PGS.TS.

Phm Vn Hin
pvhien@hcmuaf.edu.vn
pvhien61@gmail.com
Phng php lun
nghin cu khoa hc
(Science research methodology)
CNG
M t mn hc:
Gii thiu cc khi nim v bn cht logic ca
NCKH
Phng php xy dng c s l lun ca ti,
thu thp x l thng tin, trnh t thc hin
ti
Hng dn trnh by lun vn thc s
MI CHNG
Chng 1
KHOA HC V PHN LOI KHOA HC
1. Khi nim
2. Phn loi khoa hc
3. Qui lut hnh thnh v pht trin khoa hc
Chng 2
I CNG V NGHIN CU KHOA HC
1. Khi nim nghin cu khoa hc
2. Cc c im ca nghin cu khoa hc
3. Phn loi nghin cu khoa hc
4. Mt s sn phm c trng ca nghin cu
khoa hc
5. Cu trc logic ca mt kho lun khoa hc
6. Trnh t logic ca nghin cu khoa hc
Chng 3
VN KHOA HC
1. Khi nim vn khoa hc
2. Phn loi vn khoa hc
3. Hnh thc ngn ng ca vn khoa hc
4. Ba tnh hung ca vn khoa hc
5. Phng php pht hin vn khoa hc
Chng 4
GI THUYT KHOA HC
1. Khi nim gi thuyt khoa hc
2. Vai tr ca gi thuyt trong nghin cu khoa hc
3. Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt khoa hc
4. Thuc tnh c bn ca gi thuyt khoa hc
5. Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc
6. Lin h gia gi thuyt vi phn loi nghin cu
7. Lin h gia gi thuyt vi vn khao hc
8. Thao tc logic a ra mt gi thuyt khoa hc
9. Kim chng gi thuyt khoa hc
Chng 5
C S L LUN CA TI
1. Khi nim c s l lun ca ti
2. Ni dung c s l lun ca ti
3. Phng php xy dng lun c l thuyt
Chng 6
PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN
1. Bn cht thng tin ca qu trnh nghin cu
2. Thng tin v vt mang thng tin
3. Phng php tip cn thu thp thng tin
4. Phng php nghin cu ti liu
5. Phng php phi thc nghim
6. Phng php trc nghim
7. Phng php thc nghim
8. Phm vi p dng cc phng php thu thp thng tin
Chng 7
PHNG PHP X L KT QU
NGHIN CU
1. Khi nim
2. X l s liu
3. X l logic i vi cc s kin
4. Sai lch quan st v sai s php o
5. Vit kt qu nghin cu
6. M t ti liu c trch dn trong nghin cu
Chng 8
CC HNH THC CNG B KT QU
NGHIN CU
1. ngha ca vic cng b
2. Cc hnh thc cng b
3. Vit bo co kt qu nghin cu
Chng 9
T CHC THC HIN TI NGHIN
CU KHOA HC
1. Khi nim v t chc thc hin ti
2. ti nghin cu khoa hc
3. Trin khai thc hin ti
4. Hi tho khoa hc
5. nh gi kt qu nghin cu khoa hc
6. m bo php l cho cc cng trnh khoa hc
7. Trch dn khoa hc (Ti liu HNL)
Chng 10
LUN VN KHOA HC
1. Dn nhp
2. Phn loi lun vn khoa hc
3. Trnh t chun b lun vn
4. Vit lun vn (Ti liu HNL)
PHNG PHP NH GI
KHA 2008
Qu trnh hc ti lp 10%
Phn tch bi bo khoa hc 15%
Seminar nhm 15%
Kho lun 60%
1. Khi nim
- Phng php lun (Methodology) (T in VN, 2000)
* Phng php: Cch thc nhn thc, nghin cu hin tng
ca t nhin v i sng x hi
* Phng php lun: Hc thuyt v phng php nhn thc
khoa hc v ci to th gii
* Methodos v Logos: L thuyt v phng php
- Khoa hc
l h thng tr thc v mi quy lut ca vt cht v s vn
ng ca vt cht, nhng quy lut ca t nhin, x hi, t
duy (Pierre Auger, 1961)
l sn phm tr tu ca ngi nghin cu.
a. Tri thc kinh nghim(Indigenous Knowledge-IK)
tc ng ca th gii khch quan phi x l nhng tnh hung
xut hin trong t nhin, lao ng v ng x.
