Diesel Power Plant by ALAM

D1MC Semester 2 / ECS / March 2007/LSC / Marine Diesel Engine Power Plants 1
To Be A Leader In Maritime Education & Training

Diesel Power Plant
The most popular and
widely used power
plant on merchant
ships.
Module Objectives
1
Know various types of int. combustion engines
Describe marine 2-S & 4-S diesel engines
2
Describe common piping systems for diesels
Describe Scavenging & powering
3
Describe Scavenge fires and crankcase explosions
Know operational issues related to diesels.
Internal Combustion Engines (I.C.E)
2-S
&
4-S
C.I
&
S.I
Slow &
Medium
Speed
Diesel Engines
Combustion of fuel takes place inside the
engine.
In Diesel Engines, air in the cylinder is
compressed to a high pressure so that it
attained a high temperature.
The oil fuel is injected into this high
temperature air and the fuel immediately
ignites. The engine is classed as compression
ignition engine.
In Petrol engines, the fuel is most often
ignited by an electric spark.
Internal Combustion Engines
Combustion of fuel takes place inside the
engine.
In Diesel Engines, air in the cylinder is
compressed to a high pressure so that it
attained a high temperature.
The oil fuel is injected into this high
temperature air and the fuel immediately
ignites. The engine is classed as compression
ignition engine.
In Petrol engines, the fuel is most often
ignited by an electric spark.
Theoretical Diesel Engine Cycle
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
It takes four strokes of the piston (two revolution
of crankshaft) to complete one working cycle.
Induction stroke: Piston moving down, air inlet
valve opens and air drawn into cylinder.
Compression stroke: Piston moving up, no valves
are opened. Air is compressed in cylinder.
High temperature air ignites the fuel injected.
Power stroke: Piston moving down during
combustion period of high pressure.
Exhaust Stroke: Piston moving up, exhaust valve
opened and exhaust gases expelled from
cylinder.
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Four Stroke Timing Diagram
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
It takes two strokes of the piston to complete
one working cycle or one revolution of
crankshaft.
Every downward stroke is a power stroke, and
every upward stroke is a compression stroke.
Exhaust of the burned gases from the cylinder
happens during late period of downward stroke.
Fresh charged air is taken in during early part
of upward stroke.
Scavenge air clean out the cylinder by pushing
the exhaust gases out leaving a clean charge
air.
2-S slow speed diesel engine
Akademi Laut Malaysia Malaysian Maritime Academy
Gas Exchange Process
Scavenging is the removal of exhaust gases by
blowing in fresh air
Charging is the filling of cylinder with a supply
or charge of fresh air ready for compression.
Supercharging is the supply of large mass of air
into the cylinder by blowing it in under
pressure.
Modern engines make use of exhaust gas
driven turbochargers to supply pressurised
fresh air for scavenging and supercharging.
Scavenging Process
Cross-flow Scavenging
Incoming air is directed upwards, pushing
the exhaust gases before it.
Exhaust gases travel down and out of ports.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Requires fitting piston skirt to prevent
escape of air/exhaust from ports.
CROSS
Scavenging Process
Loop Scavenging
Incoming air passes over the piston crown then
rises towards the cylinder head.
Exhaust gases are forced before the air passing
out of ports.
Temperature differential is high along port areas
of liner materials.
LOOP
Uniflow Scavenging
Incoming air enters at the lower end
of the cylinder and leaves at the top
Most efficient scavenging system.
Requires exhaust valves, more
maintenance & cost.
Scavenging Process
Scavenging Process
Scavenging Process
Slow Speed Diesel Engine
Diesel Engines
Slow Speed Engines
Engines in the range of 100 to 120 rev/ min.
It is used for main propulsion since it can be
directly coupled to propeller and shafting.
It provides high power, can burn low grade fuel,
and has high thermal efficiency.
Cylinders and crankcase are isolated, which
reduces contamination.
Special lubricating oils is used for crankcase and
cylinders.
Engine in the range of 250 to 750 rev./min.
Medium speed four stroke engines provide better power weight
ratio power size ratio ( vee engines).
Lower initial cost of equivalent power.
Higher speed requires use of gearbox (for low speed drive)
and flexible couplings ( damped out vibration) for main
propulsion (coupling situated between engine & gearbox).
There is often a need for a clutch to disconnect the engine from
gearbox
Better quality fuel is necessary because of the higher engine
speed.
Medium Speed Engines
Medium Speed Engine
Medium Speed Engine
Marine diesel engines
Can you state what are the important
systems of the diesel engine.
1 ..
2 ..
3
4
Fuel Oil System
Lubricating Oil System
