.).2 i .

1 elebat( alizov aaovziorp ejuerdo aretkarak geert i gogurd ajicanibmok kod ,aaovziorp
ujlmez ejuerdo aretkarak gogurd i govrp ajicanibmok oneer ejinaT .alizov aaovziorp az ejuzev
ontkerid retkarak iert es kod ,unoiger mot u ujlmez einifed retkarak igurD .noiger iksfargoeg einifed
retkarak ivrP .0873 OSI udradnats u tad ej a-IMW sipo najlateD .)alizov aovziorp neerdo eilb
ej emi( a-IMW oed igurd ujajlvatsderp utsem .41 i .31 ,.21 an iretkarak a utsem meert an 9 mejorb as
oneanzo u-NIV u ej ot ejnidog alizov 005 do ejnam idovziorp aovziorp adak jauls az miso ,a-NIV
aretkarak irt avrp amzuaZ .alizov aaovziorp ejukifitnedi ijok ,reifitnedI rerutcafunaM dlroW -

.ejisa jorb ikavs az .j.t olizov onidejop okavs az nevtsnidej ej ijok tigid
kcehc-retkarak inlortnok az onasivrezer otsem .9 ej hijok dok alizov akirema us katezuzI .a-SDV enupsi
metsis inlanigiro ami aovziorp ikavS .onils i rotom ,aajnem pit ,ledom ,ejiresorak kilbo einifed
monvalgu es uT .ujneohan monevtspos op alizov ekitsiretkarak ajlvatsderp aovziorp uled movo
u i atsem .9 od .4 do eretkarak atavhubO .a-NIV oed insipo ajlvatsderp ,noitceS rotpircseD elciheV SDV

IMW

:ot i ,aled irt zi ijotsas es NIV .Q i O ,I avols vezuzi

,avols aninital akilev avs i )0,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1( ivejorb ikspara itibertopu ugom es uhrvs ut U .aretkarak hinvols
-onajorb 71 do ijotsas es akanzO .a-NIV jardas i arutkurts anasinifed ej 9773 OSI modradnatS .
ujudesop )alizov anujlkirp ,ilkicotom ,alizov anteret ,alizov akintup ( alizov aksmurD
ad avethaz es ajlamez iniev U .enidog .3891 ajibod umrof unanok ujovs ad okat anemzi eiv avajlviod dradnats
javo anidog hinderan mokoT .enidog .7791 uraurbef u olised es ot a ,9773 adaradnats OSI movajop neravtso
ej )alizov ejisa jorb .j.t rebmun noitacifitnedi elcihev-NIV( alizov ekanzo enoicakifitnedi ejicazidradnats kateoP
alizov ukanzo

unoicakifitnedi

.onvitkepser ,0873 OSI i 0304 OSI ,9773 OSI amidaradnats mindoranuem

initnedi 212.2N.M SUJ i 112.2N.M SUJ ,012.2N.M SUJ idradnats inlanoican us ad itunemopan aberT
,arutkurts i anirdaS
,)IMW( alizov aaovziorp arfi anoicakifitnedi andoranueM alizov aksmurD ,212.2N.M SUJajnajlvatsop nian i otseM ,)NIV( alizov jorb inoicakifitnedI alizov aksmurD ,112.2N.M SUJ,arutkurts i anirdaS ,)NIV( alizov jorb inoicakifitnedI alizov aksmurD ,012.2N.M SUJ:amidradanats minlanoican miedels alasiluger ej tsalbo uvo i enidog .0991.10.30
do monemirp monzevabo as ,adradnats hindoranuem hivo acinsiptop ej )ejivalsoguJ acindelsan oak( ajibrS
.noitacifissalc dna snoitinifed ,smreT selcihev daoR ,3383 OSI,tnemhcatta dna noitacoL ,)NIV( rebmun noitacifitnedi elciheV selcihev daoR ,0304 OSIedoc )IMW( reifitnedi rerutcafunam dlroW selcihev daoR ,0873 OSI,erutcurts dna tnetnoC ,)NIV( rebmun noitacifitnedi elciheV selcihev daoR ,9773 OSI:iedels us tsalbo uvo uiluger ijok idradnats indoranueM .ecinsiptop ejlmez
az unemirp unzevabo uvohijn i tsalbo uvo uiluger ijok edradnats alidrvtu )EAS ,OSI( ajicutitsni hindoranuem
hinealvo okerp ej acindejaz andoranuem ,alizov ujnavaanzo u tsonevtsnidej alidebzebo es ib aD
IDRADNATS .2
.alizov i atanemukod itsonlanigiro-itsonjotsodorev ejnavirvtu,olizov-tnemukod ijicaler an akatadop itsonealgasu urevorp:avemuzardop alizov ejicakifitnedi
enuptop endej ejneovorps ,agotS .umejn o ektadop omejurvtu ontkerid alizov modelgerP .olizov omas
ej akatadop rovzi ijinrugisjaN .akatadop hitunemop hivs ejnavirvtu avethaz
anuptop
.j.t sipo nuptop rej onvolsu ititavhs abert uledop uvO .).dti ,jorb inoickudorp ,aciolp akspit ,arotom jorb ,ejisa
jorb(
-ektadop enoicakifitnedi i ).dti ejiresorak kilbo ,atides jorb ,icadop inesam ,ejndovziorp
anidog ,arotom ekitsiretkark( ektadop ekinhet an itiledop ugom oburg es olizov ujusipo ijok icadoP
alizov ajicakifitnedi

