2 , 2 1 9 , 6 9 6

ART oF coMBUsTIoN
Filed D f i. 2 7 , 1 9 3 7 2 Sheets-Sheet l
> > INVENTORs.
f a r iz z . Muelle
6 2 0/ e ' Ii' /Yez a r z a
/6
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l:
7 5
TTORNEY
BY
w e;
Oct. . 2 9 , 1 9 40. M. 1 _ . MUELLER Er A1 .
ART OF COMBUSTION
Filed D ec. 2 7 , Y 1 9 57
- 2 , 2 1 9 , 6 9 6
VIZ Sheets-Sheet 2
By 6 6 01 *
e
, r \ l
D ARNEY
P a ten ted Cet. 2 9 , 1 9 40
. UNITED STATES
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P ATENT f oEElcE
` 2 , 2 1 9 , 6 9 6
ART or coM Usr r oN
Mor itz L. Mueller , Gr osse P oin te, a n d Geor ge R.
Neuma n n , St. Cla ir Shor es, Mich. , a ssign or s to
Bor g-Wa r n er Cor p or a tion , Chica go, Ill. , a cor
p or a tion of Illin ois
Ap p lica tion D ecember 2 7 , 1 9 3 7 , Ser ia l No. 1 8 1 , 7 52
This in ven tion r ela tes in gen er a l to the a r t
of combustion , w ithp a r ticula r r ef er en ce to a n
a p p a r a tus a n d method f or bur n in g f luid hydr o
ca r bon s. Such f luid hydr oca r bon s w ill her ein
a f ter be descr ibed a s oil or f uel oil a lthough it
is to be un der stood tha t ga seous or other f luid
hydr oca r bon s ma y f a ll w ithin the scop e of the
descr ip tion . '
H er etof or e, a p p a r a tus w hich ha s' emp loyed
n p r essur e f or a tomiz in g f uel oil by sp r a yin g it
thr ough a f in e n oz z le ha s dep en ded f or the most
' p a r t up on r elea sin g the sp r a yed oil f og in to a
combustion cha mber a n d up on the dir ectin g of
a str ea m of a ir in to the combustion cha mber a s
s a shea th a r oun d the oil f og to secur e p r op er
mixin g or comin glin g of the p a r ticles of oil a n d
a ir . Such a p p a r a tus ha s r elied up on mea n s f or
-dir ectin g the a ir in such a ma n n er tha t the
shea th or en velop e of a ir p r ojected in to the com~
n bustion cha mber w ill coin cide w ith a n d f it over
the con e of oil f og issuin g f r om the n oz z le` tip .
It ha s been r ecogn iz ed tha t this is a ver y deli
ca te a djustmen t a n d tha t slight in a ccur a cy of
the n oz z le, slight disp la cemen t of on e p a r t r ela
5 tive to a n other , a n d dif f er en ces in the q ua lity
of f uel oil, w hich ma y be deliver ed by the loca l
f uel dea ler , w ill r esult in a n up settin g- of this
a djustmen t a n d a n a ccor din g loss in emcien cy of
the combustion a p p a r a tus.
` 0 Such p r ior combustion a p p a r a tus ha s a lso been
a t gr ea t p a in s to p r oduce a gita tion or w hir lin g
movemen t of the a ir p r ojected in to the combus
tion cha mber in or der tha t the con e of oil a n d the
shea th of a ir ma y be mor e thor oughly mixed. At
; 5 temp ts ha ve a lso been ma de to give the oil a n d
a ir w hir lin g movemen ts in r ever se dir ection s in
or der to a ssist in this mixin g. All such con str uc
tion s a ttemp t to mix oil a n d a ir in the combus
tion cha mber a f ter the p r essur e ha s been r elea sed
f r om both of these substa n ces a n d a f ter their
velocity ha s become r ela tively sma ll a n d to this
en d ha ve r eq uir ed the use of sp ecia l combustion
cha mber s f or ea ch bur n er or cha n ges to be ma de
in the bur n er to t it f or op er a tion in va r ious
5 sha p es of combustion cha mber s. '
The r eq uir emen ts f or p r ecision in a djustmen tI
a n d the delica cy of such a djustmen ts ha ve ma de
such eq uip men t un desir a ble f or domestic or sma ll
commer cia l in sta lla tion s w her e ther e is n o sk illed
50 op er a tor on ha n d to k eep con sta n t check on the
con dition of the a p p a r a tus. As a r esult, the ma
jor ity of such in sta lla tion s a r e con sta n tly r un
n in g below their ma ximum elcien cy, a n d such
la ck of ef f icien cy is r ef lected in higher f uel bills
55 w hich the con sumer is r eq uir ed to p a y.
( Cl. 1 58 -7 6 )
In or der to over come these dif liculties a n d -to
in cr ea se the eilicien cy of the combustion a p p a
r a tus in gen er a l, the p r esen t in ven tion p r ovides
mea n s f or mixin g f uel a n d a ir w ithin a sp a ce
w her ein the p r essur e is n a bove tha t in a combus- 0
tion cha mber to w hich the mixtur e is r elea sed.
