H THNG X L NC THI

Trong bi ny chng ti mun gii thiu vi cc bn cc trang web ca i Hc Catolica,

B o Nha v x l nc thi. Cc trang web ny trnh by tm tt cc cng on x l
nc thi gia dng v cng nghip, ng thi gii thiu a ch cc trang web ca cc
trng i Hc khc c cha thng tin v lnh vc ny.

Nc thi t cc hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi (sinh hot, cng nghip, nng
nghip) khng cn c thi thng ra mi trng m phi qua x l. Vic x l bao gm
mt chui cc qu trnh l hc, ha hc v sinh hc. Cc qu trnh ny nhm thc y
vic x l, ci thin cht lng nc thi sau x l c th s dng li chng hoc thi
ra mi trng vi cc nh hng nh nht.

Vic x l c tin hnh qua cc cng on sau:
iu lu v trung ha
Keo t, to bng cn v kt ta
Tuyn ni
X l sinh hc hiu kh
Lng
X l cp 3 (Lc, hp ph, trao i ion)
iu lu




iu lu l qu trnh gim thiu hoc kim sot cc bin ng v c tnh ca nc thi
nhm to iu kin ti u cho cc qu trnh x l k tip. Qu trnh iu lu c tin
hnh bng cch tr nc thi li trong mt b ln, sau bm nh lng chng vo cc
b x l k tip.

Qu trnh iu lu c s dng :
iu chnh s bin thin v lu lng ca nc thi theo tng gi trong ngy.
Trnh s bin ng v hm lng cht hu c lm nh hng n hot ng ca
vi khun trong cc b x l sinh hc.
Kim sot pH ca nc thi to iu kin ti u cho cc qu trnh sinh hc,
ha hc sau .

Kh nng cha ca b iu lu cng gp phn gim thiu cc tc ng n mi trng
do lu lng thi c duy tr mt mc n nh.
B iu lu cn l ni c nh cc c cht i vi qu trnh x l sinh hc lm cho hiu
sut ca qu trnh ny tt hn.

Trung ho



Nc thi thng c pH khng thch hp cho cc qu trnh x l sinh hc hoc thi ra
mi trng, do n cn phi c trung ha. C nhiu cch tin hnh qu trnh
trung ha:
Trn ln nc thi c pH acid v nc thi c pH baz. Bng cch trn ln hai
loi nc thi c pH khc nhau, chng ta c th t c mc ch trung ha.
Qu trnh ny i hi b iu lu ln cha nc thi.
Trung ha nc thi acid: ngi ta thng cho nc thi c pH acid chy qua
mt lp vi trung ho; hoc cho dung dch vi vo nc thi, sau vi
c tch ra bng qu trnh lng.
Trung ha nc thi kim: bng cc acid mnh (lu n tnh kinh t). CO2 cng
c th dng trung ha nc thi kim, khi sc CO2 vo nc thi, n to thnh
acid carbonic v trung ha vi nc thi.
KEO T V TO BNG CN




Hai qu trnh ha hc ny kt t cc cht rn l lng v cc ht keo to nn nhng ht c kch
thc ln hn. Nc thi c cha cc ht keo c mang in tch (thng l in tch m). Chnh
in tch ca n ngn cn khng cho n va chm v kt hp li vi nhau lm cho dung dch c
gi trng thi n nh. Vic cho thm vo nc thi mt s ha cht (phn, ferrous chloride...)
lm cho dung dch mt tnh n nh v gia tng s kt hp gia cc ht to thnh nhng bng
cn ln c th loi b bng qu trnh lc hay lng cn.

Cc cht keo t thng c s dng l mui st hay nhm c ha tr 3.

Cc cht to bng cn thng c s dng l cc cht hu c cao phn t nh polyacrilamid.
Vic kt hp s dng cc cht hu c cao phn t vi cc mui v c ci thin ng k kh nng
to bng cn.

KT TA



Kt ta l phng php thng dng nht loi b cc kim loi nng ra khi nc thi. Thng
cc kim loi nng c kt ta di dng hydroxide. Do , hon thnh qu trnh ny ngi ta
thng cho thm cc base vo nc thi cho nc thi t n pH m cc kim loi nng cn
phi loi b c kh nng ha tan thp nht. Thng trc qu trnh kt ta, ngi ta cn loi b cc
cht nhim khc c kh nng lm cn tr qu trnh kt ta. Qu trnh kt ta cng c dng
kh phosphate trong nc thi.

TUYN NI



Qu trnh ny dng loi b cc cht c kh nng ni trn mt nc thi nh du, m, cht rn l
lng. Trong b tuyn ni ngi ta cn kt hp c c v loi b bn.
u tin nc thi, hay mt phn ca nc thi c to p sut vi s hin din ca mt lng
khng kh ln. Khi nc thi ny c tr v p sut t nhin ca kh quyn, n s to nn
nhng bt kh. Cc ht du, m v cc cht rn l lng s kt dnh vi cc bt kh v vi nhau
ni ln trn v b mt thanh gt tch chng ra khi nc thi.

LNG




Qu trnh lng p dng s khc nhau v t trng ca nc, cht rn l lng v cc cht nhim
khc trong nc thi loi chng ra khi nc thi. y l mt phng php quan trng loi
b cc cht rn l lng.

B lng thng c dng ch nht hoc hnh trn.

i vi dng b lng hnh ch nht y b c thit k thanh gt bn theo chiu ngang ca b,
thanh gt ny chuyn ng v pha u vo ca nc thi v gom bn v mt h nh y, sau
bn c thi ra ngoi.

