CUPRINS

ARGUMENT............................................................................................................................ 2
CAPITOLUL I. TERMENUL DE FALSIFICARE SI ISO....................................................................3
1.1. DEFINIREA FALSIFICARII................................................................................................... 3
CAPITOLUL II. AUTENTIFICAREA ULEIURILOR SI GRASIMILOR SI METODE DE IDENTIFICARE A
FALSIFICARII............................................................................................................................ 4
2.1. DEFINIREA PRODUSULUI..................................................................................................4
2.2. AUTENTIFICAREA ULEIURILOR SI GRASIMILOR.................................................................5
2.2.1. Autentificaea !i"inii #!tanice a u$eiui$!...................................................................%
2.2.2. Autentificaea !i"inii "e!"afice..................................................................................&
2.2.3. Autentificaea te'n!$!"ii$! (e )!ce*ae a$e +ateiii$! )i+e.....................................&
2.2.4. Autentificaea u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! )!,enite (in +ateii )i+e +utante *au cae au
*ufeit +utatii "enetice.........................................................................................................1-
CAPITOLUL III FALSIFICARILE ULEIURILOR SI GRASIMILOR SI METODELE DE IDENTIFICARE. .11
3.1. INTRODUCERE...............................................................................................................11
3.2. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI GRASIMII DE PORC /UNTURA0..............................................12
3.3. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI GRASIMII DE 1ACA /SEUL0...................................................13
3.4. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI MARGARINEI IN UNT...........................................................14
3.5. DIFERENTIEREA ULEIURILOR DIN SEMINTE2 DE ULEIURILE DIN FRUCTE SAU GRASIMI
ANIMALE...............................................................................................................................15
3.3. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI ULEIURILOR 1EGETALE.......................................................13
CAPITOLUL I1. NORME DE PROTECTIA MUNCII......................................................................14
4.1. SECURITATEA SI SANATATEA IN MUNCA........................................................................14
5I5LIOGRAFIE....................................................................................................................... 22
1
ARGUMENT
Fa$*ificaea a$i+ente$! nu e*te un fen!+en ecent2 fiin( ! )actica cun!*cuta (e f!ate +u$ta
,e+e2 fa)t (e+!n*tat )inte a$te$e *i (e e6)!7itia !"ani7atat (e 5iti*' Mu*eu+ in anu$ 1&&12 *u#
"eneicu$ 8Fa$*u$9ata (e a in(uce in e!ae: in ca(u$ cauia au f!*t )e7entate +an!)ee$e fau(u$!a*e (in
e)!ca 5a#i$!nu$ui )ana in e)!ca +!(ena. Pi+e$e (ate fiin( c!n*e+nate in $iteatua antica2 "eaca *i
!+ana.
Ce$e +ai ,ec'i e"u$i i+)!ti,a i+)uificaii a$i+ente$! (atea7a c'ia (in R!+a antica2 fiin(
inte7i*e fa$*ificai$e ,inui$! cu a!+e *i c!$!anti.
T!tu*i2 (e a#ia in *ec!$u$ a$ ;III9$ea au a)aut in Eu!)a )i+e$e e"$e+etai ce inte7iceau
fa$*ificaea a$i+ente$! 2 )entu ca ince)an( cu *ec!$u$ a$ ;1III9$ea +a<!itatea tai$! eu!)ene *a ai#a
a*e+enea $e"i. In Ge+ania (in anu$ 15-3 ea in ,i"!ae Le"ea )uitatii #eii2 cae inte7icea f!$!*iea a$t!
+ateii )i+e *i +ateia$e $a fa#icaea #eii in afaa (e a)a2 +a$t *i 'a+ei2 une$e (in n!+e fiin( ,a$a#i$e *i
in )e7ent.
Ace*te e"$e+entai nu au a,ut un i+)act )ea +ae intucat nu )e7entau c$a caactei*tici$e
)!(u*e$!2 ia a)aatua (e +!nit!i7ae *i c!nt!$ a c!nta+inanti$! ea u(i+entaa2 nefiin( ca)a#i$a *a
e,i(entie7e e,entua$e$e fau(e.
Fa$*ificaea a$i+ente$! a f!*t atat (e a"e*i,a in *ec!$u$ a$ ;I;9$ea in An"$ia2 incat $9a (ete+inat
)e Fe(eic= Accu+ *a *cie in anu$ 142- ca 8int9a(e,a a fi (ifici$ (e +enti!nat un *in"u )!(u* cae *a
nu fi f!*t fa$*ificat:. A+)$!aea fen!+enu$ui a (u* $a ceaea C!+i*iei Sanitae Lancet (e cecetae a
fau(e$! )!(u*e$! a$i+entae. Re7u$tate$e *tu(ii$! inte)in*e au f!*t )e7entate (e cate >a**a$ in 14519
14542 te7in( a*tfe$ atentia c!n*u+at!i$! (a *i intee*u$ *tatu$ui.
A*tfe$2 in anu$ 143-2 Pa$a+entu$ #itanic a)!#a Actu$ a*u)a i+)uificaii a$i+ente$! *i
#autui$!2 une$e (inte ace*te )e,e(ei e"a*in(u9*e *i in $e"i*$atia actua$a. Ace*te 8+a*ui: *9au a*)an(it
te)tat *i in a$te tai.
N!ua .ee$an(a a e$a#!at Le"ea a)ei )ue2 in anu$ 14432 ia in Cana(a a a)aut Le"ea a$i+ente$! *i
+e(ica+ente$!2 in anu$ 14%4.
In State$e Unite2 in anu$ 1&-3 a f!*t a(!)tat Actu$ a$i+ente$! )ue *i +e(ica+ente$!2 ia in anu$
1&34 Actu$ fe(ea$ a$ a$i+ente$!2 +e(ica+ente$! *i c!*+etice$!. Pentu c!nt!$u$ a)$icaii $! in afaa
De)ata+entu$ui A"icu$tuii a$ State$! Unite /USDA0 in anu$ 1&31 *9a infiintat A(+ini*tatia a$i+ente$!
*i +e(ica+ente$! /FDA0. In ,e(eea e*tan"eii uti$i7aii a(iti,i$! *9a a)!#at A+en(a+entu$ De$ane?
cae inte7ice a(a!*u$ in a$i+ente a !icaei *u#*tante cu )!tentia$ cancei"en )entu ani+a$e2 in !ice (!7a2
a,an( (e)t c!n*ecinta e*tan"eea uti$i7aii +ai +u$t! a(iti,i2 in(e!*e#i a in(u$cit!i$! *i c!$!anti$!
*intetici.
2
CAPITOLUL I. TERMENUL DE FALSIFICARE SI ISO
1.1. DEFINIREA FALSIFICARII
Fa$*ificaea e)e7inta ! !)eatiune fau(u$!a*a cae c!n*ta in +!(ificaea a)!tu$ui inte
c!+)!nente$e unui )!(u*2 faa *a *e efectue7e ! a(iti,ae cu a$te *u#*tante.
Su#*tituiea e)e7inta +an!)ea fau(u$!a*a (e +!(ificae a c!+)!7itiei )!(u*e$! )in in$!cuiea
)atia$a *au in t!ta$itate a uneia *au a +ai +u$t! c!+)!nenete cu a$te$e (e ca$itate *i ,a$!ae
a$i+entaa infei!aa.
C!ntafaceea c!n*ta in )!(uceea *i c!+ecia$i7aea un! )!(u*e a ca! c!+)!7itie *i in*u*ii
ca$itati,e *unt (ifeite fata (e ce$e n!+a$e *au (ec$aate2 au a$te !i"ini2 (eci *unt )!(u*e cae $e
i+ita )e ce$e !i"ina$e.
Fa$*ificaea )!(u*e$! a$i+entae inc$u*i, a #autui$! ae ! c!n!tatie +ai $a"a2 e)e7entan(
t!ta$itatea !)eatii$! i$icite ae au ca *c!) u+at!ae$e@
A
A
*u#*tituiea t!ta$a *au )atia$a a uneia *au a +ai +u$t! c!+)!nente a$e +ateiei )i+eB
a(a!*u$ (e *u#*tante natua$e *au *intetice cae (ete+ina +!(ificaea c!+)!7itiei c'i+ice
*i a in*u*ii$! *en7!ia$e in *c!)u$ in$!cuiii un! c!+)!nente ,a$!!a*e cu une$e +ai
ieftine *i !#tineii un! #eneficii +ateia$eB
A
a(a!*u$ un! *u#*tante natua$e *au *intetice in ,e(eea +a*caii un! (efecte *au c!nfeiii
un! )!)ietati ne<u*tificae a c!+)!7itiei +ateiei )i+eB
A
uti$i7aea un! in"e(ienti *i a(iti,i a$i+etai nea(+i*i *au in (!7e +ai +ai (ecat ce$e
ec!+an(ateB
A
c!+ecia$i7aea unui )!(u* (e i+itatie /*u!"at0 in $!cu$ )!(u*u$ui !i"ina$.
3
CAPITOLUL II. AUTENTIFICAREA ULEIURILOR SI
GRASIMILOR SI METODE DE IDENTIFICARE A
FALSIFICARII
2.1. DEFINIREA PRODUSULUI
Li)i(e$e /"a*i+i$e *i u$eiui$e0 c!n*tituie ! cate"!ie i+)!tanta (e *u#*tante natua$e2 a*)an(ite
in ce$u$e$e tutu! )$ante$! *i ani+a$e$!2 )ecu+ *i in +ic!!"ani*+e.
Pentu !"ani*+ in(e$ine*c !$ui i+)!tante@ )$a*tic2 ene"etic2 nutiti!na$2 (i7!$,ant /)entu
c!+)u*ii $i)!*!$u#i$i02 (e )!tectie *.a.
Du)a c!n*i*tenta 2 $i)i(e$e *e c$a*ifica in@ u$eiui2 $ic'i(e $a te+)eatue ca+eei2 *i "a*i+i2 *!$i(e
$a te+)eatue ca+eei2 ia (u)a )!,enienta@,e"eta$e *i ani+a$e /tee*te *i ac,atice0.
Ga*i+i$e *i u$eiui$e uti$i7ate in a$i+entatie nu au ! *tuctua !+!"ena2 fiin( un a+e*tec (e
aci$"$ice!$i /"$icei(e0 cu +ici cantitati (e *u#*tante (e in*!tie /194C02 c!n*tituite (in f!*fati2 aci7i "a*i
$i#ei2 ceui2 c!+)u*i ne*a)!nifica#i$i2 *u#*tante c!$!ante2,ita+ine etc.
Pinci)a$e$e caactei*tici a$e $i)i(e$! *unt (e)en(ente (e natua2 "a(u$ (e ne*atuae *i (e +a*a
+!$ecu$aa a aci7i$! "a*i )atici)anti. Ace*tia *unt aci7i !"anic +!n!ca#!6i$ici cu nu+a )a (e at!+i
(e ca#!n /ce$ +ai a(e*ea02 *atuati2 +!n!9 *au )!$ine*atuati2 cu +a*e +!$ecu$ae (ifeite /functie (e
nu+au$ (e at!+i (e ca#!n02 cu ! c!nfi"uatie *teica ci* *au tan*2 cei (in )!(u*e$e natua$e "a*in(u9*e
*u# f!+a ci*.
Ta#e$u$ 1. P!,enienta *i )inci)a$e$e caactei*tici fi7ice a$e un! u$eiui ,e"eta$e
Denu+ie
a u$eiu$ui
Mateia
)i+a
C!ntinutu$ in
u$ei2C
Ma*a
*)ecifica
="D+
In( (ice$e e
efactie $a
2- C