Hiu bit c tch lu ngu nhin trong i sng
b. Tri thc khoa hc (Academic-AK)
l nhng hiu bit c tch lu mt cch h thng, da trn
mt h thng phng php khoa hc
- Tri thc khoa hc khc tri thc kinh nghim?
tng kt s liu v s kin ngu nhin, ri rc khi qut
ho thnh c s l thuyt.
kt lun v quy lut tt yu c kho nghim
Lu gi/lu truyn
EX: Tri sp ma, ngi thy oi bc
Vn IK AK @
2. Khi nim nghin cu khoa hc
Tm kim nhng iu khoa hc cha bit:
Pht hin bn cht s vt
Sng to phng php/phng tin mi
Tm kim, vy bit trc cha?
Gi thuyt NC/KH: phn on ng/sai?
Khng nh lun im KH or bc b gi thuyt
Trnh by lun im (b/c, thuyt trnh)
NCKH = tm kim cc lun c chng minh gi thuyt
nghin cu/lun im khoa hc
Cc bc nghin cu khoa hc
Bc 1: La chn vn
Bc 2: Xy dng lun im khoa hc
Bc 3: Chng minh lun im khoa hc
Bc 4: Trnh by lun im khoa hc
3. Phn loi nghin cu khoa hc
Theo chc nng
Ng/cu m t: nhn dng s vt; nh tnh/nh lng
Ng/cu gii thch: nguyn nhn dn n s hnh thnh s
vt; cu trc/ngun gc/tng tc (VAC)
Ng/cu gii php: lm ra s vt mi; phng php/phng
tin
Ng/cu d bo: nhn dng trng thi s vt trong tng lai
Theo giai on ca nghin cu
Ng/cu c bn
Ng/cu ng dng
Ng/cu trin khai
Pht hin, pht minh, sng ch
Pht minh ngh in, pht hin thuc n
Sng ch ra my hi nc
Mua bn pht minh, cp bng pht minh
Hc thuyt di truyn
Cng ngh di truyn
C hi nhn to
Chn lc ging sn c ngun gc t Thailand
My ct ma
4. Sn phm ca nghin cu khoa hc
Pht minh
Pht hin ra quy lut, tnh cht, hin tng ca gii t
nhin. Ex: Archimede, Newton
Khng cp patent, khng bo h
Pht hin
Nhn ra quy lut XH, vt th ang tn ti khch quan.
Ex: Marx, Colomb, Kock
Khng cp patent, khng bo h
Sng ch
Gii php k thut mang tnh mi v nguyn l, sng
to v p dng c. Ex: Nobel, Jame Watt
Cp patent, mua bn licence, bo h quyn s hu
5. S pht trin ca l thuyt khoa hc
Phng hng khoa hc tng khoa hc
Trng phi khoa hc
B mn khoa hc
Ngnh khoa hc
Phng hng khoa hc
(Scientific orientation)
l mt tp hp nhng ni dung nghin cu thuc
mt/mt s lnh vc khoa hc, nh hng theo mc
tiu v c mc ch ng dng. Ex:
Tiu ch xem xt phng hng khoa hc l i tng
nghin cu
Trng phi khoa hc
(scientific school)
l mt phng hng KH c pht trin cao hn dn
n mt gc nhn mi v i tng nghin cu.
Phng hng KH n b mn c th dn n trng
phi khoa hc mi trong ni b mt b mn.
EX: Dn tc hc dn n Chm hc, Choro hc
H thng canh tc - trng phi k thut/kinh t/x hi
Phng hng khoa hc a b mn (Multi-
disciplinary), hi t nhiu b mn khoa hc dn
n xut hin mt trng phi khoa hc mi lin
b mn (Inter-disciplinary).
