PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG

1. Ni dung nh lut bo ton khi lng:

- Trong phn ng ha hc, khi lng nguyn t lun c bo ton.
2. Nguyn tc p dng :
- Trong phn ng ha hc, tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng lun bng tng khi
lng cc sn phm to thnh.
- Tng khi lng cc cht em phn lun bng tng khi lng cc cht thu c.
- Tng khi lng cc cht tan trong dung dung dch bng tng khi lng ca cc ion.
- Tng khi lng dung dch sau phn ng bng tng khi lng ca dung dch trc phn
ng cng khi lng cht tan vo dung dch tr i khi lng cht kt ta, cht bay hi.
3. Cc v d minh ha :
V d 1: Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 6,0 gam Fe 2O3 ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit
nhm. Sau phn ng ta thu c m gam hn hp cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,24 gam.
B. 9,40 gam.
C. 10,20 gam.
D. 11,40 gam.
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng :
m hh sau = m hh trc = 5,4 + 6,0 = 11,4 gam p n C.
V d 2: Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl 2. Sau
phn ng thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m gam mui
clorua. Vy m c gi tr l A. 2,66 gam.
B. 22,6 gam.
C. 26,6 gam.
D.
6,26 gam.
Hng dn gii
nBaCl 2 = nBaCO3 = 0,2 (mol)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: m hn hp + mBaCl 2 = m kt ta + m
m = 24,4 + 0,2.208 39,4 = 26,6 gam p n C.
V d 3: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi ho tr (I)
v
mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) trong dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng thu c 4,48 lt
kh
(ktc). em c cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 13 gam.
B. 15 gam.
C. 26 gam.
D. 30 gam.
Hng dn gii
M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O
R2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl2 + CO2 + H2O
4,88
n CO2 =
= 0,2 mol
22,4
Tng nHCl = 0,4 mol v n H 2O = 0,2 mol.

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:

23,8 + 0,436,5 = mmui + 0,244 + 0,218
mmui = 26 gam p n C.
V d 4: Cho 2,81 gam hn hp A gm 3 oxit Fe 2O3, MgO, ZnO tan va trong 300 ml dung
dch H2SO4 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, khi lng hn hp cc mui sunfat khan
to ra l
A. 3,81 gam.
B. 4,81 gam.
C. 5,21 gam.
D. 4,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
moxit + mH2SO4 = mmui + mH 2O
mmui = moxit + mH SO mH2O
2

Trong : nH2O = nH2SO4 = 0,3.0,1 = 0,03(mol)

mmui = 2,81+ 0.03.98 0,03.18 = 5,21gam p n C.

V d 5: Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HCl d thy to ra

2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Khi lng
mui khan thu c l A. 1,71 gam.
B. 17,1 gam.
C. 3,42 gam.
D.
34,2 gam.
Hng dn gii
Theo phng trnh in li

nCl = nH+ = 2nH2 = 2

2,24
= 0,2 (mol)
22,4

mmui = mkim loi + mCl = 10 + 0,2.35,5 = 17,1 gam. p n B.

V d 6: Ha tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp Mg v Fe vo dung dch axit HCl d thy c 11,2
lt kh thot ra (ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X th khi lng mui khan thu c
l
A. 35,5 gam.
B. 45,5 gam.
C. 55,5 gam.
D. 65,5 gam.
Hng dn gii
11,2
nH 2 =
= 0,5 (mol) nHCl = 2nH2 = 0,5.2 = 1 mol
22,4
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: mkim loi + mHCl = mmui + mHiro
mmui = mkim loi + mHCl mHiro = 20 + 1.36,5 2.0,5 = 55,5 gam
Cch 2: mmui = mkim loi + mCl = 20 + 1.35,5 = 55,5 gam

p n A.

V d 7: Ho tan ht 38,60 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi M trong dung dch HCl d thy
thot ra 14,56 lt H2 (ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui clorua khan thu c l
A. 48,75 gam.
B. 84,75 gam.
C. 74,85 gam.
D. 78,45 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c: mmui = mkim loi + mCl

Trong : nCl = nHCl = 2nH2 = 2

mmui = 38,6 + 1,3.35,5 = 84,75 (g).

14,46
= 1,3 mol
22,4
p n B.