This mixin g a p p a r a tus ha s been so devised tha t
f luctua tion s in q ua lity of the f uel oil w ill n ot a d
ver sely a f f ect the eiilcien cy of the combustion a p
p a r a tus. It ha s a lso been f oun d tha t a w ide va - l0
r iety of a n gles of o_ il n oz z le tip s ma y be emp loyed
, in con n ection w ith this bur n er w ithout a n y a lter
a tion in the f ir e cha r a cter istics. I -
With these p ur p oses in min d, it is a n object of
the in ven tion g to p r ovide mea n s f or mixin g a 1 5
sp r a yed oil f og a n d a ir w ithin a p r essur e a r ea
p r ior to r elea sin g the mixtur e to a combustion
cha mber .
A f ur ther object of the in ven tion is to - p r ovide
a n ew method of bur n in g combustible. f luids w ith- 2 0
extr emely high ef f icien cy.
An a ddition a l object of the in ven tion is to p r o->
vvide a hea d f or in ser tion in p r esen t da y oil bur n
in g a p p a r a tus w hich w ill p r ovidemea n s f or r ea l
iz in g the a dva n ta ges outlin ed a bove. 2 5
It is a still f ur ther object of the in ven tion to
sup p ly mea n s f or con tr ollin g the sha p e of the f ir e
in dep en den t of a n y p a r ticula r sha p e of combus
tion cha mber .
Itis a f ur ther object of the in ven tion A to p r o-` 3 0
vide a n oil bur n er hea d w hich is simp le, stur dy,
r ea dily a n d chea p ly ma n uf a ctur ed a n d w hich ef - '
f ectua tes the f or egoin g objects a n d r ea liz e the
a dva n ta ges set f or th her ein a f ter .
To this en d, a p p a r a tus embodyin g the in ven - a 5
tion w ill be seen _ to r eside in a n oil bur n in g a p p a
r a tus of the p r essur e a tomiz in g gun typ e. Such
a p p a r a tus usua lly con sists of a blow er w hich is
op er a ted by a n electr ic, motor a n d w hich d -
cha r ges a bla st of a ir a lon g a dr a f t tube. In 40
- most in sta lla tion s. the dr a f t tube ca r r ies, besides
the a ir , a f uel p ip e w hich ' is sup p lied w ith f uel
oil un der p r essur e by mea n s of a p ump a ctua ted
by the blow er motor , a n d a p a ir k of electr odes f or '
ign itin g the f uel a n d a ir . In most in sta n ces, the 45
dr a f t tube is p r ovided in ter media te its len gth
w ith a ba ille w hich ca uses the a ir to ta k e a p a th
a dja cen t the in side dia meter of the tube a n d r e
sults in the high p r essur e sp a ce in the dr a f t tube
bein g loca ted a t the blow er side of the ba ille. As 50
a r esult of the use of this ba ille, a ir w hich ow s
p a st the oil n oz z le is of somew ha t r educed p r es
sur e a n d ca n n otser ve ef f ectively to en tr a in the
oil. Beca use Aof this low p r essur e, ' va r ious ex
p edien ts ha ve been r esor ted to a t the combustion
2 2 , 2 1 9 , 6 9 6
cha mber en d oi a bur n er in a n a ttemp t to give'
the a ir str ea m a def in ite sha p e up on its r elea se
in to the combustion cha mber .
In a da p tin g such a n oil bur n er f or the use of
the hea d of the p r esen t in ven tion , the in str u
J i
dr ica l hea d. The p r essur e ba ille, w hich is loca ted
1 0 in ter media te the en ds of the dr a f t tube, is r e
moved so a s to exten d the sp a ce un der high p r es
sur e w ithin the dr a f t tube f or w a r dly to a p oin t
Within the n ew ly in ser ted bur n er hea d. With
such a con str uction , the a ir f low in g p a st the
1 5 bur n er n oz z le is of the f ull p r essur e deliver ed by
the ia n a n d ha s a n a ccor din gly gr ea t a bility to
en tr a in the oil issuin g f r om the n oz z le.
The oil bein g sp r a yed by th' e oil n oz z le ta k es
the sha p e of a r ight con e w hich ha s its a p ex a t
2 0 the oil n oz z le a p er tur e.
p a st the n oz z le is def lected just f or w a r dly ther e
oi' in to a con ica l p a th w hich ha s its a p ex out
beyon d or f or w a r dly of the oil f og a p ex, these
tw o a p lces bein g op p ositely dir ected a n d lyin g
2 5 up on a lin e w hich f or ms the common a ltitude of
the con es.
The a n gle of the oil n oz z le up on w hich the
3 0 w hich ma y be either
The a r r a n gemen t of the con es oi
3 5 the oil f og a n d of the a ir str ea m is such tha t
the tw o meet on e a n other w ith the elemen ts of
f r ee f loa tin g p osition .
In the dr a w in gs, in w hich simila r r ef er en ce
6 0 cha r a cter s a r e emp loyed' to design a te simila r
p a r ts a n d of w hich ther e a r e tw o ( 2 ) sheets:
6 5 illustr a te the in ven tion ;
Fig. 2 is a ver tica l section a l view ' of a p or tion
of the oil bur n er , show in g the hea d a n d its co
op er a tin g p a r ts in gr ea ter deta il;
Fig. 3 is a dia gr a mma tic view of a . f la me such
7 0 a s w ould be p r op a ga ted by the oil bur n in g in
str umen ta lities show n in Figs. l a n d 2 , '
a p la n e a s in dica ted by the lin e 4_ 4 of Fig. 3 , a n d
' 7 5 look in g in the dir ection of the a r r ow s;
Air w hich is bein g f edY
' sp a ced p oin ts.
