Concrete Scattering

Influence of Multiple Scattering

on the Dose Distributions of
Ion Beams for Radiation Therapy
Malin Granlund
Master of Science Thesis

Stockholm 2001

0WENGCT2J[UKEU)TQWR
2J[UKEU&GRCTVOGPV
4Q[CN+PUVKVWVGQH6GEJPQNQI[
&GRCTVOGPVQH/GFKECN4CFKCVKQP2J[UKEU
-CTQNKPUMC+PUVKVWVG
5VQEMJQNO7PKXGTUKV[
+PHNWGPEG QH /WNVKRNG 5ECVVGTKPI QP VJG &QUG &KUVTKDWVKQPU QH +QP $GCOU HQT 4CFKCVKQP 6JGTCR[
/CUVGTQH5EKGPEG6JGUKU
0WENGCT2J[UKEU)TQWR
2J[UKEU&GRCTVOGPV
4Q[CN+PUVKVWVGQH6GEJPQNQI[
5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP

+PHNWGPEGQH/WNVKRNG5ECVVGTKPIQPVJG&QUG&KUVTKDWVKQPUQH+QP$GCOUHQT4CFKCVKQP
6JGTCR[
l/CNKP)TCPNWPF
+550:
64+6#
2TKPVGFD[7PKXGTUKVGVUUGTXKEG#$5YGFGP
#$564#%6

6JGTG JCU DGGP CP KPETGCUGF KPVGTGUV KP VJG CRRNKECVKQP QH KQPU HQT TCFKCVKQP VJGTCR[
FWTKPIVJGNCUVFGECFG6JGOCKPTGCUQPHQTVJKUKUVJGJKIJGHHKEKGPE[QHNKIJVKQPDGCOU
VQ KPHNKEV NGVJCN FCOCIG VQ VWOQT VKUUWGU YJKNUV URCTKPI PQTOCN JGCNVJ[ VKUUWGU CU
FGOQPUVTCVGF KP XCTKQWU ENKPKECN VTKCNU 6JG CFXCPVCIGQWU UJCRG QH VJG KQP FQUG RTQHKNG
VJG TGFWEGF NCVGTCN UECVVGTKPI CPF VJG GPJCPEGF TCFKQDKQNQIKECN GHHGEV CTG UQOG QH VJG
DGPGHKEKCNEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUQHKQPDGCOUEQORCTGFVQEQPXGPVKQPCNTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[WUKPI
GNGEVTQPU CPF RJQVQPU #V VJG -CTQNKPUMC *QURKVCN KP 5VQEMJQNO 5YGFGP CP KQP
VJGTCR[ EGPVGT KU RTQRQUGF YJGTG VJG OCKP HGCVWTG YKNN DG CFXCPEGFVWOQTFKCIPQUVKEU
CPF KQP VJGTCR[ HQT VTGCVOGPV QH FGGRUGCVGF VWOQTU VJCV CTG TCFKQTGUKUVCPV VQ
EQPXGPVKQPCNTCFKCVKQPU

+VKUGUUGPVKCNHQTCEEWTCVGKQPDGCOTCFKCVKQPVTGCVOGPVUVJCVRTGEKUGECNEWNCVKQPUQHVJG
FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU QH FKHHGTGPV RCTVKENGU ECP DG OCFG +P VJKU YQTM CP CPCN[VKECN
CNIQTKVJODCUGFQPVJG(GTOK'[IGUVJGQT[JCUDGGPWUGFHQTECNEWNCVKQPQHVJGOWNVKRNG
UECVVGTKPICPFVJGTCFKCNFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUQHCTDKVTCT[KQPDGCOUKPYCVGT2GPEKNDGCO
CDUQTDGF FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU CU YGNN CU DTQCF DGCO FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPUJCXGDGGPFGTKXGF
HQT /G8 RTQVQPU CPF /G8W ECTDQP KQPU YJGTG VJG EGPVTCNCZKU DTQCF DGCO
FGRVJFQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU JCXG DGGP VCMGP HTQO UKOWNCVKQPU FQPG D[ VJG /QPVG %CTNQ
RTQITCOU2'64#CPF5*+'.&*+TGURGEVKXGN[

%106'065

.+561(5;/$1.5

+0641&7%6+10

+106*'4#2;%'06'45

%*#4)'&2#46+%.'+06'4#%6+109+6*/#66'4

4#&+1$+1.1)+%#.%*#4#%6'4+56+%51(6*'6*'4#2;$'#/

5%(

2(5

&(//&<&/(6(16,7,9,7<

+106*'4#2;#&8#06#)'5

#+/1(6*'914-

%#.%7.#6+101(&15'&+564+$76+10

4'57.65#0&&+5%755+10

#0#.;6+%#.&15'%#.%7.#6+10
&15'%#.%7.#6+109+6*6*'/106'%#4.1/'6*1&
2412'46+'51(2'0%+.$'#/5
/#5556122+0)219'4
/#555%#66'4+0)219'4
52#6+#.&15'&+564+$76+10
%#.%7.#6+101(6*'/#555%#66'4+0)219'4
4#&+#.&15'&+564+$76+105
2'0%+.$'#/&15'&+564+$76+105
$41#&$'#/&15'&+564+$76+105
%10%.75+105
#%-019.'&)'/'065

#22'0&+:
/1&+(+%#6+101(/#555%#66'4+0)219'4'37#6+105(149#6'4

4'57.651(/#555%#66'4+0)219'4%#.%7.#6+105
'37#6+105(14%#.%7.#6+0)$41#&$'#/#$514$'&&15'
&+564+$76+105
4'('4'0%'5

.+561(5;/$1.5
$L 0RODUPDVVRI WKHVFDWWHULQJPHGLXPL

F 9HORFLW\RI OLJKWLQYDFXXP
PV
H (OHFWURQFKDUJH

$V
(. .LQHWLFHQHUJ\RI WKH SDUWLFOH

PH 0DVVRI HOHFWURQ

NJ
0 0DVVRI SDUWLFOH

1 $ $YRJDGURV &RQVWDQW PRO

S 0RPHQWXPRI WKH SDUWLFOH

UH &ODVVLFDO HOHFWURQUDGLXV
(6 )
H
PH F

P

7RWDO PDVVVWRSSLQJ SRZHU
Y 9HORFLW\RI WKH SDUWLFOH

ZP
&KDUJHRI WKH SDUWLFOH
Z P (IIHFWLYHFKDUJHRI WKH SDUWLFOH
] 'HSWKLQVFDWWHULQJPHGL XP
=L $WRPLF QXPEHU RI WKHVFDWWHULQJPHGLXPL

H
KF

Y
F
L 'HQVLW\RI WKHVFDWWHULQJPHGLXPL

Q 0ROHFXODUGHQVLW\RI ZDWHU 1 $
$+ $2
+0641&7%6+10

+TTCFKCVKQP QH VWOQTU D[ KQP DGCOU ECWUGU EGNN FGCVJ OCKPN[ VJTQWIJ VJG JKIJGPGTI[
FGRQUKVKQP CV VJG GPF QH VJG TCPIG QH VJG DGCO 6JG TCFKCVKQP JCU DCUKECNN[ VJG UCOG
&0#FCOCIKPIGHHGEVQPDQVJVWOQTUCPFJGCNVJ[PQTOCNVKUUWGUCPFJGPEGQPGQHVJG
IQCNU QH TCFKCVKQP VTGCVOGPV QH VWOQTU KU VQ FGNKXGT C OCZKOWO FQUG VQ VJG VCTIGV
XQNWOG KG VJG VWOQT CPF C OKPKOWO FQUG VQ VJG UWTTQWPFKPI JGCNVJ[ VKUUWG
(QTVWPCVGN[ OQUV PQTOCN VKUUWGU CTG DGVVGT VJCP VWOQTECTT[KPI VKUUWGU CV TGRCKTKPI
KPHNKEVGF EGNNWNCT FCOCIG CPF VJKU HWTVJGT HCEKNKVCVGU VJG URCTKPI QH PQTOCN VKUUWG
4CFKCVKQPVJGTCR[YKVJKQPDGCOUYKVJGPGTIKGUWRVQCDQWV/G8WJCUPWOGTQWU
CFXCPVCIGU EQORCTGF VQ EQPXGPVKQPCN RJQVQP CPF GNGEVTQP DGCOU KP CVVCKPKPI FQUG
FKUVTKDWVKQPUVJCVKPHNKEVUGXGTGEGNNWNCTFCOCIGVQVJGVWOQTCPFUOCNNKPLWTKGUVQJGCNVJ[
VKUUWG

+106*'4#2;%'06'45

9*$TCIIYCUVJGHKTUVVQQDUGTXGVJGJKIJGPGTI[FGRQUKVKQPCVVJGGPFQHVJGTCPIGQH
.RCTVKENGU=$TCII?CPFVJGRQUUKDKNKV[VQWUGRTQVQPUHQTVWOQTVJGTCR[JCUDGGP
FKUEWUUGFKPVJGNKVGTCVWTGHQTOQTGVJCP[GCTU4QDGTV9KNUQPKPXGUVKICVGFVJGFGRVJ
FQUGRTQHKNGQHRTQVQPUCVVJG$GTMGNG[E[ENQVTQPCPFQDUGTXGFCUVGGRKPETGCUGQHGPGTI[
FGRQUKVKQPKGQHFQUGCVVJGGPFQHVJGRCTVKENGTCPIGKPCPFRQKPVGFQWVVJGKT
RQVGPVKCN=9KNUQP?+PCVVJG.CYTGPEG$GTMGNG[.CDQTCVQT[CVVJG7PKXGTUKV[
QH%CNKHQTPKC75#VJGHKTUVVTGCVOGPVQHCJWOCPRKVWKVCT[INCPFYCUFQPGYKVJC
/G8RTQVQPDGCORGPGVTCVKPIVJGJGCF=6QDKCUHWDO6QDKCUHWDO?+PKP
7RRUCNC5YGFGPVJG)WUVCX9GTPGTE[ENQVTQPYCUVJGHKTUVVQWUGCOQFWNCVGF5RTGCF
1WV$TCII2GCMHQTVTGCVOGPVQHJWOCPECPEGT=.CTUUQPHWDO.CTUUQP?

6QFC[VJGTGCTGCPWODGTQHRTQVQPVJGTCR[EGPVGTUKPVJGYQTNFCPFFWTKPIVJGNCUV
FGECFGVJGTGJCUDGGPCPQDUGTXGFKPETGCUGFKPVGTGUVHQTKQPVJGTCR[CUYGNN5GXGTCN
RTQLGEVUHQTKQPCPFRTQVQPVJGTCR[JCXGDGGPFGXGNQRGFUWEJCU*+/#%KP%JKDC
,CRCPCPFCV)5+KP&CTOUVCFV)GTOCP[6JGPQPRTQHKVQTICPK\CVKQP6'4#KP+VCN[
CPFVJG-CTQNKPUMC+PUVKVWVGCPF*QURKVCNKP5VQEMJQNO5YGFGPJCXGRTQRQUGFRTQLGEVU
HQTKQPVJGTCR[2TQVQPVJGTCR[YKNNDGEQPUKFGTGFKPVJGRTQLGEVDWVQPN[VQUQOG
GZVGPV6JGOCKPHGCVWTGYKNNDGNKIJVKQPVJGTCR[HQTVTGCVOGPVQHFGGRUGCVGFVWOQTU
VJCVCTGTCFKQTGUKUVCPVVQDQVJEQPXGPVKQPCNCPFRTQVQPTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[6JGTGKUCNUQCP
KPVGTGUVKPRTQFWEVKQPQHUNKIJVN[JGCXKGTKQPUWRVQCDQWV0GHQTCUQECNNGFDQQUV
VTGCVOGPVYJGTGRCVKGPVUECPTGEGKXGCJKIJCEEWTCE[RTGDQQUVCVVJGKQPEGPVGTCPFVJGP
EQPVKPWGVJGVTGCVOGPVYKVJEQPXGPVKQPCNNQYGPGTI[TCFKCVKQPCVQVJGTENKPKEU

+PVTQFWEVKQP
%*#4)'&2#46+%.'+06'4#%6+109+6*/#66'4

%JCTIGFRCTVKENGUNKMGGNGEVTQPUCPFKQPUYKVJGPGTIKGUKPVJGTCPIGQHKPVGTGUV
HQTKQPU
WR VQ /G8W KPVGTCEV YKVJ C VTCXGTUKPI OGFKWO VJTQWIJ C NCTIG PWODGT QH
EQNNKUKQPUYKVJVJGCVQOUQHVJGOGFKWO6JGUGEQNNKUKQPUECPDGGKVJGTGNCUVKEKPYJKEJ
VJG KPXQNXGF RCTVKENG OQOGPVC CTG EQPUGTXGF QT KPGNCUVKE YJGTG RCTV QH VJG OQOGPVC
CPFGPGTI[KUEQPXGTVGF(QTJGCX[RCTVKENGUVJGGHHGEVQHVJGGNCUVKEEQNNKUKQPUKUOCKPN[C
UOCNNFGHNGEVKQPQHVJGRCTVKENGVTCLGEVQT[CPFKVKUVJGKPGNCUVKEEQNNKUKQPUVJCVEQPVTKDWVG
VQ VJG GPGTI[ NQUU QH VJG RCTVKENGU 6JG KPGNCUVKE EQNNKUKQPU NGCF VQ KQPK\CVKQPU CPF
GZEKVCVKQPU YJGTG QPN[ C UOCNN HTCEVKQP QH QT NGUU QH VJG RTKOCT[ GPGTI[ NQUU KU
VTCPUHQTOGFKPVQGZEKVCVKQP6JGOCLQTRCTVQHVJGGPGTI[NQUUGPFUWRKPVJGKQPK\CVKQP
QHVJGVCTIGVCVQOU6JGKQPK\KPIGNGEVTQPEQNNKUKQPUTGUWNVKPGOKUUKQPQHJKIJCPFNQY
GPGTI[ GNGEVTQPU QT -TC[U YJKEJ HQTO VJG EQTG QH VJG VTCEM CTQWPF VJG RCTVKENG
VTCLGEVQT[

