Paint School

J PS-E / Control / 1
Inspection
and
Control
Paint School
J PS-E / Control / 2
What is QA
What is QA
-
-
QC ?
QC ?
QA = Quality Assurance
(A documented management system)
QC = Quality Control
(Inspection and testing routines)
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The Tasks of the Paint Inspector
The Tasks of the Paint Inspector
To ensure that the requirements
of the coating specification are met.
Verify the quality of work carried out
by the contractor/yard.
Prepare written records of the standard
of work
- Approval (Satisfactory ? / Conforming ?)
- Non-conformance
Paint School
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An Inspector
An Inspector

s Work Includes:
s Work Includes:
Be capable of interpreting the specifications
Understand the objective of the inspection
Inspect all structures to be painted
Ensure that all specified requirements are met
Document the results from the inspections
In case of non-conformance: Issue written reports
Paint School
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All paints that will be used
All relevant inspection methods and
inspection tools
Relevant standards
Methods involved in cleaning, pre-treatment
and paint application
The equipment used for pre-treatment and
application: Benefits and limitations
An Inspector Needs to Know:
An Inspector Needs to Know:
Paint School
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What Needs to be Inspected ?
What Needs to be Inspected ?
Shop-priming of the steel
The steel work
(Pre-blasting preparation)
Cleaning and surface preparation
prior to paint application
Application of paint
The applied paint film and its curing
conditions.
If relevant, the following stages
of the production need to be inspected
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Inspection at Shop priming
Inspection at Shop priming
Cleanliness (No salt, oil, grease or other
contaminants)
Rust grade. A or B acc. To ISO 8501-1
Shot or grit blasted steel, to Sa 2 acc. to
ISO 8501-1
Correct DFT (Usually 10 - 25 microns)
Satisfactory drying
No damages caused by conveyor.
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Inspection of steel work
Inspection of steel work
(Pre
(Pre
-
-
blasting preparation)
blasting preparation)
Rounding of sharp edges.
Smoothing of rough welding seams.
Removal / grinding of weld spatter and
beads.
Cracks and pittings.
Surface faults like laminates etc.
The following items need to
be inspected during construction
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Inspection of Cleaning and
Inspection of Cleaning and
Surface Preparation Prior to
Surface Preparation Prior to
Application
Application
Cleanliness (salt, oil, grease and
dust/dirt)
Evaluation of present condition (rust
grade)
Surface preparation (e.g. blast cleaning)
Cleanliness of prepared surface
(salts, oil, grease, dust and dirt)
Climatic conditions
(temperature, relative humidity etc)
If relevant, the following conditiones
must be inspected / verified
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Inspection During Application
Inspection During Application
Ensure proper mixing of 2-pack paints
Ensure use of the correct thinner
Measuring the wet film thickness (WFT)
Number of coats as given in the
specification
Cleanliness between coats (salts, dust, oil
etc.)
Drying time / recoating intervals
Control of equipment: Pressure, nozzle etc.
Climatic conditions (Ventilation, Air and
steel temperature and the relative humidity)
The following must be verified,
inspected or tested:
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Inspection After Application
Inspection After Application
Climatic conditions (Ventilation,
Temperature and humidity)
Curing / drying of the film
Dry film thickness (DFT)
Adhesion
Holiday detection
After application
the following must be checked
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An Inspector Deals With
An Inspector Deals With
Several Parties
Several Parties
Customer / owner
The Yard
Contractor / sub-contractor
Paint supplier
Suppliers of equipment
Classification society
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Utstyr utlagt
Inspection Tools
Inspection Tools
Paint School
J PS-E / Control / 14
Vtfilmmler
Wet Film
Wet Film
T
T
hickness
hickness
Gauge
Gauge
ISO 2808
Wet film thickness gauge
To be used on flat, even
surfaces
1. coat no problem
2. Coat: Be careful if
First Coat is not fully
cured/dried
or if
First coat is soft or resoluble
Paint School
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TrrfilmmlereElektr.
Magn.
Magnetic and Electromagnetic
Magnetic and Electromagnetic
Dry Film Thickness Gauges
Dry Film Thickness Gauges
ISO 2808
Dry film thickness gauge
Calibrate on smooth surface
to zero and to thickness
similar to be measured
Check with your calibration
foil frequently
Plastic material foils wear
easily. Replace frequently.
No internal memory in
gauge
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speil, lykt
Inspection Tools: Mirror and Flash light
Inspection Tools: Mirror and Flash light
Visual inspection
Important tools to be
able to inspect areas
difficult to access
For inspection in
confined spaces: Use
Ex approved
equipment
Paint School
J PS-E / Control / 17
J an, speil, lykt
Using Inspection Tools: Mirror and Flash light
Using Inspection Tools: Mirror and Flash light
Visual inspection
Important tools to be
able to inspect areas
difficult to access
Paint School
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Magnifier
Magnifier
Visual inspection
Handy tool when
looking for defects, to
verify cleanliness and
roughness of the
substrate
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Clemco
Compartor
Surface Roughness acc. to ISO 8503
Surface Roughness acc. to ISO 8503
Example of a reference
comparator: Clemco
Surface profile comparator
comprising four segments.
Clemco- grit
Clemcoshot also available
Check if the profile is
according to specification
and the paint
manufacturers
recommendation
Paint School
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Steel temperature
Contact Thermometer
Contact Thermometer
Electronic instrument for
measuring the steel
temperature
Steel temperature must be
min. 3
o
C above the dew
point
Other types of
thermometers are also
available. E.g. magnetic
thermometers
Paint School
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Measuring the Relative Humidity
Measuring the Relative Humidity
ISO 8502 - 4
Photo: Sling hygrometer for
measuring:
- Dry temperature
- Wet temperature
Measure the temperature in
the vicinity.
