Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

CHNG 1
L THUYT MA ST V HAO MN

1.1. L THUYT CHUNG V MA ST V HAO MN
1.1.1. Khi nim v ma st
1.1.1.1. Quan im c in
t l thun vi ti trng php tuyn N: Lc ma st F
ms
N F
ms
. =
N- ti trng php tuyn.
-h s ma st, =const.
Cng thc trn ch c phm vi s dng nht nh.
1.1.1.2. Quan im hin i
Ma st l kt qu ca nhiu dng tng tc phc tp khc nhau, khi c s tip
xc v dch chuyn hoc c xu hng dch chuyn gia hai vt th, trong din ra
cc qu trnh c, l, ho, in...quan h ca cc qu trnh rt phc tp ph thuc
vo c tnh ti, vn tc trt, vt liu v mi trng.
N F
ms
. =
- h s ma st, = f(p,v,C)
N-ti trng php tuyn
C-iu kin ma st (vt liu, cng, bng, ch gia cng, mi
trng)
Cng ma st A chuyn ho thnh nhit nng Q v nng lng hp ph gia 2 b
mt E.
A = Q + E.
1.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n h s ma st
1.1.2.1. nh hng ca ti trng.


0 p
th1
p
th2
p
th1
p
th2
P
= f(p, C
2
)
= f(p, C
1
)
Khi thay i p th thay
i theo. Nhng tn ti mt
khong p < p <p
th1 th2
m trong
n nh v nh nht. Khi vt ra
ngoi khong th xy ra h
hng v tng cao.

Hnh1.1. nh hng ca ti trng n
Nhn xt:
Khi thay i iu kin ma st C th dng ng cong khng thay i m ch
thay i cc gi tr , p , p .
th1 th2


1
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
1.1.2.2. nh hng ca vn tc. Hnh 1.2
ng cong = f(v,C)
cng c qui lut tng t ng
cong = f(p,C).

0 v
th1
v
th2
v
th1
v
th2
v
= f(v, C
1
)
= f(v, C
2
)

Hnh1.2. nh hng ca vn tc n
1.1.2.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st. Hnh 1.3
Th nghim 1: cho cp ma st Fe-Fe lm vic
vi ti trng p = const, vn tc v = const, c cho
v khng cho bt mi vo gia hai b mt ma
st.

O A B C D t

OA: khng c bt mi.
AB: gim do tc dng r trn ca bt mi
BC: tng cao v khng n nh do s ph hoi
ca bt mi.

CD: khng c bt mi --> n nh v gim.
Hnh1.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st n

Nhn xt: const khi iu kin ma st thay i
Th nghim 2: Cho ba cp ma st Fe-Fe, Al-Al, Cu-Cu lm vic vi p = const,
v =const, thay i ch gia cng t bng b mt khc nhau. Kt qu, thay
i nh bng 1.1
Bng 1.1. nh hng ca bng b mt n


bng
Phng php gia cng
Fe-Fe Al-Al Cu-Cu
nh bng bng in gii 2,08 4,05 1,7 7
nh bng bng in gii 1,32 3,00 1,08 14
nh bng bng in gii c lp mng xt
dy 300A
0,8 1,08 0,37 14
0
Gia hai b mt c mng du bi trn 0,06 0,05 0,07 14
Kt lun: h s ma st ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. = f(p,v,C)
- const.
- Tn ti khong c = const v nh nht.
- Cho ta phng hng ch o thc tin thay i iu kin ma st C sao cho
m rng c phm vi s dng m = const v nh nht.
1.1.3. Phn loi ma st
- Da vo ng hc chuyn ng:


2
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

p
v
v
p
Hnh 1.4. Cc dng ma st
+ Ma st trt.
+ Ma st ln.
+ Ma st xoay.
- Da vo s tham gia ca
cht bi trn:


+ Ma st t.
+ Ma st kh.
+ Ma st ti hn.
- Da vo ng lc hc:
+ Ma st tnh.
+ Ma st ng
- Da vo c tnh qu trnh ma st:
+ Ma st bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong ch xy ra hao mn tt yu v
cho php (xy ra t t, ch trn lp cu trc th cp, khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi
gc), trong phm vi gii hn ca ti trng, vn tc trt v iu kin ma st bnh
thng.
+ Ma st khng bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong p,v,C vt ra ngoi
phm vi gii hn, xy ra h hng: trc loi 1, loi 2, mi mn...
Ngi ta tm cc bin php thit k, cng ngh, s dng m rng phm vi
cho php ca p, v, C theo hng tng hoc gim .
V d: Cn tng : m phanh, b mt ma st ca a ly hp ma st.
Cn gim : trt, ln...
1.2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG
1.2.1. Khi nim chung
Hao mn: L s ph hoi dn dn b
mt ma st, th hin s thay i kch thc
dn dn theo thi gian. Trong qu trnh hao mn
khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi gc m ch
xy ra s ph hoi trn lp b mt chi tit (gi
l lp cu trc th cp).

