http://ebook.here.

vn - Th vin Bi ging, thi trc nghim

Phng php gii bi tp v in phn
Bin son H Ch Tun - H Y H Ni
I NHC LI L THUYT
1) in phn cht in li nng chy: p dng i vi MCl
n
, M(OH)
n
v Al
2
O
3
(M l kim loi
nhm IA v IIA)
2) in phn dung dch cht in li trong nc:
- Vai tr ca nc: trc ht l dung mi ha tan cc cht in phn, sau c th tham gia trc
tip vo qu trnh in phn:
+ Ti catot (cc m) H
2
O b kh: 2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH

+ Ti anot (cc dng) H
2
O b oxi ha: 2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
- Ti catot (cc m) xy ra qu trnh kh M
+
, H
+
(axit), H
2
O theo quy tc:
+ Cc cation nhm IA, IIA, Al
3+
khng b kh (khi H
2
O b kh)
+ Cc ion H
+
(axit) v cation kim loi khc b kh theo th t trong dy th in cc chun (ion c
tnh oxi ha mnh hn b kh trc): M
n+
+ ne M
+ Cc ion H
+
(axit) d b kh hn cc ion H
+
(H
2
O)

+ V d khi in phn dung dch hn hp cha FeCl
3
, CuCl
2
v HCl th th t cc ion b kh l:
Fe
3+
+ 1e Fe
2+
; Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu ; 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
; Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe
- Ti anot (cc dng) xy ra qu trnh oxi ha anion gc axit, OH

(baz kim), H
2
O theo quy tc:
+ Cc anion gc axit c oxi nh NO
3
, SO
4
2
, PO
4
3
, CO
3
2
, ClO
4
khng b oxi ha
+ Cc trng hp khc b oxi ha theo th t: S
2
> I

> Br

> Cl

> RCOO

> OH

> H
2
O
3) nh lut Faraday
m =
Trong :
+ m: khi lng cht gii phng in cc (gam)
+ A: khi lng mol ca cht thu c in cc
+ n: s electron trao i in cc
+ I: cng dng in (A)
+ t: thi gian in phn (s)
+ F: hng s Faraday l in tch ca 1 mol electron hay in lng cn thit 1 mol electron
chuyn di trong mch catot hoc anot (F = 1,602.10
-19
.6,022.10
23
96500 C.mol
-1
)
II MT S C S GII BI TP V IN PHN
- Khi lng catot tng chnh l khi lng kim loi to thnh sau in phn bm vo
- m (dung dch sau in phn) = m (dung dch trc in phn) (m kt ta + m kh)
- gim khi lng ca dung dch: m = (m kt ta + m kh)
- Khi in phn cc dung dch:
+ Hiroxit ca kim loi hot ng ha hc mnh (KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)
2
,)
+ Axit c oxi (HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, HClO
4
,)
http://ebook.here.vn - Th vin Bi ging, thi trc nghim
+ Mui to bi axit c oxi v baz kim (KNO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
,)
Thc t l in phn H
2
O cho H
2
( catot) v O
2
( anot)
- Khi in phn dung dch vi anot l mt kim loi khng tr (khng phi Pt hay in cc than ch)
th ti anot ch xy ra qu trnh oxi ha in cc
- C th c cc phn ng ph xy ra gia tng cp: cht to thnh in cc, cht tan trong dung
dch, cht dng lm in cc. V d:
+ in phn nng chy Al
2
O
3
(c Na
3
AlF
6
) vi anot lm bng than ch th in cc b n mn
dn do chng chy trong oxi mi sinh
+ in phn dung dch NaCl khng mng ngn to ra nc Giaven v c kh H
2
thot ra
catot
+ Phn ng gia axit trong dung dch vi kim loi bm trn catot
- Vit phn ng (thu hoc nhng electron) xy ra cc in cc theo ng th t, khng cn vit
phng trnh in phn tng qut
- Vit phng trnh in phn tng qut (nh nhng phng trnh ha hc thng thng) tnh
ton khi cn thit
- T cng thc Faraday s mol cht thu c in cc
- Nu bi cho I v t th trc ht tnh s mol electron trao i tng in cc (n
e
) theo cng
thc: n
e
= (*) (vi F = 96500 khi t = giy v F = 26,8 khi t = gi). Sau da vo th t in
phn, so snh tng s mol electron nhng hoc nhn vi n
e
bit mc in phn xy ra. V d
d on xem cation kim loi c b kh ht khng hay nc c b in phn khng v H
2
O c b
in phn th in cc no
- Nu bi cho lng kh thot ra in cc hoc s thay i v khi lng dung dch, khi
lng in cc, pH,th da vo cc bn phn ng tnh s mol electron thu hoc nhng mi
in cc ri thay vo cng thc (*) tnh I hoc t
- Nu bi yu cu tnh in lng cn cho qu trnh in phn th p dng cng thc: Q = I.t =
n
e
.F
- C th tnh thi gian t cn in phn ht mt lng ion m bi cho ri so snh vi thi gian
t trong bi. Nu t < t th lng ion b in phn ht cn nu t > t th lng ion cha b
in phn ht
- Khi in phn cc dung dch trong cc bnh in phn mc ni tip th cng dng in v thi
gian in phn mi bnh l nh nhau s thu hoc nhng electron cc in cc cng tn phi
nh nhau v cc cht sinh ra cc in cc cng tn t l mol vi nhau
- Trong nhiu trng hp c th dng nh lut bo ton mol electron (s mol electron thu c
catot = s mol electron nhng anot) gii cho nhanh
III MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1: in phn ha ton 2,22 gam mui clorua kim loi trng thi nng chy thu c 448 ml
kh ( ktc) anot. Kim loi trong mui l:
A. Na B. Ca C. K D. Mg
Hng dn: nCl
2
= 0,02
Ti catot: M
n+
+ ne M Theo lbt khi lng mM = m(mui) m(Cl
2
) = 2,22 0,02.71 = 0,8 gam
Ti anot: 2Cl