Calculate the relative
humidity
Use together with dew point
calculator
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Dew Point Calculator
Dew Point Calculator
ISO 8502 - 4
For calculation of dew point
To be used together with
surface temperature
thermometer and sling
hygrometer.
Use this frequently during
pre-treatment, application
and drying of the paint.
Recommendation: Every 6
hours and when weather
conditions are changing
Paint School
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Tools for Marking Areas With Defects
Tools for Marking Areas With Defects
Photo: Chalk for marking
areas during inspection
To be used both after pre-
treatment and painting
Areas with defects must be
marked properly
Other tools than chalk can be
used
NOTE:
NOTE: Chalk may be considered
as contamination for some
paint systems, and might have
to be removed
Paint School
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Gitter tester m prveplate
Cross Cut Adhesion Test
Cross Cut Adhesion Test
ISO 2409
Cross cut adhesion test
Cut vertical and horizontal
lines to form a grid
Apply a strong tape
Pull off the tape
Evaluate according to the
standard
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L.V. pore test
Low Voltage Pore Detector
Low Voltage Pore Detector
ASTM G-62 -85, method A
Photo: Low voltage pore
detector
Detecting pinholes, voids or
metal particles in paint film up
to 250 microns
Non destructive test method
Will only detect defects down
to bare metal
The sponge must be wetted
Do not use excessive water
Paint School
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Brunner H.V.P.D
Bruker.
High Voltage Pore Detector
High Voltage Pore Detector
ASTM G-62-85, method B
Photo: High voltage pore detector
Destructivetest method for detecting
pinholes, voids and thin spots in
paint film
Adjust voltage according to the film
thickness or the paint manufacturers
recommendation
Gives a light or signal when pinhole
or weak point is detected
Paint School
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BSRA Instrument With Probe
BSRA Instrument With Probe
For measuring the
surface roughness
Used prior to and after
application of the paint
Particularly for under
water areas
Important to follow
instructions for use
given by supplier
Paint School
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Nrbilderuhetsmler
BSRA Probe
BSRA Probe
Close up photo of B.S.R.A.
Probe
The probe is mounted on
wheels
Move slowly and steadily along
the surface
Do not lift the probe from the
surface during the measurement
Make sure to keep the probe
and the wheels clean
Paint School
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Bresle sett
Salt Test Equipment
Salt Test Equipment
-
-
Bresle Test
Bresle Test
ISO 8502 - 6 (Sampling)
ISO 8502 - 9
(Conductivity)
Equipment for measuring
content of water soluble
salt on substrate
Bresle method
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Bresle spryte
8 - 41
Syringe
Syringe
-
-
Bresle Test: Sampling
Bresle Test: Sampling
Bresle salt test
Syringe for injecting
distilled water
Shows how to inject the
distilled water through the
frame and into the pad
The water must be
pumped in and out several
times. Follow the standard
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Conductivity Meter
Conductivity Meter
-
-
Bresle test
Bresle test
ISO 8502 - 9 (Conductivity)
Instrument for measuring the
conductivity
Salt level is measured as the
conductivity of the solution
Instrument shows the
conductivity which have to be
recalculated to give the salt
level on the substrate.
Only water soluble salts !
Bresle instrument
8 - 44
Paint School
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3test plater
0590 - 50
Different Types of Salt Have Different
Different Types of Salt Have Different
Affinity to Water / Humidity
Affinity to Water / Humidity
Laboratory test.
Different types of salt are
applied on two test panels
Several month of exposure
Right: Clean water, no rust
Middle: Iron Sulphate, little
rust
Left: Sodium Chloride.
Heavy rust develops
At similar levels: Chlorides
more severe than Sulphates
Sodium Iron No
Chloride Sulphate salt
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Insp. mler bunn
Using
Using

PIG
PIG

Universal on a Ships
Universal on a Ships

Hull
Hull
PIG = Paint Inspection
Gauge
Destructive test method
Possible to verify the
number of coats applied
Possible to measure the
thickness of each
individual coat
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Insp. avstrekk
8 - 49
Pull
Pull
-
-
off Testing Of Paint On A Structure
off Testing Of Paint On A Structure
ISO 4624
Pull off adhesion test.
Destructive test method
Here, connecting of the
device for pulling off the
dollies
Read and note the value
Several types of
instruments are available
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Dollys
8 - 46
Pull
Pull
-
-
off Dollies Glued To The Structure
off Dollies Glued To The Structure
ISO 4624
Pull off adhesion test
Dollies are glued to the
structure with a strong
glue
Prior to pull-off: Cut
around the dolly, through
the paint film and down to
the substrate material
Paint School
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Resultat
8 - 51
Area After Pull
Area After Pull
-
-
off Testing
off Testing
ISO 4624
Pull off adhesion test
The adhesive adhesivefailure - fracture
between coats - or between
coating and substrate must be
evaluated
Note adhesion failure, %
The cohesive cohesivefailure - fracture
within the coating- must be
evaluated.