Punctu$ (e
t!)ie2 C
In(ice$e (e
*a)!nificae
In(ice$e (e
i!(ae
Aa'i(e
5u+ ac#
Caca!
Cane)a
C!c!*
D!,$eac
F$!aea9
*!ae$ui
G enie+
( )e !u+#
tu#ecu$i
*e+inte
*e+inte
*e+inte
fucte
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"e+eni@
9
)!ce(eu$
u*cat
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)!ce(eu$
u+e(
*e+inte
fucte
fucte
fucte
*e+inte
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3%95-
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24934
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&149&32 1.4%2-91.4%%-
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1.4%&
9
&2-9&34 1.444-91.45--
92
92E2
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913E931
913E914
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1&-91&4
1&292-2
1&-91&4
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4391-3
1-1911&
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&219&23 1.4%3-91.4%3- 911 14491&4 111913-
5-95%
9
22
44
5-93-
23945
44952
1%91&
&2-9&33 1.4%&-91.445-
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9 1.43&-91.4%1-
&219&44 1.543-91.543-
&119&1% 1.4%2-91.4%3-
&5-9&%4 1.4%%-91.4%&-
&229&34 1.4%--91.4%4-
92-
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In
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4
Ta#e$u$ 2. C!ntinutu$ in aci7i "a*i a un! +ateii )i+e !$ea"in!a*e2 C
Natua aci7i$! "a* i
Aa'i(e
Su+a aci7i$! "a*i

