CHUYN V PHNG PHAP NG L C HOC

I.Muc tiu.
1. Ly giai hoc sinh nm vng va phat biu ung cac inh lut Niu-ton.
2. Ly giai hoc sinh vit ung va giai thich ung phng t!inh c ban cua "ng lc hoc Niu-ton.

m
F
a

F a m

3.#ng $n hoc sinh cach %ac inh y u cac lc tac $ung ln m"t vt hay m"t h vt.
.Nu phai %&t m"t h vt thi cn phn bit ngoai lc va ni lc.
!. 'au (hi vit c phng t!inh Niu-ton "i vi vt hoc h vt $i $ang v&c t) hoc sinh cn
chon nhng phng phap thich hp chiu cac phng t!inh v&c t ln cac phng o.
". 'au cung hng $n hoc sinh tim !a cac (t *ua cua bai toan bng cach giai phng t!inh hay
h phng t!inh ai s" thu c.
+. ,"i vi cac chuyn "ng t!on u cn hng $n cho hoc sinh cach %ac inh lc hng tm.
II. N#i $u%& '()*%& '(+' ,#%& -)c (.c.
-hng phap "ng lc hoc la phng phap (hao sat chuyn "ng c cua cac vt $a t!n
c s cac inh lut Niu-ton. -hng phap "ng lc hoc bao g"m cac bc c ban sau .
/. 0ac inh y u cac lc tac $ung ln vt hoc h vt. 1i m"i lc %ac inh cn chi !o
im t) phng) chiu) " ln.
2. 3ac lc tac $ung ln vt thng la .
- 3ac lc tac $ung $o cac t!ng lc gy !a nh t!ng hp $n) in t!ng) t
t!ng4
- 3ac lc tac $ung $o lin (t gia cac vt. Lc cng) lc an h"i4
- 3ac lc tac $ung (hi vt chuyn "ng t!n m"t mt. Lc ma sat) phan lc phap
tuyn4
5. 3hon h t!uc toa " lam h *uy chiu (hao sat chuyn "ng.
,a s" cac bai toan (hao sat chuyn "ng cua vt t!n m"t ng thng hoc t!ong m"t
mt phng %ac inh. 6hi o ta chon h t!uc toa " co m"t t!uc song song vi chuyn "ng
cua vt hoc t!ong mt phng chuyn "ng cua vt7 cung nn chon m"t t!uc toa " song
song vi nhiu lc tac $ung.
8. 9c c ban tip th&o la vit phng t!inh Niu-ton cho vt hoc h vt :$ang v&c t;.
1t

/
F a m

:t"ng cac lc tac $ung ln vt;

# vt .

'

2 2 2
/ / /
F a m
F a m

<. =ip th&o la chiu cac phng t!inh v&c t t!n ln cac t!uc toa " a chon.
>. 6hao sat cac phng t!inh chuyn "ng th&o tng phng cua tng t!uc toa ".
Lu y. ,"i vi m"t h nhiu vt ngi ta phn bit.
a; N"i lc la nhng lc tng tac gia cac vt t!ong h
b; Ngoai lc la cac lc $o cac vt bn ngoai h tac $ung ln cac vt t!ong h
III. C/C 01NG 23I 45P C 26N.
07%& 1 . 28i t.9% 9' $:%& ,;%( -u<t II N=>t.%
Bi 1 . ?@t vAt nhB (hCi lDng m chuyEn @ng th&o t!Fc G% :t!n m@t mHt ngang;)
$Ii tJc $Fng cKa lLc
F

nMm ngang cN @ lIn (h"ng Oi. 0Jc Pnh gia tCc chuyEn @ng cKa vAt
t!ong hai t!Qng hDp .
a; 6h"ng cN ma sJt.
b; #R sC ma sJt t!Dt t!n mHt ngang bMng
t

Gii
3Jc lLc tJc $Fng ln vAt. LLc (So F

)
lLc ma sJt
ms
F

) t!Tng lLc
P

) phUn lLc N

3hTn hR t!Fc tTa @. G% nMm ngang) Gy

thVng Wng hIng ln t!n.
-hng t!Xnh Pnh luAt YY Niu-tn $Ii
$Zng vSc t.
F

[
ms
F

[
P

[ N

\ m. a

:/;
3hi]u :/; ln t!Fc G%.
^ _ ^
ms
\ ma :2;

3hi]u :/; ln t!Fc Gy.
-- [ N \ ` :5;
N \ - va ^
ms
\
t

.N
1Ay.
[gia tCc a cKa vAt (hi cN ma sJt la.

m
g m F
m
F F
a
t ms
. .