Note cohesion failure, %
Also: Note glue failure, %
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Standards Relating Methods for
Standards Relating Methods for
Evaluation of Degradation of Coatings
Evaluation of Degradation of Coatings
Property Standard / Test method
Blistering
ISO 4628 - 2, ASTM D 714
DIN 53209, BS 3900 H2
Rust grade
ISO 4628 - 3, ASTM D 610
DIN 53210, BS 3900 H3
Cracking
ISO 4628 - 4, ASTM D 661
DIN ISO 4628, BS 3900 H4
Flaking
ISO 4628 - 5, DIN ISO 4628
BS 3900 H5
Chalking ISO 4628 - 6
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Standards for Testing of
Standards for Testing of
Corrosion Protective Properties
Corrosion Protective Properties
Property / Environment Standard / Test method
Humidity chamber
Condensation
ISO 6270 (Condensation, water at 40 C)
DIN 50017
ASTM D 2247 (Condensation, water at 38 C)
ASTM D 1735 (Humidity chamber)
Salt spray
ISO 7253, ASTM B 117, BS 3900 - F12,
DIN 53167, DIN 50021
ASTM G 85 (Prohesiontest)
Natural weather exposure
ISO 2810
BS 3900 F 6
Weather-o-meter
ASTM G 53
Cathodic disbonding
ASTM G 8 (1500 mV/Ag-AgCl at 20 C
ASTM G 42 (1500 mV/Ag-AgCl at 60 C
Cathodic protection BS 3900 F 11
o
o
o
o
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Standards for Evaluation
Standards for Evaluation
of Coated Surfaces
of Coated Surfaces
Property Standard / Test method
Paint film thickness
ISO 2808 (Wet and dry)
SSPC - PA 2
Holiday detection
ASTM G 62
(Low and high voltage)
Degradation of coatings ISO 4628
Paint School
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Standards Relating to
Standards Relating to
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Property Standard / Test method
Adhesion (Cross cut) ISO 2409, DIN 53251, BS 3900-E6, ASTM 3359
Adhesion (Pull-off) ISO 4624, ASTM 4541, BS 3900 - E10
Adhesion
(Shear strength)
ASTM D 1002 (Specified for Chartek)
Hardness ISO 2815 (Buchholz - methode)
Hardness ISO 1522 (Knig- pendel)
Hardness Barchol
Elasticiy ISO 1520 (Cupping test)
Flexibility ISO 6860 ASTM D 522
BS 3900 - E11 (Conical mandrel)
Impact resistance ISO/TR 6272 - 79E ASTM D 2794 - 84
DIN 55669 BS 3900 - E3
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Standards Relating to
Standards Relating to
Physical Properties
Physical Properties
Property Standard
Solids, % by weight ISO 1515 (105 C - 3 hours)
Solids by % volume ASTM D 2697 (1 hour - 110C - dip)
Drying time ISO 1517 (Surface dry)
Flash point ISO 1523 (Closed cup)
ISO 3679 (Zeta flash)
Milling grade ISO 1524
Viscosity ISO 2431 (Flow cup)
Paint film thickness ISO 2808
Density ISO 2811 (Psykrometer)
Gloss ISO 2813 (60 C commonly used)
Covering capacity ISO 2814
Recoatability ASTM D 1640
Curing of Zn-silicate ASTM D 4752 - 87
Paint School
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A General Standard for
A General Standard for
Corrosion Protection: ISO 12944
Corrosion Protection: ISO 12944
Part 1 General introduction.
Part 2 Classification of environments.
Part 3 Design considerations.
Part 4 Types of surface and surface preparation.
Part 5 Protective paint systems.
Part 6 Laboratory performance test methods.
Part 7 Execution and supervision of paint work.
Part 8 Development of specifications for new work
and maintenance.
Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection
of steel structures by protective paints systems.
Paint School
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Relevant Standards for Assessing
Relevant Standards for Assessing
Surfaces Prior to Paint Application
Surfaces Prior to Paint Application
Standard Area
ISO 8501 Visual assessments of surface cleanliness.
ISO 8502 Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness.
ISO 8503 Surface roughness characteristics
of blast-cleaned steel substrates.
ISO 8504 Surface preparation methods.
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Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation
ISO 8501
ISO 8501
-
-
1
1
Visual assessment of surface cleanliness
Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel
Rust grades and preparation grades of steel
after overall removal of previous coating
Photographic examples of steel when
blast cleaned with different abrasives
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ISO 8501
Rust grade A, B, C and D
Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation
Standard for Deciding Rust Grades
Standard for Deciding Rust Grades
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Sa: Blast cleaning (grades 1, 2, 2 and 3)
St.: Hand and power tool cleaning
(grades 2 and 3)
Fl: Flame-cleaning (one grade)
Standard for deciding Preparation grades
Standard for deciding Preparation grades
ISO 8501
ISO 8501
-
-
1
1
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Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation
ISO 8501
ISO 8501
-
-
2
2
As for ISO 8501-1, but:
For steel where previous coating has been
removed locally, not completely.
Paint School
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PSa : Localised blast cleaning
(grades 2, 2 and 3)
PSt : Localised hand and power tool cleaning
(grades 2 and 3)
PMa : Localised machine abrading (one grade)
Standard for deciding Preparation grades
Standard for deciding Preparation grades
ISO 8501
ISO 8501
-
-
2
2
Paint School
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Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation
ISO 8501
ISO 8501
-
-
3
3
Visual assessment of surface cleanliness
Preparation grades of welds, cut edges and
surface imperfections.
June 1998: Not yet approved
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Determination of Water Soluble Salts
Determination of Water Soluble Salts
Conductivity
Titration
Colour-reactions
Other Methods:
SCM 400 Salt Contamination Meter
The most frequently used methods are:
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Tests for the assessment of
Tests for the assessment of
Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502
Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502
(1 of 2)
(1 of 2)
Part 1 Field test for soluble iron corrosion products
Part 2 Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned
surfaces.
Part 3 Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for
painting (pressure- sensitive tape method)
Part 4 Guidance on the estimation of the probability of
condensation prior to paint application.
Part 5 Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces
prepared for painting. Ion detector tube method.
Paint School
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Tests for the assessment of
Tests for the assessment of
Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502
Surface cleanliness: ISO 8502
(2 of 2)
(2 of 2)
Part 6 Sampling of soluble impurities on surfaces to be
painted. Bresle method.
*
Part 9 Analysis of soluble impurities on surfaces to be painted
Analysis methods for field use for ferrous salts.
Part 10 Analysis of soluble impurities on surfaces to be
painted. Analysis methods for field use for oil and
grease.
