Bμi gi¶ng: Xö Lý Týn Hiöu B¡Ng Gèc Vμ Ghðp K£Nh Trong Hö Thèng Truyòn Dén

1
Bi ging
X L TN HIU BNG GC V GHP
KNH TRONG H THNG TRUYN DN
Ging vin: ThS. Phan Thanh Hin
2
GHP KNH TRONG H THNG
TRUYN DN
3
1 Gii thiu chung
2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM.
3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian TDM.
4 Phn cp TDM-PCM
4.1 Theo PDH.
4.2 Theo SDH.
5 Ghp knh tn hiu bng rng
Ni dung trnh by:
4
1 Gii thiu chung
Vic chia s ng truyn dn thnh nhiu knh lin lc cho
nhiu ngun thng tin cng s dng c gi l ghp knh.
Trong k thut truyn dn tn hiu, c ba phng php ghp
knh c bn:
Ghp knh theo tn s (FDM: frequency Division
Multiplexing), trong bng tn truyn dn ca h thng
c chia thnh nhiu bng con hnh thnh nhiu knh lin
lc phn bit vi nhau v tn s.
5
1 Gii thiu chung
Ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM: Time Division Multiplexing),
trong thi gian s dng ng truyn dn c chia thnh cc
phn khc nhau gi l cc khe thi gian v vic truyn a tin tc
t cc ngun tin khc nhau c thc hin trong cc khe thi
gian ring bit.
Ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM: Wavelength Division
Multiplexing), trong mi tn hiu c iu ch mt bc
sng nh sng, sau nhiu bc sng khc nhau c truyn
cng trn mt si quang.
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1 Gii thiu chung
V nguyn tc, phng php ghp knh theo thi gian cng c th
p dng cho cc tn hiu analog.
Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu analog thng xem c l c ph tng
i hn ch. Thm vo , vic chuyn ph ca cc tn hiu
analog ln cc bng tn ng dy v sp xp chng phn bit
nhau v gii tn c th thc hin c mt cch d dng.
Do , trong cc h thng truyn dn analog vic ghp nhiu knh
lin lc thng c thc hin theo phng php ghp knh theo
tn s.
7
NGUYN L GHP KNH
Ghp knh l tp hp cc k thut cho php truyn lin tc nhiu
tn hiu trn mt ng truyn duy nht
CompA1
CompB1
CompC1
CompA2
CompB2
CompC2
Rate Da
Rate Db
Rate Dc
3 ng: t & khng tin dng
CompA1
CompB1
CompC1
CompA2
CompB2
CompC2
Da
Db
Dc
D>=Da+Db+Dc
M
U
X
D
E
M
U
X
1 ng chia s: rate D
Ghp knh Gii ghp knh
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1 Gii thiu chung
Tn hiu s c mt c im c bn l cc xung tn hiu
c thi gian tn ti hu hn. Thi gian tn ti ca tng
phn t ch ph thuc vo rng xung.
Khi rng xung ca tn hiu kh nh hn di khung
tn hiu, c th chia khung tn hiu thnh mt s khe thi
gian v ghp mt s xung tn hiu t mt s ngun tin s
vo cng mt khung tn hiu.
9
2 K thut ghp knh theo tn s
FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM:
-Nhiu dng s liu c gi ti tn s khc nhau trn cng ng
truyn
-Di thng ng truyn phi ln hn tng di thng cc dng bit
thnh phn
-c s dng rng ri trong mng thng tin tng t
10
S nguyn l:
Mod 1
B lc1
0,3 3,4
F 1
Mod 2
B lc2
0,3 3,4
F 2
Mod 3
B lc3
0,3 3,4
F3
0,3 3,4
DeMod
1
F1
B lc1
0,3 3,4
DeMod
2
F2
B lc2
0,3 3,4
DeMod
3
F3
B lc3
........
Hnh 3.1: S nguyn l ghp knh theo tn s
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Cc b iu ch c tn s sng mang khc nhau: F1F2F3.
u ra ca cc b iu ch c hai bng sng nh hnh:
Bng bn trn (F+f), bng di (F-f).