Fig. 5 is a ver tica l section a l view thr ough the
oil bur n er ta k en substa n tia lly up on a p la n e a s in
the dir ection of the a r r ow s;
Fig. 6 is a r ight en d eleva tion a l view of the p a r t
of the oil bur n er show n in Fig. 2 .
Fig. ' l is a side eleva tion a l view of a dif f er en t
BITOWS; a n d,
Fig. 1 0 is a ver tica l section a l view thr ough the
bur n er tip of a n oil bur n er show in g a slightly
dif f er en t f or m of hea d.
The oil bur n er w hich embodies the in ven tion 2
w ill be seen to comp r ise a bur n er body I 0 w hich is
is f or med tow a r d its r ea r en d w ith a shell i8 f or 3 (
en closin g a blow er i6 of the sir occo typ e w hich is
p ump ( n ot show n ) w hich sup p lies oil un der p r es- 3 5
sur e to' a i' uel p ip e 2 2 exten din g thr ough a dr a f t
tube 2 4 to sup p ly oil to a . n oz z le 2 6 . The f a n p ulls
a ir in to the shell I8 a n d discha r ges it a lon g the
dr a f t tube 2 4.
Tow a r d its f or w a r d en d the f uel p ip e 2 2 is sup - 40
p or ted by mea n s of a tr ip od '
the in side dia meter of the dr a f t tube a t thr ee
Tr ip od 2 8 ma y a lso sup p or t a p a ir
of electr odes 3 0 w hich comp r ise con ductor s ha v
in g tip s 3 2 loca ted a dja cen t the oil n oz z le, suoli 45
The dr a f t tube 2 4, w hich is cylin dr ica l, r eceives
in its f or w a r d en d a bur n er hea d in dica ted gen er
a lly a t 3 6 . The bur n er hea d 3 6 comp r ises a 55
p or tion 3 8 a n d
in f la n ge 40 f or dr a in in g liq uids w hich ma y be 3 0
exten din g comp letely a r oun d the cylin
' The cylin dr ica l
sur f a ce of the cylin dr ica l p or tion 3 8 ter min a tes 7 0
f r om lef t to r ight, a s view ed in Fig. 2 , tow a r d the
coin cidin g a xes of the dr a f t tube 2 4 a n d hea d 3 6 .
The hea d I6 ma y be cen ter ed w ith r esp ect to the 7 6
2 , 2 1 9 , 8 9 6
f low in g thr ough the dr a f t tube a t a p r essur e of f
dr a f t tube 2 4 a n d p er ma n en tly held thus loca ted
by mea n s of sp a ced set scr ew s 58 thr ea ded in to
the' dr a f t tube 2 4 a n d en ga gin g the outer sur
f a ce of the cylin dr ica l p or tion 3 8 of the bur n er
5 hea d 3 6 . ~
The' con ca l p or tion 48 of the bur n er hea d 3 6
ter min a tes in a shor t cylin dr ica l p or tion 52 f or m
in g a n a p er tur e thr ough w hich the a ir f low s to
en tr a in the oil. For w a r dly of the cylin dr ica l
p or tion 52 , the bur n er hea d is p r ovided w ith a f la t
a n n ula r sur f a ce 54 a n d w ith a ser ies of a p er
tur es 56 w hich exten d r a dia lly thr ough the cylin
dr ica l p or tion 3 8 of the hea d 3 6 . ' I' he a p er tur es
56 a r e un if or mly sp a ced a r oun d the p er ip her y of
the hea d a n d p r ovide a mea n s f or sup p lyin g a ir 1 5
to the oil a n d a ir mixtur e issuin g f r om the ma in `
a p er tur e 58 def in ed by the shor t cylin dr ica lsur
f a ce 52 , in w hich the con ica l p or tion 48 of the
hea d ter min a tes. As p r eviously exp la in ed, these
sup p lemen ta r y a ir sup p lyin g p a ssa ges r esult in a
r eta r din g of the velocity of the f la me. vIt ha s
been f oun d tha t a decr ea se in the tota l a r ea of
the a p er tur es 58 w ith r esp ect to the a r ea of the
' a p er tur e 58 w ill r esult in the f la me p r op a ga ted
by the bur n er becomin g lon ger a n d in its sta n d
in g a t a dista n ce f ur ther r emoved f r om the
bur n er hea d a f ter the f la me ha s been esta blished
a n d ign ition by mea n s of the electr odes 3 2 ha s
been discon tin ued.
The a p er tur es 56 a lso ser ve to p r even t eddy
cur r en ts in the mixtur e of oil a n d a ir f r om w ip
in g the f la t f a ce 54 of the bur n er . It ha s been
f oun d tha t if a p er tur es 56 ha ve too little a r ea
w ith r esp ect to the or iilce 58 , they still w ill n ot
p r even t this w ip in g of the mixtur e up on the f la t
f a ce 54. Such a n a ction on the p a r t of the mix
tur e of oil a n d a ir is un desir a ble, sin ce it is a p t to
lea ve dep osits of oil up on this f a ce, w hich in time
w ould become p a r tia lly bur n ed a n d w ould ca r
40 bon iz e this f a ce of the bur n er , r eq uir in g it to be
f r eq uen tly clea n ed. By en la r gin g the or ices 56
the f a ce 54 is scour ed w ith a ir a n d " ca r bon de
p osits ther eup on a r e p r even ted.
