.

.
Sect i on Edi t or :
Ni chol as T. Di nes
Cont r i but or
:
Rober t Pr ouse
HMBr andst on
and Par t ner s
I nc.
NewYor k,
NewYor k
Mi chael Sar di na
TheSWAGr oup,
I nc.
Bost on,
Massachuset t s
Al an
Fuj i mor i
Honol ul u,
Hawai i
Techni cal Wr i t er :
Kyl e D. Br own
Revi ewer s:
Pet er Coxe
Wi l l i amLamAssoci at es
Cambr i dge, Massachuset t s
Kennet h E. Basset t
Sasaki Associ at es, I nc.
SECTI ON ~
I
Out door
Li ght i ng
CONTENTS
1. 0 I nt r oduct i on
1. 1 Gener al
1. 2 Obj ect i ves of Out door Li ght i ng
2. 0 Ter mi nol ogy
3. 0 Gener al Desi gn Pr i nci pl es
3. 1 Or i ent at i on
Li ght i ng Hi er ar chy
Cl ear Li ght i ng Pat t er ns
3
. 2 I dent i f i cat i on
I nt er sect i on Ar t i cul at i on
Pl acement of Lumi nai r es
Deci di ng What t o Li ght
3. 3 Saf et y
Gl ar e
Under l i ght i ng
3. 4 Secur i t y
Wal kway Li ght s
Sur vei l l ance
Vandal i sm
3. 5 At mospher e
and Char act er
Backgr ound
For egr ound
I l l umi nat i on of Obj ect s (Shape
Accent uat i on)
Col or Per cept i on
4. 0 Lamp
Char act er i st i cs and Li ght
Di st r i but i on
4. 1 Lamp Char act er i st i cs
I ncandescent Lamps
Fl uor escent
Lamps
Mer cur y Vapor Lamps(Del uxe
Whi t e)
I nduct i on
Lamps
Met al Hal i de Lamps
Hi gh- Pr essur e
Sodi umLamps
' Whi t e' Hi gh- Pr essur e Sodi umLamps
Low- Pr essur e Sodi um
Lamps
4. 2 Li ght Di st r i but i on
Hor i zont al and Ver t i cal
Di st r i but i on
Basi c Li ght Di st r i but i on Pat t er ns
Uni f or mi t y
Cut of f
4. 3 Cat egor i es of Li ght Fi xt ur es
Low- Level Landscape Li ght s
I nt er medi at e- Hei ght
Landscape Li ght s
Par ki ng Lot and Roadway Li ght s
Hi gh- Mast Li ght s
4. 4 Landscape
Li ght i ng Ef f ect s
Upl i ght i ng
Moonl i ght i ng
Si l houet t e Li ght i ng
Spot l i ght i ng
Spr eadl i ght i ng
Pat hl i ght i ng
5. 0
LowVol t ageSyst ems
6. 0 Recommended
Level s of I l l umi nat i on
Ref er ences
Ti me- Saver St andar ds
f or Landscape Ar chi t ect ur e
n
s
J
r
0
g
n
s
J
r
O
O
0
540- 2
1. 0
I NTRODUCTI ON
1. 1 Gener al
Thi s sect i on i ncl udes i nf or mat i on usef ul f or
sol vi ng si t e l i ght i ng pr obl ems. I ncl uded ar e
def i ni t i ons of t er ms associ at ed wi t h l i ght -
i ng, gener al desi gn pr i nci pl es, char act er i s-
t i cs of var i ous l amps, and r ecommended
l evel s of i l l umi nat i on (i ndust r y st andar ds)
f or var i ous l andscape uses. The i nf or mat i on
i ncl uded her e wi l l ai d i n t he pr ocess of
speci f yi ng f i xt ur es f or par t i cul ar l i ght i ng
pr oj ect s .
1 . 2 Obj ect i ves of Out door Li ght i ng
The pur poses of out door l i ght i ng i ncl ude:
(1) i mpr ovi ng t he l egi bi l i t y of cr i t i cal nodes,
l andmar ks, and ci r cul at i on and act i vi t y
zones i n t he l andscape;
(2) f aci l i t at i ng
t he
saf e movement of pedest r i ans and vehi cl es,
pr omot i ngamor e secur e
envi r onment ,
and
mi ni mi zi ngt he pot ent i al f or per sonal har m
and damaget o pr oper t y;
and (3) hel pi ngt o
r eveal t he sal i ent f eat ur es of a si t e at a
desi r ed i nt ensi t y of
l i ght i n
or der t o encour -
age ni ght t i me use.