Sau cho qua cc b lc, lc ly mt bng (hoc l bng trn
hoc l bng di) v a ln ng dy v truyn dn n i
phng.
0,3 3,4 F+0,3 F+3,4 F F-3,4 F-0,3
f
Hnh 3.2: Tn ph ca ng dy
12
Phng php ghp knh theo tn s s dng cc sng mang cao tn
a thng tin ln thnh phn tn s cn thit v truyn cc thnh
phn tn s ny.
Pha thu s lc ly tn s ca mnh, sau i tn thu c
thng tin ban u.
Phn cp FDM: FDM c phn thnh cc nhm s cp FDM cp
1, cp 2, cp 3; siu nhm v siu siu nhm.
13
Nhm s cp FDM cp 1 c ghp t 12 knh thoi tng t, ly
di tn t 60kHz n 108kHz (thnh phn bin trn), c rng: 4x
12 = 48 (kHz).
0 48 60 108 120 216 (KHz)
Hiu tn
Hi bc hai
Hnh 3.3b: Phn b sn phm s hng th hai
14
F-f M
64+4n
f
f
Bng tn ting
ni ng dy
60 64 68 100 104 108
Hnh 3.3a: Dch tn ph ca 12 ng
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FDM cp 2: c ghp bng 5 nhm FDM-1, ta c: 12x5=60 knh
thoi; rng l 48x5=240kHz; chim di tn t 312 552 kHz;
c sng mang ph l 452kHz.
FDM cp 3 c ghp t 5 nhm FDM-2; ta c l 300 knh thoi;
chim di tn t 8122012kHz.
Siu nhm: ghp 3 nhm FDM-3 = 900 knh.
Siu siu nhm: l 4 siu nhm.
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Nhn xt:
V bn cht FDM: nhiu knh khc nhau v tn s c pht cng
mt lc trn knh truyn.
Truyn dn tn hiu trn knh l tng t >> chng nhiu km; suy
hao ln;
Nhiu xuyn m (tn s); giao thoa v tn s: nf
c1
mf
c2
. S knh
ghp hn ch do cn khong bo v tn s (FG: frequency Guard)
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3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian:
Khi c hai tn hiu tng t tr ln c truyn dn trn mt
knh thng tin, thng s dng mt trong hai phng php c
in lin kt hai tn hiu ring r ny.
Phng php th nht l ghp knh theo tn s.
Phng php c in th hai, tt c cc tn hiu u c cng tn
s nhng chim khong thi gian khc nhau trong di thi gian,
chnh l ghp knh theo thi gian.
3 K thut ghp knh theo thi gian
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
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thc hin vic ny, mi tn hiu tng t c ly mu ti
cc thi im khc nhau v xung ly mu mang thng tin v
bin ca mi tn hiu ring c pht ln ng dy.
Kt qu l mt dy xung PAM c ghp li, trong mi
xung iu bin tun hon bt ngun t mt tn hiu khc nhau.
iu ny c th thc hin c, v b rng xung ly mu ca
tn hiu 1 ngn hn nhiu so vi thi gian tri qua cho n
trc khi tn hiu 1 c ly mu ln na.
3.1 C s ghp knh theo thi gian
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TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TDM:
-Nhiu dng s liu c gi ti cc khong thi gian
khc nhau trn mt tuyn truyn dn
-Tc ng truyn phi ln hn tng tc cc dng bit
thnh phn
-D liu ln lt truyn trong thi gian ngn
-c s dng rng ri trong mng thng tin s
CompA1
CompB1
CompC1
CompA2
CompB2
CompC2
M
U
X
D
E
M
U
X
C1 B1 A1 C1 B1 A1
NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO THI GIAN
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NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO THI GIAN
Nguyn l ghp knh s
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Hnh v l s n gin ca nguyn l ghp knh theo thi gian.