EX: HTNN, LNXH,
Trng phi khoa hc thng dn n s xung t
v quan im khoa hc trng phi mi ra i
B mn khoa hc
(Scientific discipline)
l h thng l thuyt v mt i tng nghin cu
B mn khoa hc l nc thang cao nht trong tin
trnh pht trin t PHKH, TPKH n BMKH
Ngnh khoa hc
(Speciality)
l mt lnh vc o to hoc mt lnh vc hot
ng khoa hc. EX: Ngnh BVTV, Trng trt
6. Quy lut hnh thnh mt b mn
khoa hc
Tin nghim
Hu nghim
Phn lp
Tch hp
a, Tin nghim
l con ng hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc da
trn nhng tin hoc h tin
Tin l mt loi tri thc khoa hc c mc
nhin tha nhn khng phi chng minh.
T mt tin hoc h tin mt h thng tri
thc c pht trin thnh mt b mn khoa hc
m khng cn quan st hay thc nghim.
EX: Euclide, im ngoi ng thng/mt phng. B mn
hnh hc ra i.
b, Hu nghim
l con ng hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc
da trn s khi qut ho nhng kt qu quan st
hoc thc nghim, tm ra nhng mi lin h tt
yu, bn cht ca s vt.
EX: Phng php lun (Methodology), HTCT
c, Phn lp khoa hc
l s tch mt trng phi khoa hc ra khi
mt b mn khoa hc hnh thnh mt b
mn khoa hc mi.
EX: Ton hc tch ra S hc, Hnh hc;
NH tch ra BVTV, TT, Di truyn-ging.
d, Tch hp
l s hp nht v l thuyt v phng php
lun ca mt s b mn khoa hc ring
thnh b mn mi.
EX: Kinh t hc + Chnh tr = Kinh t hc chnh tr
- Lm nghip x hi hc
- X hi hc nng thn
- a l sinh thi- nhn vn
7. Nm tiu ch nhn bit mt b mn
khoa hc
Tiu ch 1: c mt i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu l bn cht s vt hoc hin
tng t trong phm vi quan tm ca mt b mn
khoa hc.
Tiu ch 2: c mt h thng l thuyt
Cc khi nim, phm tr, quy lut. H thng l
thuyt gm mt b phn c trng ca b mn v
mt b phn k tha t cc b mn khoa hc
khc.
Tiu ch 3: c mt h thng phng php lun
- PP lun hiu theo 2 ngha: L thuyt v phng php
v h thng cc phng php.
- PP lun ca mt b mn bao gm ring v k tha t
cc b mn khc
Tiu ch 4: c mc ch ng dng (tiu ch mm)
Khong cc gia khoa hc v thc tin cn rt ngn,
nghin cu ng dng.
Tiu ch 5: c mt lch s nghin cu
B mn khoa hc thng c th bt ngun t mt b
mn khoa hc khc, song mt s b mn mi c lp,
bt u lch s ring ca b mn.
GI THUYT KHOA HC
1. Vn khoa hc
1.1 Vn khoa hc (VKH)
1.2 Phn loi vn khoa hc
1.3 Cc tnh hung ca vn khoa hc
1.4 Phng php pht hin vn khoa hc
2. Gi thuyt khoa hc
2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc
2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt
2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt
2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc
1.1 Vn khoa hc
VKH (scientific/research problem)
l cu hi trc mu thun gia hn ch ca
tri thc khoa hc hin c vi yu cu pht
trin tri thc trnh cao hn.