V d 8: Ha tan 10,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu
c 7,84 lt kh A (ktc) v 1,54 gam cht rn B v dung dch C. C cn dung dch C thu
c m gam mui, m c gi tr l:
A. 33,45.
B. 33,25.
C. 32,99.
D. 35,58.
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m = m(Al + Mg) + mCl = (10,14 1,54) + 0,7.35,5 = 6,6 + 24,85 = 33,45 gam p n A.
V d 9: Cho 0,52 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Fe tan hon ton trong dung dch H 2SO4
long, d thy c 0,336 lt kh thot ra (ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c
l
A. 2 gam
B. 2,4 gam
C. 3,92 gam
D. 1,96 gam
Hng dn gii
Ta c mui thu c gm MgSO4 v Al2(SO4)3.
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:

m mui = mkim

loi

+ mSO24 . Trong :

0,336
= 0,015(mol)
4
22,4
mmui = 0,52 + 0,015.96 = 1,96 gam p n D.

nSO2 = nH2 =

V d 10: Cho 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Cu tc dng va vi dung dch HNO 3 63%.
Sau
phn ng thu c dung dch A v 11,2 lt kh NO2 duy nht (ktc). Tnh nng % cc cht
c
trong dung dch A.
A. 36,66% v 28,48%.
B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%.
D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
n NO2 = 0,5 mol n HNO3 = 2n NO2 = 1 mol.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
m d2 mui = m h2 k.lo i + m d 2 HNO m NO2
3

1 63 100
46 0,5 = 89 gam.
63
t nFe = x mol, nCu = y mol ta c:
= 12 +

56x + 64y = 12
x = 0,1

3x + 2y = 0,5
y = 0,1
0,1 242 100
= 27,19%
%m Fe( NO3 )3 =
89
0,1 188 100
%m Cu ( NO3 )2 =
= 21,12%. p n B.
89
V d 11: Chia 1,24 gam hn hp hai kim loi c ha tr khng i thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: b oxi ha hon ton thu c 0,78 gam hn hp oxit. Phn 2: tan hon ton trong
dung dch H2SO4 long thu c V lt H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c m gam mui
khan.
1. Gi tr ca V l A. 2,24 lt. B. 0,112 lt.
C. 5,6 lt.
D. 0,224 lt.
2. Gi tr ca m l A. 1,58 gam. B. 15,8 gam.
C. 2,54 gam.
D.
gam.
Hng dn gii
1. Ta nhn thy, khi kim loi tc dng vi oxi v H2SO4, s mol O2 bng SO42, hay:

25,4

nO2 = nSO2 = nH2

4

Trong
mO = moxit mkim loi = 0,78
nH2 = nO2 =

1,24
= 0,16 gam
2

0,16
= 0,01 mol. VH2 = 0,01.22,4 = 0,224 lt
16

1,24
2. mmui = mkim loi + mSO24 =
+ 0,01.96 = 1,58 gam
2

p n D.
p n A.

V d 12: Cho tan hon ton 8,0 gam hn hp X gm FeS v FeS 2 trong 290 ml dung dch
HNO3, thu c kh NO v dung dch Y. tc dng ht vi cc cht trong dung dch Y, cn
250 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1 M. Kt ta to thnh em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng
khng i c 32,03 gam cht rn Z.
a. Khi lng mi cht trong X l
A. 3,6 gam FeS v 4,4 gam FeS2
B. 4,4 gam FeS v 3,6 gam FeS2
C. 2,2 gam FeS v 5,8 gam FeS2
D. 4,6 gam FeS v 3,4 gam FeS2
b. Th tch kh NO (ktc) thu c l
A. 1,12 lt.
B. 2,24 lt.
C. 3,36 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
c. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 dng l
A. 1 M.
B. 1,5 M.
C. 2 M.
D. 0,5 M.
Hng dn gii
a. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng i vi nguyn t Fe v S
Ta c : x mol FeS v y mol FeS 0,5(x+y) mol Fe2O3 v (x+2y) mol BaSO4

88x + 120y = 8
88x + 120y = 8

160.0,5(x + y) + 233(x + 2y) = 32,03 313x + 546y = 23,03

Gii h c x = 0,05 v y = 0,03
Khi lng ca FeS = 88.x = 88.0,05 = 4,4 gam
Khi lng ca FeS2: 8 4,4 = 3,6 gam.
p n B.
b. p dng nh lut bo ton electron
FeS

Fe+3 + S+6 + 9e
mol: 0,05
0,45
+3
FeS2 + 15e Fe + 2S+6 + 15e
mol: 0,03
0,45
+5
+2
N + 3e N
mol:
3a
a
3a = 0,45 + 0,45 , a = 0,3 mol. VNO = 0,3.22,4 = 6,72 lt
p n D.
c. nFe3+ = x + y = 0,08 mol.
lm kt ta ht lng Fe3+ cn 0,24 mol OH hay 0,12 mol Ba(OH)2
Kt ta (x + 2y) = 0,11 mol SO42 cn 0,11 mol Ba2+ hay 0,11 mol Ba(OH)2
S mol Ba(OH)2 dng = 0,12 + 0,11 = 0,23 < 0,25
Cn: 0,25 0,23 = 0,02 mol Ba(OH)2 trung ho vi 0,04 mol HNO3 d

nHNO3 (p ) = nNO + nNO + nHNO3 (d ) = 0,08.3 + 0,3 + 0,04 = 0,58 (mol)

3

CM (HNO3 )

0,58
=
= 2M
0,29

p n C.