Lp cu trc th cp
Kim loi gc
Ch tiu nh gi hao mn: nh
gi hao mn ngi ta dng t s gia lng hao
mn tuyt i vi chiu di ca qung ng xe
chy gi l cng mn.


Hnh 1.5. Hao mn lp cu trc th cp


- Cng mn I:
I =
L
l l
2 1

L
V V
2 1

L
G G
2 1

( m/1000km) hoc I= (m3/1000km) hoc I=
(g/1000km).


3
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
l
1
, l
2
-kch thc chi tit o theo phng php tuyn vi b mt ma st trc ma
st v khi o, ( m).
V
1
, V
2
-th tch chi tit trc v sau khi o.
G
1
, G
2
-khi lng chi tit trc v sau khi o.
L-chiu di qung ng xe chy, (1000km).
- Tc mn V:
V =
t
l l
2 1

t
V V
2 1

L
G G
2 1

( m/gi) hoc V= (m3/gi) hoc I= (g/gi)
t-thi gian ma st (gi)

H hng: l s ph hoi b mt chi tit xy ra khng c qui lut v mc
v m. C th quan st c bng mt thng v c s ph hoi kim loi gc nh:
trc, r, bin dng b mt, cong, vnh, co, xc, nt b mt (phng php tuyn),
dp, ln, xm thc.
1.2.2. Phn loi hao mn, h hng
1.2.2.1. Phn loi hao mn
Hao mn xy ho loi 1: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp mng
dung dch rn (c x lch mng).
Hao mn xy ho loi 2: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp xt. V
d: FeO, Fe2O3
1.2.2.2. Phn loi h hng
Trc loi 1: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt
do bin dng do gy ra v lc ln qu gii hn n hi.
Trc loi 2: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt
do nhit gy ra.
Mi mn: do tn ti ht mi gia hai b mt ma st, do ct bi hoc do trc
Trc xi ho ng: l s cng ho qu trnh hao mn.
n mn in ho, xm thc...
Mi: xy ra khi ti trng thay i tun hon, xut hin v pht trin cc vt nt
t vi, dn n gy t ngt.
1.2.3. Cc yu t nh hng n hao mn, h hng
Bt k cp chi tit no lm vic vi nhau u sinh ra ma st trong iu kin c
trt tng i, chu lc, iu kin mi trng lm vic, cht bi trn, cht lng chi
tit (thnh phn vt liu, tnh cht c l ho b mt ...) l dn n hao mn.


4
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
1.2.3.1. nh hng ca ti trng p
Th nghim: Cho cp ma st thp
Y10A c nhit luyn lm vic vi nhau khi
tng dn P, o I, hnh 1.6:
I [mg/100km]
p
1
p
2
p
3
p[kg/m
2
]
1 2 3
Hnh 1.6. nh hng ca ti
trng n hao mn, h hng.
ng 1: ng vi v = 3,11 m/s
ng 2: ng vi v = 2,59 m/s
ng 3: ng vi v= 1,78 m/s
Kt lun: vn tc trong gii hn
no , cng hao mn l n nh v
nh nht khi p[p]. Nu p>[p] th hao mn
xy ra mnh lit.