EX: Newton thy qu to rng t cy nh lut
Newton
C ph rng - Hin tng sinh l/bnh? NS4/8 t/ha
1.2 Phn loi vn khoa hc
V v bn cht s vt cn tm kim
V v PP nghin cu lm sng t v l
thuyt v thc tin vn bn cht s vt
EX: - pht hin ra gm Hong thnh Thng Long, cu
hi thuc nin i no? (bn cht s vt)
- Lm cch no xc nh tiu ch, phng php xc
nh (PPNC)
1.3 Cc tnh hung ca vn khoa hc
C vn C nghin cu
Khng c vn Khng c NC
Khng vn Khng NC
Gi vn
C vn khc NC theo
hng khc
1.4 Phng php pht hin vn
khoa hc
Pht hin mt mnh, yu trong n/cC ca ng nghip
Nhn dng nhng bt u trong tranh lun khoa hc
Ngh ngc li quan nim thng thng
Nhn dng nhng vng mc trong hot ng thc t
Lng nghe li phn nn ca nhng ngi khng am
hiu
Cu hi bt cht xut hin khng ph thuc l do no
2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc
2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt
2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt
2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc
2. Gi thuyt khoa hc
2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc
Gi thuyt khoa hc (scientific/research
hypothesis) l mt nhn nh s b, kt lun
gi nh v bn cht s vt do ngi nghin
cu a ra chng minh hoc bc b.
Gi thuyt l khi im ca mi nghin cu
khoa hc
2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt
* Mt gi thuyt cn n gin, c th v r rng v
khi nim
EX: NS ging mi ln hn 15%
B hnh nh c g y, ti thy c v th
Tui trung bnh ca nam/n
Gi thuyt da trn c s quan st
Gi thuyt khng tri vi l thuyt
Gi thuyt phi c th kim chng
2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt
2.3.1 Phn loi theo tnh ph bin ca gi thuyt
Gi thuyt ph bin
EX: tri nng, oi bc s c ma, c cung s c cu
Gi thuyt thng k
EX: Ma 200mm/thng s pht sinh tuyn trng/caf
i lm v mun n ln
Gi thuyt c th
EX: Ph n trn 50 tui d b ung th v, nam tin lit
tuyn
+ Gi thuyt m t
EX: L sc nng ca nc
+ Gi thuyt gii thch
EX: L mm long mng l do chung tri b bn
+ Gi thuyt d bo
EX: n 2020 do bng tan, TP. HCM ngp su 1 m
2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt
2.3.2 Phn loi theo chc nng nghin cu
2.3.3 Phn loi theo mc ch ca nghin cu
+ GT quy lut, l gi thuyt trong NC c bn
EX: 15/thng triu cng nc ngp, ph tng
+ GT gii php, l gi thuyt trong NC ng dng
EX: Pasteur gi thuyt v gii php to ra s min dch
bng cch tim vi khun yu
+ GT hnh mu, l gi thuyt trong trin khai
EX: Xy dng m hnh trnh din c hiu qu hn hun
luyn l thuyt.
2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc
2.4.1 Gi thuyt l mt phn on
a. Khi nim: l mt hnh thc t duy nhm ch r
thuc tnh bn cht vn c ca s vt.
Khi nim c biu t bi nh ngha, bao gm
ni hm v ngoi din ?
EX: Nng dn Trung b # Nam b?
V: trng, p, ghen
b. Phn on: l mt hnh thc t duy nhm ni
lin cc khi nim li vi nhau khng nh khi
nim ny l hoc khng l khi nim kia.
EX: C ph l cy c hm lng cafein cao trong ht, bt
ny c hm lng cafein cao c th l t ht c ph.
Phn
on
theo cht
Phn on khng nh S l P
Phn on ph nh S khng l P
Phn on xc sut S c l l P
Phn on hin thc S ang l P
Phn on tt nhin S chc chn l P
Phn
on
theo
lng
Phn on chung Mi S l P
Phn on ring Mt s S l P
Phn on n nht Duy c S l P
Phn
on
phc hp
Phn on lin kt (php hi) S va l P1 va l P2
Phn on la chn S hoc l P1 hoc l P2
Phn on c iu kin Nu S th P
Phn on tng ng S khi v ch khi P
c. Suy lun: l mt hnh thc t duy, t mt
hay mt s phn on bit (tin ) a
ra mt phn on mi (kt ).