V d 13: Kh hon ton 32 gam hn hp CuO v Fe 2O3 bng kh H2 thy to ra 9 gam H2O.
Khi lng hn hp kim loi thu c l
A. 12 gam.
B. 16 gam.
C. 24 gam.
D. 26 gam.
Hng dn gii
V H2 ly oxi ca oxit kim loi H2O
Ta c: nO (trong oxit) = nH2O =

9
= 0,5 (mol)
18

mO = 0,5.16 = 8 gam mkim loi = 32 8 = 24 gam.

p n C.

V d 14: Thi 8,96 lt CO (ktc) qua 16 gam Fe xOy nung nng. Dn ton b lng kh sau
phn ng qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy to ra 30 gam kt ta. Khi lng st thu c l
A. 9,2 gam.
B. 6,4 gam.
C. 9,6 gam.
D. 11,2 gam.
Hng dn gii
FexOy + yCO xFe + yCO2
1
y
x
y
8,96
nCO =
= 0,4 (mol)
22,4

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

nCO2 = nCaCO3 =

30
= 0,3(mol)
100

nCO > nCO2 CO d v FexOy ht

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:

mFexOy + mCO = mFe + mCO2

16 + 28.0,3 = mFe + 0,3.44 mFe = 11,2 (gam)

Hoc: mFe = mFex Oy mO = 16 0,3.16 = 11,2 (gam) p n D.

V d 15: Thi mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm CuO, Fe 2O3, FeO,
Al2O3 nung nng thu c 2,5 gam cht rn. Ton b kh thot ra sc vo nc vi trong d
thy c 15 gam kt ta trng. Khi lng ca hn hp oxit kim loi ban u l
A. 7,4 gam.
B. 4,9 gam.
C. 9,8 gam.
D. 23 gam.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh ho hc:
0

t
MxOy + yCO
xM + yCO2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

Ta c: moxit = mkim loi + moxi

Trong : nO = nCO = nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,15(mol)
moxit = 2,5 + 0,15.16 = 4,9 gam
p n B.
V d 16: Thi mt lung kh CO d i qua ng ng hn hp 2 oxit Fe3O4 v CuO nung nng
n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra c a
vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy c 5 gam kt ta trng. Khi lng hn hp 2 oxit
kim loi ban u l
A. 3,12 gam.
B. 3,21 gam.
C. 4 gam.
D. 4,2 gam.
Hng dn gii
t0
Fe3O4 + 4CO
3Fe + 4CO2
0

t
CuO + CO
Cu + CO2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
CO ly oxi trong oxit CO2

nO (trong oxit) = nCO = nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,05 mol

moxit = mkim loi + moxi trong oxit = 2,32 + 0,05.16 = 3,12 gam

p n A.

V d 17: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO v Fe 2O3. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam

hn

hp X nung nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 64 gam cht rn A trong ng s v
11,2 lt
kh B (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 20,4. Tnh gi tr m.
A. 105,6 gam.
B. 35,2 gam.
C. 70,4 gam.
D. 140,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng kh st oxit c th c:
to
3Fe2O3 + CO
(1)
2Fe3O4 + CO2
o
t
Fe3O4 + CO
(2)
3FeO + CO2
to
FeO + CO
(3)
Fe + CO2
Nh vy cht rn A c th gm 3 cht Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4 hoc t hn, iu khng quan
trng v vic cn bng cc phng trnh trn cng khng cn thit, quan trng l s mol CO
phn ng bao gi cng bng s mol CO2 to thnh.
11,2
nB =
= 0,5 mol.
22,5
Gi x l s mol ca CO2 ta c phng trnh v khi lng ca B:
44x + 28(0,5 x) = 0,5 20,4 2 = 20,4
nhn c x = 0,4 mol v cng chnh l s mol CO tham gia phn ng.
Theo LBTKL ta c:
mX + mCO = mA + mCO2
m = 64 + 0,4 44 0,4 28 = 70,4 gam
p n C
V d 18: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe 2O3 t
nng.
Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s cho
hp
th vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th thu c 9,062 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng Fe 2O3
trong
hn hp A lA. 86,96%.
B. 16,04%.
C. 13,04%.
D. 6,01%.
Hng dn gii
0,04 mol hn hp A (FeO v Fe2O3) + CO 4,784 gam hn hp B + CO2.
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 d BaCO3 + H2O
n CO2 = n BaCO3 = 0,046 mol
v n CO ( p. ) = n CO2 = 0,046 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
mA + mCO = mB + mCO2
mA = 4,784 + 0,04644 0,04628 = 5,52 gam.
t nFeO = x mol, n Fe2O 3 = y mol trong hn hp B ta c:
x + y = 0,04
x = 0,01 mol