[gia tCc a cKa vAt (hi (h"ng cN ma sJt la.

m
F
a
Bi 2. ?@t vAt nhB (hCi lDng m chuyEn @ng th&o t!Fc G% t!n mHt phVng nMm ngang $Ii tJc
$Fng cKa lLc (So
F

th&o hIng hDp vIi G% gNc ` > . #R sC ma sJt t!Dt t!n mHt ngang bMng
t

.0Jc Pnh gia tCc chuyEn @ng cKa vAt.

Gii
3Jc lLc tJc $Fng ln vAt.
LLc (So
2 /
F F F

+ )lLc ma sJt
ms
F

)
t!Tng lLc
P

) phUn lLc N

3hTn hR t!Fc tTa @. G% nMm ngang) Gy

thVng Wng hIng ln t!n.
-hng t!Xnh Pnh luAt YY Niu-tn $Ii
$Zng vSc t.
F

[
ms
F

[
P

[ N

\ m. a

:/;
3hi]u :/; ln G% . ma \ ^
2
- ^
ms

ma \ ^
cos
- ^
ms
:2;
3hi]u :/; ln Gy . ` \ ^
/
[ N _ -

N \ - - ^ sin :5;
=b :2; va :5; ta cN .
ma \ ^
cos
-
t

:mg - ^ sin ;

\ ^:
cos
[
sin
t
; -
mg
t

1Ay .
( ) g
m
F
a
t t
+ sin cos
07%& 2 . 0?%& '()*%& '(9' (@ A<t
- 0Jc Pnh Dc ^
(
) la lLc (So ccng chidu chuyEn @ng : n]u cN lLc
F
%in thX $cng phSp chi]u
E %Jc Pnh thanh phen ti]p tuy]n ^
%
\ ^cos

- 0Jc Pnh Dc ^
c
) la lLc cUn ngDc chidu chuyEn @ng
P

ms
F

G
y
%
N

ms
F

G
y
%
P

/
F

2
F

- fia tCc cKa hR . a \

m
F F
c k
7 k
F
tOng cJc lLc (So ) c
F
tOng cJc lLc cUn )

m
(hCi lDng cJc vAt t!ong hR.
g Lu h ./. =Xm gia tCc a tb cJc $i (iRn @ng hTc
2. ,E tXm n@i lLc ) vAn $Fng a \
m
F F
c k

7 ^
(
tOng cJc lLc (So tJc $Fng ln vAt ) ^
c
tOng
cJc lLc cUn tJc $Fng ln vAt
5. 6hi hR cN !jng !Tc . eu $y lukn *ua !jng !Tc @ng i oZn Qng s thX t!Fc !jng !Tc
i oZn Qng sl2) @ lIn cJc vAn tCc va gia tCc cmng th&o tn lR N.
8. N]u hR cN 2 vAt Ht ln nhau) (hi cN ma sJt t!Dt thX (hUo sJt chuyEn @ng cKa tbng vAt
: von $cng c"ng thWc a \
m
F F
c k

;
<. N]u hR cN 2 vAt Ht ln nhau) (hi cN ma sJt nghn thX hR cN thE %&m la / vAt
Bi 1 : #ai vAt p va 9 cN thE t!Dt t!n mHt ban nMm ngang va Dc nCi vIi nhau bMng $y (h"ng
$on) (hCi lDng (h"ng Jng (E. 6hCi lDng 2 vAt la m
p
\ 2(g) m
9
\ /(g) ta tJc $Fng vao vAt p
m@t lLc ^ \ qN th&o phng song song vIi mHt ban. #R sC ma sJt giia hai vAt vIi mHt ban la m \
`)2. Lry g \ /`mls
2
. #sy ttnh gia tCc chuyEn @ng.
28i &iBiC

,Ci vIi vAt p ta cN.


+ + + +
1 1 ms 1 1 1 1
a m F T F N P
3hi]u %uCng G% ta cN. ^ =
/
^
/ms
\ m
/
a
/
3hi]u %uCng Gy ta Dc. m
/
g [ N
/
\ `
1Ii ^
/ms
\ (N
/

\ (m
/
g

^ =
/
( m
/
g \ m
/
a
/
:/;
g ,Ci vIi vAt 9.


