Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (MOP 8; 5th Edition)

Draft Detailed Chapter Outlines

Volume I Planning and Configuration of Wastewater Treatment Plants

Chapter 1 Introduction
Purpose and Background
Scope and Organization
Historical Overview of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Nineteenth Century
Twentieth Century
Early 21st Century
The Designers Role
References

Chapter 2 Overall Design Considerations
Introduction
Defining Overall Objectives
Performance
Staffing
Risk Management
Cost
Controls
Land area
Community impacts
Sustainability
Defining Water Quality Objectives
Overview of U.S. Compliance Standards for Receiving
Waters
Overview of European Standards
Overview of Other International Standards
Reuse
Seasonal Permitting
Flow-Based Permitting
Contaminants of Potential Concern
Design Standards
Industry Standards & Guidelines
State Standards
Federal Standards
Inter-state Standards
Project Participants

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Owner
Engineer
Builder
Regulator
Vendors
Project Sequence
Chronological Design Evolution
Procurement
Project Delivery Alternatives
Privatization
Contract Documents
Municipal Wastewater Characteristics: Source and Phase
Population and Flow Projections
Characteristics of Community Water Supply
Infiltration and Inflow
Domestic Wastes
Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Waste Contributions
Other Waste Contributions
Influent Variability
Hazardous Substances Control
Statutes and Guidance
Treatability Impact
Multiple-Attribute Decision Analysis
Decision-Making Approach
Selecting Alternative Processes/Facilities
Determining Applicable Criteria for Evaluation
Determining Evaluation Protocols
Performing Engineering to Support the Evaluation
Selecting Alternatives
Guidelines for Life-Cycle Cost Evaluations
Procedures
Discount Rate
Life Expectancies
Project Costs
Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs
Interest during Construction
Land Costs
Sunk Costs
Cost Estimating
Overview of methodologies
Levels of accuracy
References

Chapter 3 Principles of Integrated Facility Design
Focus on Past Experiences

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Empirical
Regional Preferences
Facility Design Requirements
Present and Future Design Requirements
Compatibility with Surroundings
Sensitivity to Operations
Factors Critical to Process Design
Loading Variability
Dynamic Factors
Performance Evaluation and Interpretation
Range of Conditions
Process Options and Selection Considerations
Mass Balances
Simple Small Plant
Complex Large Plant
References

Chapter 4 Site Selection and Plant Layout
Site-Selection Considerations
Land Use
Receiving Water Location and Requirements
Area Requirements
Centralized versus Decentralized
Satellite Facilities
Potential for Effluent Reuse
Elevation and Topography
Geology, Hydrogeology, and Soils
Seismic Activity
Transportation and Site Access
Utility Services
Noise Control
Air Quality Control
Other Environmental Considerations
Evaluation Methodology
Public Acceptance
Political and Regulatory Acceptance
Permit Requirements
Case Study
Plant Layout Considerations
Treatment Facilities
Administration, Staff, and Support Facilities
Other Layout Considerations
References

Chapter 5 Sustainability and Energy Management
Introduction

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Design for Sustainability
Energy Management Principals
Energy Utilization in WWTPs
Process Design Considerations
Energy Management & Conservation Approaches
Water Reuse Considerations
References

Chapter 6 Plant Hydraulics and Pumping
Hydraulic Considerations
Hydraulic Profile
Flow Rates
Unit Process Liquid Levels
Unit Process Redundancy
Flow Distribution
Plant Head Loss
Minimum and Maximum Velocity
Unit Process Hydraulics and Other Hydraulic Elements
Screens
Grit Basins
Primary Settling Tanks
Aeration Basins
Secondary Settling Basins
Disinfection Basins
Other Unit Processes
Outfalls
Pumping
Applications, pumping options, and current practice
Hydraulic (Physical) Modeling
References

Chapter 7 Modeling
Use of modeling in process engineering - overview
Empirical models
Structured models
Models for wastewater treatment processes
Influent fractionation
Biological models
Settling and phase separation models
Other models used in process engineering
Use of models in practice - simulation
Software
Data required
Initial conditions
Steady-state simulations
Dynamic simulations

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Scenario analysis
Optimization
Control design
On-line modeling
References