The oil n oz z le 2 6 is cen ter ed w ith r esp ect to the
45 cir cula r a p er tur e 58 by mea n s of a tr ip od, the
cen tr a l p or tion 6 8 of w hich sur r oun ds a n d sup
p or ts the f uel p ip e 2 2 a n d the legs 6 2 of w hich
en ga ge the in side sur f a ce of the cylin dr ica l p or
tion 3 8 of the hea -d 3 6 . The oil n oz z le 2 6 ma y be
50 a djusted r ea r w a r dly or f or w a r dly w ith r esp ect to
the a p er tur e 58 by loosen in g a . set scr ew 6 4
thr ea ded in to the cen tr a l hub 6 0 of the tr ip od.
This a djustmen t, ma de in con jun ction w ith a con
sider a tion of the a n gle A, f or med by the oil
55 sp r a yed f r om the n oz z le, deter min es the p osition
w hich the con e of oil issuin g f r om the n oz z le w ill
ta k e w ith r esp ect to the con ica l sur f a ce 48 , w hich
dir ects the, a ir str ea m a ga in st the oil str ea m.
Va r ious tip s ma y be used on the f uel n oz z le ha v
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
l 6 0 in g dif f er en t a n gula r ities, va r yin g f r om thir ty de
gr ees to n in ety degr ees a n d va r yin g in the ca
p a city or q ua n tity of f uel w hich they w ill f eed p er
hour . It ha s been f oun d tha t it is r ela tively un
imp or ta n t just w ha t a n gle of f uel con e is' em
6 5 p loyed, a s lon g a s the a ir w hich is. sup p lied to the
cen tr a l mixin g p oin t ha s suf f icien t velocity to de
ilect this oil con e a n d p r even t p a r ticles of oil f r om
imp in gln g up on the con ica l sur f a ce 48 or the
cylin dr ica l sur f a ce 52 . With the a ir p r essur es
7 0 w hich a r e usua lly a va ila ble in domestic in sta lla
tion s it- ha s been f oun d tha t the a n gle of the oil
con e a n d the dista n ce of the tip 2 6 r ea r w a r dly of
a p er tur e 58 ma y be such tha t, _ w er e n o a ir f low in g
thr ough the dr a f t tube, the oil might imp in ge
' 7 5 slightly up on the con ica l sur f a ce 48 . With a ir
3
a bout 0. 3 0 in ch of w a ter , lthe a ir str ea m w ill a ct
to comp r ess a n d def lect the oil f og to p r even t its
str ik in g the con ica l sur f a ce 48 or the cylin dr ica l
sur f a ce 52 of the a p er tur e 58 . H igher a ir p r es
sur es ma y be emp loyed, r a n gin g up w a r d to 4. 0
in ches of w a ter . .
The oil w ill f low f r om the p r essur e a tomiz in g
n oz z le 2 6 , a s in dica ted by the dotted lin e a r r ow s
. in Fig. 2 , in such a ma n n er tha t it w ould imp in ge
up on the edges of the or if ice 58 w er e it n ot f or the
p r esen ce of the str ea m of a ir , a s in dica ted by the
f ulllin e a r r ow s in Fig. 2 , w hich ser ves to con
den se or comp r ess the oil f og w her e it r ea ches a
p oin t a dja cen t the or if ice 58 . Af ter p a ssin g
thr ough the or if ice 58 , the a r r ow s in dica tin g the
oll a n d a ir a r e seen to r ema in in their comp r essed
sta te un til a f ter they ha ve p a ssed the combustion
cha mber en d or mouth of the bur n er , a t w hich
p oin t they begin toVexp a n d. J ust a f ter lea vin g
- the or if lce 58 , the str ea m of oil a n d a ir is join ed
by the sup p lemen ta r y a ir , w hich f low s thr ough
the a p er tur es 56 , a s in dica ted by the f ull lin e
a r r ow s in Fig. 2 . '
It w ill be n oted tha t the con e of oil f og is ex
p a n din g a s it p a sses thr ough the or if ice 58 , w her e
a s the con e f or med by the a ir str ea m is con tr a ct
in g a n d tha t the p a ths of p a r ticles loca ted in the
tw o str ea ms a t their p oin t of con ta ct a r e dir ected
tr a n sver sely to on e a n other , thus p r oducin g a
thor ough p en etr a tion of ea ch p a r ticle of the a ir
str ea m in to the oil str ea m a n d a cor r esp on din g
thor ough p en etr a tion of ea ch p a r ticle of the oil
f og in to the a ir str ea m. ' I he visible ef f ect of this
meetin g of the tw o str ea ms is tha t the oil str ea m,
w hich is the on ly p or tion w hich ma y be seen , is
somew ha t comp r essed a n d tur bulen t a s it p a sses
in to a p er tur e 58 a n d a s it issues ther ef r om, be
comes mor e tur bulen t a n d exp a n ds slightly.