6JWU VJG KORKPIKPI RCTVKENGU VTCPUHGT OQUV QH VJGKT GPGTI[ XKC UGEQPFCT[ GNGEVTQP
RTQFWEVKQP VQ VJG CVQOU YKVJ YJKEJ VJG[ CTG EQNNKFKPI YJGTGCU VJG FKTGEVKQP QH VJG
RCTVKENGU EJCPIGU OCKPN[ FWG VQ PWENGCT %QWNQOD UECVVGTKPI (QT JGCX[ KQPU CDQWV
QH VJG RTKOCT[ GPGTI[ KU FGRQUKVGF D[ EQNNKUKQPU QH RTKOCT[ UGEQPFCT[ CPF NCVGT
IGPGTCVKQPUQHGNGEVTQPUYKVJVJGVCTIGVOQNGEWNGU6JGTGUVQHVJGGPGTI[KUEQPUWOGFKP
PWENGCT RTQEGUUGU NKMG PWENGCT EQNNKUKQPU CPF PWENGCT HTCIOGPVCVKQP CPF GZEKVCVKQP
RTQEGUUGU 6JG GPGTI[ NQUV KP PWENGCT EQNNKUKQPU NGCFKPI VQ TGEQKN QH VJG VCTIGVCVQOUKU
TGNGXCPV QPN[ CV NQY RCTVKENG GPGTIKGU
_ MG8W CPF FQGU PQV CRCTV HTQO VJG UOCNN
DTQCFGPKPIQHVJGFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPRNC[CPKORQTVCPVTQNGHQTTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[

.KIJVRCTVKENGUUWEJCUGNGEVTQPUCPFRQUKVTQPUJCXGOCUUGUVJCVCTGOWEJNGUUVJCPVJCVQH
VJGCVQOUVJG[EQNNKFGYKVJ6JKUKUVJGTGCUQPVQIGVJGTYKVJVJGKTNQYUVQRRKPIRQYGT
RGT RCVJ NGPIVJ
` /G8
IEO YJ[ GNGEVTQPU CPF RQUKVTQPU UECVVGT OQTG VJCP
JGCXKGT RCTVKENGU +QPU CTG JGPEG OQTG FGPUGN[ KQPK\KPI VJCP VJG EQPXGPVKQPCN RJQVQP
CPFGNGEVTQPDGCOUWUGFHQTTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[

&WGVQPWENGCTKPVGTCEVKQPDGVYGGPCOGFKWOCPFCRGPGVTCVKPIJGCX[RCTVKENGPWENGCT
HTCIOGPVCVKQP QH VJG RTQLGEVKNG CPF VJG VCTIGV CVQOU OKIJV QEEWT (QT VJG GPGTI[
FGRQUKVKQP DG[QPF VJG OCZKOWO TCPIG PWENGCT HTCIOGPVCVKQP HQTOGF VJTQWIJ
EQNNKUKQPUYKVJVJGOGFKWOFQOKPCVGUVJGFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQP

1PG OC[ KP OGFKECN TCFKCVKQP RJ[UKEU FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP NKIJV CPF JGCX[ KQPU
FGRGPFKPIQPVJGKTKPVGTCEVKQPYKVJOCVVGT9JGTGVJGNKPGKUFTCYPDGVYGGPNKIJVCPF
JGCX[ KQPU KU UQOGYJCV CTDKVTCT[ CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI ENCUUKHKECVKQP KU QPN[ CP GUVKOCVG
.KIJV KQPU KPENWFG CNN KQPU HTQO * VQ (G *GCX[ KQPU CTG CNN VJG KQPU YKVJ OCUU NCTIGT
VJCPVJCVQH(G(QTDKQNQIKECNRWTRQUGUVJGNKIJVGUVKQPU
*KQPUCTGURGEKCNCUVJG[JCXG
COWEJNQYGTKQPK\CVKQPFGPUKV[KPVJGRNCVGCWTGIKQPQHVJGKTFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPVJCPVJG
JGCXKGT KQPU +P TCFKCVKQP VJGTCR[ QPG VJGTGHQTG WUWCNN[ UGRCTCVGU RTQVQPU FGWVGTQPU
CPFVTKVQPUHTQOVJGQVJGTKQPUUKPEGVJGKTKORQTVCPVVTGCVOGPVEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUCTGOQTG
NKMGVJQUGQHGNGEVTQPUVJCPVJGJGCXKGTKQPU

4#&+1$+1.1)+%#.%*#4#%6'4+56+%51(6*'6*'4#2;$'#/

6JGGHHKEKGPE[QHCEGTVCKPTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[NKGUKPKVUCDKNKV[VQRTQFWEGDKQNQIKECNGHHGEVU
KP VWOQT VKUUWG 6JG RTKPEKRCN TGUWNVU QTKIKPCVG HTQO FCOCIG VQ &0# YJKEJ KU VJG
ETWEKCN VCTIGV6JTGGQHVJGOQUVKORQTVCPVFGHKPKVKQPUVJCVFGUETKDGVJGTCFKQDKQNQIKECN
EJCTCEVGTKUVKEUQHVJGTCR[DGCOUCTGKPVTQFWEGFKPVJKUUGEVKQP

4$'

/QUVQHVJGGPGTI[NQUUQHVJGRTKOCT[RCTVKENGUKUVTCPUHQTOGFKPVQMKPGVKEGPGTI[QHVJG
-TC[U CU OGPVKQPGF RTGXKQWUN[ +V KU VJWU VJG KPVGTCEVKQP DGVYGGP VJGUG CPF VJG
OGFKWO VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG FKTGEV FCOCIG VQ &0# D[ VJG RTKOCT[ RCTVKENGU VJCV
FGVGTOKPG VJG DKQNQIKECN TGURQPUG QH VJG OGFKWO 6JG -TC[U RTQFWEGF VJTQWIJ
KQPK\CVKQPU D[ VJG KORKPIKPI RCTVKENGU ECP ECWUG HWTVJGT KQPK\CVKQPU CPF VJG EQNNGEVKXG
GHHGEV QH CNN VJG KQPK\CVKQP RTQEGUUGU TGUWNVU KP DKQNQIKECN FCOCIG &KHHGTGPV V[RGU QH
TCFKCVKQP UJQY FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJGKT DKQNQIKECN GHHKEKGPE[ CPF KP QTFGT VQ FKHHGTGPVKCVG
DGVYGGP VJGO C SWCNKV[ HCEVQT YCU KPVTQFWEGF 6JKU HCEVQT VJG TGNCVKXG DKQNQIKECN
GHHGEVKXGPGUU
4$'KUDCUGFQPVYQCUUWORVKQPU=-TCHVHWDO?
6JG TCFKCVKQP GHHGEVU ECWUGF D[ FGPUGN[ KQPK\KPI TCFKCVKQP CTG VJG UCOG KP VJGKT
PCVWTG CUVJQUGECWUGFD[URCTUGN[KQPK\KPITCFKCVKQPDWVVJGGPGTI[FGRQUKVKQP
KGVJGFQUGPGEGUUCT[VQRTQFWEGVJGUGGHHGEVUFKHHGT
6JGSWCNKV[QHTCFKCVKQPECPDGEJCTCEVGTK\GFD[VJGGPGTI[NQUUQHVJGRTQLGEVKNG
QTD[VJGNKPGCTGPGTI[VTCPUHGT
.'6VQVJGVCTIGV.'6KUFGHKPGFCUVJGGPGTI[
VTCPUHGTTGF RGT WPKV NGPIVJ QH VJG VTCEM QH RCTVKENGU KP VJG OGFKWO KP WPKVU QH
=MG8O?

6JG 4$' QH C EGTVCKP RCTVKENG TCFKCVKQP KU FGHKPGF CU VJG TCVKQ QH :TC[ FQUG '; VQ
RCTVKENGFQUG '3 HQTCEGTVCKPUWTXKXCNNGXGNQTHQTCEGTVCKPFGITGGQHVKUUWGFCOCIG

'
4$' 3 = ;

'S
'3

6JG KPETGCUG KP KQPK\CVKQP FGPUKV[ QH VJG JGCX[ RCTVKENGU VQYCTF VJGGPFQHVJGRCTVKENG
TCPIG TGUWNVU KP CP GPJCPEGF 4$' GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG $TCII RGCM TGIKQP #TQWPF VJG
KPFKXKFWCN RCTVKENG VTCEMU &0# FCOCIGU DGEQOG ENWUVGTGF CPF VJGTGHQTG OQTG FKHHKEWNV
HQT VJG EGNN VQ TGRCKT 6JG 4$' KP C URTGCFQWV$TCIIRGCM
UGG PGZV UWDUGEVKQP QH C
OQFWNCVGF JGCX[ KQP DGCO ECP DG CU OWEJ CU VJTGG VKOGU JKIJGT VJCP VJG 4$' HQT
EQPXGPVKQPCN VTGCVOGPVU YKVJ RJQVQPU QT GNGEVTQPU 6JKU GPCDNGU C TGFWEVKQP QH VJG
VJGTCRGWVKEFQUGYKVJQWVFGETGCUKPIVJGDKQNQIKECNGHHGEV

+PVTQFWEVKQP
(KIWTG KNNWUVTCVGU VJG XCTKCVKQP QH 4$' CU C HWPEVKQP QH VJG .'6 QH VJG TCFKCVKQP
KPXQNXGF6JGFCVCYGTGQDVCKPGFD[WUKPIMKFPG[EGNNUQHJWOCPQTKIKPKTTCFKCVGFYKVJ
XCTKQWU PCVWTCNN[ QEEWTTKPI .RCTVKENGU QT YKVJ FGWVGTQPU CEEGNGTCVGF CV VJG
*COOGTUOKVJ E[ENQVTQP =*CNN ? 6JG RGCM QH VJG 4$' EQKPEKFGU YKVJ VJG .'6 QH
HQTKPUVCPEGECTDQPCPFPGQPKQPUCUKPFKECVGFKPVJGHKIWTG2TQVQPTCFKCVKQPFQGUPQV
JCXGVJGUCOGRQUKVKXGEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUCUVJGQVJGTNKIJVKQPTCFKCVKQP+PUVGCFKVRTGUGPVU
CTGNCVKXGN[NCTIGNCVGTCNUECVVGTKPICPFUJQYUQPN[CUOCNNKPETGCUGKP4$'

1'4

/CP[ VWOQTU CTG J[RQZKE KG VJG[ JCXG C NQY QZ[IGP VGPUKQP 6JTQWIJ XCTKQWU
GZRGTKOGPVU KV JCU DGGP HQWPF VJCV VJG FQUG TGSWKTGF HTQO EQPXGPVKQPCN TCFKCVKQP
VJGTCR[WPFGTJ[RQZKEEQPFKVKQPUECPDGWRVQCDQWVVJTGGVKOGUITGCVGTVJCPVJGFQUG
PGGFGF WPFGT HWNN[ CGTCVGF EQPFKVKQPU #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG QQZ[IGP HKZCVKQP J[RQVJGUKUR
VJKUKUFWGVQVJGHCEVVJCVQZ[IGPFGRGPFGPVTCFKECNUOC[ETGCVGNGUKQPUVQ&0#

6JGUQECNNGF1Z[IGP'PJCPEGOGPV4CVKQ
1'4GZRTGUUGUVJGTCVKQQHVJGFQUGTGSWKTGF
VQ RTQFWEG C IKXGP GHHGEV KP VJG CDUGPEG QH QZ[IGP VQ VJG FQUG TGSWKTGF HQT VJG UCOG
GHHGEV KP VJG RTGUGPEG QH QZ[IGP (QT URCTUGN[ KQPK\KPI TCFKCVKQPUWEJCU:CPFTC[U
VJG 1'4 CV JKIJ FQUGU JCU C XCNWG DGVYGGP CPF (QT FGPUGN[ KQPK\KPI TCFKCVKQP
UWEJCUPGWVTQPCPFKQPTCFKCVKQPKVJCUDGGPUJQYPVJCVVJGTGKUCEQPUKFGTCDN[TGFWEGF
QZ[IGP GHHGEV KG VJG FQUG TGSWKTGF HQT EGNN MKNN KU CNOQUV VJG UCOG YJGVJGT VJG
KTTCFKCVKQPKUEQPFWEVGFWPFGTJ[RQZKEQTCGTCVGFEQPFKVKQPU=*CNN?6JWUVJG1'4
FGETGCUGUYKVJKPETGCUKPICVQOKEPWODGT6JG1'4HQTPGWVTQPUKUCDQWVCPFHQT0G
KV KU (KIWTG FKURNC[U VJG .'6FGRGPFGPEG QH VJG 1'4 HQT MKFPG[ EGNNU QH JWOCP
QTKIKP KTTCFKCVGF YKVJ .RCTVKENGU CPF FGWVGTQPU =*CNN ? 6JG FGETGCUG QH 1'4 CV
` MG8O EQKPEKFGU YKVJ VJG .'6 QH HQT KPUVCPEG ECTDQP CPF PGQP KQPU CU
KPFKECVGFKPVJGHKIWTG

10
Ne
0
0.1
OER
RBE
1
1
10
100
LET (keV/m)
1000
)LJXUH
9DULDWLRQRI2(5UHGDQG5%(EOXHDVDIXQFWLRQRI/(7
7KH/(7UDQJHVRIFDUERQDQGQHRQLRQVDUHLQGLFDWHGLQWKHILJXUH
5HGUDZQIURP+DOO

%'..%;%.'5'05+6+8+6;

%WNVKXCVGF EGNN EWNVWTGU UJQY FKHHGTGPEGU KP TCFKQUGPUKVKXKV[ YJGP GZRQUGF VQ URCTUGN[
KQPK\KPI TCFKCVKQP KP FKHHGTGPV RJCUGU QH VJG EGNN E[ENG 6JKU E[ENG KU FKXKFGF KPVQ HQWT
FKHHGTGPVRJCUGU

/KVQUKU
/RJCUGKGFKXKUKQPQHVJGPWENGWU
5[PVJGVKERJCUG
5RJCUGYJGTG&0#KUU[PVJGUK\GF
)CPF)ICRUQTRGTKQFUQHKPCEVKXKV[

%GNNUKPVJGNCVG5RJCUGJCXGUJQYPVQDGOQTGTCFKQTGUKUVCPVYJGPEQORCTGFVQEGNNUKP
VJG / CPF )RJCUG 6JG FKHHGTGPEG ECP DG OQTG VJCP QPG QTFGT QH OCIPKVWFG 6JG
RTGUGPEG QH OQTG TCFKQTGUKUVCPV EGNNU CHHGEVU VJG QXGTCNN UGPUKVKXKV[ VQ TCFKCVKQP CPF KVU
TGFWEVKQPEQWNFKPETGCUGVJGGHHKEKGPE[QHTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[=$GNNKHWDO?