Chapter 8 Odor Control & Air Emissions
Odor Control Systems
Sources of Odor
Measurement of Odorous Gases
Analytical Methods
Odor Sensory Methods
Odor Regulation and Community Impact
Odor Nuisance Complaints
Odor Regulations/Ordinances
Approaches to Odor Control
Upstream Controls
Chemical Addition
Atmospheric Dispersion
Stability
Source Characteristics
Plume Behavior
Plume Types
Effects of Obstructions
Building Wake and Cavity Zones
Plume Rise
Meandering
Sampling Time
Regulatory Models
Industrial Source Complex
Odor Models
Hgstrom
Fluctuating Plume
Trace Model
Odor Impact Model
Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute Odor Model
Odorous Air Treatment
Adsorption Systems
Biological Systems
Combustion Systems
Ozonation
Wet Scrubbers
Foul Air Containment/Ventilation
Case History
Corrosion Considerations
References

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Chapter 9 Occupational Health and Safety
Introduction
Laws, Regulations, and Guidance
Occupational Safety and Health Act and Federal Regulations
State Requirements
Local Codes
National Fire Protection Association Recommendations
Americans with Disabilities Act Requirements
Causes of Accidents and Injuries
Causes of Accidents
Project Phases
Occupational Health and Safety Surveys
Liability
Occupational Health
Safety Responsibilities
Owners Roles
Designers Roles
Designing a Safe Facility
General Procedures for Enhancing Safety
Designing Practices for Safety
Plant Hazards and Safety Provisions
Occupational Exposures
Chemical Handling
Confined Spaces
Control of Hazardous Energy
Odor Control Systems
Process Safety Management
Designing for Construction Safety
Federal Regulations
Prebid Specifications
Preconstruction Meetings
Project Safety Monitoring
References

Chapter 10 Support Systems
Introduction
Reliability Criteria
Electrical Systems
Electrical Power Distribution
Lighting Systems
Standby Power Considerations
Other Considerations
Instrumentation and Control Systems
Design Criteria
Project Scope Development

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Types of Diagrams
Selection and Specification of Field Instruments
Field Bus
Control Panels
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems
Digital Control Systems
Distributed Control System Approaches
Process Control Strategies
Earthquake Precautions for Instrumentation and Control
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Design Criteria
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems
Energy Conservation
Hazardous Areas
Chemical Systems
Chemical Selection
Application Points
Equipment Selection
Storage (Delivery), Handling, Feed Systems, and Mixing
Considerations for Solids Management
Other Support Systems
Fire Protection
Site Security
Plumbing
Fuel
Compressed Air
Communication
References

Chapter 11 Construction Materials Selection
Approach to Materials Selection
Plant Exposures
Exposure Conditions
Submerged and Immersion Conditions
Submergence in Raw or Unaerated Wastewater
Submergence in Aerated or Chlorinated Wastewater
Splash Zone Continuous or Intermittent Submerged
Exposure
Chemical Environments
Moist Atmosphere
Outside Atmosphere
Inside Dry Atmosphere
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbon Dioxide
Marine
Coastal

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Anoxic
Anaerobic
Soil
Miscellaneous Exposures
Economic Impact of Corrosion
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Safety
Maintenance
Economic Life-Cycle Examples
Group I
Group II
Group III
Design Considerations
Deterioration Control
Alteration of Corrosive Environment
Selection of Materials
New Materials Considerations
Geometric Considerations
Fire Protection Regulations and Toxic and Hazardous
Chemicals
Electrical Safety
Cathodic Protection
Protective Coatings
Useful Life of Plant Facilities
Materials Selection for Design of Unit Processes
Preliminary Treatment
Suspended-Growth Biological Treatment
Attached-Growth Biological Treatment
Natural Systems
Disinfection and Dechlorination
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes
Solids Handling and Treatment
Solids Storage
Solids Processing
Solids Conditioning
Solids Pumping
Solids Conveyance
Solids Thickening
Solids Dewatering
Solids Stabilization
Gas Collection, Storage, and Distribution
Thermal Processing
Thermal Destruction
Effluent Discharge
Materials Selection for Design of Plant Support Systems
Structural Systems