Fresh Water System
Starting Air System
Engine Indicator
Engine indicator in a box
springs Indicator
Coupling
drum
Indicator Diagrams
Indicator Diagrams
Indicated power
The Indicated Power developed in the cylinder is given
by:
Indicated Power = P. L. A. N
where P = mean effective pressure
L= length of stroke
A= Area of the bore of cylinder
N= number of power strokes per
second.
Power calculation
If the particulars of the diesel engine are:-
Diameter of bore = 600 mm
Stroke length = 2.4 m
RPM = 90
Engine cycle = 2 stroke
No of units = 6
Spring constant = 2 bar / mm
Calculate the indicated power of the engine.
15758 kw,
Calculation of Indicated power
The 2-stroke main engine of the M.V
Seroja has 10 units of bore 900 mm and
stroke of length 2.7 m. During a power
assessment exercise when the engine
speed is 120 rpm, the average area of the
indicator diagram is 200 mm2. the length
of the indicator diagram is 70 mm. the
spring constant used is 2 bar/mm.
Calculate the indicated power developed
by the main engine during that time.19630 KW
Scavenge Fire
Causes: accumulation of oil and carbon; flame (heat);
air (oxygen) - ignition of oil mixture.
Indications: excessive black smoke; high exhaust
temperature; loss of engine power
Action to take: Slow down engine; fuel on unit shut off;
increase cylinder lubrication to unit.
For persistence fire, engine must be stopped.
Effect on engine: piston seizure; cylinder liner crack;
distortion of connecting rod
Slow Speed Diesel Engine
Crankcase Explosion
Causes of crankcase explosion
Hot spot arise from overheated part within or
adjacent to the crankcase of an operating engine.
This hot spot will come in contact with the
lubricating oil and the oil will be evaporated.
The oil vapour will circulate to cooler part of
crankcase and condense to form white mist oil
particles well mixed with air.
If this combustible oil mist is circulated back to
the hot spot, it will be ignited and a crankcase
explosion will take place.
Crankcase Explosion
How to dealt with
In the event of a hot spot is detected the
engine must be slowed down immediately, and
stopped.
This is to allow the hot spot to cool down .
Operate the turning gear, with indicator cocks
open, to prevent seizure of overheated parts
Personnel should avoid the vicinity of crankcase
door.
Safety devices fitted: Crankcase oil mist
detector, Crankcase explosion relief valve, inert
gas flooding system.
Preparing Engine for Stand By for
departure
Start boiler for heating of cooling medium.
Warm-up cooling system ( e.g L.O; F.W)
Turn Main engine with indicator cocks open.
Lubricate liner with cylinder oil manually.
Disengage turning gear after turning engine.
Blow through engine with starting air
Test engine on fuel for normal running (ahead. &
astern) check critical speed.
Test steering gears and telegraph
Critical Speed
The speed of the engine in revolution per minutes at
which resonance condition occurs.
Resonance condition is when the frequency of applied
forces is very near to or the same as the natural
frequency of the elastic system.
This causes the amplitude of vibration increases at an
alarming rate and early failure of resonance parts.
Barred speed-range is the range of speed where high
unsafe stresses occurs before and after the critical
speed.
Engine must not be continuously operated at speeds
within barred speed range (marked red on tachometer ).
Q & A session
Thank you
Please take a look at the LG for
some sample questions.
Sample key questions
Describe the two / four stroke cycle engine
Explain the gas exchange process that
occurs during each cycle.
Describe the type of scavenging process
loop, cross and uniflow;
Sketch and describe the LO / JCW / Fuel oil
system.
Sample key questions
Describes the procedure to prepare the
marine diesel engine for stand-by.
Explain how a scavenge fire occurs and how
it is tackled.
Describe how a crankcase explosion occurs
and how it is prevented
Power calculations
Q1- The cylinder diameter of an eight unit, single acting, four
stroke diesel engine is 750mm and stroke is 1125 mm. The
indicated mean effective pressure is 1172 kN/m2, when the
engine is running at 110 rpm. Calculate the indicated power and
brake power , if the mechanical efficiency is 86%. (4271.6 kw, 3673
kw)
Q2 the area of the indicator diagram, taken from one unit of a
six unit 2-stroke diesel engine is 480mm2. Length of the
diagram is 72 mm. Spring scale is 1 mm = 1.5 bar. Cylinder
diameter is 900 mm, stroke is 1800mm. If the engine is running
at 100 rpm, calculate the indicated power developed by the
whole engine. (11,478kw)

Diesel Power Plant by ALAM

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diesel Power Plant by ALAM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

D1MC Semester 2 / ECS / March 2007/LSC / Marine Diesel Engine Power Plants 1

To Be A Leader In Maritime Education & Training

You might also like