Phn on mi chnh l gi thuyt
C ba hnh thc suy lun: suy lun din
dch, suy lun quy np v loi suy
c.1 Suy lun din dch
l hnh thc suy lun i t ci chung n ci ring.
C hai loi suy lun din dch: Trc tip & gin tip
Din dch trc tip gm mt tin v mt kt
EX:
-1 tin : mi con vt nhim khun yu u c min
dch vi th bnh do chnh loi khun gy ra (quan
st)
-1 kt : khi cho nhim khun yu, con vt s c kh nng
min dch i vi cn bnh do loi khun gy ra (gi
thuyt)
Din dch gin tip gm mt s tin v mt kt

EX :
- Tin 1: mi sinh vt u theo qui lut sinh, lo, bnh,
t
- Tin 2: sinh vt A qua giai on lo
- Tin 3: sinh vt A ang bnh
Kt : sinh vt A s cht
Tam on lun l trng hp c bit ca din dch
gin tip, gm hai tin v mt kt (tin khng
)
- Tin 1: bnh AIDS gy gim cn nhanh v chc chn dn ti t
vong
- Tin 2 : Anh A ang gim cn
Kt : Anh A chc chn cht
- T 1 : Con Anh A chuyn n cp xe p/mi ngi u cht
- T 2 : Nh Anh B mt xe p/con ch Cn va cht
K : Con anh A n cp xe ca B/Vy con ch Cn l ngi
c.2 Suy lun quy np
l hnh thc suy lun i t ci ring n ci chung
Qui np hon ton i t tt c ci ring n ci chung
EX: Pierre v Marie Curie nguyn t mi ng v phng x
Qui np khng hon ton i t mt s ci ring n
ci chung
EX: Pasteur quan st n cu nhim khun yu th nghim v
kt khng bnh v nghin cu ra vacxin
c.3 Loi suy
suy lun i t ci ring n ci ring
EX: Th thuc mi/chut/kh ngi
Pilot - extension
3. Kim chng gi thuyt khoa hc
3.1 Khi nim: Kim chng gi thuyt khoa hc chnh
l chng minh hoc bc b gi thuyt
chng minh: s dng nhng phng php v quy tc
logic (lun chng), da vo phn on c cng
nhn (lun c), khng nh tnh chnh xc ca phn
on cn chng minh (lun ). Ex: NS la lai 10 t/ha
bc b: l chng minh khng nh tnh khng chnh
xc ca phn on. Ex: NS la 5 t/ha, chng minh n 10 t/ha
3.2 Phng php chng minh gi thuyt
3.2.1 Nguyn tc chng minh
- Th nht, lun phi r rng v nht qun
- Th hai, lun c chnh xc v c lin h trc
tip vi lun
- Th ba, lun chng khng vi phm cc
nguyn tc suy lun
3.2.2 Phng php chng minh
Trc tip v gin tip
EX:
Ging cao su GT1 c hiu qu kinh t cao nht ti Vit
Nam.
- Thng k ghi nhn nng sut ging GT1 bnh qun 10
nm l 2t/ha, cc ging khc t 1,5 t/ha (LC l thuyt)
- Th trng cao su trn th gii lun cu vt qu cung v
m cao su GT1 lun c mua vi gi cao hn ging khc
15 USD/T (LC thc tin)
Chng minh trc tip l php CM tnh ng
ca gi thuyt rt ra t s ng ca lun c
* Pht trin cn ti nguyn di do
- Trc quan nim: PT kinh t quc gia ph thuc ti nguyn
- Nc pht trin, ngho ti nguyn (Japan, Singapore)
- Nc giu ti nguyn, nc ngho chm PT (Chu Phi)
* Mun tng nng sut cy la cn p dng 3 gim 3 tng
- KQ nc nng sut gim 200 kg/ha i vi chn rung s dy,
bn nhiu phn v phun nhiu thuc tr su (3 tng)
- Ti Philippin nng dn s dng PP truyn thng, khng bit 3
gim 3 tng nng sut ch t 3 T/ha
- NC ca Vin la mn khi s tha, bn t N v phun t thuc
tr su nng NS ln 30%.