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Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems
Electrical Systems
Instrumentation
Odor Control Facilities
Chemical Feed and Distribution Facilities
Materials Properties and Applications
Concrete
Masonry
Prestressed Concrete
Metals
Plastics
Miscellaneous Other Plastics
Rubber and Elastomers
Other Materials
Wood
Protective Coatings
Generic Types
Thermoplastics
Thermosetting Coatings
Coating Selection
Surface PreparationMetal Surface
Surface PreparationNonmetallic Surfaces
Coatings
Miscellaneous Factors in Good Painting Practice
Use of Paint for Identification and Safety
Cathodic Protection
Theory
Practical Application of Cathodic Protection
Isolation
Types of Cathodic Protection Systems
Criteria for Materials Protection
Consequences of Protection Levels
Cathodic Protection Design Considerations
Design Standards and Review
Conditional Assessment
Facilities Design
Maintenance Procedures
References

Volume II Liquid Treatment Processes

Chapter 12 - Preliminary Treatment
Screening
Screening Requirements
Bar Screens
Comminutors and Grinders

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Screenings Quantities and Characteristics
Design Practice
Grit Removal
Grit Removal Processes
Grit Quantities and Characteristics
Design Practice
Septage
Quantities
Receiving Station Design
Flow Equalization
Applications
Benefits
Design Practice
References

Chapter 13 - Primary Treatment
Sedimentation
Types of Sedimentation Tanks
Design Considerations
Enhanced Sedimentation
Preaeration
Chemical Coagulation
High-Rate Clarification
Cothickening of Waste Activated Sludge
Wet-weather considerations
Primary Sludge
Collection
Quantities and Properties
Thickening
Transport and Handling
Fine Screens
Design Considerations
Handling, Transport and Disposal of Screenings
Plant Information
Scum Management
Collection
Quantities and Chemical Composition
Transport and Handling
Concentration, Treatment, and Disposal
Corrosion Control
References

Chapter 14 Fixed-Film Biological Treatment
Processes
Trickling Filters
Rotating Biological Contactors

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Moving-Bed Bioreactors
Biological Aerated Filters
Denitrifying Filters
Trickling Filters
Loading Terminology
Process Applicability
Factors Affecting Performance and Design
Design Formulas
Applicability of Trickling Filter Design Formulas
Wastewater Treatability and Process Coefficients
Media Selection
Process Design for BOD Removal
Process Design for Nitrification
Design and Operational Features
Construction Features
Rotating Biological Contactors
Factors Affecting Performance
Design Considerations
Performance History
Moving-Bed Bioreactors
Media Types
Process Design
Biological Aerated Filters
Types
Process Design
Denitrifying Filters
Types
Process Design
References

Chapter 15 - Suspended-Growth Biological Treatment
Introduction
Process Description
Basic System Components
Effects of Influent Loads and Character
Historical Overview
Biological Treatment Fundamentals
The Activated-Sludge Environment
Biological Growth and Substrate Oxidation
Process Design for Carbon Oxidation
Process Design for Nitrification
Process Design for Nutrient Control
Phosphorus Removal Processes
Nitrogen Removal Processes
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal Processes
Addition of External Carbon and Production of VFAs

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Design Considerations
Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater
Membrane Bioreactors
Process Configurations and Types
Basin Shape
Loading Rates
Feeding and Aeration Patterns
Other Variations
Wet-Weather Considerations
Oxygen-Transfer Systems
Diffused Aeration
Mechanical Surface Aerators
Submerged Turbine Aerators
Air Supply System
Mixing Requirements
Aerator Design and Testing
Process Water Testing
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
Secondary Clarification
General Design Considerations
Process Design Considerations and Parameters
Control Strategy
Performance History of Treatment Configurations
Summary of Design Procedures and Examples
References

Chapter 16 Integrated Biological Treatment
Alternatives
Activated Biofilter
Trickling Filter/Solids Contact
Roughing Filter/Activated Sludge
Biofilter/Activated Sludge
Trickling Filter/Activated Sludge
Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge
For Each Technology
Process Description
Process Design
References

Chapter 17 Physical and Chemical Processes for Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
Process Selection Considerations
Granular Media Filtration
Process Description
Process Design
Automatic Backwashing Filters