+PVJGJKIJ.'6TCPIGKGVJGTCPIGHQTFGPUGN[KQPK\KPITCFKCVKQPVJGUGFKHHGTGPEGUCTG
FKOKPKUJGF CPF EGNNU KP FKHHGTGPV EGNN E[ENG UVCIGU CTG GSWCNN[ TCFKQUGPUKVKXG 6JKU VTCKV
TGFWEGUKORQTVCPVFKHHGTGPEGUKPVJGTCFKQTGURQPUGQHUNQYN[RTQNKHGTCVKPIEGNNUQHJGCNVJ[
VKUUWG CPF VJG HCUV RTQNKHGTCVKPI VWOQT EGNNU =-TCHV ? (KIWTG FGOQPUVTCVGU VJG
XCTKCVKQP QH UWTXKXCNNGXGN KP VJG FKHHGTGPV EGNN E[ENG RJCUGU HQT NQY.'6 QT URCTUGN[
KQPK\KPITCFKCVKQPCPFJKIJ.'6TCFKCVKQP

+PVTQFWEVKQP
Survival (%)
100
10
1
G1
G2
Time
)LJXUH
6FKHPDWLFSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHYDULDWLRQLQWKHOHYHORIFHOOVXUYLYDO

WKURXJKWKHFHOOF\FOHIRUVSDUVHO\UHGDQGGHQVHO\EOXHLRQL]LQJUDGLDWLRQV
5HGUDZQIURP%HOOLHWDO

+106*'4#2;#&8#06#)'5

6JGTG CTG OCP[ FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VJG FGRVJFQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU QH FKHHGTGPV V[RGU QH
TCFKCVKQP 6JG FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU FKHHGT D[ VJG NGXGN QH UWTHCEG FQUG CPF GZKV FQUG VJG
VJGTCRGWVKETCPIGCPFVJGNQECVKQPQHVJGOCZKOWOGPGTI[FGRQUKVKQP6JGCFXCPVCIGQH
KQP CPF RTQVQP TCFKCVKQP KU VJG UVGGR KPETGCUG KP FQUG FGRQUKVKQP CV VJG GPF QH VJG
RGPGVTCVKQP FGRVJ QT TCPIG 6JG HCUV KPETGCUG VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG UJCTR NQPIKVWFKPCNHCNN
QHHQHVJGFQUGCVVJGGPFQHVJGKQPTCPIGKUECNNGFVJG$TCIIRGCMCUUJQYPKP(KIWTG
6JG/G8GNGEVTQPFGRVJFQUGEWTXGJCUKVUOCZKOWOENQUGTVQVJGGPVTCPEGCPFJCUC
NQPIGTVCKNDG[QPFVJGOCZKOWO%QPUGSWGPVN[CNCTIGHTCEVKQPQHVJGFQUGKUIKXGPVQ
JGCNVJ[VKUUWGKPHTQPVQHCPFDGJKPFVJGVWOQT#PWPOQFWNCVGFFGRVJFQUGRTQHKNGCPF
KVUUQECNNGF5RTGCF1WV$TCII2GCM
51$2QHC/G8RTQVQPDGCOCTGCNUQUJQYPKP
(KIWTG 6Q QDVCKP VJG 51$2 VJG RTQVQP FGRVJFQUG RTQHKNG JCU DGGP OQFWNCVGF VQ
EQXGT C XQNWOG QH CRRTQZKOCVGN[ EO CNQPI VJG RCTVKENG FKTGEVKQP 6JG WPOQFWNCVGF
FGRVJFQUGRTQHKNGKUEQORQUGFQHCNQYRNCVGCWKPVJGDGIKPPKPICPFC$TCIIRGCMCVVJG
GPF QH VJG TCPIG 6JKU EQPHKIWTCVKQP YKVJ KVU JKIJ RGCMVQRNCVGCW TCVKQ CPF UOCNN
KPETGCUG QH VJG FQUG VQ VJG JGCNVJ[ VKUUWG UWTTQWPFKPI VJG VCTIGV VJWU CXQKFKPI UKFG
GHHGEVU CPF EQORNKECVKQPU QHHGTU C DGVVGT OCVEJ QH VJG FQUG VQ VJG VCTIGV XQNWOG VJCP
EQPXGPVKQPCNTCFKCVKQPVTGCVOGPVUFQ

6JGRGCMECPDGRTGEKUGN[RQUKVKQPGFKPVJGVCTIGVCPFVJGHCUVHCNNQHHQHVJGFQUGCVVJG
GPF QH VJG TCPIG CNNQYU JKIJ HNGZKDKNKV[ KP DGCO IGQOGVTKGU CPF VJWU C DGVVGT
EQORNKECVKQP HTGG EQPVTQN QH VJG VWOQT VJCV CTG OQTG FKHHKEWNV VQ CEEQORNKUJ YKVJ
GNGEVTQPCPFRJQVQPDGCOU#IGPGTCNYC[VQWUGVJGUGEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUKUD[OQFWNCVKPI
VJGNCVGTCNRQUKVKQPCPFVJGTCPIGQHVJGDGCOWUKPITCFKQDKQNQIKECNN[QRVKOK\GFKPVGPUKV[
OQFWNCVKQP=$TCJOGHWDO$TCJOG?

6JGVCKNHQNNQYKPIVJG$TCIIRGCMQHVJGRTQVQPFGRVJFQUGEWTXGKP(KIWTGKUCTGUWNV
QHVJGTCPIGUVTCIINKPIQHVJGKQPUCPFVJGVTCPURQTVQHGPGTI[D[VJGUGEQPFCT[GNGEVTQPU
RTQFWEGF 4CPIG UVTCIINKPI KU FGHKPGF CU VJG HNWEVWCVKQP KP RCVJ NGPIVJ HQT KPFKXKFWCN
RCTVKENGU QH VJG UCOG KPKVKCN GPGTI[ 6JGTG KU CNUQ VJG GHHGEV QH PWENGCT HTCIOGPVCVKQP QH
VJGRTKOCT[DGCOCPFVJGVCTIGVCVQOUOGPVKQPGFKPUGEVKQPVJCVEQPVTKDWVGUVQVJG
UK\GQHVJGVCKN6JKUGHHGEVKUJQYGXGTPGINKIKDNGHQTRTQVQPUUKPEGVJGRTKOCT[RCTVKENGU
FQPQVHTCIOGPVK\GCPFVJGPWENGCTKPVGTCEVKQPUYKVJVJGVCTIGVCVQOUCTGUOCNN5VKNNHQT
JGCXKGT KQPU VJG PWENGCT HTCIOGPVCVKQP RTQEGUU JCU C VGPFGPE[ VQ FGVGTKQTCVG VJG UJCTR
FQUG RTQHKNG D[ VJG GPJCPEGF NCVGTCN CPF NQPIKVWFKPCN UECVVGTKPI QH VJG HTCIOGPVU 6JG
JGCXKGT VJG CVQO CPF VJG JKIJGT VJG MKPGVKE GPGTI[ VJG NCTIGT VJG UK\G QH VJG VCKN
DGEQOGU

OQFWNCVGF RTQVQP DGCO
20 MeV electrons
4GNCVKXG FQUG
235 MeV protons

WPOQFWNCVGF RTQVQP DGCO

Depth in water [cm]

)LJXUH
&RPSDULVRQRI0H9XQPRGXODWHGDQGPRGXODWHG
62%3SURWRQ5HGUDZQIURP,$($DQG0H9HOHFWURQEHDPV
>$6LHJEDKQSULYDWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ@

+PVTQFWEVKQP
6JG HQNNQYKPI KU C UWOOCT[ QH VJG VJGTCRGWVKE CFXCPVCIGU QH KQP TCFKCVKQP EQORCTGF
YKVJOQTGURCTUGN[KQPK\KPITCFKCVKQPUWEJCUGNGEVTQPUCPFRJQVQPU

#TGFWEGFNCVGTCNUECVVGTKPIYJKEJNGCXGUVJGDGCORTCEVKECNN[WPEJCPIGFKPUK\G
CPF UJCRG YJKNG RGPGVTCVKPI C OGFKWO 6JG JGCXKGT VJG KQP CPF VJG NQYGT VJG
EJCTIGUVCVGVJGUOCNNGTVJGNCVGTCNUECVVGTKPI

#P GPJCPEGF DKQNQIKECN GHHGEV QP TGUKUVCPV VWOQTU CPF CP KPETGCUGF TGNCVKXG
DKQNQIKECN GHHGEVKXGPGUU
4$' GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG $TCII RGCMTGIKQPCUOGPVKQPGF
KPVJGRTGXKQWUUWDUGEVKQP

#TGFWEVKQPQH1'4HQTJKIJ.'6RCTVKENGU*[RQZKEVWOQTVKUUWGYJKEJEQWNF
DGTCFKQTGUKUVCPVVQEQPXGPVKQPCNTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[CTGCNOQUVCUUGPUKVKXGVQKQP
DGCOUCUYGNNQZ[IGPCVGFVWOQTVKUUWG
# NGUU TCFKQUGPUKVKXG EGNN E[ENG YJGTG CNN RJCUGU KP VJG E[ENG UJQY VJG UCOG
TCFKQTGURQPUG
#UOCNNNQPIKVWFKPCNUVTCIINKPIIKXKPIVJGFGRVJFQUGRTQHKNGCUJCTRHCNNQHHCVVJG
GPFQHVJGTCPIG
1PVJGOKPWUUKFGKUVJGKPETGCUGFHTCIOGPVCVKQPYJKEJGPNCTIGUVJGYKFVJQHVJG
VCKNDG[QPFVJG$TCIIRGCM

#+/1(6*'914-

6JGCKOQHVJKUVJGUKUKUVQHKPFJQYQPGECPECNEWNCVGCPCN[VKECNN[VJGNCVGTCNFKUVTKDWVKQP
QHVJGCDUQTDGFFQUGHQTRGPEKNCPFDTQCFKQPDGCOUKPCYCVGTRJCPVQO%CNEWNCVKQPUQH
VJGNCVGTCNFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUYGTGRGTHQTOGFD[OWNVKRN[KPIVJGURCVKCNFKUVTKDWVKQPYKVJ
C FGRVJFQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP RTGECNEWNCVGF D[ VJG /QPVG %CTNQ OGVJQF #V HKTUV UQOG
IGPGTCNRTQRGTVKGUQHRGPEKNDGCOUCPFVJGECNEWNCVKQPOGVJQFUCTGRTGUGPVGFKPEJCRVGT
6JG TGUWNVU QH VJG ECNEWNCVKQPU CPF UQOG EQPENWUKQPU QH VJG TGUWNVU CTG FKUEWUUGF KP
EJCRVGT

%#.%7.#6+101(&15'&+564+$76+10

+VKUQHJKIJKORQTVCPEGHQTKQPDGCOTCFKCVKQPVTGCVOGPVUVJCVCPCEEWTCVGCDUQTDGFFQUG
ECNEWNCVKQP KU OCFG 6JG VGTO QCDUQTDGF FQUGR TGRTGUGPVU VJG GZRGEVCVKQP XCNWG QH VJG
GPGTI[KORCTVGFRGTWPKVOCUUQHCPKPHKPKVGUKOCNXQNWOGQHVJGOGFKWOKTTCFKCVGF$[
FGHKPKVKQP )TC[ EQTTGURQPFU VQ ,QWNG RGT MKNQITCO QH VJG OGFKWO 6JG FQUG
FKUVTKDWVKQP KP C OGFKWO ECP DG ECNEWNCVGF CPCN[VKECNN[QTD[VJG/QPVG%CTNQOGVJQF
CPFDQVJVGEJPKSWGUCTGDTKGHN[FKUEWUUGFKPVJGPGZVUWDUGEVKQPU

6JGFGVGTOKPCVKQPQHVJGCDUQTDGFFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPKPCOGFKWOKTTCFKCVGFD[CP[MKPF
QH TCFKCVKQP FGOCPFU MPQYNGFIG QH VJG KPVGTCEVKQP RTQEGUUGU VJG RCTVKENGU GZRGTKGPEG
FWTKPI VTCPURQTV VJTQWIJ VJCV OGFKWO
UGG UWDUGEVKQP 6JKU EJCRVGT YKNN HQEWU QP
VYQRTQEGUUGUHKTUVGPGTI[NQUUCUCTGUWNVQHKPGNCUVKEEQNNKUKQPUDGVYGGPVJGKQPUCPFVJG
CVQOKEGNGEVTQPUHQTYJKEJHWTVJGTFGVCKNUYKNNDGIKXGPKPVJGUWDUGEVKQPCDQWVUVQRRKPI
RQYGT 6JG UGEQPF RTQEGUU KU UOCNNCPING UECVVGTKPI YJKEJ YKNN DG GZRCPFGF QP KP VJG
UWDUGEVKQPCDQWVURCVKCNFKUVTKDWVKQP

#0#.;6+%#.&15'%#.%7.#6+10

6JG CPCN[VKECN RGPEKN DGCO CNIQTKVJO HQT ECNEWNCVKPI VJG FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP WUGF JGTG KU
DCUGFQPCIGPGTCNK\CVKQPQPVJG(GTOK'[IGUVJGQT[YJKEJKUXCNKFHQTCRCTVKENGDGCO
QHCP[TCFKCNCPFCPIWNCTURTGCFRTQXKFGFVJGRCTVKENGUCTG)CWUUKCPFKUVTKDWVGFDQVJKP
EQQTFKPCVGCPFFKTGEVKQPURCEG6JGWUGQHVJKUVGEJPKSWGHQTGNGEVTQPUYCUKPUVKICVGFKP
VJGGCTN[GKIJVKGU=$TCJOGHWDOCPF*QIUVTQOHWDO?CPFIGPGTCNK\CVKQPUQHVJGUG
OQFGNUJCXGUKPEGVJGPDGGPOCFG=GI.CZHWDO.CZCPF$TCJOG?.KOKVCVKQPU
QH VJG VGEJPKSWG UVKNN GZKUV GI KV FQGU PQV VCMG VJG GHHGEV QH KPJQOQIGPGKVKGU KPVQ
CEEQWPV6JKUJQYGXGTKUCRTQDNGOHQTOQUVCNIQTKVJOU&KHHGTGPVVGEJPKSWGUQPJQY
VQECNEWNCVGVJGKPHNWGPEGQHKPJQOQIGPGKVKGUQPVJGFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPGZKUV=GI.CZCPF
$TCJOG?