Aci7i "a* *atuati@

+ii*tic C @

)a$+itic C @

*teaic C @

aa'inic C @

#e"en!,ic C @
$i"n!ceic C @
Aci7i "a*i

+!n!ne*atuati

)a$+it!$eic C @

!$eic C @

"a(!$enic C @
eucic C @
Aci7i "a*i

)!$ine*atuati

$in!$eic C @
$in!$enic C @
42.4-
4.3-
-.1-
4.4-
1.5-
-.%-
1.1-
-.1-
1&.3-
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14.4-
-.5-
u+e
15.2-
15.3-
u+e
Mu*ta
2&.1-
1.4-
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-.&-
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2-.%-
u+e
3.3-
4.%-
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5.3-
1.%-
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45.%-
3.3-
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4.2-
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1&.3-
1&.3-
u+e
Mateia )i+a !$ea"in!a*a
F$!aea
*!ae$uiRa)itaS!ia
5-.1-
5.%-
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3.2-
2.1-
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12.5-
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31.&-
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9
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23.1-
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1-.3
3.3-
12.2-
4.4-
5.2-
3.2-
35.3-
1.1-
9
-.4-
-.3-
9
13.--
2.5-
9
1.4-
-.3-
9
u+e
9
3.5-
9
3.5-
9
9
1-.3-
4.4-
1.4-
5u+#ac
9
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-.3-
%.5-
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u+e
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%.--
-.3-
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9
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14.3-
14.5-
u+e
Ma*$ine
9
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-.5-
14.5-
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9
3.3-
3.3-
u+e
2.2. AUTENTIFICAREA ULEIURILOR SI GRASIMILOR
Autentificaea u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! u+ae*te +ai +u$te !#iecti,e2 (e $a c!ectitu(inea inf!+aii
c!n*u+at!i$! /)in in*ci*ui$e (e )e etic'eta2 (a *i )in a$te +i<$!ace0 )ana $a (e)i*taea )actici$!
fau(u$!a*e.
Ce$e +ai i+)!tante *e efea $a autentificaea !i"inii #!tanice *au a *)eciei (e ani+a$e2 a
+et!(e$! (e )!ce*ae a +ateii$! )i+e *i (e c!n*e,ae a )!(u*e$! finite2 )e7enta un! c!+)u*i
neaut!i7ati *au in (!7e +ai +ai (ecat ce$e acce)tate /)!(u*e e*teificate2c!$!anti2 anti!6i(anti etc.0 *i
int9! +a*ua +ai +ica autentificaea !i"inii "e!"afice.
C!+)!7itia c'i+ica a u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! e*te c!+)$e6a /)e*te 4- c!+)u*i (ifeiti02 fiin(
)utenic inf$uentata (e ! +u$titu(ine (e fact!i efeit!i $a *)ecieD,aietate2 $!cu$ (e cu$ti,aeD(e ce*tee2
c!n(itii c$i+atic2 tata+ente$e a"!te'nice a)$icate *!$u$ui2 te'n!$!"ia (e !#tinee.
A)ecieea ca$itatii *i autenticitatii *e ea$i7ea7a )in ana$i7a *en7!ia$a *i in,e*ti"ae ana$itica cu
+et!(e c!n,enti!na$e *au +!(en.
Din )unct (e ,e(ee *en7!ia$2 $i)i(e$e *e caactei7ea7a )in c!n*i*tenta2 cu$!ae2 "u*t *i +i!*.
5
Ga*i+i$e *unt a$#e *au a$#e9"a$#ui2 ia u$eiui$e au ! "a+a (i,e*ificata (e cu$!i *i nuante2 (e $a
"a$#en (e*c'i* )ana $a #un inc'i*2 (a e6i*ta u$eiui *i (e a$te cu$!i@ !*cate /(in "e+eni (e )!u+# *au
*e+inte (e (!,$eac02 cu nuanta ,e(e /(in *e+inte$e (e a)ita *i (e cane)a0 *.a.
Gu*tu$ *i +i!*u$ *unt caactei*tice2 (ete+inate (e )!,enienta +ateiei )i+e.
U$eiui$e *e (e!*e#e*c *i )in ,a$!aea un! anu+iti in(ici fi7ici cu+ *unt@ ,a*c!7itatea /4915- E $a
2-- C2 cu e6ce)tia u$eiu$ui (e icin2 cae ae ,a$!i (e )ana $a 14-- E $a 2-- C02 (en*itatea /-.&1-9-.&%-
="D+302 c!n(ucti,itatea te+ica /-.149-.13 =ca$D+F'F"(02 )unctu$ (e fu+e"ae /145E242- C02 )unctu$ (e
a)in(ee /314E333- C02 ca$(ua (e c!+#u*tie /&-2-9&34- =ca$D="0 *.a.2 in*a cei i+)$icati in autentificaea
(i,e*e$! cate"!ii (e "a*i+i *i u$eiui *i in (ece$aea fa$*ificai$! *unt )e7entati in ta#e$u$ 1.
Caactei*tici$e )*i'!9*e7!ia$e a$e "a*i+i$! (e !i"ine ani+a$a /c!n*i*tenta2 cu$!ae2+i!* *i "u*t0
*unt *)ecific *i ,aia7a in functie (e *)ecie2 *e62 ,a*ta ani+a$u$ui etc.
C!n*i*tenta ,aia7a +u$t2 in functie (e c!ntinutu$ (e aci7i "a*i ne*atuati. A*tfe$2 "a*i+ea (e )e*te2
(e!aece )!*e(a ! )!)!tie +ae (e aci7i "a*i ne*atuati2 e*te $ic'i(a $a te+)eatua ca+eeiB )entu
ace$a*i +!ti,2 "a*i+ea (e )a*ae ae ! c!n*i*tenta +!a$e2 c'ia *e+if$ui(a. In *c'i+#2 *eu$ (e $a ani+a$e$e
u+e"at!ae *e caactei7ea7a )int9! c!n*i*tenta tae /)unct (e t!)ie 4-E5-- C02in c!nta*t cu untua (e
)!c cae ae ! c!n*i*tenta +!a$e2 *i cea (e ca$ cae2 "atie c!ntinutu$ui i(icat in aci( !$eic2 ae !
c!n*i*tenta +!a$e2 a*e+anat!ae cu "a*i+ea (e )a*ae. Ga*i+ea (in $a)te e*te "a*i+ea cu cea +ai +ica
)!)!tie (e aci7i "a*i ne*atuati2 ce (ete+ina ! c!n*i*tenta +!a$e2 *)ecifica /8!nctu!a*a:0 *i un )unct (e
t!)ie e$ati,e *ca7ut /3-E35- C0. O(inea *ca(eii c!n*i*tentei "a*i+ii2 )e *)ecii (e ani+a$e e*te
u+at!aea@ u+e"at!ae2 )!c2 $a)te2 ca$2 )a*ae2 )e*te.
In ceea ce )i,e*te in(ice$e (e efactie2 (e)en(ent t!t (e natua *i )!)!tia (e aci7i "a*i ne*atuati2
!(inea e*te a)!a)e in,e*a fata (e cea a c!n*i*tentei *i anu+e@ )e*te /5593-02 ca$ /5295402 )a*ae /5-95502
)!c /4495402 u+e"at!ae /4494&02 $a)te /4-9440.
E6a+inaea +ic!*c!)ica a "a*i+i$! #ute2 ana$i7a *en7!ia$a *i (ete+inaea un! in(ici fi7ic!9
c'i+ici /ta#e$ 10 2 !fea inf!+atii$e nece*ae )entu a a)ecia ca$itatea "a*i+ii ani+a$e2 *)ecia (e $a cae
)!,ine *i c'ia (ece$aea *u#*tituiii )atia$e *au t!ta$e a "a*i+ii (e ca$itate *u)ei!aa cu a$te$e (e ca$itate
infei!aa.
A*!cieea ana$i7e$! *en7!ia$e cu ce$e ana$itice2 c!n,enti!na$e *au +!(ene2 cea7a )e+i*e$e
efectuaii unei autentificai cete. 1a$!i$e !#tinute *unt c!+)aate cu ce$e a$e )!(u*e$! autentice (in
#anca (e (ate2 e7u$tate$e fiin( )$au7i#i$e nu+ai in +a*ua in cae #anca (e (ate e*te c!n*tituita (in
e*anti!ane e)e7entati,e2 a,an( in ,e(ee (i,e*itatea +ae (e ti)ui *i *!ti+ente (e u$eiui *i "a*i+i.
Met!(e$e c$a*ice *e )!t "u)a in (!ua cate"!ii. Pi+a *e #a7ea7a )e (ete+inaea inte"u$ui *)ectu
(e c!+)u*i2 ceea ce nece*ita un +ae ,!$u+ (e +unca *i ! inte)etae *tati*tica a(ec,ata.
Cea (e a (!ua a#!(ae )e*u)une ana$i7a c!+)u*i$! cae nu *e "a*e*c *au a)a nu+ai *u# f!+a
(e u+e in )!(u*e$e !i"ina$e2 (a *unt )e7enti in ce$e fa$*ificate.
P!ce(ee$e +!(ene *e f!ca$i7ea7a +ai a$e* a*u)a te'nici$! c!+at!"afice />PLC2 >RGC2
P?MS02 ia ce$e in cu* (e )!+!,ae *unt e)e7entate (e@ IR2 FT9Ra+an2 RMN2 SCIR *2a. A*tfe$2 )in
*)ect!c!)ie (e +a*a *9a eu*it autentificaea u$eiu$ui (e aa'i(e. Pentu (ifeentieea u$eiu$ui ,i"in (e
3
+a*$ine (e u$eiu$ !#tinut (in e*tui (e +a*$ine2 "e+eni (e )!u+#2 f$!aea *!ae$ui2 a)ita *i nuci *9a
uti$i7at cu *ucce** *)ect!c!)ia (e f$u!e*cent /T*?F0.