Chng minh gin tip l php CM tnh ng ca
lun c CM bng tnh khng ng ca phn
lun
3.2.3 Phng php bc b gi thuyt
L CM ch r tnh khng ng ca mt phn on
Chng minh bc b mt trong 3 yu t: hoc lun
sai, hoc lun c sai hoc lun chng sai
EX:
Say ru khng tai nn
p dng 3 gim 3 tng lm gim nng sut
4. Cac hnh thc cong bo cong trnh
NCKH
* Kho lun khoa hc l mt cong trnh KH viet e mo ta,
phan tch 1 s vat/hien tng hoac xuat 1 giai phap
* Bi bo KH viet e cong bo tren tap ch, hoi ngh KH,
tham gia tranh luan
* Tng lun KH la ban mo ta khai quat toan bo thanh tu
va nhng vn e ton tai lin quan en 1 cong trnh NC
* Tc phm KH la tong ket 1 cach he thong toan b
phng hng NC (tnh mi, tnh he thong, tnh hoan
thien). EX: Luan van tot nghiep ?
CAU TRUC LOGIC CUA KHAO LUAN KH
gom 3 bo phan hp thanh
1. Luan e la mot phan oan can c chng minh
Tra li cau hoi can chng minh ieu g ? Con h!
2. Luan c la bang chng (oc tai lieu, quan sat/thc
nghiem) c a ra e chng minh luan e
Tra li cau hoi chng minh bang cai g ?
Co 2 loai luan c:
* Luan c ly thuyet la cac c s ly thuyet KH, luan iem KH,
cac tien e, nh ly, nh luat, qui luat. Con goi la c s l
lun.
* Luan c thc tien la cac phan oan a c xac nhan, c
hnh thanh bi cac so lieu, s kien thu thap t quan st thc
nghiem.

3. Luan chng la cach thc, phng phap to chc mot phep

chng minh, nham vach ro mi lin h gia luan c va
gia toan bo luan c vi luan e.
Tra li cau hoi Chng minh bang cach nao?
Cac loai CM:
* Luan chng logic bao gom chuoi cac phep suy luan
c lien ket theo mot trat t xac nh.
* Luan chng ngoai logic gom pp tiep can & pp thu thap
thong tin
Lieu phap mi cha benh AIDS
Hien nay cac nha NC My va Uc hy vong rang lieu
phap interleukin 2 se ngan chan c s phat trien
va bien chng phc tap benh nhan HIV dng tnh
(Luan e).
Lieu phap nay chu yeu kch thch he mien dch e lam
tang SLTB von a b nhiem HIV lam can kiet. Do
vay, ay la PP cha tr hoan toan khac trc (Luan
c ly thuyet).
Lieu phap nay a c th nghiem trong nhieu nam
qua cac BV tai Sydney, Melboure va thu c
nhieu KQ tot (Luan c thc tien)
C S LY LUAN
CSLL la luan c ly thuyet c CM bi cac NC trc.
Trch dan phai ung cho, ung luc
Ly thuyet la mot he thong tri thc KH, cung cap mot
quan niem hoan chnh ve ban chat s vat va moi
lien he c ban gia s vat vi the gii hien thc
ly thuyet gom cac khai niem, pham tru, qui luat ve
s vat.
Y ngha cua CSLL mn e CM gia thuyet
- tiet kiem vat chat, thi gian, tai chnh
- lam nen tang kien giai cho nhng luan c
thc tien (thc nghiem)
TRNH T LOGIC CUA NCKH
- Bc 1. Phat hien van e NC (at cau hoi can c
giai ap se a ra c cau tra li co the xac
nh c phng hng NC)
- Bc 2. Xay dng gia thuyet xac nh luan e
nhan nh s bo ve ban chat s vat/hien tng.
- Bc 3. Lap phng an thu thap thong tin, chon mau
khao sat, d kien tien o, phng tien va phng
phap
- Bc 4. Xay dng luan c ly thuyet (CS ly luan)
- Bc 5. Tthap d lieu luan c thc tien cua NC.