&15'%#.%7.#6+109+6*6*'/106'%#4.1/'6*1&

1PG VGEJPKSWG QHVGP WUGF VQ ECNEWNCVG FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU KU VJG /QPVG %CTNQ OGVJQF
GURGEKCNN[ UWKVCDNG HQT VJG ECNEWNCVKQP QH FQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUKPJGVGTQIGPGQWUOGFKC(QT
OCP[ RTCEVKECN ECUGU KP VTGCVOGPV RNCPPKPI VJG EQODKPCVKQP QH VJG HCUV CPCN[VKECN
ECNEWNCVKQPUCPFVJGCEEWTCE[QH/QPVG%CTNQOGVJQFUIKXGCXGT[CFXCPVCIGQWUUQNWVKQP
=%CTNUUQP HW DO ? +V QHHGTU C WUGHWN CRRTQCEJ VQ ECNEWNCVKQP QH VJG KPHNWGPEG QH
KPJQOQIGPGKVKGU QP VJG FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP 6JG KPHNWGPEG QH KPJQOQIGPGKVKGU YKNN
JQYGXGTPQVDGVCMGPKPVQCEEQWPVKPVJKUYQTM

%CNEWNCVKQP QH &QUG &KUVTKDWVKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
2412'46+'51(2'0%+.$'#/5

# RCTVKENG DGCO GOGTIKPI HTQO CP CEEGNGTCVQT QT UQWTEG ECP DG FGUETKDGF CU C
UWRGTRQUKVKQP QH PCTTQY RGPEKN DGCOU QT GXGP RQKPVOQPQFKTGEVKQPCN DGCOU
/CVJGOCVKECNN[YKVJVJKUFGUETKRVKQPCDTQCFDGCOEQTTGURQPFUVQCITKFQTOCVTKZQHC
HKPKVGPWODGTQHPCTTQYFKUETGVGDGCOU+VKUCUUWOGFKPVJKUYQTMVJCVGCEJQPGQHVJG
FKUETGVGDGCOUKU)CWUUKCPKPDQVJURCEGCPFCPING=$TCJOGHWDO?

6JG RGPEKN DGCO FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP ' SP (] U ) KU VJG CDUQTDGF FQUG CV C FGRVJ ] CPF C
TCFKCN FKUVCPEG U HTQO VJG DGCO CZKU HQT CP KPEKFGPV RQKPVOQPQFKTGEVKQPCN
OQPQGPGTIGVKE DGCO PQTOCNK\GF RGT KPEKFGPV RCTVKENG KORKPIKPI PQTOCNN[ QP C UGOK
KPHKPKVG CDUQTDGT 'CEJ RGPEKN DGCO KU EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG EQORQUGF QH C RCTVKENG RCUUKPI
VJTQWIJCPKPHKPKVGUKOCNCTGC X Y CUITCRJKECNN[RTGUGPVGFKP(KIWTG
2GPEKNDGCOU
ECPDGEQODKPGFYGKIJVGFHQTCPKPEKFGPVURGEVTWOQHGPGTIKGU

)LJXUH
6FKHPDWLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLQWKH[]SODQHRI
DSDUWLFOHEHDPLQFLGHQWRQDSDWLHQW

6JG RCTVKENGU KP VJG PCTTQY EKTEWNCT U[OOGVTKE RGPEKN DGCO JCXG CP CXGTCIG CPIWNCT
2
2
FKXGTIGPEG x , y YKVJ 2 = x + y CPF OGCP USWCTG FGHNGEVKQP x , y 6JG CPINGU
x CPF y CTG VJG RTQLGEVKQPU QH VJG CPING QP VJG [ CPF \CZKU TGURGEVKXGN[ #
E[NKPFTKECN EQQTFKPCVG U[UVGO WUGF VQ FGUETKDG VJG NCVGTCN CPF CPIWNCT FKUVTKDWVKQP QH
RCTVKENGUYKVJVJGKPEKFGPVDGCOCNQPIVJG]FKTGEVKQPKUIKXGPKP(KIWTG


6\
\

6[
J
G
6
X
U
]
[

)LJXUH
G
7KHFRRUGLQDWHVRIWKHSDUWLFOHDUHU =
[ \ ] DQGWKHGLUHFWLRQRI

JG
PRWLRQLV XLVDQLQWHJUDWLRQYDULDEOHDORQJWKH]D[LV

6JGRGPEKNDGCOFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQP ' SP (] 5 ) ECPDGUGRCTCVGFKPVQVYQVGTOUPCOGN[
C EGPVTCNCZKU CPF CP QHHCZKU VGTO CU KP 'S 6JG HKTUV VGTO KU VJG FGRVJFQUG
FKUVTKDWVKQPKPCPKPHKPKVGN[DTQCFDGCO ' (] ) WUWCNN[ECNEWNCVGFD[VJG/QPVG%CTNQ
OGVJQFCPFVJGNCVVGTKUVJGFGRVJFGRGPFGPVTCFKCNFKUVTKDWVKQP (] U ) =.CZHWDO
+%47CPF.CZCPF$TCJOG?
' SP (] U ) = ' (] ) (] U )
'S

$[ KPVGITCVKPI VJKU TGNCVKQP QXGT CNN TCFKK VJG EGPVTCNCZKU DTQCF DGCO FGRVJFQUG
FKUVTKDWVKQP ' SS (] 5 ) ECPDGQDVCKPGFD[
' SS (] 5 ) = ' SP (] U ) U G U
'S

YJGTG C E[NKPFTKECN IGQOGVT[ JCU DGGP WUGF CPF (]U ) JCU VQ HWNHKNN VJG PQTOCNK\KPI
EQPFKVKQP
(] U ) U GU =

'S
9KVJ VJKU OGVJQF QPN[ VJG CDUQTDGF TCFKCN FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP HTQO QPG PCTTQY RGPEKN
DGCO CPF VJG EGPVTCNCZKU DTQCF DGCO FGRVJFQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP JCXG VQ DG ECNEWNCVGF KP
QTFGTVQQDVCKPDTQCFKTTGIWNCTN[UJCRGFDGCOUWUGFKPVJGTCR[

/#5556122+0)219'4

# DGCO QH OQPQGPGTIGVKE EJCTIGF RCTVKENGU VTCXGTUKPI C OCVGTKCN UWHHGTU CP CXGTCIG
URGEKHKEGPGTI[NQUURGTWPKVRCVJNGPIVJYJKEJKUFGHKPGFCUVJGUVQRRKPIRQYGTQHVJG
DGCOHQTVJCVOCVGTKCN6JGOCUUUVQRRKPIRQYGTYJGTGVJGFGRGPFGPEGQHVJGFGPUKV[
QH VJG OGFKWO JCU DGGP TGOQXGF KU FGPQVGF D[ L
F'F[ QT
6 YJGTG
TGRTGUGPVU VJG FGPUKV[ QH VJG OGFKWO 6JG OCUU UVQRRKPI RQYGT KU WUWCNN[ KP WPKVU QH
=/G8 EO I? *GPEGHQTVJ CNN UVQRRKPI RQYGTU YKNN DG CUUWOGF VQ DG OCUU UVQRRKPI
RQYGTUCNVJQWIJVJGYQTFQOCUURYKNNDGGZENWFGF

6JGUVQRRKPIRQYGTQHKQPUKPETGCUGUCUVJGRCTVKENGUNQYUFQYP#VXGT[NQYXGNQEKVKGU
VJG UVQRRKPI RQYGT FGETGCUGU 6JKU FTQR KU NCTIGN[ FWG VQ VJGTGFWEVKQPQHVJGGHHGEVKXG
EJCTIG Z P VJGRCTVKENGGZRGTKGPEGUCUVJGTGKUCEQPVKPWQWUECRVWTGCPFNQUUQHGNGEVTQPU
6JGUG UVQRRKPI RQYGT EJCPIGU TGUWNV KP CP KPETGCUG QH VJG GPGTI[ FGRQUKVKQP KG CP
KPETGCUG QH VJG FQUG YKVJ RGPGVTCVKQP FGRVJ 6JG TGNCVKQP DGVYGGP FQUG CPF UVQRRKPI
RQYGTKUKNNWUVTCVGFKPVJGHQNNQYKPIGSWCVKQP
' = (
6 (( )
G(

YJGTG ( KU VJG HNWGPEG QH RCTVKENGU FKHHGTGPVKCN KP GPGTI[ CPF
'S
6 (( )
KU VJG TGUVTKEVGF
UVQRRKPI RQYGT 6JG TGUVTKEVGF UVQRRKPI RQYGT KPENWFGU QPN[ VJQUG GPGTI[ NQUUGU VJCV
NGCFVQUGEQPFCT[GNGEVTQPUDGNQYCEGTVCKPEWVQHHGPGTI[

0GCT VJG GPF QH VJG RTQLGEVKNG RCVJ VJGTG KU C UJCTR OCZKOWO QH GPGTI[ FGRQUKVKQP
MPQYP CU VJG $TCII 2GCM
UGG (KIWTG #U OGPVKQPGF KP VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP VJKU RGCM
GPCDNGU VJG NQYGUV FQUG CDUQTRVKQP RQUUKDNG KP VKUUWG QWVUKFG VJG VWOQT QH CNN MPQYP
TCFKCVKQPU

6JG TCFKCVKXG UVQRRKPI RQYGT
FWG VQ VJG GOKUUKQP QH DTGJOUUVTCJNWPI KU PGINKIKDN[
UOCNNHQTRTQVQPUCPFJGCXKGTRCTVKENGUDGECWUGKVKUKPXGTUGN[RTQRQTVKQPCNVQVJGUSWCTG
QHVJGOCUUQHVJGEJCTIGFRCTVKENG6JGTCFKCVKXGUVQRRKPIRQYGTYKNNDGPGINGEVGFKPVJKU
YQTMCPFVJGVQVCNUVQRRKPIRQYGTYKNNDGCUUWOGFVQDGGSWCNVQVJGEQNNKUKQPUVQRRKPI
RQYGT YJKEJ KPENWFGU CNN GPGTI[ NQUUGU KP RCTVKENG EQNNKUKQPU VJCV FKTGEVN[ RTQFWEGU
UGEQPFCT[ GNGEVTQPU CPF CVQOKE GZEKVCVKQPU +V CNUQ KPENWFGU GPGTI[ NQUUGU FWG VQ VJG
RTQFWEVKQPQH%GTGPMQXTCFKCVKQP

6JGECNEWNCVKQPUQHVJGUVQRRKPIRQYGTCPFTCPIGUQHKQPUKPOCVVGTYGTGGZGEWVGFD[C
RTQITCOECNNGF54+/
5VQRRKPICPF4CPIGQH+QPUKP/CVVGTXGTUKQP=$KGTUCEM
CPF*CIIOCTM<KGINGTCPF#PFGTUGP?5VQRRKPIRQYGTUQHFKHHGTGPVKQPU
CTGNKUVGFCUYGNNCUCPGUVKOCVKQPQHVJGKQPTCPIGCPFKVUNQPIKVWFKPCNCPFNCVGTCNUVTCIING
5VQRRKPICPF4CPIG6CDNGU

/#555%#66'4+0)219'4

+V JCU DGGP UJQYP VJCV VJG OGCP USWCTG CPING QH UECVVGTKPI KPETGCUGU NKPGCTN[ YKVJ VJG
VJKEMPGUU QH VJG CDUQTDGT =4QUUK ? CPF C UECVVGTKPI RQYGT 7 VJCV GZRTGUUGU VJKU
KPETGCUGECPDGFGHKPGF6JGOCUUUECVVGTKPIRQYGTYJGTGVJGFGRGPFGPEGQHVJGFGPUKV[
QH VJG OGFKWO JCU DGGP TGOQXGF HTQO VJG UECVVGTKPI RQYGT KU FGPQVGF D[
7
YJGTGTGRTGUGPVUVJGFGPUKV[QHVJGOGFKWO
7KUWUWCNN[KPWPKVUQH=TCFEO?+P
QVJGTYQTFUVJGOCUUUECVVGTKPIRQYGTKUVJGKPETGCUGKPOGCPUSWCTGCPINGQHUECVVGTKPI
RGTWPKVOCUUVTCXGTUGFRGTWPKVETQUUUGEVKQPCNCTGC