Ca)!te *i c!$a#!at!ii2 uti$i7ant c!+!"afia in fa7a "a7!a*a cu)$ata cu *)ect!+etie (e +a*a /GC9
MS0 au eu*it *a (ifeentie7e u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine (e u$eiu$ (in f$!aea *!ae$ui2 "e+eni (e )!u+#2 aa'i(e *i
nuci (e c!c!*.
Si+i$a cu a<ut!u$ *)ecte$! !#tinute in IR /a)!)iat2 +e(iu0 *9a eu*it *a *e autentifice u$eiu$ (e
+a*$ine.
2.2.1. Autentificaea !i"inii #!tanice a u$eiui$!
1a$!aea u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! ,e"eta$e e*te c!n(iti!nata in )i+u$ an( (e !i"inea +ateiei
)i+e. Ce$e +ai a)eciate *unt u$eiui$e (e +a*$ine2 (e aa'i(e2 (e caca!2 (e )a$+ie *.a.2 a*tfe$ incat
ecun!a*teea $! c!n*tituie !#iecti,u$ )inci)a$ a$ autentificaii.
U$eiu$ (e +a*$ine /unt(e$e+nu$02 (e*i e)e7inta nu+ai 3C (in u$eiui$e *i "a*i+i$e c!+e*ti#i$e (in
)!(uctia +!n(ia$a2 e*te cautat *i +u$t a)eciat (e c!n*u+at!i2 atat )entu ati#ute$e *a$e *en7!ia$e *i
cu$inae2 (a *i )entu )!tentia$u$ *au #enefic a*u)e *anatatii. Se caactei7ea7a )int9un c!ntinut i(icat in
aci( !$eic /53943C0 *i $in!$eic /3.592-C02 ia (inte c!+)u*ii ne*a)!nifica#i$i2 u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine e*te #!"at
in *Gua$en *i H9*it!*te!$.
E6i*ta ! +ae (i,e*itate (e ti)ui (e *!ti+ente2 a ca! )aa+eti (e)in( (e c!n(itii$e (e cu$ti,ae2
(a *i (e )!ce(ee$e (e !#tinee. Se )!t c$a*ifica (u)a +ai +u$te citeii. A*tfe$2 (u)a te'n!$!"ia (e
)!ce*ae *e (e!*e#e*c u$eiui neafinate /#ute2 8,i"ine:02 afinate *i c!+)un(ate. In functie (e c!ntinutu$
(e aci7i "a*i $i#ei *e i+)at in@ u$eiui e6ta2 cu ! aci(itate $i#ea *u# 1C2 u$eiui fine a ca! aci(itate
$i#ea e*te cu)in*a inte 1 *i 1.5C *i u$eiui c!+une cu ! aci(itate $i#ea ce *e inca(ea7a inte 1.5 *i 3.3C.
ce$ +ai a)eciat *i +ai *cu+) e*te u$eiu$ neafinat /8e6ta ,i"in !$i,e !i$:02 *u)u* ce$ +ai a(e*ea
*u#*tituiii )atia$e cu u$ei +ai ieftin2 !#tinut (in a$te fucte *au *e+inte2 cu u$ei (in *a+#ue (e +a*$ine *au
cu u$ei (e +a*$ine e*teificat.
C!n*i$iu$ Intenati!na$ a$ U$eiu$ui (e +a*$ine c$a*ifica u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine in@ u$ei (e +a*$ine ,i"in2
ca fiin( u$eiu$ !#tinut (in +a*$ine nu+ai )in )!ce(ee +ecanice *au a$te +i<$!ace fi7ice in c!n(itii *i2 in
*)ecia$ in c!n(itii te+ice2 cae i+)ie(ica a$teaea u$eiu$ui. Ma*$ine$e nu *ufea nici un tata+ent in afaa
(e *)a$ae2 centifu"ae *i fi$tae. U$eiu$ (e +a*$ine ,i"in e*te c$a*ificat u$tei! a*tfe$@
A u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine e6ta,i"in2 cu ! aci(itate +ai +ica 1C2 cu "u*t *i +i!* *)ecific. Ace*t )!(u* in
e*enta ta(iti!na$2 e*te (e fa)t $ic'i(u$ !#tinut (in )i+a )e*ae a +a*$ine$!2 )a*tan(u9i t!ata
a!+a2 *a,!aea *i cu$!aea. Ae ce$ +ai *ca7ut ni,e$ (e aci( !$eic.
U$eiu$ (e +a*$ine e6ta,i"in cetan e*te ce$ +ai #un u$ei (e +a*$ine nu nu+ai in Gecia2 ci in t!t
#a7inu$ +e(iteaneean2 cu un ec'i$i#u )efect inte a!+a2 "u*t *i cu$!ae. Din )unct (e ,e(ee
c'i+ic2 ace*t u$ei cetan e*te #!"at in aci7i "a*i +!n!*atuati *i fact!i natua$i anti!6i(anti2
)ecu+ t!c!fe!$ii *i )!$ifen!$ii. E*te (e a*e+enea #!"at in ,ita+ine *i e*te i(ea$ )entu !
a$i+entatie *anat!a*a.
%
A
A
A
A
A
U$eiu$ (e +a*$ine ,i"in fin ae ! aci(itate +ai +ica (e 1.5C *i ! a!+a *i un "u*t e6ce$ente.
U$eiu$ (e +a*$ine *e+ifin )a*tea7a un "u*t *i ! a!+a #una *i nu te#uie *a (e)a*ea*ca un ni,e$ (e
aci(itate (e 3C.
U$eiu$ (e +a*$ine afinat e*te u$ei (e +a*$ine ,i"in cae a f!*t afinat.
U$eiu$ (e +a*$ine *au u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine )u e*te un a+e*tec (e u$ei (e +a*$ine afinat *i u$ei (e
+a*$ine ,i"in.
C!nf!+ Re"u$a+entu$ui CEE n 2534D&1 a$ UE )i,in( caactei*tici$e u$eiui$! (e +a*$ine *i a$e
u$eiui$! (in e*tui (e +a*$ine +!(ificat )in Re"u$a+entu$ CE n 1&4&D2--32 )e )iata e6i*ta@ u$ei (e
+a*$ine e6ta ,i"in2 u$ei (e +a*$ine ,i"in !#i*nuit2 u$ei afinat (e +a*$ine 2 u$ei (e +a*$ine2 u$ei #ut (in
e*tui (e +a*$ine2 u$ei afinat (in e*tui (e +a*$ine *i u$ei (e e*tui (e +a*$ine.
Ana$i7a *en7!ia$a *i cea in*tu+enta$a2 )in cae *e (ete+ina )!fi$u$ un! c!+)u*i2 in(e!*e#i a
aci7i$! "a*i2 a aci$"$ice!$i$! *i a *te!$i$!*tiene$!2 ,a$!aea un! in(ici fi7ic!9c'i+ici /(e efacti,e2 (e
i!(2 (e *a)!nificae *.a.0 *i )e7enta un! *u#*tante *taine2 !fea in ce$e +ai +u$te ca7ui inf!+atii$e
nece*ae )entu i(entificaea a)atanentei !i"inii u$eiu$ui.
Citeii$e fi7ic!9c'i+ice )entu *ta#i$iea autenticitatii u$eiu$ui (e +a*$ine au f!*t enu+eate in
Re"u$a+entu$ CEE n 25344D&1 a$ UE *i u$tei! +ai ecent in Re"u$a+entu$ CE 455D2--1 *i *unt
)e7entate in ta#e$u$ 3.
In u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine *unt )e7enti c!$e*te!$u$ /I-.5C02 #a*ica*te!$u$ /I-.1C 9I -.2C02
ca+)e*te!$u$/I4.-C02 *ti"+a*te!$u$ /Jca+)e*te!$02 H9*it!*te!$u$ /e*te (e fa)t ! (efinitie +ai ,ec'e
)entu un "u) (e *te!$i f!+at (in@K5.23 *ti"+a*ta(ien!$L c$e!*te!$L *it!*te!$L *it!*tan!$L K59
a,ena*te!$L K5.249*ti"+a*ta(ienc!$/M&3C02 K%9*ti"+a*ten!$u$/I -.50.
5a*ica*te!$u$2 a)aent a#*ent in u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine e*te )e7ent in u$eiu$ (e *e+inte a$e un! )$ante2
ca+)e*te!$u$2 *ti"+a*te!$u$ *i K9*ti"+a*ten!$u$ *e "a*e*c in*a2 in c!ncentatii +ai +ai in u$eiui (ifeite
(in *e+inte.
Ta#e$u$ 3. Citeia fi7ic!9c'i+ice )entu *ta#i$iea ca$itatii *i autenticitatii cate"!ii$! (e
u$ei (e +a*$ine
4
Sc!)u$ ana$i7ei Paa+eti e,a$uati
Ana$i7a *en7!ia$a
Dete+inaea aci(itatii
E,a$uaea ca$itatii Dete+inaea in(ice$ui (e )e!6i(
Pe7enta *!$,enti$! 'a$!"enati
Dete+inaea a#*!#antei in U1
C!ntinutu$ in aci7i "a*i tan*
C!ntinutu$ t!ta$ (e *te!$i
C!+)!7itia in *te!$i
C!ntinutu$ in *tieni
C!ntinutu$ in eit!(i!$ *i u,a!$
C!ntinutu$ in )aafine
C!ntinutu$ in *ti"+a*ta(iene
C!ntinutu$ in aci7i "a*i *atuati in )!7itia 2
E,a$uaea autenticitatii
2.2.2. Autentificaea !i"inii "e!"afice
L!cu$ (e cu$ti,ae a$ )$ante$! !$ea"in!a*e inf$uentea7a c!+)!7itia *i ca$itatea u$eiui$!2 )in
c!n(itii$e c$i+atice2 caactei*tici$e *!$u$ui2 a"!te'nica a)$icata *!$u$ui *i a$ti fact!i /a$titu(ine2 $atitu(ine
etc.02 faa *a e,i(entie7e ! (ifeenta +a<!a inte u$eiui$e (e ace$a*i ti)2 cu e6ce)tia u$eiu$ui (e aa'i(e2 $a
cae fact!u$ e(afic i*i )une +ai +u$t a+)enta. De e6e+)$u2 u$eiu$ (e aa'i(e (in USA ae ce$ +ai *ca7ut
c!ntinut in C14@-2 in ti+) ce u$eiui$e (in ,e*tu$ Aficii *ic e$ (in A+eica (e Su( au ce$ +ai +ic2 e*)ecti,
ce$ +ai +ae c!ntinut in C14@2. Si ni,e$u$ un! a$c!!$i te)enici /C229C240 ine"i*tea7a une$e (ifeente in
functie (e !i"inea "e!"afica a u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$!.
C$i+atu$ t!)ica$ faci$itea7a #i!*inte7a aci7i$! "a*i *atuati cu +a*a +!$ecu$a +ica /aci( ca)i$ic2
ca)inic2 $auic *i +ii*tic02 ia ce$ te+)eat /(a +ai a$e* actic0 fa,!i7ea7a f!+aea aci7i$! "a*i