72x + 160y = 5,52

y = 0,03 mol

0,01 72 101
= 13,04%
5,52
%Fe2O3 = 86,96%
p n A
%mFeO =

V d 19: Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm vi 9,66 gam hn hp X gm Fe xOy v nhm, thu
c hn hp rn Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c dung dch D, 0,672 lt
kh (ktc) v cht khng tan Z. Sc CO 2 n d vo dung dch D lc kt ta v nung n khi
lng khng i c 5,1 gam cht rn.
a. Khi lng ca FexOy v Al trong X ln lt l
A. 6,96 gam v 2,7gam.
B. 5,04 gam v 4,62 gam.
C. 2,52 gam v 7,14 gam.
D. 4,26 gam v 5,4 gam.
b. Cng thc ca oxit st l
A. FeO.
B. Fe2O3.
C. Fe3O4.
D. Khng xc nh.
Hng dn gii
a.
2yAl + 3FexOy yAl2O3 + 3xFe
(1)
Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 + 3/2H2
(2)

0,02
0,02 0,03
NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
(3)
0
t
2Al(OH)3
(4)
Al2O3 + 3H2O
Nhn xt: Tt c lng Al ban u u chuyn ht v Al2O3 (4). Do
5,1
nAl (ban u) = 2 nAl 2O3 = 2
=0,1 mol mAl = 0,1.27 = 2,7 gam
102
mFexOy = 9,66 2,7 = 6,96 gam
p n A.
b. nAl (ban u) = 2 nAl 2O3 = 2

5,1
=0,1 (mol) mAl = 0,1.27 = 2,7 gam
102

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng nguyn t oxi, ta c:

nO(trong Fex Oy ) = nO(trong Al 2O3 ) = 1,5.0,08 = 0,12 mol

6,96 0,12.16
= 0,09 (mol)
56
nFe : nO = 0,09 : 0,12 = 3 : 4. CTPT l Fe3O4
nFe =

p n C.

V d 20: Hn hp A gm KClO3, Ca(ClO2)2, Ca(ClO3)2, CaCl2 v KCl nng 83,68 gam. Nhit
phn hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl 2, KCl v 17,472 lt kh ( ktc). Cho cht
rn B
tc dng vi 360 ml dung dch K2CO3 0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D.
Lng
KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp 22/3 ln lng KCl c trong A. % khi lng KClO 3 c
trong Al
A. 47,83%.
B. 56,72%.
C. 54,67%.
D. 58,55%.
Hng dn gii

n O2

to
KClO

to

Ca(ClO3 )2

o
t
83,68 gam A Ca(ClO2 )2

CaCl
2

KCl ( A )

= 0,78 mol.

KCl +

3
O2
2

(1)

CaCl 2 + 3O 2

(2)

CaCl 2 + 2O 2

(3)

CaCl2
KCl ( A )
123
h2 B

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:

mA = mB + m O2
mB = 83,68 320,78 = 58,72 gam.
Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 0,18 mol K2CO3
CaCl2 + K 2CO 3
CaCO3 + 2KCl (4)

0,36 mol hn hp D
Hn hp B 0,18 0,18
KCl

KCl ( B)
( B)

m KCl ( B) = m B m CaCl2 ( B)

= 58,72 0,18 111 = 38,74 gam

m KCl ( D ) = m KCl ( B) + m KCl ( pt 4)

= 38,74 + 0,36 74,5 = 65,56 gam

3
3
m KCl ( D ) =
65,56 = 8,94 gam
m KCl ( A ) =
22
22
m KCl pt (1) = m KCl (B) m KCl (A) = 38,74 8,94 = 29,8 gam.
Theo phn ng (1):
29,8
m KClO3 =
122,5 = 49 gam.
74,5
49 100
%m KClO3 ( A ) =
= 58,55%. p n D
83,68
V d 21: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O 2 (ktc)
thu
c CO2 v hi nc theo t l th tch 4:3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t
khi ca
A so vi khng kh nh hn 7.
A. C8H12O5.
B. C4H8O2.
C. C8H12O3.
D. C6H12O6.
Hng dn gii

1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O2 4a mol CO2 + 3a mol H2O.