1.2.3.2. nh hng ca vn tc trt v
Vn tc trt cho php m rng kh nng
chu ti nhng cha r m phi nghin cu nh
hng ring ca tng chi tit nh th no:
I [mg/100km]
1 2 3 4 v[m/s]
Hnh 1.7. nh hng ca vn tc n
hao mn, h hng
Th nghim: cho cp ma st thp C10
lm vic vi nhau, thay i v, o cng hao
mn I, hnh 1.7.:
Vng 1 v 3: c hao mn nh v n nh
(ng vi hao mn xy ho)
Vng 2: hao mn ln nht (trc loi 1)
Vng 4: trc loi 2


1.2.3.3.nh hng ca iu kin ma st
nh hng ca tnh cht vt liu
T hai th nghim i vi thp Y10A v thp C10 ta thy:
- Thp Y10A khng c dng ph hoi do trc, cn thp C10 c ph hoi do
trc. chng trc loi 1 phi dng vt liu khc nhau cho hai chi tit ma st vi
nhau. V nu ging nhau th chng c mng tinh th ging nhau nn d khuch tn vi
nhau.
- cng cng cao th mn cng thp.
nh hng ca cht bi trn
- Tc dng ca cht bi trn: gim ma st lm gim hao mn, lm mt chi tit,
bao kn b mt, bo v b mt khi b xy ho, lm sch b mt.
- Yu cu i vi cht bi trn:
+ Phi bo m kh nng lm vic trong phm vi P,v,
+ Phi in y cc hm v l t vi, bm ton b vo b mt chi tit to thnh
mng du bi trn.
+ To kh nng cn trt ln theo phng vung gc vi b mt ma st v nh
theo phng tip tuyn vi b mt ma st.
+ Khng gy hi n chi tit (n mn).


5
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
+ Khng to cn, sinh bt nh...
- C ch bi trn:
+ Ma st t (bi trn thu ng). Khi trc bt u quay, do du c nht,
nn trong khe h gia trc v bc to thnh nm du c p sut, p sut cng tng khi
tc quay ca trc tng ln. n khi ng vi tc no , tng p lc ca du
sc nng trc ln, khng c s tip xc trc tip gia trc v bc, dn n khng hao
mn. Thc t khi khi ng, tt my hoc thay i tc th trc v bc c tip xc
nn c hao mn.
p
n .
nh th. Trong : Trong bi trn thu ng h s ma st ph thuc vo
n-s vng quay/pht
- nht
p-p sut
1-vng ma st kh
2-vng ma st ti hn
3-vng ma st t, vng ny vn c l do ni ma st trong du.
+ Ma st ti hn: xy ra khi lp mng du c
chiu dy rt nh < 0,1m. b dy ny, cc
phn t du sp xp ng hng. Do , ccchi tit
nh trt trn mt m n hi, gim. Tuy nhin,
y l mt qu trnh km bn vng d chuyn thnh
ma st kh hoc t.

- Ci thin tnh cht du bi trn: ngi ta
pha vo du bi trn cc cht ph gia hot tnh ho
hc hoc hot tnh b mt.
+ Cht ph gia hot tnh ho hc, c gc l
axit v c, lm tng kh nng chu ti ca mng
du bi trn, ci thin bn lp cu trc th cp,
m rng phm vi lm vic, gim hao mn.

+ Cht ph gia hot tnh b mt, c gc l cc axit hu c, gc ru, x phng,
c tc dng lm mm lp rt mng trn b mt chi tit, lm tng kh nng r kht
nhanh, gim p sut ring, gim lc ma st, cng ma st.
nh hng ca cht lng b mt ma st
Cht lng b mt ma st c th hin qua cc yu t:
- Hnh hc b mt: v m, vi m v siu vi m:
+ V m: phn nh trn ton b, phm vi ln: cn, van, dung sai ch
to, nhng sai s ny do dao ng ca h my-dao-chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng gy
nn.
+ Vi m: phn nh tnh trng b mt phm vi kch thc tng i b
+ Siu vi m: l sai khc hnh hc trong phm vi rt nh do cu trc kim loi
gy ra.
p
n .
Thc t
L thuyt
1
2
3
Hnh 1.8. Anh hng ca n,,p n h s
ma st.