Cl
2
+ 2e Theo lbt mol electron ta c nM = M = 20.n n = 2 v M l Ca
(hoc c th vit phng trnh in phn MCl
n
M + n/2Cl
2
tnh) p n B
V d 2: Tin hnh in phn (vi in cc Pt) 200 gam dung dch NaOH 10 % n khi dung dch
NaOH trong bnh c nng 25 % th ngng in phn. Th tch kh ( ktc) thot ra anot v
http://ebook.here.vn - Th vin Bi ging, thi trc nghim
catot ln lt l:
A. 149,3 lt v 74,7 lt B. 156,8 lt v 78,4 lt
C. 78,4 lt v 156,8 lt D. 74,7 lt v 149,3 lt
Hng dn: mNaOH (trc in phn) = 20 gam
in phn dung dch NaOH thc cht l in phn nc: H
2
O 1/2 O
2
(anot) + H
2
(catot)
NaOH khng i m (dung dch sau in phn) = 80 gam m (H
2
O b in phn) = 200 80 =
120 gam nH
2
O = 20/3 mol V
O
= 74,7 lt v V
H
= 149,3 lt p n D
V d 3: Sau mt thi gian in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
( d = 1,25 g/ml) vi in cc graphit
(than ch) thy khi lng dung dch gim 8 gam. lm kt ta ht ion Cu
2+
cn li trong dung
dch sau in phn cn dng 100 ml dung dch H
2
S 0,5 M. Nng phn trm ca dung dch
CuSO
4
ban u l:
A. 12,8 % B. 9,6 % C. 10,6 % D. 11,8 %
Hng dn: nH
2
S = 0,05 mol
- Gi x l s mol CuSO
4
tham gia qu trnh in phn: CuSO
4
+ H
2
O Cu + 1/2O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(1)
m (dung dch gim) = m Cu(catot) + m O
2
(anot) = 64x + 16x = 8 x = 0,1 mol - CuSO
4
+ H
2
S
CuS + H
2
SO
4
(2)
nH
2
S = nCuSO
4
= 0,05 mol
- T (1) v (2) nCuSO
4
(ban u) = 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 (mol) C% =
p n B
V d 4: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,2 M vi cng dng in 9,65A. Tnh khi
lng Cu bm vo catot khi thi gian in phn t
1
= 200 s v t
2
= 500 s. Bit hiu sut in phn l
100 %
A. 0,32 gam v 0,64 gam B. 0,64 gam v 1,28 gam
C. 0,64 gam v 1,60 gam D. 0,64 gam v 1,32 gam
Hng dn: nCuSO
4
= 0,02 = nCu
2+

Thi gian cn thit in phn ht Cu
2+
l t = s t
1
< t < t
2
Ti t
1
c 1/2
s mol Cu
2+
b in phn m
1
= 0,01.64 = 0,64 gam v ti t
2
Cu
2+
b in phn ht m
2
=
1,28 gam p n B
V d 5: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1A. Khi thy
catot bt u c bt kh thot ra th dng in phn. trung ha dung dch thu c sau khi in
phn cn dng 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Thi gian in phn v nng mol ca dung dch
CuSO
4
ban u l:
A. 965 s v 0,025 M B. 1930 s v 0,05 M
C. 965 s v 0,05 M D. 1930 s v 0,025 M
Hng dn: nNaOH = 0,01 mol
- Khi catot bt u c bt kh (H
2
) thot ra chng t CuSO
4
b in phn ht theo phng trnh:
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O Cu + 1/2O
2
+ H
2
SO
4

