MCS 041

Block 1 Unit 1
Operating Systems : An Overview
By
Kirit A. Dhabalia
Content
Purpose of OS
Goals of OS
Evolution of OS
Various Functions Performed By OS
Various Types of OS
Structures of OS
What Is An OS?
Four main components
Hardware
OS
Application Software
Users
The OS controls and coordinates the use of
the hardware among the various systems
programs and application programs for the
various users
What Is An OS?
Resource Allocator
Hardware and Software
CPU Time
Memory Space
Files Storage Space
Input / Output Devices
Application
Programs
Operating
System
Computer
Hardware
Compiler
Assembler
Text Editor
Database
System
User 1
User 2
User 3
User n
Abstract View of the
Components of a
computer System
Request
Response
OS Designed To Serve Two Basic Purposes
To control the allocation and use of the
computing systems resources among the
various users and tasks
To provide an interface between the computer
hardware and the programmer that simplifies
and makes feasible the creation, coding,
debugging and maintenance of application
programs
An Effective OS Should Accomplish The
Following Functions
Act as a command interpreter by providing a user
friendly environment
Should facilitate communication with other users
Facilitate the directory/file creation along with
the security option
Provide routines that handle the intricate
(Complicated) details of I/O programming
Provide access to compilers to translate programs
from high-level languages to machine language
Cont
An Effective OS Should Accomplish The
Following Functions
Provide a loader program to move the compiled
program code to the computers memory for execution
Assure that when there are several active processes in
the computer, each will get fair and non-interfering
access to the central processing unit for execution
Take care of storage and device allocation
Provide for long term storage of user information in
the form of files
Permit system resources to be shared among users
when appropriate and be protected from unauthorised
or mischievous intervention as necessary
Content
Purpose of OS
Goals of OS
Evolution of OS
Various Functions Performed By OS
Various Types of OS
Structures of OS
Goals Of An Operating System
To execute an instruction in an efficient manner
and to increase the productivity of processing
resources attached with the computer system.
Maximum CPU utilization is the main objective,
since it is the main device which is to be used for
the execution of the programs or instructions
Goals
Convenient to use
Use the hardware in an efficient manner
Generations of Operating Systems
Five distinct generations, characterized by
Hardware component technology, Software
development and mode of delivery of
computer services
0
th
Generation ( 1944 )
First Generation ( 1951-1956 )
Second Generation ( 1956-1964 )
Third Generation ( 1964-1979 )
Fourth Generation ( 1979- Present )
0
th
Generation
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) (The Giant Brain) By John
Mauchly
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) by John Von Neumann 1944-46
The development of EDVAC set the stage for
the evolution of commercial computing and
operating system software
Open-shop
1
st
Generation ( 1951-1956)
UNIVAC I in early 1951 and a bit later, the IBM 701 which was also known
as the Defence Calculator
Closed shop
Application programs were run one at a time and were translated with
absolute computer addresses that bound them to be loaded and run from
these reassigned storage addresses set by the translator, obtaining their
data from specific physical I/O device
There was no provision for moving a program to different location in
storage for any reason
Magnetic Tape, Boot device
Machine Language, Assembly and later FORTRAN
System protection was a problem
Mono-programmed operating system
2
nd
Generation (1956-1964)
Mono-programmed batch processing operating systems
The data channel allowed some I/O to be buffered ie. Input data
can read ahead and kept into a special block of memory called as
buffer
Data channels ability to work asynchronously and concurrently with
the main processor
Significant innovation of the second generation the interrupt
The data channel was able to interrupt the CPU with a message
The hardware developments led to enhancements of the operating
system. I/O and data channel communication and control became
functions of the operating system
JOB segmentation (priority)
3
rd
Generation (1964-1979)
IBM System/360
Adoption of multiprogramming
Spooling
CPU sharing
Preempt (anticipate)
Better hardware


4
th
Generation (1979-Present)
VLSI
User-friendly
Multi programming and time sharing
DOS & Unix
Remote login

Types of Operating Systems
Batch
Time-sharing
Real-time
Multiprogramming Operating System
Multiprocessing system
Networking Operating System
Distributed Operating System
Operating System for Embedded Devices
MCS - 022