6
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
- Trng thi ng sut b mt: do tc dng lc bin dng do nn trn b mt chi
tit lun lun c ng sut d (trong qu trnh cng ngh v trong qu trnh s dng).
Trng thi ng sut thay i d gy ra nt t vi, hng do mi.
- Tnh cht c l ho b mt:
+ Sau khi gia cng ch to bc cui cng, ngi ta tin hnh ti, thm C,N,
phun bi...Do thao tc nh vy, nn b mt chi tit c kh nng hp th ln, tnh cht b
mt khc vi tnh cht kim loi gc. Mt khc, do thay i trng thi kim loi b mt
nn n c nng lng t do ln, d hp ph cc nguyn t mi trng to thnh lp
xt hoc lp dung dch rn.
+ Trong qu trnh lm vic: do bin dng do, lc, vn tc trt lp kim loi b
mt b bin dng do nhiu ln, ng thi bn thn chng c hot tnh ln nn d hnh
thnh lp mng dung dch rn hoc xt. Nh vy, b mt chi tit khc xa kim loi
gc, c tc dng bo v chi tit, qu trnh hao mn ch xy ra trn b mt ny.
Trong thc t lun lun tn ti qu trnh chuyn ho t b mt chi tit sau gia
cng n b mt chi tit lm vic n nh. l qu trnh chy r tt yu, v vy
nhanh chng r kht, gim hao mn trong qu trnh ny ngi ta phi:
+ Gia cng b mt chi tit c bng gn bng bng chi tit khi lm vic n
nh.
+ Gii hn ch ti vn tc trong qu trnh chy r v lc mi s dng.
1.2.4. Mt s dng hao mn, h hng ch yu
1.2.4.1. Hao mn xy ho
Khi nim: l dng ph hoi dn dn b mt chi tit ma st, th hin s hnh
thnh v bong tch cc lp mng cu trc th cp, do tng tc gia b mt kim loi
b bin dng do vi xy v cc phn t mi trng.
+ Hao mn xy ho loi 1: lp mng cu trc th cp l dung dch rn gia
kim loi gc v cc nguyn t khc.
+ Hao mn xy ho loi 2: lp mng cu trc th cp l xt kim loi.
iu kin hnh thnh:
- Tc hao mn xy ho phi ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc.
- qu trnh hao mn l n nh th:
V
xy ho
V
hao mn
Qu trnh cn bng ng. s hnh thnh lp mng cu trc th cp phi nhanh
hn s ph hoi xy ra trn n. Ngha l, chi tit lun lun c lp bo v.
- Xy ra trong mi trng c xy, trong phm vi cho php ca ti trng v vn
tc.
- Xy ra ma st kh, ma st ti hn. V ma st t c mng du.








7
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
Bng 1.2. c tnh b mt khi hao mn xy ha


+ bng: 10 14
+ Nhit b mt: < 100
0
C
+ Chiu su ph hoi: = 100 300A
0
+ Tc ph hoi: 0,01m/h


9 13
< 200
0
C
= 1000A
0
0,05m/h
1.2.4.2. Trc loi 1
Khi nim: l mt dng h hng b mt, th hin s hnh thnh v bong tch
cc mi lin kt cc b gia hai b mt ma st do bin dng do v lc (khng nhit).
Nguyn nhn: do nh hng ca ti trng ln (p sut tip xc cc b cao)
m hai b mt b bin dng do mnh, b mt dnh st nhau khong cch tinh th,
nguyn t b mt ny khuych tn sang b mt khc v hnh thnh lin kt.

* F
1
< F
lk
< F
2
trc v p vo
* F
lk
> F
1
,F
2
trc ri to thnh ht mi
* F
lk
< F
1
,F
2
khng trc
iu kin hnh thnh:
- Tc trc l ln nht.
- Ma st kh v gia hai b mt khng c
lp trung gian ngn cch.
- Vn tc trt nh (v < 0,1m/s) kp cho
cc nguyn t khuych tn.

Hnh1.9. c tnh b mt trc loi 1

- p sut tip xc p > [p], ng vi gii hn chy ca vt liu.
Trc loi 1 rt nhy cm vi hai b mt c cng loi vt liu. Trc loi 1 chu
nh hng ln ca cng b mt, cng b mt tng s gim trc loi 1.
c tnh b mt: hnh 1.9
+ Chiu su ph hoi: = 0,5mm.
+ Nhit b mt: <50
0
C
+ bng b mt: 3 4
+ Tc ph hoi: 10 15m/h.
1.2.4.3. Trc loi 2
Khi nim: l dng ph hoi do bin dng v nhit, lm mm nhn b mt khi
nhit tng do vn tc trt tng.
Hao mn xy ho loi 1 Hao mn xy ho loi 2
xt
Dung dch
Kim loi
Kim loi


8
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
Nguyn nhn: do nh hng vn tc trt lm cho nhit cc b mt tng
cao, xy ra s dnh kt gia hai chi tit ma st v s ph hu b mt hoc b mt b
bin dng nh ln, nt...
iu kin hnh thnh:
- Vn tc trt ln. 25 30m/s.
- Nu vn tc trt ln, ti ln th trc loi 2 cng mnh lit.
- Nhy cm vi chi tit c nhit nng chy thp.