The a p er tur es 56 in ject a ir tr a n sver sely of the
mixtur e p a th a n d r a dia lly in to the mixtur e of oil
> a n d a ir a s it issues f r om the mouth of the or if ice
58 a n d ten d f ur ther to in cr ea se the tur bulen ce
of the mixtur e a t this p oin t. The a ir sup p lied by
a p er tur es 56 a lso ten ds to con str ict the a ir a n d
oil mixtur e a n d p r even t its exp a n sion in so r a p id
a f a shion tha t it w ould str ik e the in n er cor n er s
6 6 of the f la n ged p or tion 48 of the bur n er hea d 3 6
or its a ssocia ted cylin dr ica l p or tion 6 1 . Although
this a ir is used to in cr ea se the tur bulen ce a t the
mouth of the or if ice 58 , a p or tion of it is def lected
a n d f ollow s a lon g the exter ior of the f luids issu
in g f r om the bur n er mouth to f or m a sheet w hich
en tir ely sur r oun ds the f la me a n d w hich is a va il
- a ble dur in g othe p r ogr ess of the combustion f luids
thr ough the combustion cha mber f or the comp le
tion of combustion ; ,
The a n gle of the a p ex of the con ica l sur f a ce 48
deter min es to some exten t the sha p e Yof the r e.
When this a n gle is r ela tively gr ea t, tha t is, w hen
it a p p r oa ches 1 8 0 , the f ir e w ill become ver y shor t
a n d of r ela tively gr ea t dia meter . As this con ica l
a n gle is decr ea sed, the f la me becomes r ela tively
lon g a n dthin . . . .
' I' he or if ices 56 ma y be va r ied to ca use a def lec
tion of the f la me in a n y desir ed dir ection . For
exa mp le, if it is desir ed to r a ise the f la me f r om
the f loor of the combustion cha mber a n d ha ve it
sta n d in a mor e eleva ted p osition w ith r esp ect to
the mouth of the bur n er tha n w ould be the ca se
- w hen usin g the hea d a s show n in Fig. 2 , it is
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
40
50
6 0
6 5
on ly > n ecessa r y to en la r ge the or if ices 56 up on >
the low er side of the hea d 3 6 so a s to in cr ea se the
a moun t of a ir ow in g thr ough such low er or if ices,
-the a moun t of a ir ` f low in g thr ough the up p er
_
4 2 , 2 1 9 , 6 9 6
or ices 56 r ema in in g the sa me. This en la r gemen t
of the low er or if ices r esults in the f la me bein g de
ected up w a r dly. It w ill be r ecogn iz ed tha t the
f la me ca n thus be def lected in a n y desir ed dir ec
5 tion , simp ly by in cr ea sin g the siz e of the or if ices
56 up on tha t side of thehea d w hich lies op p osite
to the desir ed dir ection of def lection .
Up on sta r tin g, the electr odes 3 2 a r e en er giz ed
to ca use a sp a r k to tr a vel betw een them, a n d this
l sp a r k ser ves to ign ite a p or tion of the oil a n d
a ir w ithin the bur n er hea d, such ign ited f uel bein g
ca r r ied out in to the combustion cha mber by the
on comin g a ir to esta blish ign ition of the ma in
f la me. D ur in g this sta ge of combustion , the f la me
1 5 w ill be bur n in g dir ectly f r om the mouth of the
bur n er , but a f ter the ign ition ha s been cut of f ,
usua lly a bout n in ety secon ds a f ter in itia tion of
bur n er op er a tion , the f la me w ill be self -p r op a ga t
in g a n d w ill sta n d a bout tw o or thr ee in ches f r om
2 0 the combustion cha mber en d or mouth of the
bur n er , thus r educin g the p ossibility of ca r bon
dep ositin g on the bur n er p a r ts.
" I' he f la me thus esta blished, a f ter cessa tion of
the electr ic ign ition , ta k es a sha p e somew ha t a s
2 5 show n in Fig. 3 . ' I' his f la me a p p ea r s to be a
somew ha t cylin dr ica l ma ss of f ir e w hich is sw elled
slightly tow a r d its f or w a r d en d, a n d, up on in sp ec
tion , is seen to comp r ise a n in n er hollow cy
lin dr iica l p or tion 1 0 of ver y br ightly bur n in g
3 0 ca r bon p a r ticles w hich f or ms the ma in p or tion
of . the f la me a n d a n outer hollow cylin dr ica l p or
tion 1 2 somew ha t mor e n ebulous tha n the in n er
p or tion 1 0 a n d n ot q uite so br ight. - In the hol
low in ter ior T4 of the in n er p or tion a n d betw een
the cylin dr ica l p or tion s ' I8 a n d 1 2 , ther e ma y beA
a f ew ta g en ds of n r e, but the f la me in the ma in
is con f in ed to these tw o p a ths. The lla me is
f oun d up on in sp ection to be of a un if or m da r k
yellow or light or a n ge color f r om on e en d to the
40 other , thus in dica tin g tha t its ca r bon dioxide
con ten t is a ll un if or mly high a n d tha t combus
tion is ta k in g p la ce in a un if or mly ef f icien t ma n - .
n er .