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
m CO2 + m H 2O = 1,88 + 0,085 32 = 46 gam
Ta c:
444a + 183a = 46 a = 0,02 mol.
Trong cht A c:
nC = 4a = 0,08 mol
nH = 3a2 = 0,12 mol
nO = 4a2 + 3a 0,0852 = 0,05 mol
nC : nH : no = 0,08 : 0,12 : 0,05 = 8 : 12 : 5
Vy cng thc ca cht hu c A l C8H12O5 c MA < 203

p n A

V d 22: un 132,8 gam hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H 2SO4 c 140oC thu c hn

hp
cc ete c s mol bng nhau v c khi lng l 111,2 gam. S mol ca mi ete trong hn hp
l
bao nhiu? A. 0,1 mol.
B. 0,15 mol.
C. 0,4 mol.
D. 0,2 mol.
Hng dn gii
Ta bit rng c 3 loi ru tch nc iu kin H 2SO4 c, 140oC th to thnh 6 loi ete v
tch ra 6 phn t H2O.
Theo LBTKL ta c
m H2O = m r u m ete = 132,8 11,2 = 21,6 gam
21,6
= 1,2 mol.
n H 2O =
18
Mt khc c hai phn t ru th to ra mt phn t ete v mt phn t H 2O do s mol
1,2
= 0,2 mol p n D.
H2O lun bng s mol ete, suy ra s mol mi ete l
6
Nhn xt: Chng ta khng cn vit 6 phng trnh phn ng t ru tch nc to thnh
6 ete, cng khng cn tm CTPT ca cc ru v cc ete trn. Nu cc bn xa vo vic vit
phng trnh phn ng v t n s mol cc ete tnh ton th khng nhng khng gii c
m cn tn qu nhiu thi gian.
V d 23: Chia hn hp gm hai anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam H2O.
- Phn 2: Tc dng vi H2 d (Ni, to) th thu c hn hp A. em t chy hon ton th
th tch kh CO2 (ktc) thu c l
A. 1,434 lt.
B. 1,443 lt.
C. 1,344 lt.
D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
Phn 1: V anehit no n chc nn n CO2 = n H2O = 0,06 mol.
n CO2 (phn2) = n C (phn 2) = 0,06 mol.
Theo bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng ta c:
n C (phn2) = n C ( A ) = 0,06 mol.
n CO2 ( A ) = 0,06 mol

 VCO2 = 22,40,06 = 1,344 lt

p n C

V d 24: Cho 0,1 mol este to bi 2 ln axit v ru mt ln ru tc dng hon ton vi

NaOH
thu c 6,4 gam ru v mt lng mi c khi lng nhiu hn lng este l 13,56% (so
vi
lng este). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca este.
A. CH3COO CH3.
B. CH3OCOCOOCH3.
C. CH3COOCOOCH3.
D. CH3COOCH2COOCH3.
Hng dn gii
R(COOR)2 + 2NaOH R(COONa)2 + 2ROH
0,1
0,2

0,1
0,2 mol
6,4
M R OH =
= 32 Ru CH3OH.
0,2
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
meste + mNaOH = mmui + mru
mmui meste = 0,240 64 = 1,6 gam.
13,56
m
mmui meste =
meste
100
1,6 100
= 11,8 gam Meste = 118 vC
meste =
13,56
R + (44 + 15)2 = 118 R = 0.
Vy cng thc cu to ca este l CH3OCOCOOCH3
p n B
V d 25: Thu phn hon ton 11,44 gam hn hp 2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau
bng
dung dch NaOH thu c 11,08 gam hn hp mui v 5,56 gam hn hp ru. Xc nh
cng thc
cu to ca 2 este.
A. HCOOCH3 v C2H5COOCH3.
B. C2H5COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5.
C. HCOOC3H7 v C2H5COOCH3.
D. C B, C u ng.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh tng qut ca hai este n chc ng phn l RCOOR .
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
11,44
11,08
5,56 gam
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
MNaOH = 11,08 + 5,56 11,44 = 5,2 gam
5,2
= 0,13 mol
n NaOH =
40
11,08
= 85,23 R = 18,23
M RCOONa =
0,13