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Moving Bed Filters
Pulsed Bed Filters
Biflow Filters
Disk Filters
Activated Carbon Adsorption
Process Description
Application
Design Considerations
Chemical Treatment
Phosphorus Precipitation
pH Adjustment
Rapid Mixing
Chemical Feed Systems
Membrane Processes
Process Description
Differences from Other Activated Sludge Systems
Pretreatment
Membrane Systems
Membrane Module Configuration
Reject/Brine Disposal Requirements
Air Stripping for Ammonia Removal
Process Description
Design Considerations
Ammonia Removal by Breakpoint Chlorination
Process Theory
Design Considerations
Effluent Reoxygenation
Cascade Reoxygenation
Mechanical/Diffused Air Reoxygenation
Relationship to Other Unit Processes
Reference and Design Procedures
Advanced Oxidation Processes
References

Chapter 18 Sidestream Treatment
Introduction and Definition of Sidestream Treatment
Current Approaches/Technologies
Evolving Technologies
References

Chapter 19 - Natural Systems
Soil Adsorption Systems
Typical Adsorption Systems
Alternative Systems
Lagoon Systems
Facultative Lagoons

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Partial-Mix Aerated Lagoons
Dual-Power Multicellular Aerated Lagoons
Advanced Integrated Lagoon Systems
Land Treatment Systems
Preapplication Treatment
Site Requirements
Slow Rate Systems
Overland Flow Systems
Treatment Performance
Design Factors
Design Procedures
Rapid Infiltration Systems
Treatment Performance
Design Objectives
Design Procedures
Floating Aquatic Plant Systems
Water Hyacinths
Duckweed Systems
Design Criteria for Water Hyacinths and Duckweed Systems
Constructed Wetlands
Types of Constructed Wetlands
Free Water Surface Wetlands
Subsurface Flow Wetlands
Performance of Constructed Wetlands
Land Requirements
References

Chapter 20 Disinfection
Wastewater Disinfection Technologies
Types of Disinfection Technologies
Disinfection Technologies and Mechanisms of Microbial Inactivation
Disinfection Kinetics
Reactor Design Considerations
Dispersion and Mixing
Baffles
Configuration
Surrounding Conditions
Chlorination
Chemistry and Reactions
Chlorine Toxicity and Effects on Higher Organisms
Safety and Health
Shipment and Handling Safety
Analytical Determination of Chlorine Residuals
Process Design Requirements
Design and Selection of Equipment
Feed Control Strategies

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Dechlorination
Chemistry and Reactions
Chlorine Toxicity and Effects on Higher Organisms
Dechlorination Reactions
Safety and Health
Shipment and Handling Safety
Analytical Determination of Chlorine Residuals
Process Design Requirements
Design and Selection of Equipment
Feed Control Strategies
Ultraviolet Disinfection
General Description of Ultraviolet Disinfection
Photoreactivation and Dark Repair
Ultraviolet Inactivation Kinetics
Other Kinetic Models
Effect of Intensity on Inactivation Behavior
Intensity
Ultraviolet Dose
Longitudinal Dispersion
Factors Affecting Lamp Output
Mathematical Models
Fouling
General Considerations in Ultraviolet System Design
References

Volume III Solids Processing and Disposal

Chapter 21 Introduction to Solids Management
Introduction
Organization of Volume III
Residuals: Sludge and Biosolids
Regulations
The 40 CFR Part 503 Regulations
Background
Ocean Disposal
General Provisions of U.S. Regulations
Land Application
Surface Disposal
Pathogens and Vector-Attraction Reduction
Incineration
Solids Quantities
Estimating Solids Quantities
Primary Solids Production
Secondary Solids Production
Combined Solids Production
Chemical Solids Production

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Characteristics
Primary Solids
Secondary Solids
Combined Solids
Chemical Solids
Pretreatment
Degritting
Grinding
Screening
References

Chapter 22 Solids Storage and Transport
Introduction
Liquid Sludge Storage
Liquid Sludge Transport
Flow and Head Loss Characteristics
Design Approach
Kinetic Pumps
Positive-Displacement Pumps
Other Pumps
Dewatered Cake Storage
Dewatered Cake Transport
Pumps
Conveyors
Dried Solids Transport
Belt Conveyors
Screw Conveyors
Drag Conveyors
Bucket Elevators Conveyors
Pneumatic Conveyors
References