1
2
3
4
1
5
2
3
4
Xung ng
b khung
B chuyn
mch
H thng
truyn dn
1
2
3
4
2
3
1
5
4
Tch xung ng
b khung
B phn
phi
Hnh v: H thng TDM 4 knh
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NGUYN L GHP KNH
Mch m phng qu trnh ghp knh
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Hnh nh minh ha vic truyn tin s dng TDM 4 knh (ghp cc
xung PAM):
1
2
3
4
F
1
2
3
4
F
1
2
3
4
F
1
2
3
4
F
.. .. ...
V
t
Hnh v: Dng sng ca h thng
TDM 4 knh
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Ghp TDM 4 knh (cc xung PAM).
Trong : F l xung ng b khung, y cng l thi im bt
u ca khung sau v l thi im kt thc ca khung lin
trc.
Khong cch 2 xung F k nhau bng chu k ly mu: T
m
=
125s.
c pha pht v thu, cc mu ca cc knh ring bit c
ghp vo v tch ra nh mt b chuyn mch kiu quay trn
gi l b phn phi.
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B chuyn mch my pht v my thu c ng b mt cch
cht ch.
Trong TDM c hai dng ng b l ng b khung v ng b
theo bt (theo mu).
ng b khung xc nh mt cch chnh xc im bt u ca
mt nhm bt (xung mu).
ng b bt cn thit phn bit mt cch chnh xc tng bt
(xung mu) trong mi khung.
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Qu trnh ng b cng cho php ng b thit b pht v thu
khi cc tn hiu thi gian trong hai thit b c cng tc
trung bnh.
ng h to ra cc xung thi gian iu khin cc chc nng
khc nhau v iu khin tc bt cho mc ch truyn dn.
Trong nhiu trng hp ng h c pha thu v pht khng
hot ng cng tc . nhn tn hiu c chnh xc, thit
b thu thng nhn s nh thi t lung bt s thu c.
27
Vic nhn s nh thi t lung bt s thu c m bo cho hai
thit b thu v pht hot ng cng tc trung bnh v c th
xem nh ng b.
Khi mang cng 1 lung bt: ng h pht trong 1 thit b ph
thuc vo ng h mch thu to ra s ng b gia phn pht
v thu trn ng truyn dn.
Thit b thu tch thng tin thi gian t lung bt s a n nh
cc mch khi phc ng b.
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Trong lung tn hiu s: cc t m c gp li vi cc bt bo
hiu v cc bt ng b khung.
Cc bt hoc t m ng b khung c sp xp sao cho
chng to thnh mt cu trc lp, n cho php thit b u cui
nhn dng chnh xc mi bt hoc khe thi gian v phn chia
lung tn hiu s n thnh cc tn hiu thnh phn.
Cc tn hiu thnh phn sau i n knh ra tng ng.
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Mt on ca tn hiu c hnh thnh bi t m ng b khung
v cc bt tin gi l mt khung.
Mt nhm bt tin mang thng tin ca 1 knh (8 bit) to nn 1
khe thi gian.
Nu thit b thu pht hin c t m ng b khung ti v tr
bit trc tc l c ng b v n tip tc lm vic ch
ng.
Nu sau v tr qua nhiu khe thi gian khng pht hin c
t m ng b th thit b u cui cho rng ng b khung b
mt.
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Qu trnh tm kim t m ng b ca pha thu bng cch trt
tng khe thi gian cho n khi pht hin c t m . Sau
n chuyn sang phng thc kim tra khng nh t m
ng b xut hin vi ln ng v tr mong mun trc khi
chuyn sang phng thc ng.
khng nh rng vic tm c t m ng b thc s th
cu trc ca t m c la chn phi c xc sut ngu nhin
xut hin trong dy thng tin l b nht.