6JG HQNNQYKPI GSWCVKQPU HQT VJG OCUU UECVVGTKPI RQYGT YCU ECNEWNCVGF HTQO GSWCVKQPU
IKXGP D[ 4QUUK
HQT EJCTIGF RCTVKENGU $TCJOG
HQT GNGEVTQPU CPF +%47
HQTGNGEVTQPU6JGUGCTGCUUWOGFJGTGVQDGCRRNKECDNGVQKQPUCUYGNN
7 (X ) G
=
= V =
G]

=
PF
=
= 1 $ L UH = 3 H OQ = L L
$
$

'S
'S

YJGTG Z P KU VJG EJCTIG QH VJG KPEKFGPV RCTVKENG CPF = KU VJG CVQOKE PWODGT QH VJG
UECVVGTKPIOGFKWO

6JG HQNNQYKPI KU C OQFKHKECVKQP QH 'S HQTCOGFKWOEQPUKUVKPIQHYCVGT6JGFGVCKNU
CTGRTGUGPVGFKP#RRGPFKZ

L
V = V ZDWHU =3

( FS )
0F
= V ZDWHU =3 (. + 0 F
(. + 0 F

'S
= = + + = OQ = =2
Q
= OQ
V ZDWHU =

+
2
2
+ 2 + 2 +
$+
$2
H

'S
#UECPDGUGGPHTQO'SVJGUECVVGTKPIRQYGTHQTCEGTVCKPOGFKWOFGRGPFUQPN[QP
VJG MKPGVKE CPF TGUV GPGTIKGU CPF VJG EJCTIG QH VJG KORKPIKPI RCTVKENG +V VJGTGHQTG
FGETGCUGUYKVJKPETGCUKPICVQOKEYGKIJVUKPEGVJGGPGTI[PGGFGFHQTCJGCXKGTRCTVKENGVQ
TGCEJCURGEKHKEFGRVJKUNCTIGTVJCPHQTCNKIJVGTRCTVKENG

7
X KPETGCUGU YKVJ VJG FGETGCUG KPVJGMKPGVKEGPGTI[ EK CRCTVKENGGZRGTKGPEGUYJKNG
VTCXGTUKPICOGFKWO+PQTFGTVQECNEWNCVGJQY 7
XEJCPIGUYKVJGPGTI[ EK VJGVQVCN
OCUUUVQRRKPIRQYGTOWUVDGECNEWNCVGF

52#6+#.&15'&+564+$76+10

6JG FKTGEVKQPCN FKUVTKDWVKQP QH KQPU KU RTKOCTKN[ C TGUWNV QH GNCUVKE EQNNKUKQPU YKVJ VJG
PWENGK QH VJG VCTIGV CVQOU KP VJG OCVGTKCN VJTQWIJ YJKEJ VJG KQPU RCUU =+%47
#PFTGQ ? 6JG GNCUVKE UECVVGTKPI ECP DG FKXKFGF KPVQ VJTGG FKHHGTGPV ENCUUGU 5KPING
UECVVGTKPIRNWTCNUECVVGTKPICPFOWNVKRNGUECVVGTKPIYJGTGKPVJGNCVVGTVJGPWODGTQH
EQNNKUKQPU KU OQTG VJCP /QUV OWNVKRNG UECVVGTKPI VJGQTKGU CTG DCUGF QP FKHHGTGPV
CRRTQCEJGUVQGXCNWCVGUKPINGUECVVGTKPIETQUUUGEVKQPU=#PFTGQ?/WNVKRNG%QWNQOD
UECVVGTKPIECWUGUCPIWNCTGOKVVCPEGKGCPIWNCTUVCPFCTFFGXKCVKQPQHVJGFKUVTKDWVKQPKP
VJG DGCO
YJKEJ WNVKOCVGN[ KPETGCUGU VJG UK\G QH VJG RGPWODTC CPF KPHNWGPEGU VJG
URCVKCN FKUVTKDWVKQP QH VJG KQP HNWGPEG =*QPI HW DO ? 6JG CPIWNCT FKUVTKDWVKQP
FGVGTOKPGU VJG UJCRG QH VJG CDUQTDGF FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP CPF KU VJWU QH KORQTVCPEG KP
FQUKOGVT[=+%47?

6JG UJCRG QH VJG CPIWNCT FKUVTKDWVKQP KU PGCTN[ )CWUUKCP HQT UOCNN CPINGU CPF FGXKCVGU
HTQO)CWUUKCPCVNCTIGTCPINGU=+%47*QPIHWDO?5KPEGUOCNNUECVVGTKPICPINGU
CTGHCTOQTGRTQDCDNGVJCPNCTIGCPINGU
VJKUECPDGUGGPKPVJGETQUUUGEVKQPHQTUECVVGTKPI
CVCPWPUETGGPGF%QWNQODRQVGPVKCNCUFGTKXGFD[4WVJGTHQTF=.CZ?KVKUUWHHKEKGPV
VQWUGVJG)CWUUKCPCRRTQZKOCVKQPHQTOQUVRTCEVKECNCRRNKECVKQPU6JKUECPDGFGUETKDGF
WUKPIVJGOCUUUECVVGTKPIRQYGTEQPEGRVRTGUGPVGFKPRTGXKQWUUWDUGEVKQP

6JGFGRVJFGRGPFGPEGQHVJGCPIWNCTFKUVTKDWVKQPYKVJEQQTFKPCVGUCEEQTFKPIVQ(KIWTG
ECPDGYTKVVGPCU

(] ) =
GZR

'S
(] )
(] )

YJGTGVJGOGCPUSWCTGUECVVGTKPICPINGKU

]
(] ) ( ) + 7 (X ) GX

'S
YJGTGXKUVJGKPVGITCVKQPXCTKCDNGCNQPIVJG]CZKUCPF7
XKUVJGFGRVJFGRGPFGPVNKPGCT
UECVVGTKPIRQYGTQHVJGOCVGTKCNRGPGVTCVGFD[VJGDGCO

6JG URCVKCN FKUVTKDWVKQP QH UECVVGTGF RCTVKENGU JCU DGGP VTGCVGF D[ C PWODGT QH RGQRNG
WUKPIVJGUOCNNCPINGCRRTQZKOCVKQP
UKP YJKEJTGUWNVUKP)CWUUKCPFKUVTKDWVKQPU
KP VJG NCVGTCN EQQTFKPCVGU 6JKU KU DCUGF QP VJG HCEV VJCV VJG )CWUUKCP FKUVTKDWVKQP KU C
IGPGTCN UQNWVKQP VQ VJG FKHHWUKQP GSWCVKQP HQT RGPGVTCVKQP QH C RGPEKN DGCO QH EJCTIGF
RCTVKENGU=(GTOK'[IGU?

(QT C TQVCVKQPCNN[ U[OOGVTKE DGCO QH NKOKVGF TCFKCN GZVGPUKQP URGEKHKGF D[ CP KPKVKCN
)CWUUKCP OGCP USWCTG TCFKCN URTGCF r 2 (0) VJG HNWGPEG YKNN CNUQ DG TQVCVKQPCNN[
U[OOGVTKE DWV VJG CPIWNCT FKUVTKDWVKQP YKNN XCT[ YKVJ VJG NCVGTCN RQUKVKQP 6JG
FKUVTKDWVKQPHWPEVKQPRTQLGEVGFQPVJG
[]RNCPGKU
GZR
( [ [ ] ) =
(] ) [ U (] ) [ [ + U (] ) [
(] ) U (] ) (U (] ))
(] ) U (] ) (U (] ))

YJGTG

U (] ) = U ( ) + U ( )] + ( )] + (] X ) 7 (X ) GX

'S
'S
'S

CPF
U (] ) = U ( ) + ( )] + (] X ) 7 (X ) GX

r (0 ) KU VJG KPKVKCN EQXCTKCPEG QH VJG UKOWNVCPGQWU TCFKCNCPFCPIWNCTFKUVTKDWVKQPCPF
2(0 ) KUVJGKPKVKCNOGCPUSWCTGCPIWNCTURTGCFYJGPGPVGTKPIRGTRGPFKEWNCTVQVJGRNCPG
CVVJGGPVTCPEG=$TCJOGHWDO?

&WG VQ U[OOGVTKECN FKUVTKDWVKQP QH VJG OWNVKRNG UECVVGTKPI RTQEGUUGU VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI
FKUVTKDWVKQP HQT VJG
\] RNCPG ECP DG QDVCKPGF D[ EJCPIKPI [ GXGT[YJGTG VQ \ CPF VJG
VQVCNCPIWNCTFKUVTKDWVKQPKUQDVCKPGFHTQO
( [ [ \ \ ] ) = ( [ [ ] ) ( \ \ ] )

'S
6JGRWTGN[URCVKCNFKUVTKDWVKQPECPDGFGTKXGFHTQO'SD[KPVGITCVKPIQXGTCNNCPINGU
x CPF y CICKPYKVJVJGEQQTFKPCVGUFGRKEVGFKP(KIWTG
( [ \ ] ) = (]U ) =
U
GZR
U
]
U
]

'S

YJGTG [ + \ = U 'S UJQYU VJCV VJG DGCO KU EKTEWNCT U[OOGVTKE CPF )CWUUKCP
YKVJCOGCPUSWCTGYKFVJIKXGPD['S

1PG ECP CNUQ UGG HTQO 'S VJCV YJGP VJG OGCP USWCTG TCFKWU CRRTQCEJGU \GTQ VJG
FKUVTKDWVKQPHWPEVKQPCRRTQCEJGUKPHKPKV[QTVJG&KTCE/HWPEVKQPEQTTGURQPFKPIVQCVTWG
RQKPVOQPQFKTGEVKQPCN DGCO 6JKU YKNN TGUWNV KP XGT[ NCTIG FQUGU CV VJG GPVTCPEG QH C

OGFKWO
] YJGTG r 2 (] ) KU XGT[ UOCNN CPF UOCNNGT FQUGU KP VJG RGCM TGIKQP +P
EJCRVGT VJKU YKNN DG ENGCTN[ UGGP KP VJG RGPEKN DGCOFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUQHRTQVQPUCPF
ECTDQP KQPU KP (KIWTGU CPF #U VJG OGCP USWCTG TCFKWU ITQYU VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP
HWPEVKQPCPFJGPEGVJGFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPYKNNCRRTQCEJDTQCFDGCOEQPFKVKQPUYJGTGKP
VJGGPVTCPEGFQUGKUOWEJNQYGTVJCPVJGRGCMFQUG

7UKPI VJG GSWCVKQPU CDQXG VJG OGCP USWCTG TCFKCN URTGCF YCU ECNEWNCVGF CPF VJGTGUWNVU
HTQOVJGUGECNEWNCVKQPUCTGIKXGPKPVJGHQNNQYKPIEJCRVGT

4'57.65#0&&+5%755+10

6JG ECNEWNCVKQPU QH VJG OCUU UECVVGTKPI RQYGT VJG OGCP USWCTG TCFKCN URTGCF CPF VJG
RGPEKNCPFDTQCFDGCOFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUYGTGFQPGYKVJ/CVNCDYKVJCFGRVJCPFTCFKCN
TGUQNWVKQPQHOO6JGTGUWNVUQHVJGECNEWNCVKQPUCTGRTGUGPVGFDGNQY

%#.%7.#6+101(6*'/#555%#66'4+0)219'4

6JG UECVVGTKPI RQYGT QH /G8RTQVQPUCPF/G8WECTDQPKQPUECNEWNCVGFYKVJ
'SCTGNKUVGFKP6CDNGKP#RRGPFKZ6JGTGCUQPHQTVJGWUGQH/G8KPUVGCFQH
/G8RTQVQPUCUKUNKUVGFKP6CDNGKUVJGFKHHKEWNV[QHHKPFKPICEGPVTCNCZKUDTQCFDGCO
FQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPHQT/G8RTQVQPU*GPEGVJGTCPIGQHVJGECTDQPKQPUKP6CDNGKU
UNKIJVN[ NCTIGT VJCP VJG TCPIG QH VJG RTQVQPU 1P CEEQWPV QH VJG HCEV VJCV VJG MKPGVKE
GPGTI[ IQGU VQ \GTQ CV VJG GPF QH VJG TCPIG 'S UJQYU VJCV VJG UECVVGTKPI RQYGT
VJGTGD[YKNNIQVQKPHKPKV[
6CDNG#RRGPFKZ

/'#0537#4'4#&+751(6*'4#&+#.&15'&+564+$76+10

6JGGTCFKKHQTRTQVQPUCPFFKHHGTGPVKQPUYGTGECNEWNCVGFCPFVJGTGUWNVUCTGUJQYPKP
(KIWTG 6JG G TCFKWU FGUETKDGU VJG CDUQNWVG YKFVJ QH VJG TCFKCN FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP CV
VJG G FQUG NGXGN CV C FGRVJ ] CPF KV KU FGVGTOKPGF HTQO VJG TQQV OGCP USWCTG TCFKWU
U QH VJG TCFKCN FKUVTKDWVKQP 6JG G TCFKWU YCU ECNEWNCVGF KP VJG UOCNNCPING

CRRTQZKOCVKQP CEEQTFKPI VQ 'S 6JG UCOG TCFKK HQT GNGEVTQP TCFKCVKQP QH FKHHGTGPV
GPGTIKGUYGTGCNUQECNEWNCVGFCPFCTGRTGUGPVGFKP(KIWTG6JGKPKVKCNOGCPUSWCTGTCFKCN
URTGCF YCU CUUWOGF VQ DG r 2 ( 0 ) EO 6JG KPKVKCN EQXCTKCPEG U ( ) CPF VJG KPKVKCN
OGCPUSWCTGCPIWNCTURTGCF 2 ( 0 ) YGTGEQPUKFGTGFVQDGPGINKIKDNG