Bin php chng trc loi 2:
- Ph ln b mt ma st 1 lp kim
loi Bo, vanai, c kh nng chu nhit
.
- Dng vt liu chu nhit.
Kim loi gc
Vng chu nh
hng nhit
Hnh1.10. c tnh b mt trc loi 2
c tnh b mt:

- Chiu su ph hoi: < 0,1mm.
- Nhit tip xc: 1500
0
C.
- Tc ph hoi: 1 5m/h.
1.2.4.4. Mi mn
Khi nim: l dng ph hoi b mt chi tit do tn ti cc ht cng gia hai b
mt ma st t ngoi vo hoc t chi tit trc ra. Dng ph hoi: co xc, ct phoi t
vi.
C hai dng mi mn: mi mn c hc hoc mi mn c ho.
iu kin hnh thnh:
Vn tc mi l ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc. Tuy nhin, iu kin ny
khng cht ch trong trng hp c c trc.

gc KL cng
mai hat cng
=
KL
m
H
H
< 0,6: mi mn c ho (bin dng do tng, khng ct
phoi)
0,6: mi mn c hc (ct phoi t vi)
Nu b mt chi tit tip xc vi khi lng ln ht mi th xy ra mi mn c
ho, v khi cc ht mi trt ln nhau v trt i m khng c lc ct.

Bng 1.3. c tnh b mt khi mi mn.
Mi mn c ho Mi mn c hc
P
v
P
v



9
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
712 + bng: 510
0
+ Nhit b mt: 50 C 50
0
C
2000A
0
+ Chiu su ph hoi: = 0,2mm
[ 0,5 m/h
+ Tc ph hoi: 0,550m/h

1.2.4.5. Mi
Do thay i ti trng tun hon trn cc chi tit, sinh ra cc vt nt t vi. Cc
vt nt ny c pht trin t b mt chi tit vo kim loi gc dn n gy do mi. Chi
tit in hnh l trc khuu.
V d: trc khuu ng c D6-3D12 gy 40 50%. Kt cu trng ip bng
khng.
Nguyn nhn: trong qu trnh sa cha khng ch n kt cu trnh ng sut
tp trung: gc ln, hoc trong lp ghp do sai lch tm cc trc, to ti trng lm
hng trc bc.
Bin php chng mi: tng cht lng b mt, mi ht cc vt nt, trnh tp
trung ng sut, bo m ng tm lp rp, chng ti ph, hn ch ti trng ln t
ngt.
1.2.4.6. Xm thc
Hin tng r, h, su, sc cnh phng php tuyn, thng pht trin vng
b mt sch do tc dng ca dng chy ti khu vc p sut nh hn p sut bay hi
bo ha. Cc v tr thng gp: trn b mt cnh bm v v bm ti ca ra, b mt
ngoi ca lt xi lanh...
Bin php chng xm thc: m lp kim loi cng trn b mt.
1.2.5. Lun c bn ca l thuyt hao mn
1.2.5.1. Lun 1
C s: hao mn do nhiu qu trnh khc nhau gy ra, k hiu l P
1,2
..., tng
ng tc qu trnh v
1,2
...,
Trong bt k iu kin ma st no cng din ra qu trnh vi tc ln nht v
P
.
Pht biu lun : Dng hao mn c quyt nh bi qu trnh P, din ra
trn b mt ma st vi tc ln nht v .
P
H qu: khi s hao mn l n nh, tc ph hoi cc b mt lm vic (tc
hao mn) khng th ln hn tc ca qu trnh quyt nh dng hao mn. Tc l:
v
ph
< v
p
ngha:
- C s xc nh dng hao mn.
- C s iu khin qu trnh hao mn.
- Trnh h hng, iu khin ch tn ti hao mn xi ho (dng hao mn c tc
nh nht)
iu kin: v
ox
>v
ph
(v
ox
= v
p
)