2. 0 TERMI NOLOGY
Lumen: Aquant i t at i ve uni t of measur e-
ment r ef er r i ng t o t he t ot al amount of l i ght
ener gy emi t t ed by a l i ght sour ce, wi t hout
r egar d
t o
t he di r ect i on of i t s di st r i but i on.
Foot candl e (f c) : AU. S. uni t of measur e-
ment r ef er r i ng t o i nci dent l i ght .
Foot candl es can be der i ved
f r om
l umens (1
f c = 1 l umen/ sq . f t . ) or candel as (f c =
candel as/ di st ance2) .
Lux(I x) : The I nt er nat i onal St andar d (SI )
measur e of i nci dent l i ght . I t i s equal t o one
l umen uni f or ml y di st r i but ed over anar eaof
one squar e met er (10. 7 I x = 1 f c) (Fi gur e
540- 1) .
Candl epower
: The uni t of i nt ensi t y of a
l i ght sour ce i n a speci f i c di r ect i on, of t en
r ef er r ed t o as Candel a. One candel a di r ect -
ed per pendi cul ar l y t o a sur f ace one f oot
away gener at es one f oot candl e
of l i ght
.
I l l umi nance: I nci dent l i ght , or l i ght st r i k-
i ng a sur f ace (Fi gur e 540- 2)
.
Lumi nance: Li ght l eavi ng a sur f ace,
whet her due t o t he sur f ace' s r ef l ect ance,
or
because i t i s t he sur f ace of a l i ght - emi t t i ng
obj ect (l i ke a l i ght bul b) . Lumi nance i s t he
measur abl e f or mof br i ght ness, whi ch i s a
subj ect i ve sensat i on.
Ef f i cacy: Ameasur e of howef f i ci ent l y a
l amp conver t s el ect r i c power (wat t s) i nt o
l i ght ener gy (l umens) wi t hout r egar d t o t he
Fi gur e 540- 1
. Lux
and f oot candl e
measur ement s .
ef f ect i veness of i t s i l l umi nat i on. I t shoul d
not be assumed t hat a l ampwhi ch has hi gh
ef f i cacy wi l l gi ve bet t er i l l umi nat i on t han a
l ess ef f i ci ent l amp (Fi gur e 540- 3) .
Li ght depr eci at i on: Lamp out put
(l umens) wi l l depr eci at e over i t s ef f ect i ve
l i f e. I l l umi nat i on wi l l be r educed
f ur t her
due
t o an accumul at i on of di r t and gr i me on t he
l amp and f i xt ur e. Adj ust ment s shoul d be
made t o compensat e f or t hi s depr eci at i on
when det er mi ni ng t he aver age val ues of
i l l umi nat i on mai nt ai ned over t i me. Amai n-
t enance f act or of 50 t o 7 0 per cent i s com-
mon f or out door appl i cat i ons. Newi nst al l a-
t i ons ar e r out i nel y desi gned t o
del i ver 1-
1/ 2 t o 2 t i mes as much i l l umi nat i on as
needed,
t o sust ai n t hi s mai nt ai ned out put
over t he ant i ci pat ed l i f e of t he l amp.
Col or : Two measur es used t o descr i be
t he col or char act er i st i cs of l amps ar e (1) t he
appar ent col or and (2) t he col or r ender i ng
i ndex.
The appar ent col or of a l i ght sour ce i s
gi ven by t he col or t emper at ur e. Fi gur e
540- 4 shows var i ous i ndex number s used
t o r ank sour ces on a scal e t hat r ange f r om
war m
t o
cool i n appear ance. Pr ef er ence f or
oneor anot her i s a mat t er of t ast e and usu-
al l y var i es wi t h t he cont ext of t he appl i ca-
t i on and wi t h t he i l l umi nat i on l evel . War m
t ones t end t o be f avor ed when i l l umi nat i on
i s l owand cool er t ones ar e pr ef er r ed under
hi gh l i ght i ng l evel s.
The col or r ender i ng i ndex (CRI ) i s a
measur ement of t he degr eet o
whi ch obj ect
col or s ar e f ai t hf ul l y r ender ed . Thi s scal e
r anges f r om0 t o 100 and i s a r easonabl e
appr oxi mat i on of col or r ender i ng accur acy.
