2

1. z = f (x, y) M0(x0, y0)

, M0,
z = f x ( x, y ) x + f y ( x, y ) y + x + y

, x, y, 0, 0 x 0, y 0.
:
z = f ( x0 + x , y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) =

= [ f ( x0 + x , y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 + y ) ] + [ f ( x0 , y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) ]

x
(x0, y0 + y)

y
(x0, y0)

: z = f x ( x0 + x, y0 + y)x + f y ( x0 , y0 + y )y
= f x ( x0 , y0 ) x + f y ( x0 , y0 ) y + [ f x ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f x ( x0 , y0 )] x +
+ [ f y ( x0 , y0 + y ) f y ( x0 , y0 )] y ,

0 < < 1, 0 < < 1,

. z = f x ( x, y )x + f y ( x, y )y + x + y , x0+ x x0,
y0+ y y0 x0, y0. M0,
f x ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f x ( x0 , y0 ) f y ( x0 , y0 + y ) f y ( x0 , y0 ) . 0, 0 x 0,
y 0.

 2. M0(x0, y0)
f (x, y), f (x, y) M0(x0, y0).

f x

f y

: 1. z = f x ( x, y )x + f y ( x, y )y + x + y
x 0, y 0.
z = f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) ( 0) ,

lim f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 )

.
. z = f (x, y) M0(x0, y0)
z = f x ( x, y )x + f y ( x, y )y + x + y 0, 0 x 0, y
0, z = f (x, y) M0(x0, y0).
x0
y 0

(x0, y0)
.
(x0, y0) (x0, y0).
2. z = f (x, y) M0(x0, y0),
f ( x0 , y0 ) [ f x ( x0 , y0 )x + f y ( x0 , y0 )y ] , x 0, y 0,
= (x) + (y) .
2

x + y
y
x
lim
= lim
+
= 0,
0
0

x + y = o( ) .

f ( x0 , y0 ) f x ( x0 , y0 ) x + f y ( x0 , y0 ) y = x + y ,

0, 0 x 0, y 0

1,

1.

. z = f (x, y) P0(x0, y0),

f x( x0 , y0 )x + f y ( x0 , y0 )y .
z
z
: dz = x dx + y dy , dx = x, x 0, dy = y, y 0.
z = dz + x + y, 0, 0 x 0,
y 0.

n u = f (x1, x2, ..., xn),

u
, i = 1, 2, ... , n P(x1, x2, ..., xn),
x
i

du =

u
u
u
dx1 +
dx2 + ... +
dxn
x1
x2
xn

u = f (x1, x2, ..., xn)

.
,
udu

= d ( P, P) = ( x1 ) 2 + (x2 ) 2 + ... + ( xn ) 2 .

u v :

d (u v) = du dv
d (u v) = udv + vdu
u vdu udv
d =
v2
v

z
z
dx +
dy
x
y
f ( x, y )
f ( x, y )
f ( x + x, y + y ) f ( x, y ) +
x +
y
x
y

2. z dz,

dz =

. z = f (x, y)
, , . d2z = d(dz),
dx dy .
dx dy , d(dx) = d(d y) = 0,
z

z
z
z
d 2 z = d ( dz ) = d dx +
dy = d dx + d dy =
y
x
x
y

z
z
z
z
= dx + dy dx + dx + dy dy =
y x
y y
x x
x y
2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
dx
+
dxdy
+
dxdy
+
dy 2
xy
yx
x 2
y 2

.
(. )
=

d 2z =

2 z 2
2 z
2 z
dx
+
2
dxdy
+
dy 2
2
2
xy
x
y

; n : d3z = d(d2z); dnz = d(dn-1 z),

dx dy .
:
z
z
z
z
d z=
dx + 3
dx dy + 3
dxdy +
dy .
x
x y
xy
y
3

u = f (x, y, z) (
):
d 2u =

2 u

2 u 2 2 u 2 2 u 2
2 u
2 u

dx
+
dy
+
dz
+
2
dxdy
+
dxdz
+
dydz
2
2
2

xz
yz
x
y
z
xy

:
B=

2 z
xy

C=

2 z
y 2

d 2 z = Adx 2 + 2 Bdxdy + Cdy 2

A=

2 z
,
x 2

z = F(u, v), u v x
y, . u = u(x, y), v = v(x, y), z x y,
z = F [ u ( x, y ) , v ( x , y ) ] .

x y F(u, v), u = u(x, y), v = v(x, y)

( ).