*
Part 7 and 8 are not prepared
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Merckoquant test for iron
Quantitative test for detection of watersoluble
iron-salts
Indicator test strips impregnated with 2,2 bipyridyl
Sensitive within the range of 5mg/l to 250 mg/l
Destilledwater
Specified test area 25 x 10 cm
Cotton
Glass/plastic containers
ISO 8502 Part 1
ISO 8502 Part 1
Paint School
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Soluble Iron Salts On Blast Cleaned
Soluble Iron Salts On Blast Cleaned
Surfaces. ISO 8502
Surfaces. ISO 8502
-
-
1 Part 1
1 Part 1
Merckoquant test on steel substrate
Visual comparison
with the standard
Steel substrate
Beaker with
test solution
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Water Soluble Salts on Blast
Water Soluble Salts on Blast
-
-
cleaned Steel.
cleaned Steel.
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
1. Annex 3
1. Annex 3
Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(III) test paper
The filter paper is impregnated with Potassium
Hexacyanoferrate(III)
Water / humidity
In case of the presence of Iron salts the colour will
turn blue
A qualitative, not a quantitative test
Paint School
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Filter paper impregnated
with Potassium Hexacyanoferrate
Blast cleaned steel
Blue spots
Water Soluble Salts on Blast Cleaned Steel
Water Soluble Salts on Blast Cleaned Steel
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
1. Annex. 3
1. Annex. 3
Paint School
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Laboratory Test Method for
Laboratory Test Method for
Determining Chlorides. ISO 8502
Determining Chlorides. ISO 8502
-
-
2
2
Laboratory test method for
determination of Chlorides
on a clean substrate
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Approved
Not approved
Tape Blast cleaned steel
Assessment of Dust on Steel Surfaces
Assessment of Dust on Steel Surfaces
Prepared for Painting. ISO 8502
Prepared for Painting. ISO 8502
-
-
3
3
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1.Quantity ratings 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
corresponding to pictorial ref.
2.Dust size classes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Assessment of Dust
Assessment of Dust
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
3
3
Assessment for dust on
Assessment for dust on
steel surface prepared for painting
steel surface prepared for painting
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Guidance on Estimating Probability of
Guidance on Estimating Probability of
Condensation prior to Paint Application
Condensation prior to Paint Application
Wet rag
Thermometres
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
4
4
Paint School
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1. Air temperature
2. % Relative humidity
3. Steel temperature
4. Dew point
Steel temperature min. 3
o
C above the dew point
Humidity
Humidity
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
4
4
Guidance on the estimation of the probability
Guidance on the estimation of the probability
of condensation prior to paint application
of condensation prior to paint application
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Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity
R.H.: % water vapour in the air as percentage of
the total amount water vapour the air can contain
at the same temperature.
Example
Air at 20
o
C can contain 17.31 g. water/m
3
, but
contain 15 g/m
3
. What is the R.H. ?
R.H. = = 86.65 %
15x 100
17.31
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Chlorides on Steel Surfaces
Chlorides on Steel Surfaces
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
5
5
Measurement of Chloride on steel surfaces
prepared for painting
(The ion detection method)
Paint School
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The Bresle Method
The Bresle Method
.
.
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
6
6
A method for assessment of
soluble salts on the steel substrate:
The Bresle method
This is a quantitative test
Paint School
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Conductometric
Conductometric
Measurement of
Measurement of
Soluble Salts.
Soluble Salts.
ISO 8502
ISO 8502
-
-
9
9
Field method for measuring
conductivity ( S) of solutions containing
water soluble salts
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Calculating
Calculating
the Salt Content on a Surface
the Salt Content on a Surface
(L
2
- L
1
) x 6 = mg. salt pr. m
2
L
2
= S after washing
L
1
= S before washing
Used washing water, in ml.: 10 15 20 50
Converting factor: 4 6 8 20
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Units
Units
1mg = 1000 micro grams (g)
1 m
2
= 10 000 cm
2
1 mg/m
2
= 0,1 micro g/cm
2
(g)
1g/cm
2
= 10 mg/m
2
Na
+
+ Cl
-
= NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
Mol Weights = Cl
-
: 35,5 NaCl : 58,5
1 mg Cl
-
is corresponding to 58,5/35,5 mg NaCl
= 1,6 mg NaCl
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Surface Roughness Characteristics of
Surface Roughness Characteristics of
Blast
Blast
-
-
cleaned Steel Substrates: ISO 8503
cleaned Steel Substrates: ISO 8503
Part 1
Specifications and definitions for ISO surface
profile comparativesfor the assessment of
abrasive blast-cleaned surfaces.
Part 2
Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive
blast- cleaned steel - Comparator procedure.
Part 3
Method for the calibrationof ISO surface profile
comparators and for the determination of surface
profile- Focusing microscope procedure.
Part 4
Method for the calibration of ISO surface profile
comparatives and for the determination of
surface profile - Stylus instrument procedure
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ISO 8503
ISO 8503
-
-
1
1
Nominal values and tolerances
Nominal values and tolerances
a) Comparators for steel, blast-cleaned with grit abrasives
Segment Nominal reading
m
Tolerance
m
1 25 3
2 60 10
3 100 15
4 150 20
b) Comparators for steel, blast-cleaned with shot abrasives
Segment Nominal reading
m
Tolerance
m
1 25 3
2 40 5
3 70 10
4 100 15
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ISO 8503
ISO 8503
-
-
1
1
Limits of Profile Grades
Limits of Profile Grades
a) Comparators for steel. Blast-cleaned with grit abrasives
Fine (G) Profiles equal to segment 1 and up to but excluding
segment 2
Medium (G) Profiles equal to segment 2 and up to but excluding
segment 3
Coarse (G) Profiles equal to segment 3 and up to but excluding
segment 4
b) Comparators for steel. Blast-cleaned with shot abrasives
Fine (S)
Medium (S)
Coarse (S)
Profiles equal to segment 1 and up to but excluding
segment 2
Profiles equal to segment 2 and up to but excluding
segment 3
Profiles equal to segment 3 and up to but excluding
segment 4
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Surface Roughness Profile
Surface Roughness Profile
Stylus instruments
Elcometer Mod. 123
TestexPress-O-film
Microscope
Comparators
Rugotest
ISO 8503 etc.