CRI i s compl et el y i ndependent of whet her
a l i ght sour ce cast s t he obj ect i n a war mor
cool t one. The CRI gr aph shows t he r ank-
i ng of t he maj or out door l i ght sour ces
(Fi gur e 540- 4) . As a gener al gui del i ne, a
mi ni mumCRI of 50 i s suggest ed t o at t ai n a
r easonabl y f ai t hf ul or nat ur al col or r endi -
t i on . Lamps r anked si gni f i cant l y bel owt hi s
ar e j udged t o cause vi si bl e di st or t i ons t o
appear ance.
Ti me- Saver St andar ds f or Landscape Ar chi t ect ur e
Fi gur e
540- 4
. Col or r ender i ng
i ndex
.
Gl ar e: Apoi nt or sur f ace of l umi nance
t hat i s
above one' s cur r ent st at e of adapt a-
t i on. The human vi sual syst emcan com-
f or t abl y see i n l i ght l evel s r angi ng f r om
st ar l i ght t o noonday sun, but cannot do so
over t hi s ent i r e
r ange at t he samet i me. We
adapt t o one l i mi t ed r ange or anot her , and
per cei ve gl ar e
as any br i ght ness above our
cur r ent st at e of adapt at i on. Di sabi l i t y gl ar e
i mpai r s vi si bi l i t y
and i s pr i mar i l y a physi o-
l ogi cal phenomenon; e. g. , t he ni ght t i me
gl ar e f r om an oncomi ng vehi cl e' s head-
l i ght s can moment ar i l y bl i nd a dr i ver ' s per -
cept i on of t he r oad ahead. Di scomf or t gl ar e
does not i mpai r vi si bi l i t y but i s
pr i mar i l y a
psychol ogi cal phenomenon or an annoy-
ance whi ch may pr oduce f at i gue i f i t con-
t i nues over an ext ended per i od of t i me.
Cut of f l i ght di st r i but i on: At er mused i n
r ef er ence t o t he opt i cal desi gn of some f i x-
t ur e t ypes. Pr oper pl acement of l amps and
t he use of car ef ul l y al i gned r ef l ect or s, can
ef f ect i vel y el i mi nat e i nt ense
hi gh- angl e
l i ght . Most cut of f desi gns sever el y r est r i ct
f i xt ur e i nt ensi t i es above 7 5 degr ees f r om
nadi r ,
t hat i s,
wi t hi n 15 degr ees of hor i zon-
t al (Fi gur e 540- 16) .
Fi gur e 540- 6. Li ght i ng pat t er ns.
of r oad and pat hway l i ght s t ends t o
obscur e r at her
t han r ei nf or ce t he di r ect i on
of ci r cul at i on and t he l ocat i on of
i nt er sec-
t i ons (Fi gur e 540- 6)
.
MAJORANDMI NORROADSARE
DI STI NCT, ANDPEDESTRI AN
ROUTES DEFI NED.
Fi gur e 540- 5.
Li ght i ng hi er ar chy.
3. 0
GENERALDESI GN PRI NCI PLES
3. 1 Or i ent at i on
Li ght i ngHi er ar chy:
Dr i ver and pedest r i an or i ent at i on can be
ai ded by pr ovi di ng a hi er ar chy of
l i ght i ng
ef f ect s
t hat cor r espond t o t he di f f er ent
zones and uses of a si t e. For i nst ance,
sub-
t l e
but r ecogni zabl e di st i nct i ons can be
made bet ween maj or and mi nor
r oads,
pat hs, and
use ar eas by var yi ng t he di st r i b-
ut i on and br i ght ness of t he l i ght
and by
var yi ng t he hei ght , spaci ng, and col or of
l amps (Fi gur e 540- 5) .
At t ai ni ng hi gh l evel s of i l l umi nat i on
al ongci r cul at i on r out es does
not havet o be
a pr i me consi der at i on i n out door l i ght i ng. I f
a cl ear and consi st ent syst emi s
pr ovi ded,
l owl evel s may be
adequat e f or saf e ci r cu-
l at i on.
Cl ear Li ght i ngPat t er ns:
Cl ear opt i cal gui dance can be pr ovi ded
wi t h t he al i gnment of l i ght f i xt ur es
posi -
t i oned i n consi st ent , r ecogni zabl e, and
unambi guous pat t er ns. Ast agger ed
l ayout
3. 2 I dent i f i cat i on
I nt er sect i on Ar t i cul at i on:
I nt er sect i ons, deci si on
poi nt s, cr ossi ngs,
bus st ops, st eps, ar r i val poi nt s, et c . , shoul d
be ar t i cul at ed
i n a manner t hat si gnal s t hei r
pr esence, shape, and nat ur e.