- nNaOH = nOH

= 0,01 mol nH
2
SO
4
= 0,5.nH
+
= 0,5.nOH

= 0,005 (mol) nCu = nCuSO

4
=
0,005 (mol) = 0,005 t = 965 s v C
M(CuSO )
= M (hoc c th da
vo cc phn ng thu hoc nhng electron in cc tnh) p n A
http://ebook.here.vn - Th vin Bi ging, thi trc nghim
V d 6: in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp AgNO
3
0,1 M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2 M vi in cc tr
v cng dng in bng 5A. Sau 19 pht 18 giy dng in phn, ly catot sy kh thy tng m
gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,16 gam B. 1,72 gam C. 2,58 gam D. 3,44 gam
Hng dn: nAg
+
= 0,02 mol ; nCu
2+
= 0,04 mol
- Ta c n
e
= mol
- Th t cc ion b kh ti catot:
Ag
+
+ 1e Ag (1) sau (1) cn 0,06 0,02 = 0,04 mol electron
0,02 0,02 0,02
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu (2) sau (2) cn d 0,02 mol Cu
2+

0,02 0,04 0,02
m (catot tng) = m (kim loi bm vo) = 0,02.(108 + 64) = 3,44 gam p n D
V d 7: Ha tan 50 gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,6 M thu c dung
dch X. em in phn dung dch X (cc in cc tr) vi cng dng in 1,34A trong 4 gi.
Khi lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch kh thot ra anot ( ktc) ln lt l (Bit hiu
sut in phn l 100 %):
A. 6,4 gam v 1,792 lt B. 10,8 gam v 1,344 lt
C. 6,4 gam v 2,016 lt D. 9,6 gam v 1,792 lt
Hng dn: nCuSO
4
.5H
2
O = nCuSO
4
= 0,2 mol ; nHCl = 0,12 mol
- Ta c n
e
= mol
- Th t in phn ti catot v anot l:
Ti catot: Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu Cu
2+
cha b in phn ht m (kim loi catot) = 0,1.64 = 6,4
gam
0,1 0,2 0,1
Ti anot:
2Cl

Cl
2
+ 2e n
e
(do Cl

nhng) = 0,12 < 0,2 mol ti anot Cl

b in phn ht v
0,12 0,06 0,12 n nc b in phn n
e
(do H
2
O nhng) = 0,2 0,12 = 0,08 mol
2H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
0,02 0,08
V (kh thot ra anot) = (0,06 + 0,02).22,4 = 1,792 lt p n A
V d 8: C 200 ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
, in phn ht ion kim loi trong
dung dch cn dng cng dng in 0,402A trong 4 gi. Sau khi in phn xong thy c 3,44
gam kim loi bm catot. Nng mol ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
trong hn hp u ln lt l:
A. 0,2 M v 0,1 M B. 0,1 M v 0,2 M
C. 0,2 M v 0,2 M D. 0,1 M v 0,1 M
Hng dn:
- Ta c n
e
= mol
- Ti catot: Ag
+
+ 1e Ag Ta c h phng trnh:
x x (mol)
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu C
M
Cu(NO
3
)
2
= C
M
AgNO
3
= 0,1 M p n D
y y (mol)
http://ebook.here.vn - Th vin Bi ging, thi trc nghim
V d 9: Ha tan 4,5 gam tinh th MSO
4
.5H
2
O vo nc c dung dch X. in phn dung dch X
vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1,93A. Nu thi gian in phn l t (s) th thu c kim loi
M catot v 156,8 ml kh ti anot. Nu thi gian in phn l 2t (s) th thu c 537,6 ml kh . Bit
th tch cc kh o ktc. Kim loi M v thi gian t ln lt l:
A. Ni v 1400 s B. Cu v 2800 s
C. Ni v 2800 s D. Cu v 1400 s
Hng dn: Gi nMSO
4
= nM
2+
= x mol

V d 10: Mc ni tip hai bnh in phn: bnh (1) cha dung dch MCl
2
v bnh (2) cha dung
dch AgNO
3
. Sau 3 pht 13 giy th catot bnh (1) thu c 1,6 gam kim loi cn catot bnh (2)
thu c 5,4 gam kim loi. C hai bnh u khng thy kh catot thot ra. Kim loi M l:
A. Zn B. Cu C. Ni D. Pb
Hng dn: - Do hai bnh mc ni tip nn ta c:
Q = I.t = M = 64 Cu p n B
V d 11: in phn nng chy Al
2
O
3
vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100 %) thu c m kg
Al catot v 67,2 m
3
( ktc) hn hp kh X c t khi so vi hiro bng 16. Ly 2,24 lt ( ktc)
hn hp kh X sc vo dung dch nc vi trong (d) thu c 2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 54,0 kg B. 75,6 kg C. 67,5 kg D. 108,0 kg
Hng dn: 2Al
2
O
3
4Al + 3O
2
(1) ; C + O
2
CO
2
(2) ; 2C + O
2
2CO (3)
- Do X = 32 hn hp X c CO
2
; CO (x mol) v O
2
d (y mol)
- 2,24 lt X + Ca(OH)
2
d 0,02 mol kt ta = nCO
2
trong 67,2 m
3
X c 0,6 CO
2

- Ta c h phng trnh: v 0,6 + x + y = 3 x = 1,8 v y = 0,6
T (1) ; (2) ; (3) mAl = kg p n B