This un if or mity of the n a me ten ds to substa n
45 tia te the theor y tha t the a ir sup p lied f r om the
p or ts 56 is usef ul a s secon da r y a ir to comp lete
combustion thr oughout the f la me a s w ell a s to
in cr ea se the tur bulen ce of the a ir a n d oil mixtur e
a t its p oin t of issua n ce f r om the or if ice 58 . In
50 the usua l f la me p r op a ga ted by the p r essur e
a tomiz in g gun typ e of bur n er , the en ds of the
f la me a r e somew ha t r a gged> a n d the colol- of the
f la me va r ies con sider a bly f r om on e en d to the
other , ha vin g a br ight yellow color a t the en d
' 55 n ea r est the mouth of the bur n er , a da r k yellow or
a light or a n ge color in its cen tr a l p or tion , a n d
a smok y da r k or a n ge color a t its en ds. These
color s a r e in ter p r eted a s f ollow s:
6 0 Color : ' CO2 con ten t ( P er cen t)
Br ight yellow _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --. . ; _ _ _ _ . . _ 4- 5
D a r k yellow or lightl or a n ge _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 2 -1 3
Smolq / or da r k or a n ge _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 4-1 5
A un if or mly high ca r bon dioxide con ten t is
6 5 in dica tive of ver y ef licien t combustion a n d tests
of f lue ga s ta k en on p r oducts of combustion
gen er a ted by a bur n er of this typ e yield r ea din gs
on CO2 con ten t r a n gin g f r om 1 2 % to 1 4%, w hile
the COcon ten t is z er o a n d the O2 con ten t a p
7 0 p r oxima tely 4% or 2 %, r esp ectively. _
In Figs. 7 to 9 , ther e is show n a bur n er em
p loyin g the hea d of this in ven tion w hich is a r
r a n ged to ' sup p ly a mixtur e of f uel a n d a ir to a
ver tica lly exten din g combustion cha mber , such a
7 5 combustion cha mber bein g of the typ e usua lly
f oun d in domestic in sta lla tion s w hich a r e desir ed
to be con ver ted f r om solid f uel con sumin g to oil
con sumin g hea tin g p la n ts.
Fur n a ces of this typ e usua lly embody a cy
lin dr ica l or r ecta n gula r combustion cha mber 8 0, 5
the w a lls 8 2 of w hich ser ve a s hea t tr a n sf er sur
f a ces f or tr a n smittin g the hea t gen er a ted w ithin
the combustion cha mber to a f luid hea tin g me
dium lyin g up on the op p osite side of the w a lls
8 2 . The gr a tes ( n ot show n ) w hich a r e usua lly 1 0
p r esen t in - solid f uel combustion a p p a r a tus, a r e
r emoved a n d a f loor 8 4 of r ef r a ctor y ma ter ia l
ha vin g a n up p er con ica l sur f a ce is built up in the
bottom of the f ur n a ce combustion cha mber 8 0.
The op er a tin g in str umen ta lities of the bur n er 1 5
a r e seen to comp r ise the sa me p a r ts a s does the
bur n er disclosed in Fig. 1 , a n d in clude a motor 8 S
w hich is a r r a n ged w ith its sha f t 8 8 in a ver tica l
p osition a n d op er a tively con n ected to a f a n 8 0
w hich r ota tes w ithin a housin g 9 2 . A f lexible 2 0
coup lin g 9 4 con n ects the en d of sha f t 8 8 up on
tha t side of the f a n 9 0 op p osite to the motor 8 6
to a n oil p ump a da p ted dur in g op er a tion to w ith
dr a w f uel oil f r om a ta n k a n d sup p ly it un der
p r essur e to a f uel f eed lin e 9 8 . The f a n 9 0 sup - 2 5
p lies a ir un der p r essur e thr ough a dr a f t tube | 08
to a p r essur e or p len um cha mber | 02 exten din g
a n n ula r ly a bout the hea d of the bur n er a n d
cen ter ed w ith r esp ect to the cen tr a l a p er tur e in
the r ef r a ctor y ma ter ia l oor 8 4 of the combus- 3 0
tion cha mber 8 0.
A cylin dr ica l ba ille | 04 exten din g a r oun d the
bur n er hea d p r even ts the ia ir movin g a lon g the
dr a f t tube | 00 f r om bein g blow n dir ectly a ga in st
on e side of the bur n er hea d. To limit the f low 3 5
of a ir the up p er en d of the cylin dr ica l ba ille | 04
is sp a ced a s a t | 08 f r om' the up p er en d of the
p len um cha mber | 02 a n d a ir ma y f low on ly a s
in dica ted by the a r r ow s X in Fig. 7 thr ough the
sp a ce | 06 a n d in to a n in side a ir cha mber | 08 . 40
The a ir , w hich ha s thus been f or ced to f low v
thr ough the sp a ce | 06 ha s con ver ted its velocity
hea d in to p r essur e hea d up on r ea chin g the cha m
ber | 08 a n d sin ce a ll p a r ts of this cha mber a r e
un der a n eq ua l p r essur e, the a ir w ill f low even ly 45
thr ough thr ee sets of a p er tur es H 0, | | 2 a n d | | 4,
a s in dica ted by the a r r ow s Y in Fig. 7 , such a p er
tur es bein g p r ovided in a bur n er hea d | | 6 w hich l
ha s its up p er en d p osition ed in the a p er tur e
f or med in the bottom p or tion of the r ef r a ctor y 50
ma ter ia l f loor 8 4. The bur n er hea d | | 6 a n d the
bottom w a ll | I8 of the a ir cha mber a r e f itted
to on e a n other so a s to p r ovide a n a ir -tight join t
Aa t the p oin t w her e the hea d | | 6 p a sses thr ough
the w a ll | | 8 . The a ir p a ssin g thr ough the a p er - 55
tur es | | 0 is a va ila ble to Wip e the sur f a ce oi' the
oil n oz z le 2 8 w hich is in ser ted thr ough the bottom
of the hea d | | 6 in to the cen tr a l ca vity | 2 2 ther e
of a lon g lin es w hich f or m exten sion s of the ele
men ts of con ica l sur f a ce 48 cor r esp on din g to the 6 0
sur f a ce 48 a s a p p ea r s mor e clea r ly in Fig. 2 . Air
vma y a lso p a ss thr ough the a p er tur es | | 4 w hich
cor r esp on d to the a p er tur es 58 ( Fig. 2 ) a n d p er
f or m the sa me f un ction a s the a p er tur es 58 .