erotakifitnedi

ALIZOV AJICAKIFITNEDI

.ekjorb udub aretkarak 4 ajndelsop ad onzevabo ej ume irp ,alizov gontemderp jorb iksjires ujajlvatsderp
a-NIV aretkarak 6 hijndelsoP .ekanzo NIV urivko u ekirbaf i ejndovziorp enidog sonu nazevabo
ej alizov akirema aZ .otsem .11 an ekirbaf dok a otsem .01 an ajlvats ejndovzirp enidog dok es ad
oneivderp ej modradnats ,olizov onedevziorp ej edg ekirbaf dok i oak ,)ejndovziorp enidog eksradnelak
enartamsop atsugva .13 od ejart i enidog eksradnelak endohderp arbmetpes .1 ejniop anidog anraledom(
unidog unraledom onsondo ejndovziorp unidog edevan u-NIV u ad ile aovziorp ad ujauls U .olizov
ontemderp az nazev ej ontkerid i a-NIV aretkarak 8 hijndelsop atavubo ,noitceS reifitnedI elciheV-SIV

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aibmoloC = J9-F9
,lizarB = 99-39 ,E9-A9 ,aleuzeneV = 28-X8 ,elihC = J8-F8 ,anitnegrA = E8-A8
dnalaeZ weN = E7-A7 ,ailartsuA = W6-A6
ocixeM = 3 ,adanaC = 2 ,setatS detinU = 5 ,4 ,1
ylatI = RZ-AZ
,nedewS = WY-SY ,dnalniF = KY-FY ,muigleB = EY-AY ,aissuR = 0X-3X
,aivalsoguY = 2V-XV ,niapS = WV-SV ,ecnarF = RV-FV ,airtsuA = EV-AV
,yragnuH = VT-RT ,cilbupeR hcezC = PT-JT ,dnalreztiwS = HT-AT
,dnaloP = ZS-US ,ynamreG = W ,TS-NS ,modgniK detinU = MS-AS
aisyalaM = RP-LP
,senippilihP = EP-AP ,dnaliahT = RM-LM ,aisenodnI = KM-FM
,aidnI = EM-AM ,anihC = L ,aeroK htuoS = RK-LK ,napaJ = J
acirfA htuoS = HA-AA
evard doK

H-A

akirfA

R-J

ajizA

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avard i anoiger ivodoK .1 alebaT

ejisa ajorb gonavokifislaf remirp .1 akilS

ajnavokifislaf
gonevirkto nokan
ejisa ajorb delgzI

ajnavitipsi
erp ejisa ajorb delgzI
.ejisa ajorb atakifislaf gonevirkto remirp nazakirp ej .1 icils aN .sedecreM i WMB
,iduA ,negawskloV ekram alizov ejnerovtovirk az alizov ajintnaseretnijan ,)ajicautis anils san dok i ej ontavorev(
amajlmez mitunemop u ,us ad alazakop ej askarP .ejisa jorb i arotom jorb ,alizov ekanzo enoicakifitnedi
invalg ujukifislaf es monvalgU .amilizov an akanzo ajnerovtovirk ekinhet enzar ilivzar us irotakifislaF
.azovu zi amilizov minvolop o idar es adak onbesop alizov ejicakifitnedi
idelgerp inzevabo itsevu itsonudub jojiroks u ijibrS u i es e ad itavikeo ej onigoL .alizov itsonraluger idelgerp
inzevabo erv ,.dti aksraguB ,ajinumuR ,ajinavtiL ,aksraaM ,akavolS ,ake us ot oak amajlmez u es ontunerT
.avajop hinvitagen hivo ajnavaerps idar erem envitneverp edovu es amajlmez miken u alizov hinlagelen
amelborp ajnavaer ujlic U .alizov hinerovtovirk i hinedarku ajorb atsarop gonitsard od izalod amajlmez mivo u
,golatso uemzI .atsrv hivs alanimirk tsarop uder movrp u a ,ecidelsop envitagen i isonod mobos as ajicazilarebiL
.akolb gonotsi amajlmez mivs u abor i idujl akotorp gejindobols isecorp ujniopaz a-RSSS modapsaR
AJLAMEZ HINLOKO AVTSUKSI .3