Chapter 23 Conditioning
Introduction
Factors Affecting Conditioning
Characteristics
Handling and Processing Conditions
Coagulation and Flocculation
Conditioning Methods
Types of Chemical Conditioning
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic ChemicalsPolymers
Filter Aids
Feed Equipment
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic ChemicalsPolymers

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Dosage Optimization
Cost Effectiveness of Chemical Conditioner and Dosage
Cost of Conditioning
Process Design Considerations for Thickening and Dewatering
Tests for Conditioner Selection
Bench- & Pilot-Scale Tests for Specific Dewatering Unit Processes
References

Chapter 24 Thickening
Introduction
Gravity Thickening
Introduction
Theory
Evaluation and Scale-Up Procedures
Process Design Considerations and Criteria
Ancillary Equipment/Controls
Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening
Introduction
Theory
Evaluation and Scale-Up Procedures
Process Design Considerations and Criteria
Mechanical Features
Ancillary Equipment and Controls
Centrifugal Thickening
Introduction
Theory
Evaluation and Scale-Up Procedures
Process Design Conditions and Criteria
Mechanical Features
Ancillary Equipment and Controls
Gravity Belt Thickening
Introduction
Theory
Evaluation and Scale-Up Procedures
Process Design Considerations and Criteria
Mechanical Features
Ancillary Equipment/Controls
Rotary Drum Thickening
Introduction
Theory
Evaluation and Scale-Up Procedures
Process Design Conditions and Criteria
Mechanical Features
Ancillary Equipment and Controls
Other Thickening Methods
Combined Primary Clarification and Waste-Activated-Sludge

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Thickening
Comparison of Thickening Methods
References

Chapter 25 Dewatering
Introduction
Impact of Sludge Characteristics on Dewatering
Centrifugal Dewatering
Introduction
Process Criteria
Process Design Conditions and Criteria
Ancillary Equipment and Controls
Belt Filter Press Dewatering
Introduction
Theory
Evaluation and Scale-Up Procedures
Process Design Conditions and Criteria
Mechanical Features
Ancillary Equipment and Controls
Pressure Filter Press Dewatering
Introduction
Theory
Evaluation and Scale-Up Procedures
Process Design Conditions and Criteria
Mechanical Features
Ancillary Equipment and Controls
Drying Beds
Sand Drying Beds
Other Types of Drying Beds
Reed Beds
Other Dewatering Methods
References

Chapter 26 Stabilization
Introduction
Comparison of Processes
Anaerobic Digestion
Basic Theory
Solids and Hydraulic Retention Times
Design Considerations
Description of Physical Facilities
Anaerobic Digestion Gas Handling
Process Variations
Aerobic Digestion
Process Applications
Process Theory

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Process Design
Operating Temperature
Process Variation
Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion
Process Theory
Process Design
Process Performance
Ability to Meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations
Composting
Process Description
Process Objectives
Design Considerations
General Design Considerations
Monitoring, Control, and Operational Considerations
Description of Composting Methods
Alkaline Stabilization
Stabilization Objectives
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applicability
Design Considerations
Description of Physical Facilities
References

Chapter 27 Thermal Processing
Introduction
Thermal Conditioning
Process Description
Design Considerations
Plant Information
Wet Air Oxidation
Emerging Technology
Plant Information
Example Wet Air Oxidation Facilities
Thermal Drying
Thermal Drying Stages
Heat-Transfer Methods
Process Description
Design Considerations
Vitrification
Process Description
Design Considerations
Thermal Oxidation
Sludge Fuel Values
Oxygen Requirements
Heat and Temperature
Process Description

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Design Considerations
Waste Heat Recovery
Biogasification
Process Description
Design Considerations
Emissions Control
Odors
Combustion Emissions
Emission Regulations
Pollution Control Technology
References

Chapter 28 Use and Disposal of Biosolids
Land Application
Regulatory Considerations
Site Suitability
Design and Implementation
Case Studies
Landfilling
Regulatory Considerations
Planning
Landfill Design
Monitoring Requirements - Groundwater
Landfill Gas
Landfill Closure
Dedicated Land Disposal
Regulatory Considerations
Application Rates
Methods of Application
Groundwater Protection
Dedicated Land Disposal Classification
Environmental and Operational Factors
Design and Implementation
Distribution and Marketing
Regulatory Considerations
Product End-Use Considerations
Identifying and Developing Markets
Case Studies
References

Glossary


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