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M NG TRUYN TRONG H
THNG TRUYN DN
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Thut ng
Unipolar
Tt c cc phn t tn hiu c cng du
Polar
Mt trng thi logic c biu din bng mc in p dng, trng
thi logic khc c biu din bng mc in p m
Tc d liu (data rate)
Tc truyn dn d liu theo bps (bit per second)
rng (chiu di 1 bit)
Thi gian (thit b pht) dng truyn 1 bit
Tc iu ch
Tc mc tn hiu thay i
n v l baud = s phn t tn hiu trong 1 giy
Mark v Space
Tng ng vi 1 v 0 nh phn
33
Din gii tn hiu
Cn bit
nh thi ca cc bit (khi no chng bt u v kt thc)
Mc tn hiu
Yu t nh hng n vic din gii tn hiu
T s SNR
Tc d liu
Bng thng
34
Polar Encoding
35
Nonreturn to zero (NRZ)
Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
2 mc in p khc nhau cho bit 1 v bit 0
in p khng thay i (khng c transition) khi khng c s thay i tn hiu
in p thay i (c transition) khi c s thay i tn hiu (t 01 hoc t 10)
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
NRZI cho cc bit 1
D liu c m ha cn c vo vic c hay khng s thay i tn hiu u thi khong
bit.
Bit 1: c m ha bng s thay i in p (c transition)
Bit 0: c m ha bng s khng thay i in p (khng c transition)
36
Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)
M ha sai phn
D liu c biu din bng vic thay i tn hiu (thay v
bng mc tn hiu)
Nhn bit s thay i d dng hn so vi nhn bit mc
Trong cc h thng truyn dn phc tp, cm gic cc tnh
d dng b mt
u v nhc im ca m ha NRZ
u
D dng nm bt
Bng thng dng hiu qu
Nhc
C thnh phn mt chiu
Thiu kh nng ng b
Dng trong vic ghi bng t
t dng trong vic truyn tn hiu
37
Multilevel Binary
Dng nhiu hn 2 mc
Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark
Inversion)
Bit-0 c biu din bng khng
c tn hiu
Bit-1 c biu din bng xung
dng hay xung m
Cc xung 1 thay i cc tnh xen
k
Khng mt ng b khi d liu l
mt dy 1 di (dy 0 vn b vn
ng b)
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu
Bng thng thp
Pht hin li d dng
Pseudoternary
1 c biu din bng khng c
tn hiu
0 c biu din bng xung dng
m xen k nhau
Khng c u im v nhc im
The 0s are positive and negative alternately
Amplitude
Time
0
1
0 0 1
1
0 1
38
Trade Off
Khng hiu qu bng NRZ
Mi phn t t/h ch biu din 1 bit
H thng 3 mc c th biu din log
2
3 = 1.58 bit
B thu phi c kh nng phn bit 3 mc (+A, -A, 0)
Cn thm khong 3dB cng sut t c cng xc
sut bit li
Multilevel Binary
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
39
Biphase
Manchester
Thay i gia thi khong bit
Thay i c dng nh tn hiu ng b d liu
LH biu din 1
HL biu din 0
Dng trong IEEE 802.3
40
Biphase
Differential Manchester
Thay i gia thi khong bit ch dng cho ng b
Thay i u thi khong biu din 0
Khng c thay i u thi khong biu din 1
Dng trong IEEE 802.5
41
Biphase
u v nhc im
Nhc im
Ti thiu c 1 thay i
trong thi khong 1 bit v
c th c 2
Tc iu ch ti a bng
2 ln NRZ
Cn bng thng rng hn
u im
ng b da vo s thay
i gia thi khong bit
(self clocking)
Khng c thnh phn mt
chiu
Pht hin li
Khi thiu s thay i mong
i
42
Biphase
43
Polar Encoding
44
Bi tp
45
Bi tp
46
Bi tp
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
47
Bi tp
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
NRZ-L
NRZ-I
AMI
Pseudo-Ternary
Manchester
Differential
Manchester
48
Scrambling
Dng k thut scrambling thay th cc chui to ra hng s in
p
Chui thay th
Phi to ra s thay i tn hiu, dng cho vic ng b ha