' I' hese a p er tur es | 1 4 ma y be a r r a n ged to exten d 6 5
ta n gen tia lly w ith r esp ect to the cylin dr ica l sur f a ce
of the exp a n sion sp a ce a dja cen t the discha r ge
or if ice 58 of the bur n er hea d' a n d ma y be so di
r ected a s to giver the a ir either a clock w ise or
coun ter clock w ise r ota tion . The a p er tur es | | 4 7 0
might a lso be dir ected r a dia lly a s a r e the a p er
tur es 58 of Fig. 2 .
Electr odes 3 2 a r e p r ovided f or in itia tin g ign i
tion of the oil a n d their op er a tion is discon tin ued
a f ter combustion ha s been esta blished, simila r ly l' 7 5
2 , 2 1 9 , 6 9 6
to the electr odes descr ibed in con n ection w ith
Figs. 1 to 6 . -
In Figs. 8 a n d 9 a slightly dif f er en t f or m of a ir
sup p lyin g mea n s is show n , the dr a f t tube | 00
5 ther eof bein g a r r a n ged in a low er p la n e tha n is
the dr a f t tube | 00 show n in Fig. ' 7 , bein g p osi
tion ed to discha r ge a ir in tor a p len um cha mber
| 2 4 w hich lies dir ectly below the a ir cha mber | 2 6 ,
cor r esp on din g to the a ir cha mber | 08 in Fig. 7 ,
a n d bein g sep a r a ted ther ef r om by a disc ba ille
| 2 8 cen tr a lly a p er tur ed a t | 3 0 to p r ovide a - p a s
sa ge f or a ir f r om the cha mber | 2 4 to the cha m
ber | 2 6 a s show n by the a r r ow sZ in Fig. 8 . The
f uel f eed p ip e 9 8 is sea led to the bottom w a ll | 3 2
of the p len um cha mber | 2 4 a t the p oin t w her e it
p a sses thr ough the w a ll | 3 2 to p r even t' a ir f r om
lea k in g thr ough the J oin t.
Fig. 9 illustr a tes mor e clea r ly the ta n gen tia l
a r r a n gemen t of the a ir jets | | 4 w ith r esp ect to
the cylin dr ica l sur f a ce | 3 4 of the exp a n sion sp a ce.
In Fig. 1 0 the hea d of the in ven tion ls dis
closed a s a p p lied to a bur n er ha vin g a dr a f t tube
2 4 p r ovided on its in side sur f a ce w ith f in s | 40
or igin a lly in ten ded f or the p ur p ose of def lectin g
a ir in a sp ir a l p a th. The mouth of the bur n er is
p r ovided w ith a n in w a r dly cur led edge | 42 w hich
in the or igin a l bur n er ser ved a s a mea n s f or
f or min g a con e of a ir f or sur r oun din g the con e of
f uel oil w ithin the combustion cha mber . A hea d
3 6 ' , simila r to the hea d 3 6 of Fig. 2 but min us the
out-tur n ed f la n ge40 ther eof , ma y be p osition ed
w ithin the mouth of the bur n er w ith its outer
f a ce ush w ith the outer edge of the in side p e
r ip her y of the cur led edge | 42 . The in w a r dly
cur led edge | 42 thus ser ves to def lect a ir f or p a s
sa ge thr ough the sup p lemen ta l a ir sup p lyin g or i
f ices 56 a n d the bur n er hea d 3 6 ' is sup p or ted
up on the sp ir a l f in s | 40 w hich lin e the in side of
the dr a f t tube 2 4. Set scr ew s ( n ot show n ) ma y
40 be p r ovided f or sup p or tin g a n d ma in ta in in g the
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
v hea d 3 6 ' in its p r op er p osition . An oil n oz z le '
2 6 a n d electr odes 3 2 ma y be emp loyed, a s in the
con str uction of Fig. 2 .