)!$ine*atuati.
P!fi$u$ aci7i$! "a*i2 a$ *u#*tante$! ,!$ati$e2 a$ e$e+ente$! +inea$e *i a$ i7!t!)i$! *ta#i$i !fea
inf!+atii e(ificat!ae )entu i(entificaea !i"inii "e!"afice a u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! )ue2 une$e
(ificu$tati inta+)inan(u9*e in ca7u$ )!(u*e$! c!+)un(ate.
Pentu u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine in*a (in )unct (e ,e(ee a$ autenticitatii e*te f!ate i+)!tant (e )eci7at
taa *au e"iunea "e!"afica (e un(e )!,ine. Re"u$a+entu$ CE 2415D&4 a int!(u* (i*)!7itii !)ti!na$e
)entu etic'etaea u$eiu$ui (e +a*$ine e6ta,i"in *i ,i"in. Denu+iea (e !i"ine te#uie *a *e efee $a !
7!na "e!"afica cae te#uie *a fie un nu+e )!te<at *au ! !i"ine "e!"afica /PDO9(enu+ie (e !i"ine
)!te<ata2 PGI9in(icatie "e!"afica )!te<ata0.
2.2.3. Autentificaea te'n!$!"ii$! (e )!ce*ae a$e
+ateiii$! )i+e
&
P!ce(eu$ (e e$a#!ae a u$eiui$! e*te ea$+ente fact!u$ e**entia$ cae i*i )une a+)enta a*ua
ca$itatii *i natua$etii u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$!2 c!n(iti!nan( a*tfe$ )etu$ )!(u*e$!.
In )inci)iu2 u$eiui$e *e !#tin (in +ateii )i+e !$ea"in!a*e2 )in *i+)$a *au (u#$a )e*ae $a ece
*au $a ca$(2 )in centifu"ae2 )in e6tactie cu *!$,ent /(u)a )e*ae02 u$eiui$e #ute fiin( *u)u*e afinaii.
U$eiui$e !#tinute nu+ai )in )!ce(ee +ecanice /)e*ae2 centifu"ae02 faa )!ce*ae te+ica *i in
a#*enta a$t! tata+ente *e nu+e*c 8u$eiui )e*ate $a ece:. Ace*tea *unt (e cea +ai #una ca$itate2
caactei7ate )in a!+a )e"nanta2 ne+!(ificata2 *)ecifica +ateiei )i+e (e )!,enienta. Ran(a+entu$ (e
e6tactie )in )e*ae e*te e$ati, *ca7ut *i (e aceea ace*te u$eiui *unt +ai *cu+)e.
P!ce*aea $a ca$( *au e6tactia cu *!$,ent fa,!i7ea7a !#tineea (e an(a+ente +u$t +ai +ai2 in
*c'i+# )!(u*e$e *unt +ai )utin ,a$!!a*e2 intucat i*i (i+inuea7a ,a$ente$e *en7!ia$e *i nutiti!na$e *i in
c!n*ecinta *unt +ai ieftine.
U$eiui$e #ute2 ce$e +ai a(e*ea2 (a in +!( (e!*e#it ce$e )!,enite (in *e+inte (e ca$itate
infei!aa *au cae au f!*t (e)!7itate in c!n(itii nec!e*)un7at!ae2 )entu a (e,eni c!+e*ti#i$e *i
c!+ecia$i7a#i$e2 *unt afinate.
Rafinaea ae ca *c!) i+#unatatiea )!)ietati$! *en7!ia$e *i ce*teea *ta#i$itatii )in (i+inuaea
c!ntinutu$ui *au in(e)ataea un! c!+)!nent cu+ *unt@ f!*f!$i)i(e$e2 "$ic!$i)i(e$e2 ceui$e2 aci7ii "a*i
$i#ei2 )i"+entii2 +eta$e$e *.a.
In ace$a*i ti+)2 tata+ente$e f!$!*ite a(uc )e<u(icii ,a$!ii )*i'!*en7!ia$e *i nutiti,e a$e
u$eiui$!2 intucat *e +ic*!ea7a c!ntinutu$ in unii c!+)u*i uti$i /*u#*tante !(!ante2 ,ita+ine *.a.0.
Dat!ita (ifeente$! *e+nificati,e (e !(in *en7!ia$ *i nutiti!na$2 cae *e ef$ecta *i in )et2
u$eiui$e #ute2 natua$e /8,i"in:2:e6ta,i"in:0 *unt *u#*tituite cu u$eiui afinate2 e*teificate *au )!,enite
(in *a+#ui (e +a*$ine.
Fau(a e*te +ai u*! (e (ece$at (aca *u#*tituiea e*te t!ta$a *au int9! )!)!tie i(icata2 )in ana$i7a
*en7!ia$a /cu$!ae2 "u*t2 +i!*0 *i in*tu+enta$a /(!7aea *u#*tante$! (e in*!tie a$e aci$"$ice!$i$!02 (a
(ifici$a (e (e*c!)eit in ca7u$ *u#*tituii$! in )!)!tii e(u*e.
Dete+inaea c!ntinutu$ui *i *tuctuii "$icei(e$!2 a aci7i$! "a*i *i a in(ici$! fi7ic!9c'i+ici ce $e
caactei7ea7a *i c!+)aaea $! cu ,a$!i$e c!e*)un7at!ae a )!#e$! autentice (in #a7a (e (ate a*i"ua !
#una i(entificae a u$eiui$! !#tinute )in (i,e*e )!ce(ee.
Ce$e +ai e(ificat!ae inf!+atii *e !#tin can( autentificaea e*te a#!(ata cu te'nici in*tu+enta$e
n!i2 une$e (inte e$e fiin( )e7entate in ta#e$e$e 4 *i &.
2.2.4. Autentificaea u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! )!,enite (in
+ateii )i+e +utante *au cae au *ufeit +utatii "enetice
Un n!u !#iecti, a$ autentificaii c!n*ta in (ece$aea u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! )!,enite (in !"ani*+
+utante *au +!(ificate "enetic. In"ineia "enetica u+ae*te ce*teea e7i*tentei )$ante$! !$ea"in!a*e $a
i+#!$na,ii2 *eceta etc.2 a+e$i!aea an(a+entu$ui in u$ei2 ce*teea )!n(eii in anu+iti c!+)u*i uti$i2 in
1-
functie (e (e*tinatia )!(u*u$ui2 in (eti+entu$ c!+)!nente$! (aunat!ae *au cu ! i+)!tanta +ai +ica2
ce*teea ca$itatii nutiti!na$e *i a *ta#i$itatii te+!!6i(ati,e a )!(u*e$! etc.
De a$tfe$2 in"ineia "enetic nu e*te *in"ua +!(a$itate (e a 8+ani)u$a: natua in ,e(eea +!(ificaii
c!+)!7itiei *i a in*u*ii$! u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$!.
Difeite$e te'nici (e facti!nae ci*ta$!"afica2 'i(!"enae *i intee*teficae *.a. eu*e*c *a
*c'i+#e *tuctua nati,a atat (in )unct (e ,e(ee nutiti!na$2 (a *i )entu )e*!na$i7aea $!2 functie (e
(iectii$e (e uti$i7ae *i )efeinte$e c!n*u+at!i$!.
De e6e+)$u2 )entu *a$ate *i a$te nece*itati cu$inae2 e*te ec!+an(at ca u$eiu$ *a ai#a un ni,e$ e(u*
(e aci7i "a*i *atuati *i i(icat (e aci7i !$eic *i $in!$eic2 (a *i un a)!t #enefic inte $i)!)!teine$e LDL /cu
(en*itate +ica0 *i >DL /cu (en*itate +ae0.
U$eiu$ f!$!*it $a )e"atiea a$i+ente$! )in )e$ucae te+ica /in(e!*e#i )in )a<ie0 te#uie *a *e
caactei7e7e )int9un c!ntinut e(u* in aci7i $in!$eic *i $in!$enic.
Ma"aine$e *i *c'!tenin"9ui$e te#uie *a *e e,i(entie7e )int9un ni,e$ ce*cut (e aci7i "a*i
*atuati2 ia )!(u*e$e 'i(!"enate )int9un c!ntinut i(icat in aci( *teaic2 in (eti+entu$ aci(u$ui !$eic *i
$in!$eic.
CAPITOLUL III FALSIFICARILE ULEIURILOR SI
GRASIMILOR SI METODELE DE IDENTIFICARE
3.1. INTRODUCERE
U$eiui$e *i "a*i+i$e *unt a$i+ente *u*ce)ti#i$e (e fa$*ificae. Ce$e +ai fec,ente )actice
fau(u$!a*e *e efea $a@
A
A
A
Su#*tituiea )atia$a *au t!ta$a a u$eiui$! *i "a*i+i$! (e ca$itate *u)ei!aa /u$ei (e +a*$ine2 unt
*.a.0 cu u$eiui *i "a*i+i +ai )utin ,a$!!a*eB
Su#*tituiea u$eiui$! #ute /8,i"in:02 !#tinute )in )e*ae ece2 cu ce$e )!(u*e )in e6tactie $a
ca$( *i afinaeB
In$!cuiea "$icei(e$! (in u$eiui *i "a*i+i cu $i)i(e e*teificae *au 'i(!"enateB
A(a!*ui (e a(iti,i neaut!i7ati *au in (!7e +ai +aiB
F!$!*iea )!(u*e$! )!,enite (in +ateii )i+e +utante *au cae au f!*t *u)u*e in"ineie "enetice
etc.
Ca *i in ca7u$ autentificaii2 in,e*ti"aea fa$*ificai$! *e )!ate ea$i7a cu +et!(e c!n,enti!na$e
A
A
*au cu te'nici +!(ene2 ace*tea (in u+a fiin( +ai )utin a*)an(ite )entu (ete+inai cuente.
11
Met!(e$e c!n,enti!na$e c!n*tau in e6a+inaea *en7!ia$a2 inca ti#utaa *u#iecti,i*+u$ui u+an2
c!+)$etata cu ana$i7e in*tu+enta$e.
Dete+inai$e ana$itice in,e*ti"'ea7a )e (e ! )ate c!+)u*ii $i)i(ici /)i!ita fiin( )!fi$u$ aci7i$!
"a*i *i aci"$ice!$i$!0 *i in(icia fi7ic!9c'i+ici ce caactei7ea7a fiecae u$ei *au "a*i+e2 ia )e (e a$ta
)ate *u#*tante$e in*!tit!ae )e7ente in +!( natua$ *au a(au"ate.
Dinte "a*i+i$e (e !i"ine ani+a$a2 ce$ +ai (e* *u)u* fau(e$! e*te untu$2 ia ce$ (e !i"ine
,e"eta$a2 u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine /f!ate *cu+)0 *i int9! +ai +ica +a*ua ce$ (e f$!aea *!ae$ui.