5,56
= 42,77 R = 25,77
0,13
11,44
= 88
M RCOOR =
0,13
CTPT ca este l C4H8O2
Vy cng thc cu to 2 este ng phn l:
HCOOC3H7 v C2H5COOCH3
hoc C2H5COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5
p n D
M R OH =

4. Bi tp p dng :
Cu 16: Kh hon ton 6,64 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 cn dng 2,24 lt CO
(ktc). Khi lng Fe thu c l
A. 5,04 gam.
B. 5,40 gam.
C. 5,05 gam.
D. 5,06 gam.
Cu 17: Cho 3,45 gam hn hp mui natri cacbonat v kali cacbonat tc dng ht vi dung
dch HCl thu c V lt CO2 (ktc) v 3,78 gam mui clorua. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 6,72 lt.
B. 3,36 lt.
C. 0,224 lt.
D. 0,672 lt.
Cu 18: Ha tan hon ton 3,22 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng mt dch H2SO4
long, thu c 1,344 lt hiro ( ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,52.
B. 10,27.
C. 8,98.
D. 7,25.
Cu 19: Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit H2SO4
0,1M (va ). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c
khi lng l A. 6,81 gam.
B. 4,81 gam.
C. 3,81 gam.
D. 5,81
gam.
Cu 20: Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng va dung dch
H2SO4
10%, thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Khi lng dung dch thu c sau phn ng l
A. 97,80 gam.
B. 101,48 gam.
C. 88,20 gam.
D. 101,68 gam.
Cu 21: a. Cho hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu. Ly 9,94 gam X ha tan trong lng d HNO 3
long th thot ra 3,584 lt kh NO (ktc). Tng khi lng mui khan to thnh l:
A. 39,7 gam.
B. 29,7 gam.
C. 39,3 gam.
D. 37,9 gam.
b. Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 d, thu c 1,12 lt
(ktc) hn hp kh NO v NO2 c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Tng khi lng mui nitrat
sinh ra l A. 66,75 gam.
B. 33,35 gam.
C. 6,775 gam.
D.
3,335
gam.
Cu 22: Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B (u c ho tr II) vo
nc c dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung
dch X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 thu c 17,22 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta, thu c
dung dch Y. C cn Y c m gam hn hp mui khan. Gi tr m l
A. 6,36 gam.
B. 6,15 gam.
C. 9,12 gam.
D. 12,3 gam.
Cu 23: Hn hp khi X gm N 2 va H2 co ti khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nong X mt thi
gian trong binh kin (co bt Fe lam xuc tac), thu c hn hp khi Y co ti khi so vi He bng
2. Hiu sut cua phan ng tng hp NH3 la
A. 50%.
B. 36%.
C. 40%.
D. 25%.

Cu 24: Ha tan ht 44,08 gam FexOy bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c dung dch A.
Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A. Kt ta thu c em nung nhit cao cho n
khi lng khng i. Dng H2 kh ht lng oxit to thnh sau khi nung th thu c
31,92 gam cht rn. FexOy l: A. FeO.
B. Fe2O3.
C. Fe3O4.
D. Khng xc nh c.
Cu 25: Cho 9,125 gam mui hirocacbonat phan ng ht vi dung dich H 2SO4 (d), thu
c dung dich cha 7,5 gam mui sunfat trung hoa. Cng thc cua mui hirocacbonat la
A. NaHCO3.
B. Mg(HCO3)2.
C. Ba(HCO3)2.
D. Ca(HCO3)2.
Cu 26: X la hn hp 2 hirocacbon mach h, cung day ng ng. t chay ht 2,8 gam
X cn 6,72 lit O2 (ktc). Hp thu toan b san phm chay vao nc vi trong d c m gam
kt tua. Gi tri m l A. 30 gam.
B. 20 gam.
C. 25 gam.
D.
15 gam.
Cu 27: a. Khi crckinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc
th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 12. Cng
thc phn t ca X l A. C6H14.
B. C3H8.
C. C4H10.
D.
C5H12.
b. Khi crckinh hon ton mt ankan X thu c hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu
kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 14,5. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C6H14.
B. C3H8.
C. C4H10.
D. C5H12.
Cu 28: Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua Ni nung
nng, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho l
A. 20%.
B. 40%.
C. 50%.
D. 25%.
Cu 29: Cho hn hp X gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi heli bng 3,33. Cho X i qua
bt niken nung nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi
heli l 4. CTPT ca X l
A. C2H4.
B. C3H6.
C. C4H8.
D. C5H10.
Cu 30: Hn hp kh X gm H2 v mt anken c kh nng cng HBr cho sn phm hu c
duy nht. T khi ca X so vi H 2 bng 9,1. un nng X c xc tc Ni, sau khi phn ng xy
ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y khng lm mt mu nc brom; t khi ca Y so vi H 2
bng 13. Cng thc cu to ca anken l
A. CH3CH=CHCH3.
B. CH2=CHCH2CH3.
C. CH2=C(CH3)2.
D.
CH2=CH2.
Cu 31: Hn hp X gm hiro v mt hirocacbon. Nung nng 14,56 lt hn hp X (ktc), c
Ni xc tc n khi phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y c khi lng 10,8 gam. Bit t
khi ca Y so vi metan l 2,7 v Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Cng thc
phn t ca hirocacbon l A. C3H6.
B. C4H6.
C.
C3H4.
D. C4H8.
Cu 32: un nong hn hp khi X gm 0,02 mol C 2H2 va 0,03 mol H2 trong mt binh kin (xuc
tac Ni), thu c hn hp khi Y. Cho Y li t t vao binh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thuc cac
phan ng, khi lng binh tng m gam va co 280 ml hn hp khi Z (ktc) thoat ra. Ti khi cua
Z so vi H2 la 10,08. Gia tri cua m la
A. 0,328.
B. 0,205.
C. 0,585.
D. 0,620.
Cu 33: un nng hn hp kh gm 0,06 mol C2H2 v 0,04 mol H2 vi xc tc Ni, sau mt
thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y. Dn ton b hn hp Y li t t qua bnh ng dung dch