6JGGTCFKWUKUCOGCUWTGQHJQYOWEJVJGKPEKFGPVRCTVKENGUUECVVGTKPCOCVGTKCN6JG
UK\G QH VJG G TCFKWU FGRGPFU PQV QPN[ QP VJG RCVJ VTCXGTUGF DWV CNUQ QP VJG CVQOKE
YGKIJV CPF VJG EJCTIG QH VJG RCTVKENG (KIWTG UJQYU JQY VJG TCFKCN URTGCF FGETGCUGU
YKVJKPETGCUKPICVQOKEPWODGTQHVJGKQPU6JGJGCXKGTVJGCVQOVJGUOCNNGTVJGTCFKCN
UECVVGTKPIDGEQOGU

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

1
50 MeV e
200 MeV e
100 MeV e
0.9
H 202 MeV
0.8
1/eradius [cm]
0.7
D 272 MeV
0.6
T 324 MeV
0.5
He 202 MeV/u
0.4
Li 234.1 MeV/u
Be 283.7 MeV/u
B 329.4 MeV/u
C 391 MeV/u
O 468.6 MeV/u
Ne 540.8 MeV/u
Si 675.1 MeV/u
Ar 745 MeV/u
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
15
20
Depth [cm]
25
30
)LJXUH
5DGLDOVSUHDGDVDIXQFWLRQRIGHSWKLQZDWHU
IRUHOHFWURQSURWRQDQGLRQUDGLDWLRQ

(KIWTG UJQYU C EQORCTKUQP DGVYGGP OGCUWTGOGPVU QH VJG G TCFKK HQT /G8
RTQVQPU/G8WJGNKWOKQPUCPF/G8WECTDQPKQPURGTHQTOGFD[/2JKNNKRU
.$. =-TCHV ? CPF RTGUGPV ECNEWNCVKQPU +P (KIWTG VJG ECNEWNCVGF (WNN9KFVJ*CNH
/CZKOWO
(9*/ QH VJG NCVGTCN UECVVGTKPI HQT /G8 RTQVQPU /G8W JGNKWO
KQPU CPF /G8W ECTDQP KQPU KU EQORCTGF VQ VJG TGUWNVU HTQO )5+ KP &CTOUVCFV
=-TCHVHWDO?


1.4
1.2
1/e radius [cm]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
Depth [cm]
25
30
35
)LJXUH
&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQPHDVXUHPHQWVPDGHE\03KLOOLSV/%/>.UDIW@RISURWRQUDGLDWLRQEOXH

KHOLXPLRQVUHGDQGFDUERQLRQVEODFNDQGSUHVHQWZRUNIRUSURWRQUDGLDWLRQEOXHOLQH

KHOLXPLRQVUHGOLQHDQGFDUERQLRQVEODFNOLQH
3DUWLFOHHQHUJLHVSURWRQV0H9KHOLXPLRQV0H9XDQGFDUERQLRQV0H9X


1.4
1.2
FWHM [cm]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
Depth in water [cm]
20
25
)LJXUH
*6,FDOFXODWLRQV>.UDIWHWDO@RIWKHODWHUDOVFDWWHULQJIRUSURWRQVEOXHKHOLXPLRQVUHGDQG
FDUERQLRQVEODFNDQGFDOFXODWLRQVIURPWKLVZRUNZLWKSURWRQVEOXHOLQHKHOLXPLRQVUHGOLQHDQG
FDUERQLRQVEODFNOLQH3DUWLFOHHQHUJLHVSURWRQV0H9KHOLXPLRQV0H9XDQGFDUERQLRQV
0H9X

+P (KIWTG ECNEWNCVKQPU QH VJG G TCFKWU HQT /G8 RTQVQPU KP YCVGT OCFG D[ -
4WUUGNN CV /&5 0QTFKQP #$ 6JGTCR[ 5[UVGOU 7RRUCNC 5YGFGP
RTKXCVG
EQOOWPKECVKQP CTG EQORCTGF YKVJ TGUWNVU HTQO 'S HQT RTQVQPU YKVJ VJG UCOG
GPGTI[


0.7
0.6
1/e radius [cm]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
15
Depth [cm]
20
25
)LJXUH
&DOFXODWLRQVRIWKHHUDGLXVIRU0H9SURWRQV
E\.5XVVHOODQGE\SUHVHQWZRUNOLQH

6JG ECNEWNCVGF G TCFKWU EQKPEKFGU HCKTN[ YGNN YKVJ VJG OGCUWTGOGPVU FQPG D[ /
2JKNNKRU
(KIWTGYKVJKP6JGEQORCTKUQPFKURNC[GFKP(KIWTGQHVJGTCFKCNURTGCF
FKUVTKDWVKQPUECNEWNCVGFD[VJG)5+ITQWRUJQYUCITGCVGTURTGCFCVNCTIGTFGRVJUWRVQ
6JGTGCUQPHQTVJKUOKIJVNKGKPVJGFKHHGTGPVCRRTQZKOCVKQPUWUGFKPVJGECNEWNCVKQP
OGVJQFU 6JGTG CTG UGXGTCN EQTTGEVKQP HCEVQTU VJCV EQWNF DG CEEQWPVGF HQT UWEJ CU
FGPUKV[GHHGEVEQTTGEVKQPYJGTGVJGRQNCTK\CVKQPQHVJGOGFKWOKUEQPUKFGTGFVJG$CTMCU
EQTTGEVKQP HQT VJG FGRVJ FGRGPFGPEG QH VJG GHHGEVKXG EJCTIG CPF FKHHGTGPV UJGNN
EQTTGEVKQPU VQ KPEQTRQTCVG VJG GHHGEVU QP VJG RTQLGEVKNG HTQO VJG KPPGT CVQOKE GNGEVTQPU
=GI+%47?0QPGQHVJGUGEQTTGEVKQPHCEVQTUYGTGKPENWFGFKPVJKUYQTMCPFOC[
YGNN JCXG DGGP KP VJG ECNEWNCVKQPU D[ )5+ 6JG G TCFKWU ECNEWNCVGF D[ - 4WUUGNN
RTGUGPVGFKP(KIWTGUJQYUCPCTTQYGTFKUVTKDWVKQP
D[~VJCPVJGRTGUGPVTGUWNVU

2'0%+.$'#/&15'&+564+$76+105


6JGRGPEKNDGCOFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUKPYCVGTYGTGECNEWNCVGFCEEQTFKPIVQ'SHQT
/G8 RTQVQPU CPF /G8W ECTDQP KQPU (QT RTQVQPU VJG EGPVTCNCZKU DTQCF DGCO
FGRVJFQUGEWTXG ' (] ) YCUVCMGPHTQOUKOWNCVKQPFQPGYKVJ2'64#D[/GFKPCPF
#PFTGQ

(KIWTG6JGEGPVTCNCZKUDTQCFDGCOFGRVJFQUGEWTXGHQTECTDQPKQPU
YCU VCMGP HTQO ECNEWNCVKQPU FQPG D[ VJG RTQITCO 5*+'.&*+ D[ 5QDQNGXUMK
RTKXCVG
EQOOWPKECVKQP
(KIWTG 6JG TCFKCN FKUVTKDWVKQPU (] U ) HQT RTQVQPU CPF ECTDQP
KQPUYGTGECNEWNCVGFCPFOWNVKRNKGFD[VJGEGPVTCNCZKUFGRVJFQUGHQTGCEJFGRVJ#NNVJG
ECNEWNCVKQPUYGTGFQPGHQTVJGKPKVKCNOGCPUSWCTGTCFKCNURTGCF r 2 ( 0 ) EO6JKU
HKIWTG YCU EJQUGP OGTGN[ HQT IKXKPI C FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP RQTVTC[CN VJCV EQWNF DG GCUKN[
KPVGTRTGVGF 6JG KPKVKCN EQXCTKCPEG U ( ) CPF VJG KPKVKCN OGCP USWCTG CPIWNCT URTGCF
2(0 ) YGTGDQVJRWVVQ\GTQ+P(KIWTGUCPFVJGKUQFQUGEQPVQWTUCPFVJGVJTGG
FKOGPUKQPCN RTGUGPVCVKQP QH VJG RGPEKN DGCO FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU HQT RTQVQPU CTG UJQYP
(KIWTGUCPFFKURNC[VJGUCOGRNQVUHQTVJGRGPEKNDGCOFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUQHECTDQP
KQPU

25
F'F\ =/G8 I EO ?
20

15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
\ =EO?
)LJXUH
&HQWUDOD[LVEURDGEHDPGHSWKGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIURP3(75$
>0HGLQDQG$QGUHR@IRU0H9SURWRQVLQZDWHU

30

350
250

F'F\ =/G8 I EO ?
300
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
\ =EO?
)LJXUH
&HQWUDOD[LVEURDGEHDPGHSWKGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIURP6+,(/'+,
>6REROHYVNLSULYDWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ@IRU0H9XFDUERQLRQVLQZDWHU


(MeV g1)
140
25
120
20
Depth [cm]
100
15
80
60
10
40
5
20
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
Radius [cm]
)LJXUH
3HQFLOEHDPLVRGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRU
0H9SURWRQVLQZDWHU,VRGRVHOHYHOVDQGWRLQVWHSV


)LJXUH
3HQFLOEHDPGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRU0H9SURWRQVLQZDWHU


1
(MeV g )
3000
25
2500
20
Depth [cm]
2000
15
1500
10
1000
5
500
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
Radius [cm]
)LJXUH
3HQFLOEHDPLVRGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRU0H9XFDUERQLRQVLQZDWHU
,VRGRVHOHYHOVDQGWRLQVWHSV


)LJXUH

3HQFLOEHDPGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRU0H9XFDUERQLRQVLQZDWHU
+P(KIWTGVJGKPKVKCNOGCPUSWCTGTCFKWU r 2 ( 0 ) QH/G8WECTDQPKQPUJCUDGGP
XCTKGF CPF VJGGPVTCPEGFQUGQHVJGRGPEKNDGCOHQTGCEJKPKVKCNOGCPUSWCTGTCFKWUJCU
DGGPPQTOCNK\GFVQVJGRGCMFQUG6JKUUJQYUJQYHCUVVJGRGPEKNDGCOFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQP
CRRTQCEJGU DTQCF DGCO EQPFKVKQPU (KIWTG FKURNC[U VJG UCOG VJKPI DWV HTQO C
FKHHGTGPVXKGY*GTGVJGEGPVTCNCZKUFGRVJFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUHQT/G8RTQVQPRGPEKN
DGCOU JCXG DGGP ECNEWNCVGF YKVJ FKHHGTGPV KPKVKCN OGCP USWCTG TCFKK 6JG EGPVTCNCZKU
DTQCFDGCOFGRVJFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUKOWNCVGFD[2'64#=/GFKPCPF#PFTGQ?JCU
DGGPKPENWFGFHQTEQORCTKUQP6JGTGKUCFKHHGTGPEGKPTCPIGHQTVJKUEWTXGCPFVJGQVJGT
RGPEKN DGCO FGRVJFQUG EWTXGU KP VJG UCOG HKIWTG QTKIKPCVKPI HTQO VJG FKHHGTGPEGU KP
UVQRRKPIRQYGTWUGFKP2'64#CPFRTGUGPVECNEWNCVKQPU

(KIWTG UJQYU JQY VJG MKPGVKE GPGTI[ NQUU CU C HWPEVKQP QH FGRVJ KU \GTQ CV VJG
OCZKOWO TCPIG HQT /G8W ECTDQP KQPU ECNEWNCVGF D[ 54+/ 6JG DNWG EWTXG
FKURNC[UVJGEGPVTCNCZKUDTQCFDGCOFGRVJFQUGEWTXGHQTECTDQPKQPUQHVJGUCOGGPGTI[
UKOWNCVGF D[ 5*+'.&*+ =5QDQNGXUMK RTKXCVG EQOOWPKECVKQP? 6JG VCKN QH VJG FGRVJ
FQUG EWTXG EQPVKPWGU DGJKPF VJG OCZKOWO TCPIG QH ECTDQP KQPU YJGTG VJG UGEQPFCT[
RCTVKENGU CPF VJG PWENGCT HTCIOGPVCVKQP IGPGTCVG C FQUG GXGP DG[QPF VJG OCZKOWO
TCPIG%CTDQPKQPURTQFWEGPWENGCTHTCIOGPVUCPFVJGECTDQPKQPFGRVJFQUGEWTXGYKNN
EQPUGSWGPVN[ JCXG C VCKN DGJKPF VJG $TCII RGCM 54+/ JQYGXGT FQGU PQV VCMG VJG
PWENGCTHTCIOGPVCVKQPKPVQEQPUKFGTCVKQPCPFVJGMKPGVKEGPGTI[CPFVJGUVQRRKPIRQYGT
ECNEWNCVGFD[54+/YKNNVJGTGHQTGDG\GTQDG[QPFVJGOCZKOWOTCPIG#PGHHGEVQHVJKU
KUGXKFGPVKPVJGKUQFQUGEQPVQWTKP(KIWTGYJGTGKUCUJCTRFTQRQHVJGFQUGFQYPVQ
\GTQCVVJGGPFQHVJGTCPIGVJGUCOGCUHQTRTQVQPU

3
10
DPeak/DEntrance
10
10
10
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2
0.6
0.7
0.8
r (0) [cm ]
)LJXUH
3HDNGRVHQRUPDOL]HGWRWKHHQWUDQFHGRVHDVDIXQFWLRQRI
LQLWLDOPHDQVTXDUHUDGLXVIRU0H9XFDUERQLRQSHQFLOEHDPV

0.9

5
4.5
3.5
Dose [MeV g ]
r (0) = 7.00 cm
r2(0) = 0.88 cm
r2(0) = 0.44 cm
r2(0) = 0.22 cm
r2(0) = 0.11 cm
r2(0) = 0.05 cm
2.5
1.5
0.5
10
15
Depth [cm]
20
25

)LJXUH
7KHFHQWUDOD[LVGHSWKGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQVIRU0H9SURWRQSHQFLOEHDPV
ZLWKGLIIHUHQWLQLWLDOPHDQVTXDUHUDGLLDQGWKHFHQWUDOD[LVEURDGEHDP
GHSWKGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIURP3(75$>0HGLQDQG$QGUHR@GRWWHGOLQH

30

600
600
500
400
300
200
200
&QUG =/G8 I?
'PGTI[ =/G8?
400
100
0
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
0
27.0
&GRVJ =EO?