Desirable Qualities of OS
Usability Facilities
Robustness Sufficient for intended use
Accept all valid inputs and can handle
them
Complete
Consistency Appropriate
Proportionality Costs
Convenience Want low cost and efficient services
Powerful with high level facilities Good algorithm
Adaptability Low overhead
Tailored to the environment Low maintenance cost
Changeable over time
Extendible - extensible
OS - Examples
DOS
UNIX
Windows
Macintosh
OS used by its users
Command language :- interact with os using
commands
System call :- invoke services of the os by means of
run time system calls during the execution of
programs
Functions of OS
Process Management
Memory Management
Secondary Storage Management
I/O Management
File Management
Protection
Networking Management
Command Iterpretation
Simultaneous peripheral operation online

Function Process Management
The CPU executes a large number of programs
CPU is also needed for other activities called
processes
A process is a program in execution
Typically batch job is a process, a time shared
user program is a process and a system task
spooling is also a process
So, the process is a job or a time shared
program
Function Process Management
OS is responsible for the following activities in
connection with processes management
Creation and deletion of both user and system
processes
Suspension and resumption of processes
Provision of mechanisms for process
synchronization
Provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling
Function Memory Management
Most expensive part in the computer system
Is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address
Interaction is achieved through a sequence of reads or writes
of specific memory address
Selection of a memory management scheme very much
depends upon the hardware design
OS is responsible for the following activities
Keep track of which parts of memory currently being used and by
whom
Decide which process are to be loaded into memory when memory
space becomes available
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed
Function Secondary Storage
Management
Execution of programs together with the data they access,
must be in main memory during execution
Since the main memory is too small to permanently
accommodate all data and program, the computer system
must provide secondary storage to backup main memory
Modern systems uses disks as the primary on-line storage
Programs like compilers, assemblers, sort routines, editors,
formatters and so on, are stored on the disk until loaded into
memory
Hence, proper disk storage management is of central
importance to the computer systems
Function Secondary Storage
Management
OS is responsible for the following activities in
connection with disk management:
Free space management
Storage allocation
Disk scheduling

Function I/O Management
OS is responsible for the following activities in
connection to I/O management
A buffer caching system
To activate a general device driver code
To run the driver software for specific hardware
devices as and when required
Function File Management
One of the most visible services of an OS
Medias Disk / Tape / CD / DVD / Blu
A file is a collection of related information
defined by its creator
A file is a sequence of bits, bytes, lines or
records whose meaning is defined by its
creator and user

Function File Management
OS is responsible for the following activities in
connection to the file management
Creation and deletion of files
Creation and deletion of directory
Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories
Mapping of files onto disk storage
Backup of files on stable (non volatile) storage
Protection and security of the files

Function Protection
Various processes in an OS must be protected
from each others activities
Peripherals can be operated only after gaining
proper authorization from the OS
Memory addressing hardware ensures that a
process can only execute within its own
address space
The timer ensures that no process can gain
control of the CPU without relinquishing it

Function Protection
No process is allowed to do its own I/O, to protect the
integrity of the various peripheral devices
Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling the
access of programs, processes or users to the resources
defined by a computer controls to be imposed,
together with some means of enforcement
Protection can improve reliability by detecting latent
errors at the interfaces between component
subsystems
An unprotected resource cannot defend against use (or
misuse) by an unauthorised or incompetent user.
Function Networking Management
A distributed system is a collection of processor that do
not share memory or a clock
Each processor has its own local memory and
processor communicate with each other through
various communication lines such as high speed buses
or telephone lines
The processor in the system are connected through a
communication network
A distributed system provides the user with access to
the various resources the system maintains.
Access to a shared resource allows computation speed-
up, data availability and reliability
Function Command Interpretation
The command interpreter is the primary
interface between the user and the rest of the
system
The control card interpreter
The command line interpreter
The shell ( Unix)
OS in coordinating all the functions
Operating System
I/O
Management
Process
Management
Communication
Management
Protection &
Security
Memory
Management
Secondary
Storage
Management
Networking
User
Interface
File
Interface