 y , x x,
u v x: xu xv.
z = F(u, v), x ( )
f
f
x z =
x u +
x v + x u + x v , x
u
v
x z F x u F x v
u
v
=
+
+ x + x .
x
u x v x
x
x

u = u(x,y) v = v(x,y) , x 0, xu 0
xv 0, 0, 0.
x z z
u u
v v
= , lim x = , lim x = ,
lim
x 0 x
x x 0 x
x x 0 x x

z F u F v
=

x u x v x .
, x , y y,
z
F u F v
=

y
u y
v y .

u = f (x1, x2, ..., xn), xi = i(t1, t2, ..., tm), i = 1, 2, ..., n,

u u x1 u x2
u xn
=

+ ... +

t1 x1 t1 x2 t1
xn t1

..........................
u
u x1 u x2
u xn
=

+ ... +

t m x1 t m x2 t m
xn t m

n
u
u x
=

. t i=1 x t i
k
i
k

k = 1, 2, ..., m .


z =F(u, v), u = u(x, y), v = v(x, y) .

z F u F v
=

x u x v x

dz =

z
z
dx +
dy
x
y

z
F u F v
=

y
u y
v y

F u F v
F u F v
dz =

+
dx +

+
dy
u x v x
u y v y
F v
F u
u
v
dz =
dx +
dy +
dy

dx +
u x
y
y
v x
u
u
v
v
du =
dx +
dy dv =
dx +
dy
x
y
x
y
F
F
dz =
du +
dv
u
v

, .


x y
F(x, y) = 0. x y, x, y
F(x, y) = 0,
y = (x), F(x, (x)) = 0.
y = (x) y ,
y .
. F(x, y) = 0 F(x, y)
:
1. F(x, y), Fx(x, y), Fy(x, y)
R = { ( x, y ) : x0 a x x0 + a, y0 b y y0 + b} .
2. F(x0, y0) = 0, Fy (x0, y0) 0.
( x = const, F(x, y) y)
F(x, y) = 0
R = { ( x , y ) : x0 x x 0 + , y 0 0 y y 0 + 0 }
,
(x0, x0+) y0 = (x0).

: Fy (x0, y0) > 0. Fy,

P0(x0, y0), 2 0 P0,
Fy(x, y) > 0.

- x = x0 F(x0, y) y y00 y0+0.

F(x0, y0) = 0 F(x0, y) < 0 y00 < y < y0
F(x0, y) > 0 y0 < y < y0+0

- F(x0, y00) < 0. F, F

x, y = y00, (x01, x0+1)
(x0, y00)
F(x, y00) < 0, x (x01, x0+1).

- F(x0, y0+0) > 0, , y = y0+0

(x02, x0+2)
F(x, y0+0) > 0, x (x02, x0+2).
= min{1, 2} F(x, y00) < 0, F(x, y0+0) > 0, x (x0, x0+).
- x* (x0, x0+), y y00 y0+0, F(x*, y)
y, MN (M(x*, y00),
N (x*, y0+0)) .
y* (y00, y0+0) F(x*, y*) = 0. F(x*, y) ( y), y*
.

1 y = y* (y00, y0+0) : F(x*, y*) = 0.

- x*
x (x0, x0+), 1 y (y00, y0+0) : F(x, y) = 0,
. R = { ( x, y) : x0 x x0 + , y0 0 y y0 + 0 } ,
F(x, y) = 0 y x, y = (x),
F(x0, y0) = 0 y0 = (x0).
. x x y
y, F(x, y) = 0 F(x + x, y + y) = 0,
F = F(x + x, y + y) F(x, y) = 0.

F = [F(x + x, y + y) F(x, y + y)]+[F(x, y + y) F(x, y)] =
= Fx (x + x, y + y) x + Fy (x, y + y) y = 0,

 0< < 1, 0< < 1,

y Fx ( x + x, y + y )
=
x
Fy ( x, y + y ) .

Fx (x, y), , . M > 0, M R, Fx ( x, y ) M

.
- Fy (x, y), Fy (x, y) > 0, (
)
m = min Fy (x, y) > 0.
y
M
M
- x m , y m x , . x0 y0, y = (x)
(x0, x0+).
.
x0, y0, Fx (x, y) Fy (x, y)
Fx (x + x, y + y) Fx (x, y)
Fy (x, y + y) Fy (x, y) 0
-

F ( x, y )
y
= x
= y x = x , . .
x 0 x
Fy ( x, y )
lim

Fx (x, y)
Fy (x, y) ,
Fx (x, y(x)) Fy (x, y(x)) Fy (x, y) 0
(x0, x0+), y = (x) .