+ + + +
2 2 ms 2 2 2 2
a m F T F N P
3hi]u %uCng G% ta cN. =
2
^
2ms
\ m
2
a
2
3hi]u %uCng Gy ta Dc. m
2
g [ N
2
\ `
1Ii ^
2ms

\ ( N
2

\ ( m
2
g

=
2
( m
2
g \ m
2
a
2
:2;

1X =
/

\ =
2
\ = va a
/
\ a
2
\ a nn.
^ - = ( m
/
g \ m
/
a :5;
= ( m
2
g \ m
2
a :8;
3@ng :5; va :8; ta Dc ^ (:m
/
[ m
2
;g \ :m
/
[ m
2
;a
2
2 1
2 1
s / m 1
1 2
10 ). 1 2 ( 2 , 0 9
m m
g ). m m ( F
a
+
+

+
+

Bi 2 .#ai vAt ccng (hCi lDng m \ /(g Dc nCi vIi nhau bMng sDi $y (h"ng $on va (hCi lDng
(h"ng Jng (E. ?@t t!ong 2 vAt chPu tJc @ng cKa lLc (So

F
hDp vIi phng ngang gNc a \ 5`
`
.
#ai vAt cN thE t!Dt t!n mHt ban nMm ngang gNc a \ 5`
`
#R sC ma sJt giia vAt va ban la `)2>u. 9i]t !Mng $y chn chPu Dc lLc cng lIn nhrt la /` N. =tnh
lLc (So lIn nhrt E $y (h"ng Wt. Lry
3
\ /)+52.
28i &iBiC
1At / cN .

+ + + +
1 1 ms 1 1 1 1
a m F T F N P
3hi]u %uCng G% ta cN. ^.cos 5`
`
=
/
^
/ms
\ m
/
a
/
3hi]u %uCng Gy . ^sin 5`
`
-
/
[ N
/
\ `
1a ^
/ms

\ ( N
/
\ (:mg ^sin 5`
`
;

^.cos 5`
`
=
/
(:mg ^sin 5`
`
; \ m
/
a
/
:/;
1At 2.

+ + + +
2 2 ms 2 2 2 2
a m F T F N P
3hi]u %uCng G% ta cN. = ^
2ms

\ m
2
a
2
3hi]u %uCng Gy . -
2
[ N
2
\ `
?a ^
2ms

\ ( N
2
\ (m
2
g
=
2
( m
2
g \ m
2
a
2
#n nia vX m
/
\ m
2

\ m7 =
/
\ =
2
\ = 7 a
/
\ a
2
\ a
^.cos 5`
`
= (:mg ^sin 5`
`
; \ ma :5;
= (mg \ ma :8;
=b :5; va :8;
m
0 0
t
2
) 30 sin 30 (cos T
T
+

20
2
1
268 , 0
2
3
10 . 2
30 sin 30 cos
T 2
F
0 0
m

1Ay ^
ma%
\ 2` N
Bi 3 :#ai vAt p va 9 cN (hCi lDng len lDt la m
p
\ >``g) m
9
\ 8``g Dc nCi vIi nhau bMng sDi
$y nhv (h"ng $sn va vwt *ua !jng !Tc cC Pnh nh hXnh vx. 9B *ua (hCi lDng cKa !jng !Tc va
lLc ma sJt giia $y vIi !jng !Tc. Lry g \ /`mls
2
. =tnh gia tCc chuyEn @ng cKa mCi vAt.

28i &iBiC

6hi thU vAt p sx i %uCng va 9 sx i ln $o m
p
y m
9
va
=
p
\ =
9
\ =
a
p
\ a
9
\ a
,Ci vIi vAt p. m
p
g = \ m
p
.a
,Ci vIi vAt 9. m
9
g [ = \ m
9
.a
g :m
p
m
9
;.g \ :m
p
[ m
9
;.a
2
B A
B A
s / m 2 10 .
400 600
400 600
g .
m m
m m
a *
+

Bi 4: 9a vAt cN ccng (hCi lDng m \ 2``g Dc nCi vIi nhau bMng $y nCi (h"ng $sn nh hXnh
vx. #R sC ma sJt t!Dt gzia vAt va mHt ban la \ `)2. Lry g \ /`mls
2
. =tnh gia tCc (hi hR chuyEn
@ng.

28i &iBiC

3hTn chidu nh hXnh vx. =a cN.


+ + + + + + + + + + a M P T T N P F T T N P F
1 1 2 2 2 ms 2 3 4 3 3 3
{o vAy (hi chi]u ln cJc hR t!Fc ta cN.