Paint School
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Surface preparation methods:
Surface preparation methods:
ISO 8504.
ISO 8504.
Part 1 General principles.
Part 2 Abrasive blast-cleaning.
Part 3 Hand- and power-tool cleaning.
Paint School
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Methods
Effectiveness
Fields of application
ISO 8504
ISO 8504
-
-
2
2
Abrasive blast
Abrasive blast
-
-
cleaning
cleaning
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Methods
Equipment to be used
Procedure to be
followed
ISO 8504
ISO 8504
-
-
3
3
Hand
Hand
-
-
and Power
and Power
-
-
tool Cleaning
tool Cleaning
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ISO 8504
ISO 8504
-
-
1
1
General Principles
General Principles
Selection of methods
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Method 1:
Method 2:
Method 3:
Method 4:
Method 5:
Determination of wet film thickness.
Determination of dry-film thickness by
calculation from mass
Measurement of dry-film thickness by
mechanically contacting method
Measurement of dry-film thickness by the
profilometer method
Measurement of dry-film thickness using
microscope method
Paints and varnishes
Paints and varnishes
-
-
Determination of
Determination of
film thickness: ISO 2808
film thickness: ISO 2808
-
-
97
97
(1 of 2)
(1 of 2)
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Method 6:
Method 7:
Method 8:
Method 9:
Method 10:
Magnetic method
Eddy current method
Non-contact methods
Gravimetric method (dissolving methods)
Determination of dry-film thickness on
blast-cleaned steel substrates
Paints and varnishes
Paints and varnishes
-
-
Determination of
Determination of
film thickness: ISO 2808
film thickness: ISO 2808
-
-
97
97
(2 of 2)
(2 of 2)
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Wet paint
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Microns
Steel
Thickness given in microns
Wet Film Measuring Comb
Wet Film Measuring Comb
ISO 2808
ISO 2808
-
-
97 Method No.1
97 Method No.1
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Paints and varnishes
Paints and varnishes
-
-
Determination of
Determination of
film thickness: ISO 2808
film thickness: ISO 2808
-
-
97
97
Method No. 6: Magnetic method
Magnetic (Method 6B) or magnetic
instrument (Method 6A) for measuring total DFT
Instruments for magnetic, metallic substrates
Calibration must be done in accordance
with instructions from the manufacturer
Before testing the paint system
must be properly cured.
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Paint and varnishes
Paint and varnishes
-
-
Determination of
Determination of
film thickness: ISO 2808
film thickness: ISO 2808
-
-
97
97
Method No. 7 - Eddy current method
High frequency electromagnetic instrument
For non-magnetic substrates
Calibration in accordance with the
manufacturers instruction
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Method No. 10 - On blast cleaned steel substrates
Electromagnetic instruments
Calibration on a smooth steel surface min. 1,2 mm thick
For DFT not less than 25 microns and above 50 microns
Number of readings, as a guide:
Reference area: at least 3 readings evenly
2 reference areas every square meter on flat plates
3 reference areas every length of a web
2 reference areas every metre length for a flange
2 reference areas every metre length for a pipe
Paint and varnishes
Paint and varnishes
-
-
Determination of
Determination of
film thickness: ISO 2808
film thickness: ISO 2808
-
-
97
97
Paint School
J PS-E / Control / 82
Measuring DFT on Small Areas
Measuring DFT on Small Areas
According to SSPC
According to SSPC
-
-
PA 2
PA 2
Procedure
1. Area of 10 m
2
: 5 spot measurements
2. Each spot measurement: The average of 3 individual
readings made on one small area
3. The average of 5 spot measurements must be within
specified range of film thickness
4. Single spot measurements may be as low as 80% of
specified minimum film thickness
5. Individual readings included in the spot measurements
may be less than 80% of minimum thickness
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Number of Film Thickness
Number of Film Thickness
Measurements acc. to SSPC
Measurements acc. to SSPC
-
-
PA 2
PA 2
1. 10 m
2
5 spots (on each spot: 3 measurements)
2. 30 m
2
As for case 1 for each 10 m
2
3. Up to100 m
2
Select 3 areas, each of 10 m
2
4. Above 100 m
2
The first 100 m
2
as for case 3
For each following 100 m
2
select
randomly one area of 10 m
2
Note: If measurements outside the specification for any 10
m
2
in case 3 or 4 above are found then each 10 m
2
shall
be measured
Case Area Selection of Measurements
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Glove
Rag MEK
Rubbing 50 x
No Zinc on the Rag:
Cured
Approved
Curing Test of Zinc
Curing Test of Zinc
-
-
ethylsilicate
ethylsilicate
with
with
MEK. (ASTM.D4752
MEK. (ASTM.D4752
-
-
87)
87)
A lot of Zinc on Rag:
Not cured
Further curing / Reblasting
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Adhesion Testing by Knife and
Adhesion Testing by Knife and
Adhesive Tape: ASTM D 3359
Adhesive Tape: ASTM D 3359
-
-
87
87
There are two test methods
The method to select depends on the DFT
Methode A: DFT above 125 microns
Methode B: DFT below 125 microns
(Above 125 if wider cuts are used)
Methode A: X - cut. Tape test
Methode B: Cross - cut. Tape test
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Holiday Detection.
Holiday Detection.
Low
Low
Voltage.
Voltage.
ASTM G 62 Method A
ASTM G 62 Method A
Low voltage: < 75 V DC
To detect pinholes, voids or metal particles to
be in the range of 25-250 microns.
Effective for paint films up to a DFT of 500
microns if a wetting agent is used in the water.
This is a non-destructive test.
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Holiday Detection.