C hai loi b lng hnh trn:
Loi 1 nc thi c a vo b tm ca b v ly ra thnh b
Loi 2 nc thi c a vo thnh b v ly ra tm b.
Loi b lng hnh trn c hiu sut cao hn loi b lng hnh ch nht.

Qu trnh lng cn c th kt hp vi qu trnh to bng cn hay a thm vo mt s ha cht
ci thin r nt hiu sut lng.


X L SINH HC HIU KH




Phn ln cc cht hu c trong nc thi b phn hy bi qu trnh sinh hc. Trong qu trnh x l
sinh hc cc vi sinh vt s s dng oxy phn hy cht hu c v qu trnh sinh trng ca chng
tng nhanh. Ngoi cht hu c (hin din trong nc thi), oxygen (do ta cung cp) qu trnh sinh
hc cn b hn ch bi mt s cht dinh dng khc. Ngoi tr nit v phospho, cc cht khc hin
din trong cht thi vi hm lng cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Nc thi sinh hot cha cc
cht ny vi mt t l thch hp cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Mt s loi nc thi cng nghip
nh nc thi nh my giy c hm lng carbon cao nhng li thiu phospho v nit, do cn
b sung hai ngun ny vi khun hot ng c hiu qu. Nhng yu t khc nh hng n qu
trnh x l sinh hc l nhit , pH v cc c t.

C nhiu thit k khc nhau cho b x l sinh hc hiu kh, nhng loi thng dng nht l b bn
hot tnh, nguyn tc ca b ny l vi khun phn hy cc cht hu c trong nc thi v sau
to thnh cc bng cn ln tin hnh qu trnh lng d dng. Sau cc bng cn c tch
ra khi nc thi bng qu trnh lng c hc. Nh vy mt h thng x l bn hot tnh bao gm:
mt b bn hot tnh v mt b lng.


SC KH




Qu trnh sc kh khng nhng cung cp oxy cho vi khun hot ng phn hy cht hu c, n
cn gip cho vic vic kh st, magnesium, kch thch qu trnh oxy ha ha hc cc cht hu c
kh phn hy bng con ng sinh hc v to lng DO t yu cu thi ra mi trng. C
nhiu cch hon thnh qu trnh sc kh: bng con ng khuch tn kh hoc khuy o.

X L CP 3

Lc: qu trnh lc nhm loi b cc cht rn l lng hoc cc bng cn (t qu trnh keo t hoc
to bng cn), b lc cn nhm mc ch kh bt nc ca bn ly ra t cc b lng. Qu trnh lc
da trn nguyn tc ch yu l khi nc thi i qua mt lp vt liu c l rng, cc cht rn c kch
thc ln hn cc l rng s b gi li. C nhiu loi b lc khc nhau nhng t c loi no s dng
tt cho qu trnh x l nc thi. Hai loi thng s dng trong qu trnh x l nc thi l b lc
ct v trng quay.

Hp ph: qu trnh hp ph thng c dng loi b cc mnh hu c nh trong nc thi
cng nghip (loi ny rt kh loi b bng qu trnh x l sinh hc). Nguyn tc ch yu ca qu
trnh l b mt ca cc cht rn (s dng lm cht hp ph) khi tip xc vi nc thi c kh nng
gi li cc cht ha tan trong nc thi trn b mt ca n do s khc nhau ca sc cng b mt.
Cht hp ph thng c s dng l than hot tnh (dng ht). Ty theo c tnh ca nc thi m
chng ta chn loi than hot tnh tng ng. Qu trnh hp ph c hiu qu trong vic kh COD,
mu phenol... Than hot tnh sau mt thi gian s dng s bo ha v mt kh nng hp ph, chng
ta c th ti sinh chng li bng cc bin php tch cc cht b hp ph ra khi than hot tnh thng
qua: nhit, hi nc, acid, base, ly trch bng dung mi hoc oxy ha ha hc.

Trao i ion: trao i ion l qu trnh ng dng nguyn tc trao i ion thun nghch ca cht rn
v cht lng m khng lm thay i cu trc ca cht rn. Qu trnh ny ng dng loi b cc
cation v anion trong nc thi. Cc cation s trao i vi ion hydrogen hay sodium, cc anion s
trao i vi ion hydroxyl ca nha trao i ion.



Hu ht cc loi nha trao i ion l cc hp cht tng hp. N l cc cht hu c hoc v c cao
phn t nh kt vi cc nhm chc. Cc nha trao i ion dng trong x l nc thi l cc hp
cht hu c cao phn t c cu trc khng gian 3 chiu v c l rng. Cc nhm chc c nh
vo cu trc cao phn t bng cch cho hp cht ny phn ng vi cc ha cht cha nhm chc
thch hp. Kh nng trao i ion c tnh bng s nhm chc trn mt n v trng lng nha
trao i ion. Hot ng v hiu qu kinh t ca phng php ny ph thuc vo kh nng trao i
ion v lng cht ti sinh cn s dng. Nc thi c cho chy qua nha trao i ion cho ti khi
cc cht ion cn loi b bin mt. Khi nha trao i ion ht kh nng trao i ion, n s c ti
sinh li bng cc cht ti sinh thch hp. Sau qu trnh ti sinh cc cht ti sinh s c ra i bng
nc v by gi nha trao i ion sn sng s dng cho chu trnh k.