The i l l umi na-
t i on pat t er n shoul d
ser ve as a vi sual cue t o
what condi t i ons may l i e ahead.
Pl acement of Lumi nai r es:
Spaci ng, hei ght ,
and di st r i but i on of l umi -
nai r es shoul d avoi d f ol i age shadows,
pr o-
vi de uni f or mi t y, and
ver t i cal sur f ace i l l umi -
nat i on. Hi gh mount i ngand wi de spaci ngof
f i xt ur es may r esul t i n di sr upt i ons t o t he i l l u-
mi nat i on pat t er n due
t o t r ee shadows
[ Fi gur e 540- 7
(t op) ] . Lower mount i ng
hei ght s and cl oser spaci ng
bet ween f i xt ur es
of
of
may
cr eat e a mor e uni f or mdi st r i but i on
l i ght pr omot i ng t he pedest r i an' s
sense
secur i t y.
[ Fi gur e 540- 7 (bot t om) ] .
Deci di ngWhat t o
Li ght :
I n some ci r cumst ances, i t may be
equal l y as
i mpor t ant t o det er mi ne what not t o l i ght as
t o det er mi ne what t o
l i ght (Fi gur e 540- 8) .
3. 3 Saf et y
i n addi t i on t o poor
l i ght i ng l ayout and
desi gn, gl ar e and under l i ght i ng can cr eat e
g I A
n
h
g
J
r
O
O
u
0
5
4
0-
4
hazar dous condi t i ons f or pedest r i ans and
vehi cl es.
Gl ar e:
Gl ar e i s a maj or i nhi bi t or of good vi si bi l i t y
and can be pr oduced by any scal e of
l i ght
f i xt ur e, i ncl udi ng smal l l ens- t ype st ep l i ght s
(Fi gur e 540- 9) .
Gl ar e i s
mor e of a pr obl em when
exposed l i ght sour ces, such as l amps or
l enses, can be seen di r ect l y
.
Lumi nai r e
l oca-
t i on and mount i nghei ght , f i xt ur e t ype, and
l ampi nt ensi t y must be car ef ul l y sel ect ed t o
opt i mi ze l i ght di st r i but i on and mi ni mi ze
gl ar e .
Lower mount i ng l ant er ns may or may
not have shar p cut of f opt i cs. I f hi gh- angl e
i l l umi nat i on i s appr opr i at e i n or der t o i l l u-
mi nat e f acades, t r ees, and ot her
st r eet scape
el ement s, t hen car e must be
t aken t o pr event gl ar e . An out door mock-
upat ni ght i s an excel l ent t echni que t o use
when deci di ng what l i ght di st r i but i on pat -
t er n and i nt ensi t y t o use and whet her or
not t her e wi l l be any l i kel i hood of
gl ar e
.
Hi gh- angl ed cobr a- head t ypes of l enses
ar e a maj or sour ce of gl ar e when used
al ongr oadways. Lumi nai r es wi t h shar pcut -
of f s ef f ect i vel y di r ect t he l i ght i nt o a vi sual -
l y usef ul and comf or t abl e pat t er n .
Under l i ght i ng:
Under l i ght i ng i s pot ent i al l y hazar dous i f
i nsuf f i ci ent l i ght i s pr ovi ded t o pr ot ect
pedest r i ans and/ or vehi cl es f r ompot ent i al
i nj ur y and damage. Suf f i ci ent l i ght i s espe-
ci al l y i mpor t ant i n ar eas wher e heavy
pedest r i an
t r af f i c i s expect ed, such as near
par ks, bal l f i el ds, and ot her pl aces t hat
at t r act cr owds of peopl e, or wher e chi l dr en
cr oss st r eet s. Par ki ng ar eas, access and
egr ess poi nt s, l oadi ng ar eas, et c. , shoul d
have adequat e l i ght i ng t o hel p pr ot ect
dr i -
ver s, pedest r i ans, and vehi cl es.
Not e t hat over l i ght i ng an ar ea can gen-
er at e hi gh amount s of gl ar e, whi ch can al so
cr eat e hazar dous condi t i ons. Acar ef ul bal -
ance of l i ght i nt ensi t i es must be achi eved .