Holiday Detection.
High
High
Voltage.
Voltage.
ASTM G 62 Method B
ASTM G 62 Method B
High voltage: 900 - 20.000 V
Used to detect pinholes, voids and
areas with thin paint films
This is a destructive test.
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Adhesion Testing
Adhesion Testing
ASTM 3359
ASTM 3359
-
-
87. Method B
87. Method B
< 50microns = 1 mm apart (11 cuts)
50 - 125 microns = 2 mm apart (6 cuts)
> 125 microns = Method A or 3 mm between cuts
1. Cuts: 20 mm long
2. Brush with a soft brush
3. Examine
4. Cuts: 20 mm long at 90
o
on the original cuts
5. Brush with...
6. Tape 75 mm
7. Within 90 + 30 sec. remove tape
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Cross
Cross
-
-
cut Test
cut Test
ISO 2409
ISO 2409
Cutting tool
Single bladed knife
Multi-blade cutting tool with 6 cutting edges spaced
1 mm or 2 mm apart
Spacing of cuts
0 - 60 microns - 1 mm spacing, hard substrates
60- 120 microns - 2 mm spacing, soft substrates
121 - 250 microns - 3 mm spacing, hard/soft substrates
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Procedure:
Procedure:
Make 6 parallel cuts with defined space in the coating.
Repeat operation, crossing original cuts at 90
o
so that a
grid pattern is formed.
Brush with soft brush.
Apply adhesive tape and pull off.
Classify results in accordance with table 1.
Cross
Cross
-
-
cut Test
cut Test
ISO 2409
ISO 2409
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Classification of Cross Cut Test
Classification of Cross Cut Test
Classi-fication Description
Appearance of surface
Six parallel cuts
0
Completely smooth: none of the squares detached
1
Small flakes at the Intersections. Area affected 5 %
2
Flaked along the edges and/or at the
Intersections. Area affected: 5-15%
3
Flaked along the edges, wholly in large ribbons,
and/or partly or wholly on different parts of
the squares. Area affected: 15-35%
4
Flaked along the edges in large ribbons and/or
some squares have detached partly or wholly.
Area affected: 35-65%
5
Any degree of flaking that cannot even be classified by 4.
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ISO 4624
ISO 4624
Pull
Pull
-
-
off test for adhesion
off test for adhesion
Procedure:
Test dollies glued onto the coating
Adhesive: Cyano-acrylate or solvent free epoxy
Remove adhesive and coating around the dollies
Pull off test-dollies vertical to the surface
Read adhesion value and report the type of fracture
Fractures:
Adhesion failure - fracture between coats or substrate and 1. coat
Cohesion failure - fracture within a coat
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Instruments:
Instruments:
Elcometer Adhesion Tester
Saeberg Adhesion Tester (pneumatic)
Hate Adhesion Tester (hydraulic)
PAT
ISO 4624
ISO 4624
Pull
Pull
-
-
off test for adhesion
off test for adhesion
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Paint Failures Commonly Occurring
Paint Failures Commonly Occurring
Holidays, too low DFT
Sags and runs
Orange peel
Dry spraying
Over spray
Pinholes, popping
Fish-eye
Wrinkling / lifting
Sweating
Poor drying / curing
Blisters
Rust penetration
Cracking
Flaking
Chalking
Discolouration
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ISO 4628
ISO 4628
Evaluation of degradation of paint coatings
Designation of intensity, quality and size of
common types of defect
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Content of the Standard
Content of the Standard
ISO 4628
ISO 4628
Part 1 General principles and rating schemes
Part 2 Designation of degree of blistering
Part 3 Designation of degree of rusting
Part 4 Designation of degree of cracking
Part 5 Designation of degree of flaking
Part 6 Designation of degree of chalking
The standard consists of six parts
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ISO 4628/1
ISO 4628/1
Part 1: General principles and rating schemes
Part 1: General principles and rating schemes
Uniform deterioration.
Rating scheme for designation the intensity of deterioration
consisting of a uniform change in the
visual appearance of the paint coating.
Rating Intensity of change
0 unchanged, i.e. no perceptible change
1
2
3
4
5
very slight, i.e. just perceptible change
slight i.e. clearly perceptible change
moderate, i.e. very clearly perceptible change
considerable, i.e. pronounced change
severe, i.e. intense change
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ISO 4628/1
ISO 4628/1
Part 1: General principles and rating schemes
Part 1: General principles and rating schemes
Scattered defects.
Rating scheme for designating the quantity of defects consisting
of discontinuities or other local imperfections of the paint coating.
Rating
Quantity of defects
(relative to a test surface area of 1 to 2 dm)
0 none, i.e. no detectable defects
1
2
3
4
5
very few, i.e. some just significant defects
few, i.e. small but significant amount of defects
Moderate, i.e. medium amount of defects
considerable, i.e. serious amount of defects
dense, i.e. dense pattern of defects
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ISO 4628/1
ISO 4628/1
Part 1: General principles and rating schemes
Part 1: General principles and rating schemes
Rating scheme for designating
the size (order of magnitude) of defects
Class
Size of defect
0
1
2
3
4
5
not visible under 10 X magnification
only visible under magnification up to 10 X
just visible with normal corrected vision
clearly visible with normal corrected vision (up to 0,5 mm)
range 0,5 to 5 mm
larger than 5 mm
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ISO 4628/1
ISO 4628/1
Test report
Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) the type and identification of the product tester;
b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/1);
c) the type of defect;
d) the intensity of the defect (table 1) or,
e) the quantity of the defect (table 2);
f) the rating, if any, of the size of the defect in brackets preceded
by the letter S.
Examples: crateringof top coat : 2 (S3)
whitening : 4
rivelling: 3 (S2)
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ISO 4628/2
ISO 4628/2
Part 2: Designation of degree of blistering
Part 2: Designation of degree of blistering
Rating
Rate the density and size of the blisters in a paint coating by means of the pictorial standards
NOTE - The photographic reference standards have been adopted from ASTM D 714-56
The correlation between the ISO and the ASTM rating system is asshown in the table.