10
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
1.2.5.2. Lun 2
C s: nhng iu kin ca lun 1 mi ch gii quyt cc vn iu khin
qu trnh hao mn, nhng khng cho php khc phc hao mn h hng, v vn cn tn
ti hao mn xi ho. Vn l lm sao gim hao mn xi ho.
Ni dung lun : "Tnh chng mn khi hao mn xi ho c quyt nh
bi cng hnh thnh v tnh cht cc cu trc th cp xut hin trong qu trnh
ma st." y c th hiu: cu trc th cp khng ch l cc lp mng hnh thnh do
kt qu tng tc gia kim loi vi xi m cn l cc lp mng bo v c thnh phn,
cu trc v tnh cht khc ngn b mt kim loi tip xc vi xi.
ngha: lm c s phn tch nh gi, nghin cu tnh cht lp cu trc
th cp quyt nh mc hao mn xi ho.
iu kin: v
ox
min
1.2.6. Bin php khc phc hao mn h hng
1.2.6.1.Bin php thit k:
Chn loi ma st ln hoc trt:
+ Ma st ln: chu ti c gii hn, kh m bo ng tm, d r, nhng vn tc
trt nh, h s nh, trc ngn.
+ Ma st trt: ln, trc di, nhng ng tm tt, kh r, vn tc trt ln.
Chn hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit:
Hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit c nh hng n p lc ring, bn
vng, chu mn, chu mi... Bi vy, khi thit k phi tng cng hon thin kt
cu, kch thc, hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit, khe h ban u, (piston hnh van,
sc mng khng ng p...).
m bo chng hao mn th phi da vo iu kin: p sut b mt tip xc
nh hn gii hn cho php.
p =
tx
S
P
< [p]
p- p sut b mt tip xc.
P-ti trong php tuyn trn b mt tip xc
S -din tch b mt tip xc
tx
i vi trc khuu ng c, xu hng l tng ng knh trc d trc ngn
li, trnh un, vng, ng c gn.
Gim t s S/D tng s vng quay trc khuu m khng tng vn tc trt
ca piston,
Gim chiu cao tng chiu dy tng lc bung cho sc mng.
Thit k kt cu, phng n lm mt tt:
+ Phn b trng nhit hp l (piston).
+ Phn b ng nc lm mt hp l n tng xi lanh.
i lu t nhin c kt: dng cnh ngn gi to chnh lch nhit (c qut,
khng c bm).


11
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
Cng bc h 50
0
C: tn hao nhit tng, cht n mn, tp cht d ngng t, dn
n hao mn nhiu.
Cng bc kn: n nh nhit.
Lm mt bng gi:
+ Lm sch b mt tn nhit. (xe my)
+ Lm kn qut gi tng lng gi.
Chn kt cu lc:
+ Khng kh: lc kh, t.
+ Bi trn: th, tinh, ly tm.
+ Nhin liu:
ng c Diesel yu cu lc rt kht khe m bo lm vic cho b i.
i vi ng c xng: hao mn zicl do bo dng khng ng k thut. Lc
nhin liu khng cho php c van an ton.
Chn phng n bi trn hp l.
S dng la chn vt liu hp l.
1.2.6.2. Bin php cng ngh:
Cht lng gia cng chi tit nh hng rt ln n hao mn h hng ca chi
tit, m hoc ti cng b mt lm vic ca chi tit kt hp vi ph hp chng
mn:
Tng bn b mt:
+ Bin cng ngui: phun bi, ln, p...
+ Nhit luyn: ti, ram, nhit ho, thm C, N, kim loi
+ M ph (khng dng vi chi tit chu ti trng ng)
Bo v b mt:
M ph b mt trch xy ho, trng thic, cht do.
Nng cao cht lng gia cng:
+ bng gia cng gn bng bng lm vic.
+ chnh xc cn, van.
+ Lm cn cc cnh sc (tr mt s trng hp nh b i bm cao p).
1.2.6.3. Ch s dng:
- Ch lm vic: phi cn c vo iu kin m bo ma st bnh thng:
p<p , v<v . (trnh qu ti v vt tc).
th th
- Trnh v thi quen ca ngi iu khin xe.
- Chm sc bo dng k thut kp thi: hng ngy nh k ng lc. Nu dng
qu thi hn qui nh s gy ph hoi, h hng mnh lit. Khng cho php chy c khi
chi tit t n kch thc gii hn.
- S dng nguyn vt liu.
+ ng c xng yu cu dng xng ng chng loi.
+ Du bi trn phi m bo cht lng.