Phi c nhn din bi b thu v thay th tr li chui ban u
Cng di nh chui ban u
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu
Khng to ra chui di cc tn hiu mc 0
Khng gim tc d liu
C kh nng pht hin li
49
B8ZS
B8ZS (Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution)
Da trn bipolar-AMI
Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui cng trc l dng,
m thnh 000+0+
Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui cng trc l m, m
thnh 000+0+
Gy ra 2 vi phm m AMI
C th lm ln vi tc ng gy ra bi nhiu
B thu pht hin v din gii chng thnh 8 s 0 lin tip
50
B8ZS
51
HDB3
HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3 Zeros)
Da trn bipolar-AMI
Chui 4 s 0 lin tip c thay th theo quy lut nh sau
52
HDB3
53
Bi tp
54
Bi tp
55
So snh cc phng php m ha
Ph tn hiu
Vic thiu thnh phn tn s cao lm gim yu cu v bng thng
Tp trung cng sut gia bng thng
ng b
ng b b thu v b pht
Tn hiu ng b ngoi vi
C ch ng b da trn tn hiu
Kh nng pht hin li
C th c tch hp trong c ch m ha
Nhiu v kh nng min nhim
Vi m tt hn cc m khc
phc tp v chi ph
Tc tn hiu cao hn (v do tc d liu cao hn) dn ti chi
ph cao
Vi m i hi tc tn hiu cao hn tc d liu
56
ng dng
Dng truyn d liu s trn mng in
thoi cng cng
300Hz 3400Hz
Thit b
MODEM (MOdulator-DEMulator)
K thut
iu bin: Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)
iu tn: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
iu pha: Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Digital Analog
Analog and digital
transmission
Analog
data
Analog
Analog
Analog
signal
signal
signal
Digital
Digital
Digital
signal
signal
signal
Digital
data
Analog
signal
Digital
Digital
Digital
signal
signal
signal
Digital Analog
FSK PSK ASK
QAM
57
K THUT iU CH TRONG H
THNG TRUYN DN
58
iu bin (ASK)
Dng 2 bin khc nhau ca sng mang biu din 0 v 1
(thng thng mt bin bng 0)
S dng mt tn s sng mang duy nht
Phng php ny ch ph hp trong truyn s liu tc thp
(~1200bps trn knh truyn thoi)
Tn s ca tn hiu sng mang c dng ph thuc vo chun giao
tip ang c s dng
K thut c dng trong cp quang
+
=
0 0
1 ) 2 cos(
) (
binary
binary t f A
t s
c

59
iu bin (ASK)
60
iu bin (ASK)

61
iu tn (FSK) Binary FSK (BFSK)
S dng hai tn s sng mang: tn s cao tng ng mc 1, tn s
thp tng ng mc 0.
t li hn so vi ASK
c s dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps hay thp hn trn
mng in thoi
C th dng tn s cao (3-30MHz) truyn trn sng radio hoc
cp ng trc
+
+
=
0 ) 2 cos(
1 ) 2 cos(
) (
2
1
binary t f A
binary t f A
t s
c
c

62
iu tn (FSK) Binary FSK (BFSK)
63
iu tn (FSK) Multiple (FSK)
Dng nhiu hn 2 tn s
Bng thng c dng hiu qu hn
Kh nng li nhiu hn
Mi phn t tn hiu biu din nhiu hn 1 bit d liu
64
iu pha (PSK)
S dng mt tn s sng mang v thay i pha ca sng mang ny
PSK vi phn (differential PSK) thay i pha tng i so vi
sng trc (thay v so vi sng tham chiu c nh)
Cho php m ha nhiu bit trn mi thay i tn hiu sng mang
(Phase Amplitude Modulation)
Phng php ny thng c dng trong truyn d liu tc
2400bps (2 bits per phase change - CCITT V.26) hoc 4800bps (3
bits encoding per phase change - CCITT V.27) hoc 9600bps (4
bits encoding per phase/amplitude change)
Tng qut cho m ha NRZ-L
+
=
0 ) 2 cos(
1 ) 2 cos(
) (
binary t f A
binary t f A
t s
c
c

elements signal different of number : L
element signal per bits of number : l L log l
2
(bps) rate data : R