brom (d) th cn li 0,448 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi O2 l 0,5. Khi lng

bnh dung dch brom tng l A. 1,04 gam.
B. 1,32 gam.
C. 1,64 gam.
D. 1,20 gam.
Cu 34: Cho 4,96 gam gm CaC2 va Ca tac dung ht vi nc c 2,24 lit (ktc) hn hp
khi X. Dn X qua bt Ni nung nong mt thi gian c hn hp Y. Cho Y qua binh ng
brom d thy thoat ra 0,896 lit (ktc) hn hp Z. Cho t khi ca Z so vi hiro l 4,5. tng
khi lng binh nc brom la A. 0,4 gam.
B. 0,8 gam.
C. 1,2 gam.
D. 0,86 gam.
Cu 35: Hn hp kh X gm 0,3 mol H2 v 0,1 mol vinylaxetilen. Nung X mt thi gian vi
xc tc Ni thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi khng kh l 1. Nu cho ton b Y sc t
t vo dung dch brom (d) th c m gam brom tham gia phn ng. Gi tr ca m l
A. 32,0.
B. 8,0.
C. 3,2.
D. 16,0.
Cu 36: Cho Na tc dng va vi 1,24 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc X, Y, Z thy thot ra
0,336 lt kh H2 (kc). Khi lng mui natri ancolat thu c l
A. 2,4 gam.
B. 1,9 gam.
C. 2,85 gam.
D. khng xc nh
c.
Cu 37: t chay hoan toan m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cung day ng ng, thu
c 3,808 lit khi CO2 (ktc) va 5,4 gam H2O. Gia tri cua m la
A. 4,72.
B. 5,42.
C. 7,42.
D. 5,72.
Cu 38: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng
tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l
A. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH
C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
D. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
Cu 39: Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thu c V
lt kh CO2 (ktc) v a gam H2O. Biu thc lin h gia m, a v V l:
V
V
V
V
A. m = a
.
B. m = 2a
.
C. m = 2a
.
D. m = a +
.
5, 6
11, 2
22, 4
5, 6
Cu 40: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu
c c t khi i vi hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,92.
B. 0,32.
C. 0,64.
D. 0,46.
Cu 41: Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch
AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca hai
axit
hu c. Gi tr ca m l
A. 10,9.
B. 14,3.
C. 10,2.
D. 9,5.
Cu 42: Khi oxi ha hon ton 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng
ng.Cng thc ca anehit l
A. HCHO.
B. C2H3CHO.
C. C2H5CHO.
D. CH3CHO.
Cu 43: Cho hn hp kh X gm HCHO v H 2 i qua ng s ng bt Ni nung nng. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm hai cht hu c. t chy ht Y th thu
c 11,7 gam H2O v 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc). Phn trm theo th tch ca H2 trong X l:
A. 65,00%.
B. 46,15%.
C. 35,00%.
D. 53,85%.