E,a$uaea )aa+eti$! *en7!ia$i *i c!+)!7iti!na$i2 )ecu+ *i (ete+inaea in(ici$! fi7ic!9c'i+ici
*i c!+)aaea $! cu ,a$!i$e n!+a$e2 c!n*tituie *i in ace*t ca7 )inci)a$u$ +i<$!c (e (e*c!)eie a$ un!
fau(e.
In c!ntinuae *e ,! )e7enta cate,a +et!(e u7ua$e (e (ece$eae a fa$*ificaii untu$ui *i a a$t!
"a*i+i.
Untu$ e*te )!(u*u$ !#tinut )in )!ce*aea *+antanii fe+entate a $a)te$ui (e ,aca *au #i,!$ita. Ca
*i a$te "a*i+i (e !i"ine ani+a$a *au ,e"eta$a2 untu$ )!ate fi fa$*ificat )in @*u#*tituie )atia$a cu "a*i+i
*taine cu ,a$!ae e(u*a2 a(a!* (e *u#*tante *taine /a)a2 faina2 cat!fi *.a.0. a(a!* (e c!$!anti *i *u#*tante
c!n*e,ante /aci( *a$ici$ic2 aci( #!ic2 a$(e'i(a f!+ica0 etc.
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii untu$ui *i a a$t! "a*i+i 2 )in *u#*tituiea cu a$te$e (e ca$itate infei!aa *au
cu )!(u*e a*e+anat!ae2 *e ea$i7ea7a in(e!*e#i )in (ete+inaea in(ici$! fi7ic!9c'i+ici2 cea +ai +ae
e$e,anta a,an(9! in(ice$e Reic'et9Mei**$ *i in(ice$e P!$en*=e.
A
In(ice$e (e *a)!nificae ae ,a$!i cu)in*e inte 1&- *i 2-- $a "a*i+i$e ani+a$e *i +u$t +ai +ici $a
u$eiui$e ,e"eta$e. Intucat $a unt ,a$!i$e *unt +ai +ai2 inca(an(u9*e in inte,a$u$ 21492352 faa *a
e6i*te ! 7!na (e intefeenta cu a$e ce$!$a$te "a*i+i2 e,a$uaea ace*tui in(ice e)e7inta un citeiu
(e ince(ee )entu ,eificaea autenticitatii untu$ui.
In(ice$e (e i!(2 (e)en(ent (e )!)!tia (e aci7i "a*i ne*atuati2 ine"i*tea7a ce$e +ai +ici ,a$!i $a
unt /2193302 untua (e )!c *i *eu$ a,an( ,a$!i +!(eate /4-9%-2 e*)ecti,e 3-94%02 ia $a "a*i+ea
(e )a*ae *i (e ca$ ,a$!i$e *e *ituea7a inte 3- *i &-. U$eiui$e ,e"eta$e /ne'i(!"enate02 (at!ita
c!ntinutu$ui i(icat in aci7i "a*i ne*atuati2 au un in(ice (e i!( f!ate +ae /11-914-0.
In(ice$e Reic'et9Mei**$ *i P!$en*=e2 ce caactei7ea7a aci7ii "a*i *atuati infei!i /*!$u#i$i *i
e*)ecti, in*!$u#i$i in a)a0 ce *e "a*e*c nu+ai in "a*i+ea $a)te$ui /(eci nu+ai in unt02 ,! a,ea
,a$!i c!ncete /219332 e*)ecti,e 1.593.50 nu+ai )entu "a*i+ea (in unt2 $a ce$e$a$te "a*i+i
ani+a$e *au ,e"eta$e ,a$!i$e fiin( e6te+e (e +ici /tin( cate -0.
A
A
3.2. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI GRASIMII DE PORC /UNTURA0
C!+)!7itia c'i+ica a unei "a*i+i ani+a$e fiin( e$ati,e c!n*tanta /natua *i )!)!tia
aci$"$ice!$i$! *i a aci7i$! "a*i02 face ca *i )unctu$ (e t!)ie a$e ace*tei "a*i+i *a ai#a ,a$!i
c!n*tante2 ceea ce c!n*tituie un citeiu (e ,eificae a ca$itatii "a*i+ii.
12
Ta#e$u$ 4. 1aiatia )unctu$ui (e t!)ie a$ "$icei(e$! *i a$ aci7i$! "a*i in functie (e natua *i
)uitatea "a*i+ii
Punct (e
t!)ie a$
"$icei(e$!
/T"0
5- " "a*i+e (in
unt
5- " "a*i+e unt
L 1-C "a*i+e
(e )!c
5- " "a*i+e unt
L2-C "a*i+e
(e )!c
Ga*i+e (e )!c
Ga*i+e (e ,ita *i
(e !aie
3-.3
Punct (e
t!)ie a$
aci7i$!
"a*i
3-.1
Difeenta
)uncte$! (e
t!)ie /(0
T" L 2(
-.5 31.3
32.3 3-.4 2.3 33.&
33.4
31935
31935
3-.4
5493-.4
5&.2933.4
3
4.394.-
-.592.-
3&.4
%3.-9%4.1
32.493%.3
A*tfe$ )entu i(entificaea )e7entei untuii in unt *e f!$!*e*te +et!(a 5!+e9Li+)ic= cae *e
#a7ea7a )e (ifeentieea )uncte$! (e t!)ie.
Re7u$tate$e !#tinute *unt )e7entate in ta#e$u$ 5.
Ta#e$u$ 5. 1aiatia )unctu$ui (e t!)ie a$ "$icei(e$! *i a$ aci7i$! "a*i in functie (e natua *i
)uitatea "a*i+ii
Punct (e
t!)ie a$
"$icei(e$!
/T"0
5- " "a*i+e
(in unt
5- " "a*i+e
unt L 1-C
"a*i+e (e )!c
5- " "a*i+e
unt L2-C
"a*i+e (e )!c
Ga*i+e (e )!c
Punct (e
t!)ie a$
aci7i$!
"a*i
Difeenta
)uncte$!
(e t!)ie
/(0
T" L 2(
31.%932.4 31.4932.1 -.29-.4 31.3933.&
31.%932.4 31.4932.1 -.29-.4 31.3933.&
34.2935.5
32.3934.3
31.2933.4
3-.4931.5
2.193.4
1.&93.2
3&.3
33.19%-
3.3. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI GRASIMII DE 1ACA /SEUL0
E6i*tenta in unt a unei cantitati +ai +ai (e 12C *eu *au u$eiui 'i(!"enate *e ecun!a*te (u)a
c!ntinutu$ in "$icei(e "eu *!$u#i$e in ete. Pentu i(entificae2 (in "a*i+ea t!)ita $a 4-E5-- C *e
13
cantae*c 31 " int9un #a$!n cu fun(u$ !tun( 1-- +L2 $a ca$(. Se c!+)$etea7a cu ete )ana $a *e+n *i *e
a*ea7a int9! #aie (e a)a $a ! te+)eatua (e 15- C2 a"itan(u9*e )utenic2 #a$!nu$ fiin( #ine a*tu)tat. In
c!ntinuae2 #a$!nu$ *e a"ita )utenic2 (in !a in !a2 +entinan(u9*e )e #aia (e a)a ti+) (e (!ua !e.
Daca nu *e f!+ea7a un )eci)itat2 "a*i+ea e*)ecti,a nu ae *eu2 (aca in*a a)ae un )eci)itat
c'ia in cantitati f!ate +ici2 "a*i+ea c!ntine un a(a!* (e *eu (e )ana $a 12C. Din cantitatea "$icei(e$!
*e)aate *e (e(uce cantitatea (e *eu a(au"ata2 c!nf!+ ta#e$u$ui 3.
Ta#e$ 3. C!e$atia (inte cantitatea (e "$icei(e *i cantitatea (e *eu a(au"ata
G$icei(e
*e)aate2"
Cantitatea (e *eu a(au"ata $a
1-- " "a*i+e (e unt
- 4.-
- 5.3
- 5.&
1 5.5
2 5.5
3 -.3
4 -.3
5
1-
15
2-
3-
4-
5-
3.4. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI MARGARINEI IN UNT
Ma"aine$e *unt )!(u*e a$i+entae "a*e2 cu un c!ntinut (e +ini+u+ 4-C "a*i+e2 !#tinute )in
a+e*tecaea cu u$eiui f$ui(e2 'i(!"enate *i "a*i+i *!$i(e *au *e+i*!$i(e /,e"eta$e *au ani+a$e0.
Fa7a a)!a*a /(i*)e*ata0 e)e7inta +a6i+u+ 13.3C *i e*te f!+ata (in a)a *au a)a *i $a)te /39
1-C0. Ma"aina c!ntine *i ! *eie (e a(iti,i@ e+u$"at!i2 ,ita+ine2 a!+ati7anti *i c!n*e,anti. A,an( !
c!+)!7itie a*e+anat!ae cu cea a untu$ui /ta#e$u$ %02 +a"aina e*te un )!tentia$ in$!cuit! a$ ace*tuia2
fec,ent f!$!*it $a fau(aea untu$ui.
Ana$i7a *en7!ia$a nu e*te int!t(eauna e$e,anta2 intucat +a"aina )!ate *a c!ntina ! *eie (e
c!+)u*i 8i(entic natua$i: /H9ca!ten2 (iaceti$2 aci( acetic *.a.0 cae *e "a*e*c in +!( n!+a$ in unt *i cauia
ii c!nfea in*u*ii *en7!ia$e a*e+anat!ae.
Ta#e$u$ %. C!+)!7itia c'i+ica a +a"ainei *i a untu$ui
14
C!+)!nente$e
Mateii "a*e
Su#*tante )!teice
>i(ati (e ca#!n
Cenu*aL*ae
F!*fati(e
A)a
C!ntinutu$2 C
Ma"ainaUnt
42944
-.59-.%4
-.39-.%5
-.1592.--
-.-5
J13.-
42944
-.591-.-
-.191.-
-.2592.-
-.%5
J13.-
A*a cu+ *9a +enti!nat antei!2 (ete+inaea natuii *i *tuctuii aci$"$ice!$!$! *i a aci7i$! "a*i2
)ecu+ *i in(ici$! ce caactei7ea7a fa7a "a*a2 in(e!*e#i a in(ici$! (e *a)!nificae2 Reic'e9Mei**$ *i
P!$en*=e2 !fea ce$e +ai c!nc$u(ente inf!+atii2 )entu (ece$aea fa$*ificaii. Cei$a$ti in(ici )ecu+@
)unctu$ (e t!)ie2 in(ice$e (e efactie2 in(ice$e (e i!(2 !fein( (!a inf!+atii a<utat!ae2 (e!aece in ca7u$
+a"aine$! ,a$!ea $! (e)in(e in )inci)a$ (e "a(u$ (e 'i(!"enae a "a*i+i$! (in cae )!,in.
Pe (e a$ta )ate2 )entu ca aci7ii "a*i natua$i in +!( !#i*nuit *e "a*e*c *u# f!+a (e ci*2 )in
'i(!"enae fiin( tan*f!+ati )atia$ in f!+a tan*2 )e7enta ace*t!a in unt c!n*tituie ! (!,a(a a
fa$*ificaii untu$ui cu +a"aina *au cu a$te "a*i+i 'i(!"enate.
3.5. DIFERENTIEREA ULEIURILOR DIN SEMINTE2 DE ULEIURILE
DIN FRUCTE SAU GRASIMI ANIMALE