0 jorb i Z i U oj etsirok en es enidog dok az Q ,O ,I avols hinejnarbaz derop anidog 03 hikavs ajlvanop es enidog ajnavaanzo acirtam aaovziorp enarts do alizov ledom nervtu ej adak anidog
.j.t anidog anraledom ili onedevziorp olizov ej ejok ukot u anidog aksradnelak - *
9302 ,9002
9
9202 ,9991
X
9102 ,9891
K
8302 ,8002
8
8202 ,8991
W
8102 ,8891
J
7302 ,7002
7
7202 ,7991
V
7102 ,7891
H
6302 ,6002
6
6202 ,6991
T
6102 ,6891
G
5302 ,5002
5
5202 ,5991
S
5102 ,5891
F
4302 ,4002
4
4202 ,4991
R
4102 ,4891
E
3302 ,3002
3
3202 ,3991
P
3102 ,3891
D
2302 ,2002
2
2202 ,2991
N
2102 ,2891
C
1302 ,1002
1
1202 ,1991
M
1102 ,1891
B
0302 ,0002
Y
0202 ,0991
L
0102 ,0891
A
anidog*
dok
anidog*
dok
anidog*
doK
ejndovziorp enidog ivodoK .3 alebaT

...?alizov aledom ibdevzi jokirbaf ujaravogdo alizov rejiretne i amerpo antadod il ad?inradudop amirotakifitnedi minradnukes i minramirp an icadop us il ad?ikirbaf ejisa ajorb atnemele geeson ivejops us il ad?ujnats moneivderp ikirbaf aravogdo ejisa i arotom ajorb ajnajlvatsop otsem i delgzi il ad:us ot oak ajnatip an arovogdo od izalod es modelgerp minleuziV
.ekinhet enrem enaricitsifos ubertopu i alizov delgerp
inleuziv najlated ejunibmok ajnavitipsi secorP .olizov ontemderp ujukifitnedi ontkerid ino rej )arotom jorb
i ejisa jorb( amirotakifitnedi minramirp ajnalkop es ajnap aevjaN .inrajicret i inradnukes ,inramirp :epurg irt u
inejledop itsonav jojovs op us irotakifitnedI .onils i avodar hinejlovzoden olib ulizov an ej il ad i es ejurvtU
..irotakifitnedi-ekanzo enoicakifitnedi enevtsnidej evogejn ujavarevorp i ujurvtu es alizov mejnavitipsI
alizov ajicakifitnedI .3 akilS
A D A RB O
A D A RB O
A KS R A N UC A R
A KS R A N UC A R

A LIZOV
A LIZOV
AJICAKIFITNEDI
A T A N E MUKOD
EJNAVITIPSI

ALIZOV
EJNAVITIPSI

.).3 akils( akatadop edarbo eksranuar i alizov

ejnavitipsi ,atanemukod ejnavitipsi :asecorp anazevop onbosuem irt zork ajivdo es alizov ejicakifitnedi kaputsoP
ADAR AJIGOLONHET-ALIZOV AJICAKIFITNEDI .4
joksraaM u alizov hinlagelen ajorb ajnejnams dnerT .2 akilS
anidog