'

3 ms 4
2 ms 3 2
1 1
ma F T
ma F T T
ma T mg

1X
a a a a
T T T
T T T
3 2 1
4 3
2 1

'

ma F T
ma F T T
ma T mg
ms

ms

'

ma 3 mg 2 mg
ma 3 F 2 mg
ms
2
s / m 2 10 .
3
2 , 0 . 2 1
g .
3
2 1
a

07%& 3 . MDt '(E%& %&(i%&
g ?Ht phVng nghing (h"ng cN ma sJt) gia tCc cKa chuyEn @ng la a \ gsin

g ?Ht phVng nghing cN ma sJt.
- 1At t!Dt %uCng th&o mHt phVng nghing) gia tCc cKa chuyEn @ng la a \ g:sin

-
cos
;
- 1At t!Dt ln th&o mHt phVng nghing) gia tCc cKa chuyEn @ng la a \ -g:sin

[
cos
;
- 1At nMm yn hoHc chuyEn @ng thVng du . idu (iRn tan

|
t

)
t

la hR sC ma sJt t!Dt
- 1At t!Dt %uCng Dc n]u. mgsin

y ^
msnlma%
\ }
n
mgcos

hay tan

y }
n
Bi 1 : ?@t %& t!Dt (h"ng vAn tCc eu tb nnh mHt phVng nghing gNc \ 5``. #R sC ma sJt
t!Dt la \ `)58>8. 3hidu $ai mHt phVng nghing la l \ /m. lry g \ /`mls
2

va
3
\ /)+52 =tnh gia tCc chuyEn @ng cKa vAt.

28i &iBiC

3Jc lLc tJc $Fng vao vAt.
/; =!Tng lLc

P
2; LLc ma sJt

ms
F
5; -hUn lLc

N
cKa mHt phVng nghing
8; #Dp lLc

+ + a m F N P F
ms
3hi]u ln t!Fc Gy. -co% [ N \ `
N \ mg co% :/;
3hi]u ln t!Fc G% . -sin ^
ms
\ ma%
mgsin N \ ma%

:2;
tb :/; va :2; mgsin mg co% \ ma%
a% \ g:sin co%;
\ /`:/l2 `)58>8.
3
l2; \ 2 mls
2
Bi 2 :3en tJc $Fng ln vAt m t!n mHt phVng nghing gNc m@t lLc ^ bMng bao nhiu E vAt nMm
yn) hR sC ma sJt giia vAt va mHt phVng nghing la ( ) (hi bi]t vAt cN %u hIng t!Dt %uCng.

28i &iBiC

3hTn hR t!Fc G%y nh hXnh vx.
~p $Fng Pnh luAt YY N&tn ta cN .
0 F N P F
ms
+ + +

3hi]u phng t!Xnh ln t!Fc Gy. N -co% ^sin \ `
N \ -co% [ ^ sin
^
ms
\ (N \ (:mgco% [ ^ sin;
3hi]u phng t!Xnh ln t!Fc G% . -sin ^ co% ^
ms
\ `
^ co% \ -sin ^
ms
\ mg sin (mg co% (^ sin
+

+


!tg 1
) ! tg ( mg
sin ! cos
) !co" (sin mg
F
Bi 3 C0&m hR c lin (]t nh hXnh vx
m
/
\ 5(g7 m
2
\ /(g7 hR sC ma sJt giia vAt va mHt phVng nghing la \ `)/ 7 \ 5``7 g \ /` mls
2
=tnh sWc cng cKa $y

28i &iBiC

fiU thi]t m
/
t!Dt %uCng mHt phVng nghing va m
2
i ln) lc N hR lLc cN chidu nh hXnh vx. 1At
chuyEn @ng nhanh $en du nn vIi chidu $ng s chTn) n]u ta ttnh Dc a y ` thX chidu chuyEn
@ng s giU thi]t la ng.
,Ci vIi vAt /.

+ + +
1 1 ms 1 1
a m F T N P
3hi]u hR %Gy ta cN. m
/
gsin = N \ ma
m
/
g co% [ N \ `
g m
/
gsin = m
/
g co% \ ma :/;
,Ci vIi vAt 2.

+
2 2 2 2
a m T P
m
2
g [ = \ m
2
a :2;
3@ng :/; va :2; m
/
gsin m
/
g co% \ :m
/
[ m
2
;a
) s / m ( 6 , 0
4
10 . 1
2
3
3 . 1 , 0
2
1
. 10 . 3
m m
g m cos m sin g m
a
2
2 1
2 1 1

+


1X a y `) vAy chidu chuyEn @ng s chTn la ng
g = \ m
2
:g [ a; \ /:/` [ `)>; \ /`)> N
07%& C 28i t<' AF -Gc ()H%& tIJ
28i 1C?@t ban nMm ngang *uay t!jn du vIi chu ( = \ 2s. =!n ban Ht m@t vAt cJch t!Fc *uay
\ 2)8cm. #R sC ma sJt giia vAt va ban tCi thiEu bMng bao nhiu E vAt (h"ng t!Dt t!n mHt ban.
Lry g \ /` mls
2
va
2
\ /`
28i &iBiC

6hi vAt (h"ng t!Dt thX vAt chPu tJc $Fng cKa 5 lLc.
ng$% F & N , P
ms
=!ong N.
0 N P +
Lc N vAt chuyEn @ng t!jn du nn
ms
F
la lLc hIng tm.