)LJXUH
7KHNLQHWLFHQHUJ\ORVVDVDIXQFWLRQRIGHSWKFDOFXODWHGE\65,0GRWWHGOLQH
DQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJGHSWKGRVHFXUYHIRU0H9XFDUERQLRQV
VLPXODWHGE\6+,('+,>6REROHYVNLSULYDWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ@VWUDLJKWOLQH

$41#&$'#/&15'&+564+$76+105

6JG DTQCF DGCO KUQFQUG FGRVJFQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU CPF VJG VJTGGFKOGPUKQPCN HQTOU QH
VJGUG CTG FGRKEVGF KP (KIWTGU CPF HQT RTQVQPU CPF (KIWTGU CPF HQT ECTDQP
KQPU6JGGSWCVKQPUHQTECNEWNCVKPIVJGDTQCFDGCOCDUQTDGFFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPCTGIKXGP
KP#RRGPFKZ

(MeV g1)
18
25
16
14
20
Depth [cm]
12
15
10
10
6
Radius [cm]

)LJXUH
%URDGEHDPLVRGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRU0H9SURWRQVLQZDWHUIRUDEHDPRIFPLQLWLDOZLGWK



)LJXUH
%URDGEHDPGLVWULEXWLRQIRU0H9SURWRQVLQZDWHUIRUDEHDPRIFPLQLWLDOZLGWK


(MeV g1)
300
25
250
20
Depth [cm]
200
15
150
10
100
5
50
Width of beam [cm]
)LJXUH
%URDGEHDPLVRGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRU0H9XFDUERQLRQVLQZDWHUIRUDEHDPRIFPLQLWLDOZLGWK



)LJXUH
%URDGEHDPGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRU
0H9XFDUERQLRQVLQZDWHUIRUDEHDPRIFPLQLWLDOZLGWK

&WG VQ VJG FKHHKEWNV[ QH HKPFKPI TGUWNVU QH ECNEWNCVKQPU QT OGCUWTGOGPVU QH DTQCF DGCO
FQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUOCFGD[QVJGTUVJGCDQXGTGUWNVUJCXGPQVDGGPXGTKHKGF

&'26*&+564+$76+101(.'6(14&+(('4'066*'4#2'76+%+10
$'#/5

6JGRCTVKENGUQHKPVGTGUVVQVJGKQPCEEGNGTCVQTRTQLGEVCV-CTQNKPUMC*QURKVCNCTGUJQYP
KP 6CDNG 'NGEVTQPU CTG KPENWFGF HQT EQORCTKUQP 6JG GPGTIKGU QH VJG RCTVKENGU YGTG
EJQUGP UQ VJCV VJGKT TCPIGU CTG EO 6JG NKPGCT GPGTI[ VTCPUHGT
.'6 CV XCTKQWU
TGUKFWCNTCPIGUYCUECNEWNCVGFWUKPI54+/

%JCTIGF
.'6=MG8O?CVXCTKQWUTGUKFWCNTCPIGUKP
'PGTI[ 4CPIG
RCTVKENG
YCVGT=EO?
#0<
G
*
&
6
*G
*G
.K
$G
$
%
0
1
0G
.'6RGCM
PQTOCNK\GF
VQ
.'6GPVTCPEG
=/G8W? =EO?

/G8

/G8

/G8

/G8

7DEOH
(QHUJ\DQG/(7IRUHOHFWURQVSURWRQVDQGGLIIHUHQWLRQV
RILQWHUHVWUHDFKLQJDUDQJHRIFPLQZDWHUFDOFXODWHGE\65,0

#U OGPVKQPGF KP VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP VJG IQCN KP TCFKCVKQP VJGTCR[ KU VQ HKPF C VTGCVOGPV
YKVJNQYFQUGKPVJGRNCVGCWTGIKQPCPFCJKIJFQUGKPVJG$TCIIRGCMKGVJGTCFKCVKQP
YKVJ VJG JKIJGUV RGCMVQRNCVGCW TCVKQ 6JKU YQWNF IKXG C JKIJ VWOQT EQPVTQN YJKNG
URCTKPI JGCNVJ[ VKUUWG 6JG NCUV EQNWOP FKURNC[U VJG SWQVKGPV QH VJG .'6XCNWG CV VJG
RGCM CPF VJG GPVTCPEG .'6 6JKU UJQYU JQY UKOKNCT VJG RGCMVQRNCVGCW TCVKQU QH VJG
FKHHGTGPVKQPUCTG6JGTCVKQFGETGCUGUVQUQOGGZVGPVHQTVJGJGCXKGTKQPUCPFKVUGGOUC
IQQFEJQKEGQHRCTVKENGYQWNFDGVTKVKWO*QYGXGTVJGDKQNQIKECNGHHGEVUQHVJGFKHHGTGPV
RCTVKENGUCUYGNNCUVJGOQFWNCVKQPQHVJG$TCIIRGCMUVQQDVCKP5RTGCF1WV$TCII2GCMU
JCXG PQV DGGP VCMGP KPVQ CEEQWPV JGTG +H VJG 4$'XCNWG QH GCEJ KQP CPFCVGCEJFGRVJ
YQWNF DG YGKIJVGF YKVJ VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI .'6XCNWG CV VJCV FGRVJ VJG TCVKQU OKIJV
NQQMUQOGYJCVFKHHGTGPV#NUQYKVJC51$2VJGGPVTCPEGXCNWGUCTGOWEJJKIJGTVJCP
HQTCUKPINGWPOQFWNCVGFRGCM

%QPENWUKQPUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
%10%.75+105

+PVJKUYQTMVJGNCVGTCNFKUVTKDWVKQPUQHVJGCDUQTDGFFQUGKPCYCVGTRJCPVQOHQTRGPEKN
CPFDTQCFDGCOUQH/G8RTQVQPUCPF/G8WECTDQPKQPUJCXGDGGPGXCNWCVGF
#PCPCN[VKECNCNIQTKVJODCUGFQPVJG(GTOK'[IGUVJGQT[CPFVJGWUGQHCITKFQTOCVTKZ
QH FKUETGVG )CWUUKCP GNGOGPVCT[ DGCOU JCXG DGGP WUGF HQT ECNEWNCVKQP QH VJG TCFKCN
URTGCF QT VJG G TCFKWU CPF VJG FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU 2GPEKN DGCO CDUQTDGF FQUG
FKUVTKDWVKQPU CU YGNN CU DTQCF DGCO FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU JCXG DGGP FGTKXGF HQT VJGUG KQPU
VJTQWIJ OWNVKRNKECVKQP QH VJG CPCN[VKECN ECNEWNCVKQPU QH VJG NCVGTCN FKUVTKDWVKQPU CPF VJG
EGPVTCNCZKU DTQCF DGCO FGRVJFQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU UKOWNCVGF D[ VJG /QPVG %CTNQ
RTQITCOU2'64#CPF5*+'.&*+

6JG FGTKXGF GZRTGUUKQP HQT VJG G TCFKWU CITGGU YKVJ VJG GZRGTKOGPVCN FCVC D[ /
2JKNNKRU YKVJKP %QORCTKUQPU QH VJG RTGUGPV FCVC YKVJ VJG ECNEWNCVGF TCFKCN URTGCF
D[VJG)5+ITQWRCPF-4WUUGNNUJQYFKUETGRCPEKGUQHWRVQCPFTGURGEVKXGN[
6JGTGCUQPHQTVJKUOC[NKGKPVJGFKHHGTGPVCRRTQZKOCVKQPUHQTRJ[UKECNRTQEGUUGUWUGFKP
VJGUGECNEWNCVKQPU

6JGCPCN[VKECNOGVJQFWUGFJGTGJCUDGGPRTGUGPVGFKPUGXGTCNYQTMUNKMG.CZHWDO
$TCJOG HW DO %CTNUUQP HW DO YJGTGVJGNCVGTCNFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUHQTGNGEVTQPU
CPF RTQVQPU YGTG ECNEWNCVGF 6JG OGVJQF RTQXKFGU C HCUV CRRTQCEJ VQ CP CEEWTCVG
GXCNWCVKQP QH VJG FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU HQT VJGTCRGWVKE KQP DGCOU %QODKPGF YKVJ VJG
EGPVTCNCZKUDTQCFDGCOFGRVJFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUECNEWNCVGFD[/QPVG%CTNQKVECPDGC
WUGHWN VQQN HQT HCUV FQUG RNCPPKPI ECNEWNCVKQPU *QYGXGT KV KU PQV CRRNKECDNG VQ
KPJQOQIGPGKVKGUDWVKUNKOKVGFVQJQOQIGPGQWUOGFKC

*GCXKGT RCTVKENGU UECVVGT NGUU VJCP NKIJVGTHQTGZCORNGVJGGTCFKKCVOCZKOWOTCPIG
GXCNWCVGFKPVJKUYQTMCTGCPFEOHQT/G8RTQVQPU/G8W
NKVJKWO KQPU CPF /G8W ECTDQP KQPU TGURGEVKXGN[ 6JG TGFWEGF UECVVGTKPI QH VJG
JGCXKGTKQPUKUQHITGCVKORQTVCPEGHQTTCFKCVKQPVTGCVOGPVQHVWOQTUUKPEGVJKUECPQHHGT
C DGVVGT VCTIGV EQPHQTOCVKQP KP FQUG RNCPPKPI 6JG GPJCPEGF 4$' GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG
$TCIIRGCMTGIKQPQHKQPUKUCNUQJGNRHWNKPRTQXKFKPICOQTGGHHGEVKXGVTGCVOGPV*GPEG
VJG FQUG FKUVTKDWVKQPU ECNEWNCVGF JGTG PGGF VQ DG YGKIJVGF YKVJ VJG DKQNQIKECN GHHGEV QH
VJGRCTVKENGUKPQTFGTVQGUVCDNKUJYJKEJKQPYQWNFDGVJGOQUVGHHGEVKXGKPKPHNKEVKPIVJG
OQUVFCOCIGVQVWOQTVKUUWGYJKNGRTGXGPVKPIKPLWTGKPPQTOCNJGCNVJ[VKUUWG

#EMPQYNGFIGOGPVU
#%-019.'&)'/'065

+ YQWNF NKMG VQ GZRTGUU O[ ITCVKVWFG VQ GXGT[QPG CV VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH /GFKECN
4CFKCVKQP 2J[UKEU HQT JGNRKPI OG YJGP CPF YJGTG JGNR YCU PGGFGF + YKUJ VQ VJCPM
UQOGRGTUQPUGURGEKCNN[

2TQHGUUQT #PFGTU $TCJOG HQT KPVTQFWEKPI OG VQ VJG HKGNF QH TCFKCVKQP RJ[UKEU CPF HQT
VCMKPIOGQP

&T#PFTCU-GTGMHQTJKURCVKGPEGCPFXGT[OWEJCRRTGEKCVGFGPEQWTCIGOGPV

&T+TGPC)WFQYUMCHQTJGTVKOGIWKFCPEGCPFCVVGPVKQPVQFGVCKN

,QJCP7JTFKPHQTCNNJKUJGNRYKVJRTQITCOOKPI

'XGT[QPGCVVJG&GRCTVOGPVQH/GFKECN4CFKCVKQP2J[UKEUHQTCPKPURKTKPICPFRNGCUCPV
CVOQURJGTG

#RRGPFKZAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
#22'0&+:

/1&+(+%#6+10 1( /#55 5%#66'4+0) 219'4 '37#6+105 (14
9#6'4

6JGHQNNQYKPIKUCOQFKHKECVKQPQH'SHQTCOGFKWOEQPUKUVKPIQHYCVGTYJGTG
Q + 2 = 1 $ + 2

7H
H
PH F
$+ $2
Y
FS= FPY = (. + 0 F
F

(0 F )

( (. + 0 F )

PH F
=L
=L H
V = 1 $
OQ = L
$+2 PH F 3 S
$+ 2

=
$+2 = $+ + $2 =
= Q + 2 = 1 $ + 2
$+2
=+
H
Q +2 = + OQ = +
=
+ =2 OQ =2
$
+2
+

=2
$
2

=3
( FS )

= = + + = OQ = =2
=+ OQ
Q
V ZDWHU =

+
2
2
+2 +2
$+
$2
H
V = V ZDWHU =3

(0 F )
= V ZDWHU = 3 (. + 0 F
( (. + 0 F
( FS )

4'57.651(/#555%#66'4+0)219'4%#.%7.#6+105

6JGUECVVGTKPIRQYGTQH/G8RTQVQPUCPF/G8WECTDQPKQPUCTGNKUVGFKPVJG
VCDNGDGNQY
/G8 RTQVQPU
&GRVJ =EO?
/G8W ECTDQP KQPU
5ECVVGTKPI 2QYGT
=TCF

EO ?
&GRVJ =EO?
5ECVVGTKPI 2QYGT
=TCF

EO ?

