structures using new
constitutive models, Computers and Structures, Vol. 79, Iss. 32, 2001, pp. 27812791.
Modelowanie konstrukcji elbetowych oraz zespolonych
z uwzgldnieniem degradacji wytrzymaociowej betonu
Symulacje komputerowe w dziedzinie konstrukcji elbetowych s wyzwaniem z uwagi na
waciwoci materiau, jakim jest beton. W przeciwiestwie do stali, jest to materia, ktry
podczas ciskania wykazuje nieliniowo ju od samego pocztku swojej pracy. Ponadto pod-
czas rozcigania ulega znacznie szybszej degradacji, co skutkuje problemami natury nume-
rycznej. W niniejszej pracy opisano parametry niezbdne do prawidowego zamodelowania
betonu w zoonym stanie naprenia. Parametry te przedstawiono na przykadzie modelu
Concrete Damaged Plasticity zawartego w programie ABAQUS.