'

) 2 ( mg . F
) 1 ( ' m( F
ms
2
ms
g
' (
g . ' (
2
2

1Ii \ 2l= \ .!a$ls
2) , 0
10
2) , 0 .
2

1Ay
min
\ `)2<
28i 2 C?@t lj %o cN @ cWng 6) chidu $ai tL nhin l
`
) / eu gii cC Pnh p) eu (ia gwn vao *uU
ceu (hCi lDng m cN thE t!Dt (h"ng ma sJt t!n thanh :; nMm ngang. =hanh :; *uay du vIi
vAn tCc gNc %ung *uanh t!Fc :p; thVng Wng. =tnh @ $sn cKa lj %o (hi l
`
\ 2` cm7 \
2` !a$ls7 m \ /` g 7 ( \ 2`` Nlm

28i &iBiC

3Jc lLc tJc $Fng vao *uU ceu
*$
F & N & P
( )
( )
2
o
2
o
2 2
o
2
m( +
, m(
,
, m( m( + ,
, , m( , +

+
vIi ( y m
2
( )
( )
m 0) , 0
20 . 01 , 0 200
2 , 0 . 20 . 01 , 0
,
2
2

28i 3 . 1jng %i]c la m@t vanh t!jn bJn (tnh \ um) nMm t!ong mHt phVng thVng Wng. ?@t ngQi
i %& Zp t!n vjng %i]c nay) (hCi lDng cU %& va ngQi la u` (g. Lry g \ q)umls
2
ttnh lLc Sp cKa
%& ln vjng %i]c tZi iEm cao nhrt vIi vAn tCc tZi iEm nay la v \ /` mls.
28i &iBiC
3Jc lLc tJc $Fng ln %& iEm cao nhrt la
N & P
6hi chi]u ln t!Fc hIng tm ta Dc
N 216 8 , 9
8
10
80 g
'
-
m N
'
m-
N P
2 2
2

,
_

,
_

+
07%& !C LGc ,8% (Ki
g LLc an hki %urt hiRn (hi vAt bP bi]n $Zng ) cN %u hIng chCng lZi nguyn nhn gy !a bi]n
$Zng:$cng E %Jc Pnh bUn chrt cKa lLc;
g 9iEu thWc . ^ \ - (. l ) $ru t!b chn lLc an hki lu"n ngDc vIi chidu bi]n $Zng ) @ lIn ^ \ (.
l
g ,@ $sn cKa lj %o (hi vAt cn bMng t!n mHt phVng nghing gNc

so vIi mHt phVng ngang la .

`
l
\ mgsin

l( 7 (hi t!&o thVng Wng thX sin

\ /
g fhSp lj %o . - fhSp song song . (
s
\ (
/
[ (
2
[4[ (
n
- fhSp nCi ti]p .
n nt
k k k k
/
...
/ / /
2 /
+ + +
g =b / lj %o cwt thanh nhidu phen . (
/
l
/
\ (
2
l
2
\ 4 \ (
n
l
n
\ (
`
l
`
g 3on lwc *uay .
[ =Zo nn mHt nNn cN na gNc nnh la

) (hi

+
ht h
F F P
[ N]u lj %o nMm ngang thX

ht h
F F
.
[ 1An tCc *uay :vjngls; N \
cos 2
/
l
g

[ 1An tCc *uay tCi thiEu E con lwc tJch !Qi (hBi t!Fc *uay N
l
g
2
/

hXnh /
Bi 1 :#ai lj %o. lj %o m@t $ai thm 2 cm (hi t!&o vAt m
/
\ 2(g) lj %o 2 $ai thm 5 cm (hi t!&o
vAt m
2
\ /)<(g. =Xm t sC (
/
l(
2
.
28i &iBiC

6hi gwn vAt lj %o $ai thm oZn l. vP t!t cn bMng

mg , + P F
0


1Ii lj %o /. (
/
l
/
\ m
/
g :/;
1Ii lj %o /. (
2
l
2
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