Table - Correlation between ISO and ASTM rating systems
Density Size
ASTM ISO ASTM ISO
None
(less than few)
Few
Medium
Medium - Dense
Dense
0
1
2
3
4
5
(smaller than 8)
8
6
4
2
1
2
3
4
5
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ISO 4628/2
ISO 4628/2
Part 2: Designation of degree of blistering
Part 2: Designation of degree of blistering
Test report
Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) the type and identification of the product tested;
b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 462/2);
c) the numerical rating of the density of blistering;
d) the numerical rating of the size of blistering for example:
blisters 2 (S2)
Where a test piece exhibits blisters of varying size, quote as
the size rating that of the largest blisters which are numerous
enough to be typical of the test piece.
e) the date of the examination
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ISO 4628/3
ISO 4628/3
Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting
Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting
Rating
Rating
Designate the degree of rust formation by
reference to the pictorial standards
Degree Area rusted %
Ri 0
Ri 1
Ri 2
Ri 3
Ri 4
Ri 5
0
0,05
0,5
1
8
40/50
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Assessment of Area Ratio for
Assessment of Area Ratio for
Corrosion Breakdown
Corrosion Breakdown
0.1 %
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.0 %
10 %
30 %
3.0 %
20 %
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ISO 4628/3
ISO 4628/3
Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting
Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting
Correlation between ISO and European rust scales
ISO rust scale European rust scale
Ri 0
Ri 1
Ri 2
Ri 3
Ri 4
Ri 5
Re 0
Re 1
Re 2
Re 3
Re 5
Re 7
Approximate correlation between ISO and ASTM rust scales
ISO rust scale European rust scale
Ri 0
Ri 1
Ri 2
Ri 3
Ri 4
Ri 5
10
9
7
6
4
1 to 2
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ISO 4628/3
ISO 4628/3
Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting
Part 3: Designation of degree of rusting
Test report:
Test report:
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) the type and identification of the product tested;
b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/3);
c) the numerical rating of the rusted area;
d) the numerical rating of the size of the rust spots, if desired,
for example:
Rust: Ri 3 (S4) = rusted area, as a percentage of
rust, approximates standard 3, the sizes of the individual rust
spots of the order of a few millimeters.
e) the date of the examination
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ISO 4628/4
ISO 4628/4
Part 4: Designation of degree of cracking
Part 4: Designation of degree of cracking
Rating
Rate the quantity of cracking by reference to table 2 of ISO 4628/1 and using as examples figures 1 or
2, depending on the type of cracking
Rating scheme for the designation of the size of cracks
Class
Size of cracks
0
1
2
3
4
5
Not visible under 10 X magnification
Only visible under magnification up to X 10
J ust visible with normal corrected vision
Clearly visible with normal corrected vision
Large cracks generally up to 1 mm wide
Very large cracks generally more than 1 mm wide
Three main types of failure by cracking are to be distinguished:
a) surface cracks which do not fully penetrate the top coat
b) cracks which penetrate the top coat, the underlying coat(s) being substantially unaffected;
c) cracks which penetrate the whole coating system
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ISO 4628/4
ISO 4628/4
Part 4: Designation of degree of cracking
Part 4: Designation of degree of cracking
Test report:
Test report:
a) the type and identification of the product tested;
b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/4);
c) the numerical rating of the quantity of cracking;
d) the numerical rating of the size of cracking;
e) the depth of cracking (a. b. or c), where possible, for example:
cracking 2 (S3) b
If necessary, the standard assessment may be amplified in
words, for example linear cracking. The use of such
comments shall, however, be avoided wherever possible:
e) the date of the examination
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ISO 4628/5
ISO 4628/5
Part 5: Designation of degree of flaking
Part 5: Designation of degree of flaking
Scale for the quantity of flaking
Class Flaked area
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0,1
0,3
1
3
15
Scale the average size of areas
Class Size of flaking
0
1
2
3
4
5
not visible
under X magnification
up to 1 mm
up to 3 mm
up to 10 mm
up to 30 mm
larger than 30 mm
The main types of failure by
flaking are to be distinguished:
a) Top coats flaking from
underlying coat;
b) Whole coating system
flaking from substrate
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ISO 4628/5
ISO 4628/5
Part 5: Designation of degree of flaking
Part 5: Designation of degree of flaking
Test report
Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) the type and identification of the product tested;
b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628/5);
c) the numerical rating of the quantity of flaking;
d) the numerical rating of the size of flaking;
e) the depth of cracking (a or b), for example;
flaking 3 (S2) a
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ISO 4628/6
ISO 4628/6
Part 6:
Rating of degree of chalking by tape method
Self-adhesive, transparent tape, of width
25 mm +10 mm
Chalking is removed by adhering to the tape
Black or white background
Comparing the amount of chalk on the tape with
pictorial reference standard in figure 1
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ISO 4628/6
ISO 4628/6
Part 6: Rating of degree of chalking by tape method
Part 6: Rating of degree of chalking by tape method
Test report
Test report
a) all details necessary for the identification of the product tested;
b) a reference to this International Standard (ISO 4628-6);
c) the type of weathering (artificial or natural) of the coating;
d) all details necessary for the identification of the adhesive tape
used;
e) all details necessary for the identification of the substrate used as
background for the adhesive tape;
f) the numerical rating of the degree of chalking;
g) any deviation from the procedure specified;
h) the date of the examination
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Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives.
The standard consists of 5 parts
Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 Chilled iron grit
Part 3 High carbon cast steel shot and grit
Part 4 Low carbon cast steel shot
Part 5 Cut steel wire
Content of the
Content of the
Standard ISO 11124
Standard ISO 11124
Paint School
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Content of the
Content of the
Standard ISO 11125
Standard ISO 11125
Methods of test for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives.