In ace*t *c!) *e a)e$ea7a $a eactia 5e$$ie2 u$eiui$e (e *e+inte (an( ! eactie )!7iti,a2 *e c!$!ea7a
)ana $a a$#a*tu9,i!$et2 ia *tatu$ aci( in "a$#en2 in +a6i+u+ 5 *ecun(e2 in ti+) ce u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine *i
"a*i+i$e ani+a$e nu *e c!$!ea7a in ti+)u$ c!n*i(eat (e 5 *ecun(e.
P!ce(eu$ c!n*ta in u+at!ae$e@ 5 +$ u$ei (e u$ei *au "a*i+e t!)ita *e tatea7a cu 5 +$ >NO3
/(N1.450 *i 5 +$ (e *!$utie (e e7!cina *atuata $a ece in #en7en. A+e*tecu$ *e a"ita ti+) (e *ecun(e int9
un ci$in(u cu (!) !(at. In )e7enta u$eiu$ui (in *e+inte a)ae i+e(iat ! c!$!atie ce tece in )atua
#en7enica.
Pentu i(entificaea fiecaui ti) (e u$ei *e a)e$ea7a $a eactii *)ecific. A*tfe$ )entu i(entificaea
u$eiu$ui (e *u*an *i +a*$ine *e a)e$ea7a $a eactii cu c$!ua *tan!a*a /eacti,u$ 5e$tin(!f0 *au cu a)a
!6i"enata *i aci( *u$fuic /+et!(a Oei**02 i(entificaea u$eiu$ui (e #u+#ac *e face cu a<ut!u$ eactiei
>a)'en.
Pe7enta $i)i(e$! )!,enite (e $a ani+a$e +aine *e (ete+ina fie cu eactia T!te$$i9Paffa cae
i(entifica )e7enta e"!*te!$u$ui (in u$eiu$ (e )e*te cu eacti,u$ >anu*2 u$eiui$e (e )e*te (an( ! c!$!atie
,e(e9inc'i*a cu *!$utie (e #!+9c$!!f!+2 )e can( ce$e$a$te u$eiui nu *e c!$!ea7a2 *au cu a<ut!u$
eactiei Pan!)u!$u* /eacti,e Ca9Pice2S#C$3 *i c'$!!f!+0 )entu i(entificaea u$eiui$! (e )e*te
'?(!"enate.
I(entificaea u$eiui$! *!$i(ificate in "a*i+i$e a$i+entae *e #a7ea7a )e (ete+inaea un! aci7i
ne*atuati *!$i7i2 in(e!*e#i a aci(u$ui e$ai(inic /aci( i7!9!$eic02 cae *e )eci)ita cu acetat #a*ic (e )$u+#.
Peci)itatu$ *e (i7!$,a in a$c!!$9aci( acetic *i a)!i *e (ete+ina in(ice$e (e i!( /)eci)itatu$ (i7!$,at *e
15
tatea7a in e6ce* cu ! *!$utie a$c!!$ica (e i!(2 ia e6ce*u$ (e i!( *e titea7a cu ! *!$utie (e ti!*u$fat (e
*!(iu+ -.1 N2 in )e7enta a+i(!nu$ui ca in(icat!2 in )aa$e$ efectuan(u9*e *i ! )!#a +at!0.
3.3. IDENTIFICAREA PRE.ENTEI ULEIURILOR 1EGETALE
Pe7enta u$eiui$! ,e"eta$e in "a*i+i$e (e !i"ine ani+a$ *e e,i(entia7a a*tfe$@ ! cantitate (e 5 "
"a*i+e *e tatea7a cu 5 +$ aci( acetic c!ncentate *i cu ! *!$utie *atuate $a ece (e e7!cina in #en7en.
Daca in ti+) (e 5 *ecun(e *e f!+ea7a ! c!$!atie !*ie2 ,i!$eta *au ,e(e2 *e e*ti+ea7a )e7enta u$eiui$!
,e"eta$eB c!$!atii$e ce a)a +ai ta7iu nu *e iau in c!n*i(eae.
P!ce(eu$ (e*cie te#uie c!n*i(eat ca un te*t ca$itati,2 e7u$tate e(ificat!ae !#tinan(u9*e )in
(ete+inai cantitati,e2 cu+ e*te (e e6e+)$u (!7aea fit!*te!$i$! /H9*it!*te!$u$2 *ti"+a*te!$u$ *.a.0.
E6i*ta *i )!*i#i$itatea i(entificaii )e7entei un! u$eiui +inea$e cu+ *unt@ )aafina2 ,a*e$ina2 ce$e (in
a*ini *i "u(!ane *.a. Intucat f!$!*iea $! $a fa$*ificaea u$eiui$! a$i+entae ae ! inci(enta e6te+e (e
aa2 nu e*te uti$ )e7entaea )!ce(ee$! (e (ece$ae a ace*t!a.
In )e7ent2 (e!aece )actici$e fau(u$!a*e au e,!$uat *i au (e,enit (in ce in ce +ai ane,!i!* (e
(ece$at2 e,i(entieea $! *e ea$i7ea7a cu +et!(e n!i #a7ate )e ce$e +ai ecente )!"e*e *tiintifice *i
ana$itice.
Ta#e$u$ 4. Met!(e +!(ene (e autentificae a u$eiu$ui (e +a*$ine *i (e i(entificae a fa$*ificai$!
13
Met!(a ana$itica
1
C!+at!"afica >PLC
S)ect!*c!)ica FT9IR
S)ect!*c!)ica NMR
U1
C!+at!"afica GC
Paa+etii (ete+inati
2
Ti"$icei(e2c$!!fi$e
9
SGua$eni2*te!$i
235
O
Aci7ii "a*i
C!+at!"afica >RGC
C!+at!"afica >RGC
Sti"+a*ta(iene
Sti"+a*ta(iene
A)$ica#i$itate
3
Dece$eaea u$eiu$ui #ut (e ce$
afinat
Dece$eaea u$eiu$ui #ut (e ce$
afinat
Dece$eaea u$eiu$ui (e te*c!,ina
(e +a*$ine (e ce$ afinat
Dece$eaea u$eiu$ui #ut /,i"in0
(e ce$ afinat
I(entificaea u$eiu$ui afinat (e
+a*$ine
Dece$eaea u$eiu$ui (e +a*$ine
(in te*c!,ina *i a u$eiu$ui afinat
in u$eiu$ #ut (e +a*$ine
Dece$aea u$eiu$ui afinat (e a$une
in u$eiu$ #ut (e +a*$ine
Dece$aea u$eiu$ui (e f$!aea
*!ae$ui cu c!ntinut i(icat (e
aci( !$eic in u$eiu$ #ut (e +a*$ine
Dece$aea u$eiu$ui (e f$!aea
*!ae$ui cu c!ntinut i(icat (e
aci( !$eic in u$eiu$ #ut (e +a*$ine
I(entificaea u$eiu$ui (e +a*$ine
!#tinut )in )e*ae *au
centifu"ae
I(entificaea u$eiu$ui (e f$!aea
*!ae$ui2 (e *!ia2 (e )a$+ie *i (in
*e+inte$e (e *tu"ue in u$eiu$
#ut (e +a*$ine
I(entificaea u$eiu$ui (e "e+eni
(e )!u+#2 (e #u+#ac2 (e f$!aea
*!ae$ui2 (e a)ita2 (e *!ia in
u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine
I(entificaea u$eiui$! c!+e*ti#i$e
e*teificate
Dece$aea fa$*ificaii u$eiu$ui (e
+a*$ine #ut cu u$ei (e a)ita2 (e
*!ia2f$!aea *!ae$ui2 *e+inte (e
*tu"ue
I(entificaea un! ,aietati (e
+a*$ine (in (i,e*e 7!ne
"e!"afice
I(entificaea u$eiu$ui #ut (e
+a*$ine2 u$eiu$ui $a+)ant (e
+a*$ine2 u$eiu$ui (in *e+inte (e
*tu"ui2 u$eiu$ui (e f$!aea
*!ae$ui #!"at in aci(
!$eic2u$eiu$ui (e *!ia
I(entificaea u$eiu$ui (e f$!aea
*!ae$ui *i a u$eiu$ui (e )!u+# in
u$eiu$ (e +a*$ine
I(entificaea u$eiui$! (e +a*$ine
(e (i,e*e ,aietati eu!)ene
Difeentieea u$eiu$ui #ut (e
+a*$ine (e ce$e$a$te u$eiui
c!+e*ti#i$e
C!+at!"afica >RGC Sti"+a*ta(iene
FT9Ra+an Seii (e c!+)u*i
C!+at!"afica >RGC A$c!!$ii a$ifatici
C!+at!"afica LC9GC Sit!*te!$Dca+)e*te!$
C!+at!"afica >PLC
C!+at!"afica LC9GC
Tiaci$"$ice!$i
Aci( )a$+itic in )!7itia 2
C!+at!"afica LC9GC Ste!$i
C!+at!"afica GC C!+)u*ii ,!$ati$i
C!+at!"afica RP9>PLC T!c!fe!$i2t!c!tien!$i
C!+at!"afica GC
C!+at!"afica >RGC
Ste!$i
Seii (e c!+)u*i
S)ect!*c!)ica FT9IR Seii (e c!+)u*i
Ta#e$u$ &. Met!(e +!(ene (e autentificae a u$eiui$! *i (e i(entificae a fa$*ificai$!
1%
Met!(a ana$itica
1
Paa+etii (ete+inati
2
Aci(u$ $in!$enic2
c!ncentatia aci7i$! "a*i
(in )!7itia 2 a ti"$icei(e$!
5a*ica*te!$u$
Ga+a9t!c!fe!$u$
De$ta9t!c!fe!$u$
C DC
Aci(u$ )a$+itic/C @ 0
C *i C
C 2C 2C 2C
Aci(u$ !$eic /C 0 @
13
A)$ica#i$itate
3
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii u$eiu$ui (e
a$une *i f$!aea *!ae$ui cu u$ei (e
*!ia *i a)ita
Dece$eaea u$eiu$ui (e a)ita in
u$eiu$ (e f$!aea *!ae$ui *au a$une
I(entificaea u$eiu$ui (e *!ia in
u$eiu$ (e f$!aea *!ae$ui
Dece$eaea u$eiu$ui (e *!ia in u$eiu$
(e aa'i(e
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii u$eiu$ui (e
*!fane$ cu u$ei (e f$!aea *!ae$ui
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii u$eiu$ui (e
#u+#ac cu u$ei (e )a$+ie
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii u$eiu$ui (e
#u+#ac cu !$eina (e )a$+ie
Dece$eaea a+e*tecu$ui u$eiui$!
(e )a$+ie *i (e c!c!*
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii u$eiu$ui (e
)a$+ie cu !$eina (e )a$+ie
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii u$eiui$! (e
)!u+# cu a$te u$eiui c!+ecia$e
Dece$eaea fa$*ificaii u$eiu$ui (e
*!ia cu u$ei (e a)ita
C!+at!"afica GC
C!+at!"afica GC
C!+at!"afica
>PLC
C!+at!"afica
>PLC
C!+at!"afica LC9
GC
C!+at!"afica GC
C!+at!"afica LC9
GC
C!+at!"afica LC9
GC
C!+at!"afica GC
S)ect!*c!)ica
C!+at!"afica GC
CD C
12