- Bc 6. Phan tch va ban luan
- Bc 7. Ket luan va ngh
Kt lun, ngh
Phn tch, tho lun
Lun c thc tin
Lun c l thuyt
Thu thp thng tin
Xy dng gi thuyt
Pht hin vn KH
LA CHN V T TN TI NCKH
e tai
D an
e an
Chng trnh
E TAI NCKH
e tai NCKH la mot hnh thc TC NCKH, c ac trng bi mot
nhiem vu NC va do mot ngi hay nhom ngi thc hien.
e tai nh hng vao viec tra li nhng cau hoi ve y ngha hoc
thuat, co the cha quan tam hien thc hoa trong hoat ong thc
te.
D an la loai e tai co muc ch ng dung nhat nh vao i song
kinh te & XH. D an oi hoi phai ap ng mot nhu cau a neu;
co ky han va rang buoc ve nguon lc nhat nh.
e an la loai van kien c xay dng e trnh mot cap quan ly / CQ
tai tr e xin c thc hien mot cong viec nao o. se xuat
hien nhng d an, chng trnh, e tai hoac to chc/hoat ong
kinh te, XH
Chng trnh la mot nhom cac e tai hoac d an, c tap hp theo
mot muc ch xac nh. Gia chung co tnh oc lap tng oi
nhng noi dung thc hien cua mot chng trnh th phai luon ong
bo
Tn ti
BA KHNG NN
1. Lm dng t ch mc ch nghin cu
2. Bt u bng cm t c bt nh cao v thng
tin
3. Th hin tnh qu d di, chung chung
1. Lm dng t ch mc ch
nghin cu
ti: Nghin cu tc ng ca chnh sch,
giao t giao rng n tnh hnh s dng t
ca ng bo Mng, Dao ti huyn A, tnh B
nhm gp phn nng cao i sng ng bo v
bo v mi trng
2. Bt u bng cm t c bt
nh cao v thng tin
Mt vi suy ngh
Mt s bin php
Bc u tm hiu
Nhng vn v
Nghin cu v
Mt s bin php nng cao nng sut la lai
ti huyn A, tnh B
3. Qu d di, chung chung
ti: Hi nhp Thch thc, thi c
Phn tch thc trng v nguyn nhn gy
cht cy tiu ti Huyn C Chi, TP. HCM,
nhm ra bin php phng tr tng hp
cho cy tiu vng ng Nam b
Bnh hi cy tiu ti Ph Quc
Bt u bng cm t tha
khng c gi tr thng tin
Nghin cu
Nghin cu xut
Kt qu nghin cu
C s khoa hc
Lun c khoa hc
Nghin cu chuyn i c cu cy trng vng
T gic long xuyn
Tn ti di
t ch nht, thng tin nhiu nht, key word
ti: Nghin cu quan h ph thuc gia
sn phm ngoi g vi rng v con ngi
v xut cc gii php thch hp gp
phn ci thin, nng cao i sng ng bo
dn tc Thi sau khi ng ca rng t nhin
ti vng cao x T Bnh, huyn T Nng,
tnh LS (57)
Trnh nhiu ca/th/m/l
ti: nh hng ca trnh hc vn ca
ch h n tng thu nhp ca nng h x
A, huyn B, tnh C.
Trnh hc vn ca ch h nh hng tng
thu nhp nng h x A, huyn B, tnh C.
Hm cha nhiu key word
Nghin cu nh hng ca d lng kim loi
nng n sinh trng cy trng v sc kho
con ngi, v xut cc gii php thch hp
hn ch nh hng v nng cao nng sut
cy trng v an ton cho con ngi
Mc tiu/mc ch?