Cu 44: Hiro ho hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k
tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c (m + 1) gam hn hp hai ancol. Mt khc, khi t
chy hon ton cng m gam X th cn va 17,92 lt kh O2 ( ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 10,5.
B. 17,8.
C. 8,8.
D. 24,8.
Cu 45: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600
ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c hn hp cht rn khan
c khi lng l A. 8,64 gam.
B. 6,84 gam.
C. 4,90 gam.
D. 6,80
gam.
Cu 46: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO3 thu c
7,28 gam mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. CH2=CHCOOH.
B. CH3COOH.
C. HCC-COOH.
D. CH3CH2COOH.
Cu 47: Cho 0,1 mol axit hu c X tc dng vi 11,5 gam hn hp Na v K thu c 21,7
gam cht rn v thy thot ra 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. (COOH)2.
B. CH3COOH.
C. CH2(COOH)2.
D. CH2=CHCOOH.
Cu 48: Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung
dch
gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn
khan. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H5COOH.
B. CH3COOH.
C. HCOOH.
D. C3H7COOH.
Cu 49: Cho 16,4 gam hn hp X gm 2 axit cacboxylic la ng ng k tip nhau phan ng
hoan toan vi 200 ml dung dich NaOH 1M va KOH 1M thu c dung dich Y. C can dung
dich Y, thu c 31,1 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng thc cua 2 axit trong X la
A. C2H4O2 va C3H4O2.
B. C2H4O2 va C3H6O2.
C. C3H4O2 va C4H6O2.
D. C3H6O2 va C4H8O2.
Cu 50: Cho 0,1 mol este A vo 50 gam dung dch NaOH 10% un nng n khi este phn
ng hon ton (Cc cht bay hi khng ng k) dung dch thu c c khi lng 58,6 gam.
Chng kh dung dch thu c 10,4 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc ca A
A. HCOOCH2CH=CH2.
B. C2H5COOCH3.
C. CH2=CHCOOCH3.
D. CH3COOCH=CH2.
Cu 51: Hn hp A gm 1 axit no n chc v mt axit khng no n chc c mt lin kt
i gc hirocacbon. Khi cho a gam A tc dng ht vi CaCO3 thot ra 1,12 lt CO2 (ktc).
Hn hp B gm CH3OH v C2H5OH khi cho 7,8 gam B tc dng ht Na thot ra 2,24 lt H2
(ktc). Nu trn a gam A vi 3,9 gam B ri un nng c H2SO4 c xc tc th thu c m
gam este (hiu sut h%). Gi tr m theo a, h l
A. (a +2,1)h%.
B. (a + 7,8) h%.
C. (a + 3,9) h%.
D. (a + 6)h%.
Cu 52: -aminoaxit X cha mt nhm -NH2. Cho 10,3 gam X tc dng vi axit HCl (d),
thu c 13,95 gam mui khan. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. H2NCH2COOH.
B. H2NCH2CH2COOH.
C. CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH.
D. CH3CH(NH2)COOH.
Cu 53: X l mt -amino axit ch cha mt nhm NH2 v mt nhm COOH. Cho 14,5 gam
X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 18,15 gam mui clorua ca X. CTCT ca X c th
l
A. CH3CH(NH2)COOH.
B. H2NCH2CH2COOH.

C. CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH.
D. CH3(CH2)4CH(NH2)COOH.
Cu 54: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C2H7NO2 tc dng
va vi dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z (ktc)
gm hai kh (u lm xanh giy qu m). T khi hi ca Z i vi H2 bng 13,75. C cn
dung dch Y thu c khi lng mui khan l
A.16,5 gam
B. 14,3 gam
C. 8,9 gam
D. 15,7 gam
Cu 55: Hn hp A cha 2 cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C3H9O2N thy phn hon
ton hn hp A bng lng va dung dch NaOH thu c hn hp X gm 2 mui v hn
hp Y gm 2 amin. Bit phn t khi trung bnh X bng 73,6 vc, phn t khi trung bnh Y
c gi tr l
A. 38,4.
B. 36,4.
C. 42,4.
D. 39,4.
Cu 56: X phng ho hon ton 17,24 gam cht bo cn va 0,06 mol NaOH. C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c khi lng x phng l
A. 17,80 gam.
B. 18,24 gam.
C. 16,68 gam.
D. 18,38 gam.
Cu 57: phn ng vi 100 gam cht bo c ch s axit bng 7 phi dng 17,92 gam KOH.
Tnh lng mui thu c ?
A. 98,25gam.
B. 109,813 gam.
C. 108,265 gam.
D. Kt qu khc.