3002

0002

9991

7991

0
0005
00001
00051
00002
00052

alizov hinlagelen jorb

. 1,0 dopsi enedevs us ajnavitipsi

ekerg eugom a alizov 000.005 oko eorp ejnidog urevorp uvo zork ad avkat ej joksraaM u idovorps es ajok
ajnavitipsi ajigolonheT .alizov hinvolop uzovu irp i oak alizov ijadorpopuk jokavs irp onzevabo ejnavitipsi ovo ej
ad ualan joksraaM u isiporP .metsis vogejn u uirgetni ecinats entipsi es ad ukuldo esenod ozrb olrv eksraaM
avolsop hijnartunu ovtsratsiniM ad ilacitu us itatluzer irboD .).2 akils( ujnadapo monlats u alizov hinerovtovirk
i hinedarku jorb ej adat do i enidog .4991 modar as us ileoP .anvitizop olrv us eksraaM zi agelok avtsuksI
.ejibrS mori acinats hivon ejnaravto es arinalp a ,uiN i uka ,udargoeB ,urobmoS ,icitobuS
u ecinats entipsi envitka us ontunerT .alizov ujicakifitnedi irv onulsu ad ounerk oninavz ej alizov anrotom
az ratneC enidog evo acesem araunaj mejarK .itepmiduB u icinats jontipsi jovohijn u amagelok miksraam as
ondejaz iedar avtsuksi anitkarp omeits ad ukilirp ilami oms ekubo mokot ,aled goksjiroet deroP .itsalbo evo zi
avolsop ejnajlvabo az alizov anrotom az artneC acil hinurts ukubo ilirv us eksraaM zi irotkurtsni enidog .6002
cesem rabmeced-rabotko udoirep U .alizov ujicakifitnedi az minazev amivolsop ivab onepsu anidog tesed okerp
es ajok momrif moksraam mondej as ujndaras oivatsopsu ej alizov anrotom az ratneC enidog .6002 moniderS

.akatadop uzab u isonu eokat es ot ,aratemarap hintnaveler hivs ejnavotnemukod-otof

i irv es adelgerp mokoT .alizov gontemderp akatadop uzab uksnortkele u ejujnarhop ejinsak ,kinsipaz u esonu
ontibovrp es ejok ,alizov adelgerp as ejicamrofni enejlpukirp avitipsi ad okat ,navozitametsis ej ajnavitipsi secorP
ulizov an akanzo hinidejop itsonvitagen VU irevorp irp eamop apmal VU

aremakorkiM .7 akilS

.ajnavitipsi ejnavotnemukod
-otof az tala invonso oak es itsiroK .)onils i ijiresorak an avodar
hinejlovzoden ejnavirkto onleuziv ,arotom ajorb delgerp( ulizov
an atsem hinaputsirpen udelgerp monleuziv irp eamop-mopmal i meard mivijltivas as AREMAK

ebraf enijlbed areM .6 akilS

nabraf ondankan ejiresorak tnemele

inavitipsi ej il ad akujlkaz od izalod es okal ebraf ajols unijlbed
az moktadop mikirbaf as itsonderv eneremzi mejneeroP
.)amil-alatem od evalg enrem do ejnajotsar( ebraf ajols
unijlbed irem i upicnirp monuvzartlu an idaR .onabraf ondankan olizov ej il ad avirkto - EPOCSRAC

nacsorciM .5 akilS

.ejnabraf-ejnavotig-ejnaviravaz onervzi ej
edg enoz ejnavirkto az nasakife olrv no ej agot gobZ .ebraf ajols anijlbed
i irem onemervotsi es es mejaeru mivO .ajicamrofed i avorav enoz
an uksalian irp onsondo ulajiretam u enoz enegomohen an uksalian irp
ajurts hinoltrv anopan enemorp upicnirp an idaR .ijiresorak an evorav enevirks avirkto - NACSORCIM

tsetniV .4 akilS

.aretkarak itsonvarpsi delgerp irv es es okal olrv i unarke an ujuzakirp es ajnerem itatluzeR .ejisa ajorb
iretkarak ivs ujarineks es movalg monreM .mojiresorak monile as alizov dok unemirp ami i ecnanozer
entengam upicnirp an idar jaerU .).4 akils( ejisa ajorb itsonvarpsi urevorp ukizif az iuls - TSETNIV
:us ot oak ,itala i ijaeru inrem inzar es etsirok alizov ajnavitipsi ukot U

.a-tigid kcehc .vzt u-NIV u aretkarak go-9 itsondilav urevorp az imargorp DOK
,atanemukod itsonvarpsi urevorp az margorp NACSUCOD
,)onils i ecinpelan ekirbaf enzar ,aciolp akspit ,ejisa i arotom
jorb( ulizov monartamsop an arotakifitnedi hintnaveler udelgzi i ajnealan utsem o ecinrems enavortsuli
es ujajibod alizov ledom inarbazi aZ .alizov udelgerp monleuziv irp natsirok olrv NIVORUE
,).dti ejndovziorp doirep i otsem ,imerpo jontadod i urjiretne o icadop ,icadop ikinhet intelpmok( olizov
ontemderp az icadop ikirbaf es ujajibod ejisa i arotom ajorb gotadaz uvonso an EDOCNIVORUE