@ 0 Aci(u$ Aci(u$ !$eic /C
$in!$eic /C 0 @
CAPITOLUL I1. NORME DE PROTECTIA MUNCII
4.1. SECURITATEA SI SANATATEA IN MUNCA
Pentu )e,eniea acci(ente$! (e +unca *i i+#!$na,ii$! )!fe*i!na$e in $a#!at!ae$e *c!$ae *e
)!t $ua u+at!ae$e +a*ui@
a. Inainte (e ince)eea e6)eiente$!@
14
A E6)eiente$e $a cae *e uti$i7ea7a cuent e$ectic2 $a ten*iuni ce )!t fi )eicu$!a*e2
,! fi efectuate nu+ai (e cate )!fe*!u$ (e *)ecia$itate2 a<utat (e un $a#!ant2
cun!*cat! a$ $ucai$! (e $a#!at! *i a$ n!+e$! (e )!tecti,e a +unciiB
De )e $!cu$ in cae *e (e*fa*!aa e6)eiente$e *e ,! in(e)ata t!ate !#iecte$e cae
nu *unt nece*aeB
Pati$e +eta$ice a$e a)aate$! cae a )utea inta acci(enta$ *u# ten*iune ,! fi $e"ate
$a )a+ant.
A
A
#. In ti+)u$ (e*fa*uaii e6)eiente$!@
A In ti+)u$ e6)eiente$!2 )e +a*a (e $ucu nu *e ,a "a*i2 in afaa )ati$! c!+)!nente
a$e +!nta<u$ui2 nici un !#iect cae a )utea acci(enta$2 antena $e"atui$e +!nta<u$ui
*au a )utea *ta#i$i c!ntactu$ cu )ati$e af$ate *u# ten*iuneB
Cei ce efectuea7a e6)ei+ente$e ,! a,ea ! i+#aca+inte a(ec,ata /*tan*a )e c!)2
+aneci #ine inc'eiate02 (e )efeinta 'a$ate (e $a#!at!B
E*te inte7i*a )aa*iea *au $a*aea faa *u)a,e"'ee a +!nta<u$ui (e ten*iuneB
Pentu )e,eniea acci(ente$! (u)a te+inaea e6)eiente$!2 +!nta<u$ ,a fi *c!*
!#$i"at!iu (e *u# ten*iune.
A
A
A
c. La $ucai$e (e $a#!at! un(e *e f!$!*e*c *u#*tante c'i+ice@
A Lucai$e (e $a#!at! *i a)$icatii$e )actice *e efectuea7a cu cantitati$e (e *u#*tanta2
cu c!ncentatii$e2 cu ,a*e$e *i a)aate$e in(icate in )!ce(ua2 in +anua$ *i in
in*tuctiuni$e (e f!$!*ie a +ateia$e$! e*)ecti,e2 (u)a ce in )ea$a#i$ )!fe*!u$
*au +ai*tu$ in*tuct! a ,eificat e6actitatea (ate$!B
Efectuaea e6)eiente$! e*te )e+i*a nu+ai (u)a ,eificaea )ea$a#i$a a a)aatuii
e*)ecti,eB
Efectuaea e6)eiente$! in ,a*e +u(ae e*te inte7i*a2 i+e(iat (u)a te+inaea
e6)eientei ,a*e$e uti$i7ate te#uie *a fie *)a$ateB
1a*e$e (e $a#!at! *e *)a$a cu a+e*tecui !6i(ante *au (ete"ent *i a)a (i*ti$ata faa
*a uti$i7e7e ni*i)u$2 cae )!,!aca fi*ui *i $a inca$7ie *tic$a *e ,a *)a"e u*!B
1a*e$e cae c!ntin *u#*tante t!6ice ,! )uta etic'ete a,eti7!ae *i ,! fi )a*tate $a
$!cui *i"ue2 *u# c'eie. Nu e*te )e+i*a (e)!7itaea a$atuata a ,a*e$! cu *u#*tante
cae )!(uc eactii ,i!$ente )in c!ntactB nu e*te )e+i*a )a*taea *u#*tante$! in
,a*e neetic'etateB
La i(entificaea *u#*tante$! )entu e6)eiente2 *e cite*te cu atentie etic'etaB (aca
e6i*ta cea +ai +ica in(!ia$a a*u)a c!ntinutu$ui unui ,a*2 ace*ta *e ,a ti+ite
$a#!antu$ui (e ana$i7e c'i+ice )entu i(entificaeB
A
A
A
A
A
1&
A
E$e,i$! $e e*te inte7i* *a "u*te *au *a +i!a*a *u#*tante$e2 *a *e a)$ece a*u)a
,a*e$! faa a,i7u$ )!fe*!u$ui (e *)ecia$itate2 (e!aece actiunea +u$t! *u#*tante
e*te )utenic t!6ica2 c'ia (aca acea*ta nu e*te +anife*tata i+e(iatB
T!ate *u#*tante$e c'i+ice *e )a*tea7a in (u$a)ui incuiateB nu e*te )e+i*a
in*tainaea *u#*tante$! (in $a#!at!B
Putaea !c'e$ai$! (e )!tectie e*te !#$i"at!ie $a t!ate e6)eiente$e cu *u#*tante
c'i+ice a"e**i,eB
E)u#eta in cae *e inca$7e*te un $ic'i( *e tine inc$inata /nu *)e ce$ cae $ucea7a2
*au *)e ,ecin0B (e a*e+enea2 e)u#eta nu te#uie inca$7ita nu+ai $a )atea (e <!*2 ci
)e t!ata $un"i+ea !cu)ata (e *u#*tantaB *u*tineea e)u#etei *e ,a face cu un *u))!t
*)ecia$ c!n*tuit2 nu i+)!,i7atB
Ra+a*ite$e *u#*tante$! )eicu$!a*e /+eta$e a$ca$ine2 f!*f!2 #a7e2 *u#*tante
cau*tice0 nu *e aunca $a inta+)$ae2 ci *e)aate in ,a*e (e*tinate ace*tui *c!)2 )entu
a fi a)!i cat +ai e)e(e neuta$i7ate /facute in!fen*i,e )in +et!(e c!e*)un7at!ae0.
A
A
A
A
(. La +anuiea eci)iente$! cu aci7i c!ncentati *au a+!niac@
A 1a*e$e +ai te#uie tinute in a+#a$a<e inte"e2 etan*e *i (in +ateia$ e7i*tente $a
c!ntinutB
Tunaea $ic'i(e$! *e face nu+ai )in )a$nieB
Aci(u$ c$!'i(ic c!ncentat2 aci(u$ a7!tic2 *!$utii$e c!ncentate a+!niac2etc. te#uie
tunate *u# ni*a
La (i$uaea aci(u$ui *u$fuic c!ncentat2 *e t!ana a)a a)!i incet aci(u$B
Daca int9un $a#!at! *au int9! *a$a (e c$a*a *e )!(uce2 (int9! cau7a !aecae2 !
cantitate (e *u#*tante "a7!a*e *au (e ,a)!i t!6ici /e6. *)a"eea unui ,a* cu #!+2 a
unei #ute$ii (e aci( a7!tic c!ncentate *au (efectaea !#inetu$ui $a un #a$!n cu c$!02
c!nc!+itent cu e,acuaea ce$! )e7enti (in inca)ee /faa )anica02 *e (e*c'i(
fee*te$e )entu aei*iea c!+)$eta a inca)eii2 *e inc'i( u*i$e )entu a )e,eni
i+)a*tieea "a7e$! *i *e inteu) e,entua$e$e *u*e (e ca$(uaB
La ince)utu$ *i *fa*itu$ !icaei e6)eiente2 +aini$e *e *)a$a cu a)a *i *a)un.
A
A
A
A
A
e. La f!$!*iea "a7e$! *i a ,a)!i$! inf$a+a#i$i@
A >i(!"enu$ /ca *i "a7e$e *au ,a)!ii inf$a+a#i$i0 nu *e a)in(e (iect $a a)aatu$ cae
i$ )!(uceB
Mai intai *e u+)$e ! e)u#eta cu "a7 *i nu+ai (aca ace*ta e*te )u *i *e a)in(e
$ini*tit2 faa e6)$!7ie2 *e a*ea7a e)u#eta $a !#inetu$ (e ie*ie (in a)aat )entu
a)in(eea "a7u$ui )!(u*B
A
2-
A
Reteaua (e "a7e c!+#u*ti#i$e a $a#!at!u$ui te#uie *a ai#a un !#inet centa$2 cae
*a )e+ita !)iea *i+u$tana a a$i+entaii cu "a7e a tutu! *a$i$! ia $!cu$
!#inetu$ui ,a fi cun!*cut (e t!ti cei cae *e $ucea7a in $a#!at!B
1eificaea *i e)aaea c!n(ucte$!2 !#inete$! *i #ecui$! (e "a7 te#uie *a fie
facuta ce$ )utin ! (ata )e $una2 (e )e*!na$ ca$ificat.
A
f. La +ane,aea a)aate$! (e inca$7ie /*u*e$e (e ca$(ua0
A La )$ecaea (in $a#!at!2 c'ia *i )entu *cut ti+)2 e*te inte7i* *a *e $a*e a)in*e
#ecui (e "a72 $a+)i cu *)it *au cu a$te a)aate (e inca$7ieB
In ca7u$ in cae *e (e*c!)ea )ie(ei (e "a7e c!+#u*ti$e /cu +i!* *)ecific0 *au
,a)!i (e #en7ina2 *e )!ce(ea7a a*tfe$@
6 Se *tin" t!ate #ecui$e (e "a7 (e $a ,enti$u$ )inci)a$ )ecu+ *i
ce$e$a$te *u*e (e inca$7ieB
6 C!nc!+itent cu e,acuaea )e*!ane$! (in ca+ea2 *e inc'i(
A
fee*te$e *au "ui$e (e ,enti$ae *i a)!i *e inc'i( u*i$eB *e aei*e*te
inca)eea )ana $a (i*)aitia c!+)$eta a +i!*u$ui (e "a7B
6 Nu *e a)in(e *i nici nu *e *tin"e $u+ina e$ecticaB
6 Se cauta *u*e$e (e *cu"ee a "a7u$ui *au ,a)!i$! /"anitui
(efecte2 !#inete (e*c'i*e2 tu#ui (e cauciuc *au c!n(ucte )ef!ate0
*i *e iau +a*ui$e nece*ae )entu in(e)ataea (efecte$!B
A
La inte#uintaea #ecui$! (e "a7 *e u+ae*te ca a)in(eea *a *e faca te)tat *i
f$acaa *a nu )atun(a in intei!u$ #ecu$uiB (aca f$acaa t!tu*i )atun(e2 *e inc'i(e
!#inetu$2 *e $a*a #ecu$ *a *e acea*ca c!+)$et *i nu+ai (u)a aceea *e a)in(e (in
n!u2 +ic*!an( in )ea$a#i$ cuentu$ (e ae.
". La inte#uintaea $a+)i$! *au #ecui$! in cae c!+#u*ti#i$u$ ,ine *u# )e*iune /#ec (e
*)it2$a+)a (e #en7ina0@
A
A
Sa nu *e inte#uinte7e #en7ina )entu a)aate$e cae functi!nea7a cu a$c!!$u$ *au
)et!$u$ $a+)antB
Sa *e +entina a)aatu$ (e inca$7it in !(ine *i cuatenieB inainte (e fiecae a)in(eeB
(u7e$e /!ificii$e0 )entu teceea ,a)!i$! inf$a+a#i$i ,! fi cuate2 c!nt!$an(u9*e
(aca a)aatu$ c!ntine ! cantitate *uficienta (e c!+#u*ti#i$B
Sa nu faca a(eea c!+)$eta a c!+#u*ti#i$u$ui2 (e!aece (aca intea"a cantitate (e
$ic'i( e*te e)ui7ata2 (in (u7e ie*e un a+e*tec e6)$!7i#i$2 f!+at (in ,a)!ii
c!+#u*ti#i$u$ui cu ae cae )!,!aca ! e6)$!7ie )eicu$!a*aB
Sa *e !#*e,e (aca ,enti$u$ /*u)a)a0 (e *i"uanta functi!nea7a a*tfe$ incat )e*iunea
(in e7e,!u$ a)aatu$ui *a nu *e i(ice )e*te cea n!+a$a *i t!t!(ata *a *e
c!nt!$e7e ca e7e,!u$ *a nu fie inca$7it.
21
A
A
'. La e6)eiente$e cae )!t )!,!ca e6)$!7ii2 *t!)ii *au i+)a*tiei ,i!$ente (e *u#*tante@
A In ca7u$ e6)eiente$! cu ,a*e in cae *e )!t (e7,!$ta )e*iuni )eicu$!a*e2 te#uie
$uate +a*ui (e )!tectie *)ecia$a c!nta i+)a*tieii ci!#ui$! in ca7 (e *)a"ee2
)in in"a(iea cu )$a*e +eta$ice *au cu )aa,ane (e *tic$a a+ataB
La )e"atiea a+e*tecui$! !6i(ante *e faa+itea7a !6i(antii in *tae )ua2 fecan(u9
*e cu )ecautie (!7e +ici int9un +!<a a#*!$ut cuatB a+e*tecae a!6i(anti$! cu a$te
*u#*tante faa+itate nu *e face nici!(ata )in fecae in +!<a2 ci )in a"itae int9un
f$ac!n *au )in a+e*tecae cu ! *)atu$a *au ! $in"uita (e !* )e ! f!aie ,e$ina cetata.
A
i. La f!$!*iea *tic$aiei (e $a#!at!@
A
Int!(uceea unui (!) (e )$uta *au (e cauciuc int9un tu# (e *tic$a *e face tinan(u9*e
tu#u$ cu +ana cat +ai a)!a)e (e ca)atu$ (e int!(u* /+ana infa*uata int9! #ati*ta
*i faa a f!ta tu#u$0B
Atunci can( *e int!(uce un (!) int9un ,a* cu )eetii *u#tii2 ,a*u$ nu *e tine )e
+a*a2 ci (e "at *i cat +ai a)!a)e (e $!cu$ (e int!(ucee a (!)u$uiB
Inca$7iea *u#*tante$! in ,a*e (e $a#!at! cu )eetii *u#tii *e face )e ! *ita *u#
a"itae c!ntinuaB
5a$!ane$e2 )a'ae$e *i ce$e$a$te ,a*e in cae *e af$a $ic'i( fie#inte nu *e )un (iect
)e +a*a2 ci )e ! )$atca (in +ateia$ te+!i7!$antB
Pa'ae$e +ai cu $ic'i( *e i(ica nu+ai cu a+#e$e +aini *i *e tin in a*a fe$2 ca
+a"ini$e a*fante a$e )a'au$ui *a *e *)i<ine )e (e"ete$e +ai *i )e (e"ete$e
aatat!aeB
Pin(eea in *tati,e a #a$!ane$! (e (i*ti$ae2 a #iuete$! *i a efi"eente$! *e
efectuea7a cu a<ut!u$ c$e+e$! )e,a7ute cu a)aat!i (e )$uta *au cauciuc.
A
A
A
A
A
5I5LIOGRAFIE
1. Ac=ut F.2 O7(e+i M.2 5iin"en M2 L!=e G.2 1&&&2 Effect* !f "e!"a)'ica$ !i"in an( ,aiet?
!n ,ita+in an( +inea$ c!+)!*iti!n !f 'a7e$nut/C!?$u* a,e$$ana L.0 ,aiet? cu$ti,ate( in
Tu=e?23523-&9313.
2. 5aeten 1.2 Piena P.A.F2 Da(enne P2 Meuen* M2 Gacia9G!n7a$e7 D.L2 A)aici!9Rui7
F.22--52 Detecti!n !f t'e )e*ence !f 'a7e$nut !i$ in !i$i,e !i$ #?t FT9Ra+an an( FT9M
*)ect!*c!)?2 P!una$ !f A"icu$tua$ an( F!!( C'e+i*t?253232-1932-3.
22
3. Ca)!te F.P.2 Pi+ene7 P.R.2 LuGue (e Ca*t! M.D.22--%2 SeGuentia$ /*te)9#?9*te)0 (etecti!n2
i(entificati!n an( Guantitati!n !f e6ta ,i"in !$i,e !i$ a(u$teati!n2 c'e!+etic teate+ent !f
c'!+at!"a)'ic )!fi$e*2 Ana$?tica$ an( 5?!ana$?tica$ C'e+i*t?2 3442 145&91435.
4. C'ia,a! E.2 1itta(ini E.2 R!(i"ue79E*ta(a M.T.2 Ceetani L.2 5en(ini A2 Diffeentia$
*cannin" ca$!i+ete a))$icati!n t! t'e (etecti!n !f efine( 'a7e$nut !i$ in e6ta ,i"in !$i,e !i$2
F!!( C'e+i*t?2 11-2 2449253.
5. Ci+at! A.2 De$$! M!nac! D.2 Di*tante C.2 E)ifani M.2 Sici$ian! P.2 Tauin! A.M.2 Ana$?*i* !f
*in"$e9cu$ti,a e6ta ,i"in !$i,e !i$* #? +ean* !f an e$ect!nic n!*e an( >PLDSPMEDGCDMS
+et'!(*2 Sen*!* an( Actuat!* 52 1142 3%4934-.
3. 666 Eu!)ean C!++unitie*2 1&&42 C!++i**i!n Re"u$ati!n /EC0 N! 2415D&4 c!ncenin"
+a=etin" *tan(a(* f! !$i,e !i$*2 Officia$ P!una$ !f t'e Eu!)ean C!++unitie*
%. 666 Re"u$a+entu$ui CEE n 2534D&1 a$ UE )i,in( caactei*tici$e u$eiui$! (e +a*$ine *i a$e
u$eiui$! (in e*tui (e +a*$ine +!(ificat )in Re"u$a+entu$ CE n.1&4&D2--3.
4. 666 Re"u$a+entu$ /CE0 n.1&4&D2--3 a$ UE (e +!(ificae a Re"u$a+entu$ui /CEE0 N 2534D&1
)i,in( caactei*tici$e u$eiui$! (e +a*$ine *i a$e u$eiui$! (in e7i(uui +a*$ine2 )ecu+ *i
+et!(e$e (e ana$i7a e$e,ante.
&. Di+itie C. C!n*tantin2 Met!(e *i te'nici (e c!nt!$ a$e )!(u*e$! a$i+entae *i (in a$i+entatia
)u#$ica2 E(. Cee*2 5ucue*ti2 1&4-
1-. 5u$ancea M. Ga#ie$a Ra)eanu2 Met!(e (e (ete+inae a fa$*ificai$! )!(u*e$! a$i+entae2
E(. Fun(atiei Uni,e*itae 8Dunaea (e P!*:9Ga$ati22--1
11. Micea 5u$ancea2 Autentificaea *i e6)eti7aea *i i(entificaea fa$*ificai$! )!(u*e$!
a$i+entae2 E(. Aca(e+ica2 2--2.
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