The standard consists of 8 parts
Part 1 Sampling
Part 2 Determination of particle size distribution
Part 3 Determination of hardness
Part 4 Determination of apparent density
Part 5
Determination of defective particles
and microstructure
Part 6 Determination of matter
Part 7 Determination of moisture
Part 8 Abrasive mechanical properties
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Specification for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasive.
The standard consists of 10 parts
Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 Silica sand
Part 3 Copper refinery slag
Part 4 Coal furnace slag
Part 5 Nickel refinery slag
Part 6 Iron furnace slag
Part 7 Fused aluminium oxide
Part 8 Olivine sand
Part 9 Staurolite
Part 10 Garnet
Content of the
Content of the
Standard ISO 11126
Standard ISO 11126
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Content of the
Content of the
Standard ISO 11127
Standard ISO 11127
Test methods for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives.
The standard consists of 8 parts
Part 1 Sampling
Part 2 Determination of particle size distribution
Part 3 Determination of apparent density
Part 4 Determination of hardness by a glass slide test
Part 5 Determination of moisture content
Part 6 Determination of water soluble
contamination by conductive measurement
Part 7 Determination of water soluble chlorides
Part 8 Abrasive mechanical properties
Paint School
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Contamination of Abrasives
Contamination of Abrasives
Water
Oil and grease
Chlorides
Sulphates
The abrasives can be contaminated with
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The Content of Humidity of the
The Content of Humidity of the
Abrasives Acc. to ISO 11127
Abrasives Acc. to ISO 11127
-
-
5
5
Laboratory test
Requirement: Maximum 0,2 %
Paint School
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Content of Water soluble
Content of Water soluble
Contaminants acc. to ISO 11127
Contaminants acc. to ISO 11127
-
-
6
6
Conductivity measurements
A sample of 100 g. of the abrasives
100 ml of water
Shake for 5 minutes and let rest for 1 hour
Shake again for another 5 minutes
Measure the conductivity at a temperature of 10
o
C
Requirement: Maximum conductivity of 25 mS/m
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According to ASTM D 4940
Mix 300 ml of abrasive and 300 ml water
Stir for 1 min. let stand for 8 min., stir again for 1 min.
Oil content (AB-1)
No presence of oil,
either on top or as an
emulsion after 30 min.
How to Control the Abrasives
How to Control the Abrasives
Conductivity (AB-1)
Fill the liquid for test
and measure the
conductivity.
Max 25 mS/m
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Is the Abrasive Free From
Is the Abrasive Free From
Oil and Grease ?
Oil and Grease ?
Put a handful of the abrasives into a beaker
Pour clean, fresh water into the beaker
Shake the mixture
A film of oil will form on top of the water if
oil or grease are present
This is of particular importance to
check when abrasives are recycled
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Testing and Evaluation.
Testing and Evaluation.
Marine Atmosphere
Marine Atmosphere
(1 of 2)
(1 of 2)
Test method Standards Comments
Physical testing
Adhesion
Adhesion
Flexibility
Elasticity
Hardness
Impact resistance
Gloss
Abrasion resistance
ISO 2409
ISO 4624
ISO 1510
ISO 1520
ISO 2815
ISO 6272
ISO 2813
ASTM D 4060
Before and after exposure
Before and after exposure
Before and after exposure
Before and after exposure
Exposure conditions:
Saltspray
Prohesiontest
UV-cabinet
Condensation chamber
Humidity chamber
Weathering
Resistance to liquids
ISO 7253 or ASTM B 117
ASTM G 53
ISO 6270
BS 3900
ISO 2810
ISO 2812 Oil, petroleum , etc.
Paint School
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Test method Standards Comments
Evaluation of paint films
Blistering
Rust
Cracking
Delamination
Chalking
Scribe
ISO 4628/2
ISO 4628/3
ISO 4628/4
ISO 4628/5
ISO 4628/6
ASTM D 1654
Evaluation of the liquid paint
Appearance in tin
Application properties
ISO 2431
ISO 2884
Flow time
Viscosity
Testing and Evaluation.
Testing and Evaluation.
Marine Atmosphere
Marine Atmosphere
(2 of 2)
(2 of 2)
Paint School
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Surface Roughness
Surface Roughness
Stylus instruments
Elcometer Mod. 123
TestexPress-O-film
Microskope
Comparator
Rugotest No. 3
ISO 8503 etc.
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Steel
Rag soaked
with solvent
No reaction:
Chemically curing
Paint dissolves:
Physically drying
Using Solvents to Determine
Using Solvents to Determine
Generic Type of Paint
Generic Type of Paint
2 coat paint
Lifting:
Oxidativelycuring
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Dayly
Dayly
Logs
Logs
Stl-temperatur
Luft-temperatur
Relativ fuktighet
Duggpunkt
Objekt malt
Navn p relevant personell
Hva ble diskutert
Film-tykkelse (skal mles,
ogs for flekking ved
dokking)
NB-navn, nr, objekt
Prod. nr.
Malingens opprinnelsessted
Eksakt spesifikasjon
Areal - m
2
Forbehandling, spesifisert og
utfrt
Andre kommentarer
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Surface temperature of the
structure must be minimum
3
3

C above the dew point

C above the dew point
Atmospheric Conditions.
Atmospheric Conditions.
Requirement During Blasting and Painting
Requirement During Blasting and Painting
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Part 1 General introduction and
classification
Part 2 Silica sand
Part 3 Copper Refinery Slag
Part 4 Coal Furnace Slag
Part 5 Nickel Refinery Slag
Part 6 Iron Furnace Slag
Part 7 Silica sand
ISO 11126 Standardises the
ISO 11126 Standardises the
Non
Non
-
-
metallic Abrasives
metallic Abrasives
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Thank You !