1
0
1
0
1
0

1
0

1
0
1
0
Mc tiu: Lm ci g?
ci ch v ni dung m ngi n/c vch ra nh
hng n lc tm kim
- ng t
xc nh
nh gi
xut
tm ra
chn ra
nng cao
SMART
SMART
Mc tiu phi
Measurable - o c
Achievable - Kh thi
Realistic - Hin thc
Timebound - C thi hn
Specific - C th
Mc ch: nhm vo vic g?
ngha thc tin ca n/c
Trng t ch mc ch
nhm

nhm
gp phn,
Qui trnh cngngh/nng cao kinh t/ci thin i
sng/nng cao thu nhp/hiu qu mi trng.
Khach the, oi tng n/c, oi tng
khao sat
* oi tng NC la ban chat s vat/hien tng can xem
xet va lam ro trong nhiem vu n/c
* Khach the NC la he thong s vat ton tai khach quan
trong cac moi lien he ma ngi NC can kham pha, la
vat mang oi tng NC
* oi tng khao sat la mot bo phan u ai dien cua
khach the NC c ngi NC la chon e xem xet.
* Pham vi nghien cu la gii han trong mot so pham vi
nhat nh (Gii hn)
ti: Xy dng bin php hn ch ri ro
tn dng ngn hng nng nghip Qun I.
i tng NC: bin php hn ch ri ro tn
dng
Khch th NC: ngn hng nng nghip
i tng kho st: ngn hng nngnghip
qun I
ti: Xy dng qui trnh canh tc cy ma
nhp ni c ngun gc Thailand
i tng NC: Qui trnh canh tc
Khch th NC: Cc b ging ma nhp ni
i tng kho st: B ging ma c ngun
gc Thailand
PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN
1. Phng php tip cn thu thp thng tin
2. Phng php phi thc nghim
3. Phng vn bn chnh thc
4. Phng vn chnh thc
Thng tin
Phn loi thng tin nghin cu
C s l thuyt lin quan n ni dung v
i tng NC
Ti liu thng k & KQNC cng b
KQ quan st/thc nghim ca ngi NC
Cac phuong phap thu thap thong tin
- K tha
- Phong van
- Quan sat
- Th nghiem/thc nghiem trc tiep
PHUONG PHAP PHI THC NGHIEM
(Non-empirical method)
1. Khai niem
2. Quan sat khach quan
3. Phng phap chuyen gia (Expert
method)
3.1 Tiep can tam ly trong PP chuyen gia
3.2 Phong van
3.3 Phng phap hoi ong
PHUONG PHAP PHI THC NGHIEM
(Non-empirical method)
1. Khai niem
PPPTN la phng phap TTTT da tren quan sat nhng
s kien a hoac ang ton tai ma khong co bat ky can
thiep nao.
PHUONG PHAP PHI THC NGHIEM
(Non-empirical method)
2. Quan sat khach quan
Quan sat khach quan la PP c ban e nhan thc s vat
* QS co chuan b/khong chuan b trc
* Khong hoac co tham d
* Theo muc ch nam bat ban chat T quan sat
* Theo muc ch x ly thong tin (mo ta/phan tch)
* Theo tnh lien tuc cua QS (lien tuc/nh ky/chu
ky/chng trnh)
3. Phng phap chuyen gia (Expert method)
a, Tiep can tam ly trong PP chuyen gia/nong dan
b, PP phong van
c, PP hoi ong la a y kien en cac nhom chuyen gia
e nghe ho phan tch (PP tan cong nao (Brainstorming):
Nhom y tng, nhom phan tch)
d, ieu tra bang bang hoi
chon mau: ngau nhien, he thong, ngau nhien phan tang
he thong phan tang, mau tng cum
thiet ke bang cau hoi: Loai cau hoi va noi dung
x ly ket qua ieu tra: Phan tch tong hp
X l thng tin
Thng tin nh tnh
S dng suy lun logic a ra phn on v bn cht
s kin v qui lut
M ha, s ha = SPSS
Thng tin nh lng:
thut ton thng k, Excel
Bn s liu, s , biu (ct, bnh, tuyn tnh, phi
hp)
Bi tp
E TAI NCKH
Mc ch
Mc tiu
i tng nghin cu
Khch th
i tng kho st
Gii hn