katadop iken nasipu ontkeroken ilovzod jonjaarboas u ej ad ila ,inlanigiro alovzod anjaarboas i
olizov us ad alianz CA aneco .rpn ib okat ,aneco mejnavonibmok i itirvzi ujicakifilavk ej eugom *
anavokifislaf us atnemukod
b
inavokifislaf us irotakifitnedi iken
a
)onils i arotom unimerpaz i ugans az itsonderv ejnavijnams onreman ,ekerg
C
envitartsinimda( ulizov o icadop ineenu ontkeroken amitnemukod u us ila,uder u ej olizov
)onils i aciolp akspit ejatsoden
B
,ejisa i arotom.rb an ajizorok( itatio ugom en es irotakifitnedi iken ila ,uder u ej olizov
uder u us atnemukod i olizov
A
aneco
alizov ajicakifilavK .4 alebaT
sipo

,).4 alebat( ejicakifitnedi evogejn udelgop

u alizov ajnats gonervtu asipo zarzi oak aneco ejujledod es ulizov atanemges hinidejop zi ajnavitipsi
atatluzer mejnarimuS .onils i ?ujnats monlanigiro u arotom jorb ej il aD ?ulizov montemderp ujaravogdo
ekitsiretkarak ekinhet enasiralked il ad :.rpn oak ajnatip an arovogdo od izalod okal ujark an es
ad nian vakat an irv akatadop sonu utnemges mokavs u es ume irp ,)onils i irotakifitnedi inradnukes
,ejisa jorb ,arotom jorb ,alizov ekitsiretkarak ekinhet( atanemges eiv u ej nejledoP .atanemukod
i alizov ajnavitipsi uvonso an akatadop hinejlpukirp udarbo i sonu az margorp invonso ej TRENIV
:amargorp hiedels mejneirok ejuravtso es ejicakifitnedi asecorp ajicazitamotuA .icesem tse hikavs ujarirua
es ezaB .atnemukod avohijn i alizov az akatadop amazab minans inardop us imargorP .ejicakifitnedi asecorp
ejnajivdo onsakife ejuebzebo ijok atekap goksmargorp ejneirok avemuzardop akatadop adarbo aksranuaR

atanemukod ejnavitipsI .8 akilS

.tsonitnetua avogejn ejurvtu onelsimsovden es

ume irp atnemukod got arevorp jorb nabertop zork idov san
margorp )atnemukod akanzo hintitaz-hinevirks atetitnavk(
etitaz evogejn aovin do onsondo ejutipsi es ijok atnemukod
do onsivaZ .monemiceps as atnemukod gonavitipsi
ejneerop irv ontkerid es morevorP .utevs an atanemukod
hinjaarboas hiejotsop hivs ovotog inemiceps ezalan
es amargorp izab U .NACSUCOD - atanemukod itsonvarpsi
urevorp az amargorp nagro inrvzi ajlvatsderp ijok areneks gonlajiceps uomop irv es atanemukod ejnavitipsI

).dti ,acinok ajnavitipsi ukputsop

u alizov asam anergop .rpn-alizov itsonvarpsi ekinhet arevorp ,alizov ledom naergop .rpn-alizov itsonderv
anecorp( udar u akaerg od edovod icadop inaten edg alizov az hinazev itsontaled higurd onup i ijotsoP
alizov ejnarugiso az eskat enisiv ajnavierdo gonergop
od edovod olizov ontemderp az icadop inaten ,useretni monvard onils- auk hiujavarugiso .3
.avtsders aneolu itarvop ad itsonugom zeb ,otse olrv ,i alizov zeb
ejatso ninaarg-capuk a otezudo avib ono ,onlagelen olizov onejlpuk ej ad ejirkto es ad
ujauls U .alizov anvolop ujupuk ot okat alizov desop u ezalod eejan inaarg iananaarg .2
.ejlmez adelgu ejnaaj an eitu ot jorb napuku
vohijn ejujnams es ikstamotua )alizov anerovtovirk ili anedarku( alizov hinlagelen
mejnavirkto ,eokaT .)alizov ijicartsiger irp eskat ejnidog envoder i alizov uzovu irp
askat( iskat etalpan ejinlivarp idar alizov ajnasirogetak gonvarpsi ulsims u seretni amievard .1
:iseretni
etit es emijN .retkarak inevturd-etpo ami alizov ujicakifitnedi az hinazev amelborp ejnavaer ontavkedA
KAUJLKAZ .5