Extending Number Sense : Place Value

Hindu Arabic Numeration System

4 ciri penting :
1. Nilai tempat : kedudukan digit menentukan nilainya
Contoh : 23 dan 32. Digit 2 dalam 23 membawa nilai 20, manakala digit 2
dalam 32 membawa nilai 2.
2. Base ten : bases bermaksud kumpulan . dalam sistem ini, 10 adalah nilai bagi
satu kumpulan baru daripada 10 digit, 0-9
3. Penggunaan sifar: sifar / 0 membawa maksud tiada.
Contoh : penggunaan sifar dalam 506 membawa maksud ketiadaan nilai
puluh dalam nombor yang mengandungi seratus dan sa.
4. Additive property : Numbers can be summed with respect to place value.
Contoh : 123 adalah hasil tambah 100+20+3
Kenapa base ten ?
- Sistem Hindu Arabic ada 10 digit asas (0 hingga 0). Nombor seterusnya
adalah gabungan beberapa digit asas.










Estimation and Rounding
] In math, you can round up or round down. Rounding up happens when
you have a value that is half or greater of the amount you are rounding.
To round off decimals:
1. Find the place value you want (the "rounding digit") and look at the digit just to the
right of it.
2. If that digit is less than 5, do not change the rounding digit but drop all digits to the
right of it.
3. If that digit is greater than or equal to five, add one to the rounding digit and drop all
digits to the right of it.
To round off whole numbers:
1. Find the place value you want (the "rounding digit") and look to the digit just to the
right of it.
2. If that digit is less than 5, do not change the "rounding digit" but change all digits to
the right of the "rounding digit" to zero.
3. If that digit is greater than or equal to 5, add one to the rounding digit and change all
digits to the right of the rounding digit to zero.
Move your mouse cursor over each digit in the number below to round the number to
that place.



Two different rules from current textbooks for rounding a number ending in 5 :
1. Change the 5 to a 0 and increase the previous digit by 1.
2. Chage the 5 to a 0. If the digit preceding the 5 is even, leave it alone. If the
digit preceding the 5 is odd, incease it to the next even digit.
Resos yang sesuai :
1. Pembaris
2. Blok asas 10
3. Rollercoaster model