With the con str uction s show n in Figs. 7 to 9 ,
45 it is p ossible to a da p t the bur n er of the p r esen t
in ven tion f or use in a w ide va r iety of typ es of
hea tin g a p p a r a tus a s it is p ossible, by va r yin g
the siz e of the a p er tur es | | 4, to in cr ea se or de- _
cr ea se the a n gle w hich the f la me ma y ha ve w ith
50 r esp ect to the ver tica l a xis of the bur n er . This
in cr ea se or decr ea se of the a n gle w ill a lso va r y
the a me sp eed a n d the dista n ce w hich the f la me
w ill tr a vel a n d ma y be a r r a n ged to r esult in im
p in gemen t of the p r oducts of combustion up on
55 the w a lls 8 2 of the combustion cha mber w hich
f or m a hea t tr a n sf er sur f a ce, a n d a lso r esult in
a . thor ough w ip in g of the p r oducts of combustion
a ga in st the combustion -cha mber side of the w a lls
8 2 a s they tr a vel up w a r dly bef or e bein g exha usted
6 0 thr ough the f lue. _
It w ill be un der stood tha t the f uel combustion
a p p a r a tus in cludin g the hea d, electr odes, Vsp r a y
n oz z le a n d a p or tion of the dr a f t tube might be
emp loyed in con n ection w ith a f ur n a ce w hich
a 5 emp loys a n exha ust f a n in the sta ck a n d r elies
up on the use of such exha ust f a n to dr a w a ir
thr ough the dr a f t tube. For the p ur p oses of this
in ven tion , it is imma ter ia l w hether the f low of a ir
is ca used by a p ositive p r essur e or by a p r essur e
5
cr ea ted by a va cuum, the on ly r eq uir emen t bein g
tha t a p r essur e dr op exist betw een the in side of
the dr a f t tube a n d the combustion cha mber .
While the sup p lemen ta l a p er tur es 56 ha ve been
descr ibed a scon ductin g a ir a t r ight a n gles to its
p a th of movemen t thr ough the dr a f t tube, these
a p er tur es might a lso be a r r a n ged so a s to dir ect
a ir slightly r ea r w a r dly or in the dir ection of the
oil n oz z le 2 6 , thus ca usin g the a ir to ta k e . a p a th `
w hich f or ms a n a cute a n gle w ith r esp ect to a
p a th of the a ir thr ough the dr a f t tube a n d bur n er
hea d. It ha s been f oun d tha t the a cute a n gula r
disp osa l of the or if ices l56 a s a bove descr ibed w ill
a lso ser ve to r eta r d the sp eed of the mixtur e a n d
to sta biliz e the f la me w hich is hover in g in sp a ce
of f the en d of the bur n er .
tha t if the a p er tur es 56 a r e so -dir ected a s to in
cr ea se the sp eed of -the mixtur e f low in g f r om the
mouth of the bur n er tha t the iia me becomes un
sta ble a n d the sp eed of the mixtur e in cr ea ses
beyon d the r a te of f la me p r op a ga tion a n d ca uses
the f la me to be extin guished. When the sup p le
men ta l a ir f eedin g a p er tur es a r e ta n gen tia lly a r
r a n ged, a s in Figs. 7 thr ough 9 , they cr ea te a vor
tex up on the a t a n n ula r f a ces of the bur n er ,
thus ten din g to p ull the mixtur e issuin g f r om the
bur n er mouth outw a r dly a n d Ato in cr ea se its a n gle.
The r esultin g f ir e is ver y f la t a n d sp r ea din g' ,
w hich is idea l f or the typ e of combustion cha mber
show n in Figs. ' 7 to 9 . ,
It w ill thus be seen tha t the combustion a p
p a r a tus ca r r ies in to ef f ect the objects of the in
ven tion a s p r eviously set f or th a n d en a bles a
domestic con sumer to ta k e f ull a dva n ta ge of the
high ef cien cies ma de a va ila ble by this bur n er
w ithout r eq uir in g the ser vices of a sk illed op er
a tor a n d con sta n t sup er vision of its op er a tion .
While the in ven tion - ha s been descr ibed w ith
some deta il, it is to be un der stood tha t the de
scr ip tion is f or the p ur p ose of illustr a tion on ly
a n d is n ot def in itive of the limits of the in ven tive
idea . The r ight is r eser ved to ma k e such cha n ges
in the deta ils of con str uction a n d a r r a n gemen t of
p a r ts a s w ill f a ll w ithin the p ur view of the a t
ta ched cla im w hich w e ma k e.
We cla im:
Combustion a p p a r a tus comp r isin g a dr a f t tube
a da p ted to be sup p lied w ith a ir un der p r essur e
f r om a n y suita ble sour ce, a cylin dr ica l member
sma ller tha n the in side dimen sion ' of sa id dr a f t
tube a n d p osition ed w ithin the mouth of sa id
dr a f t tube, a f la n ge up on on e en d of ` sa id cy
lin dr ica l member f or en ga gin g the en d of sa id
dr a f t tube, sa id cylin dr ica l member > bein g hollow
a n d ha vin g a r estr icted or if ice def in in g the sma ll
en d of a f r ustr um of a con e, a f uel discha r ge n oz
z le p osition ed w ithin sa id hollow member to dis
cha r ge a con e of oil f og in the dir ection of sa id
or if ice, the outer sur f a ce of sa id cylin dr ica l mem
ber bein g sp a ced f r om the in n er sur f a ce of sa id
dr a f t' tube to f or m a n a ir p a ssa ge ther ebetw een ,
sa id cylin dr ica l member bein g p r ovided w ith a .
p lur a lity of sp a ced or if ices exten din g ther e
thr ough a t r ight a n gles to the cen tr a l ya xis of the
cylin dr ica l memler betw een sa id f la n ge a n d sa id
r estr icted or if ice a n d a dja cen t the sur f a ce sur
r oun din g sa id r estr icted or if ice. _ c
MORITL L. MUELLER.
GEORGER. NEUMANN.
1 0
It ha s a lso been f oun d , A
3 0
40
45
50
55