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'
i
i

i
i
i
7DEOH
0DVVVFDWWHULQJSRZHUIRU0H9SURWRQVDQG0H9XFDUERQLRQV

#RRGPFKZAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
'37#6+105 (14 %#.%7.#6+0) $41#& $'#/ #$514$'& &15'

&+564+$76+105

6JGDTQCFDGCOCDUQTDGFFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPHTQOCDTQCFDGCOQHCP[IKXGPHKPKVGKPKVKCN
TCFKWUCPFKVUURCVKCNFKUVTKDWVKQPKUQDVCKPGFD[UWRGTRQUKVKQPQHGNGOGPVCT[RGPEKNDGCO
CDUQTDGFFQUGFKUVTKDWVKQPUHTQORQKPVOQPQFKTGEVKQPCNDGCOU=$GTIGTCPF5GNV\GT?
6JG HQNNQYKPI HQTOWNC YCU WUGF VQ IGPGTCVG C DTQCF DGCO FGRVJFQUG FKUVTKDWVKQP
'EE ( [ \ ] ) HQTCTGEVCPIWNCTDGCOYKVJUKFGUCCPFD

([ [ ) + ( \ \ )
D E

'EE ( [ \ ] ) =

GZR
G[ G\
U
U D E

D

'EE ( [ \ ] ) =
D U
([ [ )
GZR

G[
E U
( \ \ )
GZR
G\ =
\ \y
[ [y
V=
W =
=
U
U
[ D
\ E
U

[ +D
GZR W
( ) GW
\ E
U

HUI

[ D
+ HUI
U
U
U
GZR V

[ + D
HUI
U
( ) GV =
\ E
+ HUI
U
\ + E
' (] )
HUI
'EE ( [ \ ] ) =

[ D
+ HUI
U
[ + D
HUI
U

\ E
+ HUI
U
\ + E

U
4'('4'0%'5

#PFTGQ2'NGEVTQPRGPEKNDGCOECNEWNCVKQPUKP0RQWH&DUORWUDQVSRUWRIHOHFWURQVDQG
SKRWRQVGFKVGFD[6JGQFQTG/,GPMKPU9CNVGT40GNUQP
CPF#NGUUCPFTQ4KPFK
0GY;QTM2NGPWO2TGUUEJCRVGT

$GNNK/$GVVGIC&%JGTWDKPK4+CP\KPK(-TCHV)5KOQPG)CPF6CDQEEJKPK/#
2J[UKECNCPFTCFKQDKQNQIKECNRTQRGTVKGUQHJCFTQPDGCOUKP
7KH7(5$SURMHFWDQGWKHFHQWHUIRURQFRORJLFDO+DGURQWKHUDS\GFKVGFD[#OCNFK7
CPF5KNCTK/
+VCN[+0(0L.0(L&KXKUKQPG4KEGTECPFGFKVKQP

$GTIGT/,CPF5GNV\GT5/6CDNGUQHGPGTI[FGRQUKVKQPFKUVTKDWVKQPUKPYCVGT
RJCPVQOUKTTCFKCVGFD[RQKPVOQPQFKTGEVKQPCNGNGEVTQPDGCOUYKVJGPGTIKGU
HTQOVQ/G8CPFCRRNKECVKQPUVQDTQCFDGCOU0CVKQPCN$WTGCWQH
5VCPFCTFU0$5+4

$KGTUCEM,2CPF*CIIOCTM.)#/QPVG%CTNQEQORWVGTRTQITCOHQTVJG
VTCPURQTVQHGPGTIGVKEKQPUKPCOQTRJQWUVCTIGVU1XFOHDU,QVWUXPHQWV
DQG0HWKRGV

$TCII9*CPF-NGGOCPP42QWKH.SDUWLFOHVRIUDGLXPDQGWKHLUORVVRIUDQJHLQSDVVLQJ
WKURXJKYDULRXVDWRPVDQGPROHFXOHV2JKN/CI

$TCJOG#1PVJGQRVKOCNEJQKEGQHUECVVGTKPIHQKNUHQTGNGEVTQPVJGTCR[
+PVGTPCN4GRQTV4Q[CN+PUVKVWVGQH6GEJPQNQI[5YGFGP64+6#'22

$TCJOG#.CZ+CPF#PFTGQ2'NGEVTQPDGCOFQUGRNCPPKPIWUKPIFKUETGVG
)CWUUKCPDGCOU/CVJGOCVKECNDCEMITQWPF$FWD5DGLRORJLFD2QFRORJ\

$TCJOG#-NNOCP2CPF.KPF$-1RVKOK\CVKQPQHRTQVQPCPFJGCX[KQP
VJGTCR[WUKPICPCFCRVKXGKPXGTUKQPCNIQTKVJO5DGLRWKHUDS\DQG2QFRORJ\

$TCJOG#&GXGNQROGPVQHTCFKCVKQPVJGTCR[QRVKOK\CVKQP$FWD2QFRORJLFD

$TWUCUEQ%$GHWHFWRUV\VWHPIRUWKHYHULILFDWLRQRIWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOGRVHGLVWULEXWLRQVLQ
WKHWXPRUWKHUDS\ZLWKKHDY\LRQV&QEVQTCN&KUUGTVCVKQP7PKXGTUKVV-CUUGN

%CTNUUQP#PFTGQ2CPF$TCJOG#/QPVG%CTNQCPFCPCN[VKECNECNEWNCVKQPQH
RTQVQPRGPEKNDGCOUHQTEQORWVGTK\GFVTGCVOGPVRNCPQRVKOK\CVKQP
3K\VLFVLQ0HGLFLQHDQG%LRORJ\

'[IGU./WNVKRNGUECVVGTKPIYKVJGPGTI[NQUU3K\VLFDO5HYLHZ

(GTOK'%KVGFD[4QUUK$CPF)TGKUGP-

4GHGTGPEGUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
*CNN'5DGLRELRORJ\IRUWKHUDGLRORJLVW
2JKNCFGNRJKC.KRRKPEQVV9KNNKCOU9KNMKPU
VJGFKVKQP

*QIUVTQO-4/KNNU/&CPF#NOQPF24'NGEVTQPDGCOFQUGECNEWNCVKQPU
3K\VLFVLQ0HGLFLQHDQG%LRORJ\

*QPI.)QKVGKP/$WEEKQNKPK/%QOKUMG[4)QVVUEJCNM$4QUGPVJCN55GTCIQ%
CPF7TKG/#RGPEKNDGCOCNIQTKVJOHQTRTQVQPFQUG
ECNEWNCVKQPU3K\VLFVLQ0HGLFLQHDQG%LRORJ\

+PVGTPCVKQPCN#VQOKE'PGTI[#IGPE[
+#'##DUQTDGFFQUGFGVGTOKPCVKQPKP
GZVGTPCNDGCOTCFKQVJGTCR[#PKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQFGQHRTCEVKEGHQT
FQUKOGVT[DCUGFQPUVCPFCTFUQHCDUQTDGFFQUGVQYCVGT645
0QXGODGT

+PVGTPCVKQPCN%QOOKUUKQPQP4CFKCVKQP7PKVUCPF/GCUWTGOGPVU
+%47
4CFKCVKQPFQUKOGVT['NGEVTQPDGCOUYKVJGPGTIKGUDGVYGGP
CPF/G8,&585HSRUW

+PVGTPCVKQPCN%QOOKUUKQPQP4CFKCVKQP7PKVUCPF/GCUWTGOGPVU
+%47
5VQRRKPIRQYGTUCPFTCPIGUHQTRTQVQPUCPFCNRJCRCTVKENGU
,&585HSRUW

-TCHV)6JGTCFKQDKQNQIKECNCPFRJ[UKECNDCUKUHQTTCFKQVJGTCR[YKVJRTQVQPUCPF
JGCXKGTKQPU6WUDKOHQWKHUDSLHXQG2QNRORJLH

-TCHV)-TOGT/CPF5EJQN\/.'6VTCEMUVTWEVWTGCPFOQFGNU
5DGLDWLRQDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO%LRSK\VLFV

-TCHV)$GEJGT9$NCUEJG-$JPG&(TCPE\CM$*CDGTGT6J-TCHV9G[TCVJGT9
-TOGT/.CPIGPDGEM$.GP\)4KVVGT55EJQN\/5EJCTFV&5VGN\GT*
5VTGJN2CPF9GDGT76JG&CTOUVCFVRTQITCO*+6#)JGCX[KQP
VJGTCR[CV)5+KP+DGURQWKHUDS\LQ2QFRORJ\GFKVGFD[#OCNFK7CPF
.CTUUQP$
#OUVGTFCO'NUGXKGT5EKGPEG$8

-TCHV)6WOQTVJGTCR[YKVJJGCX[EJCTIGFRCTVKENGU3URJUHVVLQ3DUWLFOHDQG1XFOHDU
3K\VLFV55

.CTUUQP$.GMUGNN.4GZGF$5QWTCPFGT2'HHGEVQHJKIJGPGTI[RTQVQPUQPVJG
URKPCNEQTF$FWD5DGLRORJLFD

.CTUUQP$4CFKQDKQNQIKECNRTQRGTVKGUQHDGCOUQHJKIJGPGTI[RTQVQPU
5DGLDWLRQ5HVHDUFK6XSSOHPHQWXP

.CZ+$TCJOG#CPF#PFTGQ2'NGEVTQPDGCOFQUGRNCPPKPIWUKPIFKUETGVG
)CWUUKCPDGCOU+ORTQXGFTCFKCNFQUGRTQHKNGU$FWD5DGLRORJLFD6XSSOHPHQWXP

.CZ+CPF$TCJOG#'NGEVTQPDGCOFQUGRNCPPKPIWUKPI)CWUUKCPDGCOU'PGTI[
CPFURCVKCNUECNKPIYKVJKPJQOQIGPGKVKGU$FWD5DGLRORJLFD2QFRORJ\

.CZ+'HYHORSPHQWRIDJHQHUDOL]HG*DXVVLDQPRGHOIRUDEVRUEHGGRVHFDOFXODWLRQDQGGRVHSODQQLQJ
LQWKHUDSHXWLFHOHFWURQEHDPV&QEVQTCN&KUUGTVCVKQP
&GRCTVOGPVQH4CFKCVKQP2J[UKEU7PKXGTUKV[QH5VQEMJQNO

/GFKP,CPF#PFTGQ25KOWNCVKQPQH2TQVQPCPF'NGEVTQP6TCPURQTVKP9CVGT
+PVGTPCN4GRQTV/5(

4QUUK$CPF)TGKUGP-%QUOKETC[VJGQT[5HYLHZVRI0RGHUQ3K\VLFV

4QUUK$+LJK(QHUJ\3DUWLFOHV
.QPFQP%QPUVCDNGCPF%QORCP[.VF

4WUUGNN-RTKXCVGEQOOWPKECVKQP

5KGIDCJP#RTKXCVGEQOOWPKECVKQP

5QDQNGXUMK0RTKXCVGEQOOWPKECVKQP

6QDKCU%#4QDGTVU,'.CYTGPEG,*.QY$GGT$8##PIGT*1$QTP,.
/E%QODU4CPF*WIIKPU%+TTCFKCVKQPJ[RQRJ[UGEVQO[CPFTGNCVGF
UVWFKGUWUKPI/G8RTQVQPUCPF/G8FGWVGTQPU3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQWKH3HDFHIXO8VHVRI$WRPLF(QHUJ\
JGNFKP)GPGXC

6QDKCU%#.CYTGPEG,*$QTP,./E%QODU44QDGTVU,'#PIGT*1
.QY$GGT$8#CPF*WIIKPU%2KVWKVCT[KTTCFKCVKQPYKVJ
JKIJGPGTI[RTQVQPDGCOUCRTGNKOKPCT[TGRQTV&DQFHU5HVHDUFK

9KNUQP444CFKQDKQNQIKECNWUGQHHCUVRTQVQPU5DGLRORJ\

<KGINGT,(CPF#PFGTUGP**7KHVWRSSLQJDQGUDQJHRILRQVLQPDWWHU
QTICPK\GFD[<KGINGT,(
0GY;QTM2GTICOQP2TGUU

Concrete Scattering

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Concrete Scattering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Influence of Multiple Scattering

Master of Science Thesis

4'57.65#0&&+5%755+10  

%10%.75+105  

#%-019.'&)'/'065  

$L 0RODUPDVVRI WKHVFDWWHULQJPHGLXPL

H (OHFWURQFKDUJH  

(. .LQHWLFHQHUJ\RI WKH SDUWLFOH

0  0DVVRI SDUWLFOH

S 0RPHQWXPRI WKH SDUWLFOH

7RWDO PDVVVWRSSLQJ SRZHU

Y 9HORFLW\RI WKH SDUWLFOH

&KDUJHRI WKH SDUWLFOH

Z P (IIHFWLYHFKDUJHRI WKH SDUWLFOH

Q 0ROHFXODUGHQVLW\RI ZDWHU 1 $

235 MeV protons

WPOQFWNCVGF RTQVQP DGCO

Depth in water [cm]

%CNEWNCVKQP QH &QUG &KUVTKDWVKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

OGVJQFCPFVJGNCVVGTKUVJGFGRVJFGRGPFGPVTCFKCNFKUVTKDWVKQP (] U ) =.CZHWDO

%CNEWNCVKQP QH &QUG &KUVTKDWVKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

%CNEWNCVKQP QH &QUG &KUVTKDWVKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

r (0 ) KU VJG KPKVKCN EQXCTKCPEG QH VJG UKOWNVCPGQWU TCFKCNCPFCPIWNCTFKUVTKDWVKQPCPF

%CNEWNCVKQP QH &QUG &KUVTKDWVKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

1/e radius [cm]

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Depth in water [cm]

1/e radius [cm]

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Width of beam [cm]

4GUWNVU CPF &KUEWUUKQPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

 /G8W ECTDQP KQPU

'37#6+105 (14 %#.%7.#6+0) $41#& $'#/ #$514$'& &15'

You might also like

4'57.65#0&&+5%755+10

%10%.75+105

#%-019.'&)'/'065

H (OHFWURQFKDUJH

0 0DVVRI SDUWLFOH

OGVJQFCPFVJGNCVVGTKUVJGFGRVJFGRGPFGPVTCFKCNFKUVTKDWVKQP (] U ) =.CZHWDO

r (0 ) KU VJG KPKVKCN EQXCTKCPEG QH VJG UKOWNVCPGQWU TCFKCNCPFCPIWNCTFKUVTKDWVKQPCPF

/G8W ECTDQP KQPU