12
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
+ S dng dung dch lm mt thch hp. (xe TOYOTA dng dung dch lm mt
mu , chng ng cn, chng ng).
1.3. HAO MN, H HNG MT S CHI TIT IN HNH
1.3.1. Hao mn xy lanh
1.3.1.1. iu kin lm vic
Hnh 1.11. Qui lut phn b
p sut kh th trn xi lanh
Ma st ti
Ma st t
Ma st
- Chu nhit cao v bin thin khng u:
= 2800
0
K ng c xng: T
max
= 2200
0
K ng c Diesel: T
max
Vng trn chu nhit cao hn vng
di v thay i trong mt chu k.
- Chu ma st ln, c bit i vi ng c cao
tc. khu vc st bung chy thng phi chu ma st
kh v ti hn, vng di ma st ti hn v ma st t.
- Mi trng: sn vt chy cha cc cht n mn
nh: CO
2
, NO, SO
2
...kt hp vi nc to thnh cc
axit.
- Chu ti trng ln v thay i theo chu k.


Ma st gia sc mng
v xi lanh ph thuc vo lc
p ca sc mng ln xi lanh:

p
kt
k
i
p
kt
P
xi
= P
x
+ k P
i. kt
P
xi
-lc ca sc mng
th i tc dng ln xi lanh
P
x
-lc bung hng
knh ca sc mng
P
kt
-lc kh th

k
1
= 0,7 4 0,8


k
2
= 0,1 4 0,15 Hinh 1.12. p lc sc mng tc
dng ln xi lanh
Hnh1.13. Phng ca lc
ngang tc dng ln xi lanh
k
3
= 0,05 4 0,08





13
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
Piston p ln xi
lanh theo phng vung
gc b cht v 2 pha do
lc ngang N. S bin
thin ca lc ngang N
theo chiu cao ca xi
lanh v theo gc quay
ca trc khuu c
biu din nh hnh 1.14.

Vn tc trt do tip xc gia sc mng v thn piston thay i ln. Hao mn
ca xi lanh t l thun vi lc, vn tc trt, nhit . l hao mn c qui lut.
1.3.1.2. Hao mn xy lanh theo phng dc trc

1.3.1.3. Hao mn theo phng hng knh
Theo phng lc ngang N xi lanh b mn nhiu nht dc theo chiu trc.
1.3.1.4. Hao mn khng theo qui lut
Trong vng nhiu bi, khong gia xi lanh mn
nhiu do bi (ht mi t l vi vn tc trt). Bi cng
nhiu qui lut mn cng tng v pha di.
- Mn nhiu theo phng vung gc lc ngang N th
l do l piston b nghing.
- i vi ng c xng: vng i din xupp np
thng mn nhiu, l do l kh np ra sch mng du bi
trn hoc do ngng t sn phm gy mn.
p
v
t
Dng mn
Hnh 1.15. Dng mn hng trc ca xi lanh
p_p sut
v_Vn tc
t_nhit
0
180
360
180
360
540
720
540
Hnh 1.14. p sut(do N) tc dng ln thnh xi lanh theo cc

Hnh 1.16. Dng hao mn
hng knh ca xi lanh
N
N


14
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
1.3.2. Hao mn trc khuu
1.3.2.1. iu kin lm vic
- Trc khuu lm vic trong iu kin bi trn ma st t, nhng c khi ma st
kh hoc ti hn (lc khi ng hoc tt my, tng gim t ngt vn tc gc, khi khe
h trc bc ln).
- Chu nhit t 150250
0
C, do nhit truyn t bung chy qua piston thanh
truyn hoc do bn thn ma st gia trc v bc
- Chu ma st ln.
- Ti trng bin thin, c tnh cht va p v phn b khng u.
- Vn tc trt kh ln: 5 10m/s.
- Chu mi mn: do lc du khng sch hoc do cc ht mi.
1.3.2.2. Hao mn trc khuu c qui lut
Hao mn, h hng bnh thng do qui lut lm vic ca trc khuu.
Theo th hnh 1.17 vng trn s ln tc dng t,
vng di tc dng nhiu. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc
c trc ca trc khuu nhiu xi lanh chu ph ti khng u.
ng c xng lng hao mn khc ng c diesel,
nhng nh tnh nh nhau.
ng c 1 xi lanh mn c chnh bng 1/2 lng mn
c bin.
ng c nhiu xi lanh c gia thng mn nhiu hn.
Tip xc trc bc, nu c ht mi th ht mi ng li
gy hao mn gia nhiu hn.