(bauds) rate modulation : D
R R
D = =
65
iu pha (PSK)
66
iu pha (PSK)
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
M-ary PSK
H thng 64 v 256 trng thi
Ci thin tc d liu vi bng thng khng i
Tng kh nng tim n li
+
+
+
+
=
11 ) 270 2 cos(
10 ) 180 2 cos(
01 ) 90 2 cos(
00 ) 0 2 cos(
) (
o
o
o
o
t f A
t f A
t f A
t f A
t s
c
c
c
c
67
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
QAM c dng trong ADSL v mt s h thng wireless
Kt hp gia ASK v PSK
M rng logic ca QPSK
Gi ng thi 2 tn hiu khc nhau cng tn s mang
Dng 2 bn sao ca sng mang, mt ci c dch i 90
Mi sng mang l ASK c iu ch
2 tn hiu c lp trn cng mi trng
Gii iu ch v kt hp cho d liu nh phn ban u
68
Digital Analog
69
Analog Digital
ng dng
Dng truyn d liu tng t trn mng
truyn d liu s
Tn dng cc u im ca truyn dn s
(thit b r, dng repeater, TDM, )
S ha
D liu s c th truyn dng NRZ-L hay
cc loi m khc
Thit b
CODEC (COder-DECoder)
K thut
iu ch xung m: Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
iu ch Delta: Delta Modulation (DM)
Analog and digital transmission
Analog
data
Analog
Analog
Analog
signal
signal
signal
Digital
signal
Digital
data
Analog
Analog
Analog
signal
signal
signal
Digital
Digital
Digital
signal
signal
signal
Analog Digital
DM PCM
70
iu ch xung m (PCM)
L thuyt ly mu
Nu tn hiu f(t) c ly mu u vi tc ly mu
cao hn ti thiu 2 ln tn s tn hiu cao nht, th cc
mu thu c cha thng tin ca tn hiu ban u. T/h
f(t) c th c ti to, dng b lc thng thp
Cng thc Nyquist: N >= 2f
N: tc ly mu
f: tn s ca tn hiu c ly mu
D liu ting ni
Gii hn tn s <4000Hz
Tc ly mu cn thit
8000 mu/giy
max
min
0
00000000
00000001
11111111
71
iu ch xung m (PCM)
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
Cc xung c ly mu tn s R=2B
Lng t ha cc xung PAM
Xc nh gi tr ca im c ly mu, ri vo khong no th ly gi tr
khong
Ty thuc vo cc mc lng t 2
n
(n l s bit cn thit s ha 1 xung)
M ha d liu
Thc hin cc thao tc m ha thng tin trc khi truyn i
Continuous-time,
continuous-amplitude
(analog) input signal
Discrete-time,
continuous-amplitude
signal (PAM pulses)
Discrete-time,
discrete-amplitude
signal (PCM pulses)
Digital bit
stream output
signal
72
iu ch xung m (PCM)
73
iu ch xung m
74
Non-linear coding
Mc lng t khng u
Gim mo tn hiu
Companding (compressing-expanding)
75
iu ch Delta (DM)
Tn hiu tng t c xp x bi hm bc thang (staircase)
Hnh vi nh phn
i ln hay xung 1 mc () ti mi thi khong ly mu
Hiu sut
ti to ting ni tt
PCM - 128 mc (7 bit)
Bng thng thoi 4khz
Cn 8000 x 7 = 56kbps i vi PCM
K thut nn d liu c th ci thin thm
V d: k thut m xen khung (interframe coding) cho video
76
iu ch Delta (DM)
77
iu ch Delta (DM)
78
Cu trc knh truyn M d liu
Baudot (Emile Baudot)
5 bit (32 m)
dng 2 m 5 bit (letter & figure) m ht cc k t, ch s v du
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
7 bit (128 m), bao gm cc k t ch thng v hoa, cc k t ch s, cc
k t du chm cu v cc k t c bit.
Ph bin nht hin nay c s dng trong giao tip d liu tun t.
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
8 bit
c dng trong cc h thng my tnh IBM
Unicode
16 hoc 32 bit
Ha hn c s dng rng ri trong tng lai
79
M Baudot
JAMES BOND 007 SAYS HI!
80
M ASCII

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Bμi gi¶ng: Xö Lý Týn Hiöu B¡Ng Gèc Vμ Ghðp K£Nh Trong Hö Thèng Truyòn Dén

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