Gi s hao mn t l thun vi lc tc dng (p lc) v thi gian (s ln) tc
dng ca n th qui lut hao mn ca cht khuu v c trc chnh ca ng c xng
khc ng c diesel. S d vy, l v th ph ti tc dng ln cht khuu ca hai loi
ng c ny l khc nhau:
- ng c xng cao tc: phn u to lc qun tnh ln v tc dng nhiu ln,
phn ui mc d c tr s ln hn, nhng ch mt ln tc dng. Do , cht khuu
mn pha di nhiu hn v c trc chnh mn pha trn nhiu hn.
- ng c diesel vn tc gc khng ln lm nhng p sut ln, nn th lc
tc dng ln cht khuu c u nh ui to. iu b tr vi s ln tc dng lc. Do
cht khuu v c trc chnh mn u hn
1.3.2.3. Hao mn trc khuu khng c qui lut
Hao mn, h hng khng bnh thng, do cc dng kt cu c bit ca trc khuu.

Z
T
Hnh 1.17. th lc tc
dng ln cht khuu


15
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Dng hao mn

Hnh 1.18. Hao mn trc khuu khng qui lut
Dng hao mn

- Do thanh truyn ch to lch tm nn phn b lc khng u (dng hnh thang). Do
, hao mn khng u.
- Khoan l du khng hp l: do qun tnh ly tm m cc cn du bm vo
thnh v em sang pha tri (hnh 1.18). V vy, pha tri cht khuu mn nhiu hn
pha phi.
1.3.2.4.Hng do mi
Xut hin cc vt nt t vi ni tp trung ng sut: gc ln, cnh sc l
du...Di tc dng ca ti trng bin thin v i chiu m cc vt nt t vi dn pht
trin ln ln n lc lm gy trc, vt gy phng. Thng xy ra i vi cc trc
khuu:
- C kt cu khng hp l: = 0 (khng c trng ip). V d: ng c D6-
3D12 (gy 4050%).
- C qu trnh gia cng sa cha khng ng: khng c gc ln hoc gc ln
khng ng, khng lm cn cc cnh sc ca l du.
- Ch s dng khng tt: thay i ti t ngt.
- Lp rp khng tt: cc c trc khng ng tm gy ti trng ph trong qu
trnh s dng.
1.3.3. Hao mn sc mng
1.3.3.1. iu kin lm vic
- Chu nhit cao: trong qu trnh lm vic, sc mng trc tip tip xc vi
kh chy, do piston truyn nhit cho xi lanh qua sc mng v do ma st vi vch xi
lanh nn sc mng c nhit cao, nht l sc mng th nht. Khi sc mng kh b h,
khng kht vi xi lanh, kh chy thi qua ch b h lm cho nhit cc b vng ny
tng ln rt cao, c th lm chy sc mng v piston. Nhit ca sc mng kh th
nht 623673K, cc sc mng kh khc 473523K, sc mng du 373423K. Do nhit
cao, sc bn c hc b gim st, sc mng d b mt n hi, du nhn d b chy
thnh keo bm trn sc mng v xilanh, lm xu thm iu kin lm vic, thm ch
lm b sc mng.
- Chu lc va p ln: khi lm vic, lc kh th v lc qun tnh tc dng ln sc
mng, cc lc ny c gi tr rt ln, lun thay i v tr s v chiu tc dng nn gy ra
va p mnh gia sc mng v rnh sc mng.
- Chu mi mn: khi lm vic, sc mng ma st vi vch xi lanh rt ln. Cng
ma st ca sc mng chim n 5060% ton b cng tn tht c gii ca ng c t


16
Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
trong. Sc mng s d ma st ln v mi mn nhiu (nht l sc mng kh th nht) l
do p sut tip xc ca sc mng tc dng ln vch xi lanh ln, tc trt ln m bi
trn li rt km, b n mn ho hc v mi mn bi cc tp cht sinh ra trong qu trnh
chy hoc c ln trong kh np v trong du nhn.
1.3.3.2. Hao mn sc mng


- Sc mng hao mn phn ming v phn lng l nhiu nht, hnh 1.19. i
vi sc mng t my ko khi khe h ming = 1,5 2mm th loi b.
- Mn theo chiu cao ch yu mn cc gc.
Khi mn nhiu lc bung gim kim tra nh hnh 1.20.
Th b dy sc mng: ln trong rnh sc mng khng o l c.

P = 3 5 kg
Hnh 1.20. Kim tra lc
bung ca sc mng
Mn
Mn lng
Mn
Hnh 1.19. Hao mn sec mng


17