Tabl e 540- 3 l i st s r ecommended l evel s of
i l l umi nat i on as st at ed i n t he I l l umi nat i ng
Engi neer i ng Soci et y' s I ES
Li ght i ng
Handbook. Level s of l i ght i ng ar e r el at ed t o
t ypes of use and ot her char act er i st i cs wi t h-
i n use ar eas.
3. 4 Secur i t y
Dar kness, t oget her wi t h unf ami l i ar sur -
r oundi ngs, can i nci t e st r ong f eel i ngs of
i nsecur i t y. To pr ovi de a sense of secur i t y,
possi bl e hi di ng pl aces and dense shadows
Fi gur e 540- 8. What t o l i ght and what not t o l i ght .
1 . Subt l e but r ecogni zabl e di st i nct i ons can be made bet ween maj or and mi nor r oads,
pat hs, and use ar eas by var yi ng
t he di st r i but i on
and
br i ght ness of t he l i ght and by
var yi ng t he hei ght , spaci ng, and
col or of l amps (Fi gur e 540- 5) .
2 . Cl ear l i ght i ng pat t er ns
r ei nf or ce t he di r ect i on of ci r cul at i on, del i neat e i nt er sect i ons,
and pr ovi de a vi sual cue t o what condi t i ons may
l i e ahead.
3 . Gl ar e f r omexposed
l i ght
sour ces
and under l i ght i ng ar e maj or saf et y concer ns (Fi gur e
540- 9) .
Lumi nai r e
l ocat i on
and mount i nghei ght , f i xt ur e t ype, and l ampi nt ensi t y
must be car ef ul l y sel ect ed t o
opt i mi ze l i ght di st r i but i on and mi ni mi ze gl ar e.
4. Secur i t y i s not necessar i l y
enhanced by i ncr easi ng i l l umi nance l evel s on t he gr ound;
consi der
per i pher al l i ght i ng, ver t i cal i l l umi nance l evel s, and good col or - r ender i ng
sour ces as wel l .
5. Col or di f f er ent i at i on, unobt r usi ve i l l umi nat i on of backgr ound spaces,
and br i ght i l l u-
mi nat i on of obj ect s of i nt er est
ar e common appr oaches f or ar t i cul at i ng l andscape
char act er .
n
h
J
r
O
O
u
g
n
h
g
J
r
O
O
d
shoul d be mi ni mi zed by t he pl acement of
appr opr i at e l i ght f i xt ur es.
Wal kway Li ght s:
Wal kway l i ght s shoul d have enough
per i pher al di st r i but i on t o i l l umi nat e t he
i mmedi at e sur r oundi ngs . Ver t i cal l i ght di s-
t r i but i on over wal kway ar eas shoul d cover
or over l apat a
hei ght
of
2 100 mm(7 f t ) so
t hat vi sual r ecogni t i on of ot her pedest r i ans
i s mai nt ai ned (Fi gur e 540- 10) . When t he
pedest r i an' s sense of secur i t y i s a pr i mar y
consi der at i on, l owmount i ng
hei ght wi t h
cl ose spaci ng and a ver t i cal i l l umi nat i on
pat t er n may be t he most ef f ect i ve
appr oach
.
Sur vei l l ance:
For sur vei l l ance needs, l i ght i ng r equi r e-
ment s shoul d per mi t t he det ect i on of suspi -
ci ous movement r at her t han pr ovi de f or t he
r ecogni t i on of def i ni t i ve det ai l s . For t he
same expendi t ur e of l i ght ener gy, i t i s of t en
mor e ef f ect i ve t o l i ght backgr ounds, t her e-
by gener at i ngsi l houet t es, t han t o l i ght t he
f or egr ound
(e. g. , l i ght i ng t he ver t i cal f ace
of a bui l di ng i nst ead of i t s hor i zont al f or e-
gr ound (Fi gur e 540- 11) . I t i s al so desi r abl e
t o hi ghl i ght ent r ances and t o di r ect l i ght i ng
away f r ompoi nt s of
sur vei l l ance .
Vandal i sm
:
The best way t o r educe t he vandal i smof
l i ght f i xt ur es i s t o use f i xt ur es t hat ar e
dur abl e enough t o wi t hst and abuse, or t o
pl ace t hem
out of r each. An al t er nat i ve
sol ut i on may be t o use har dwar e t hat i s l ess
expensi ve t o r epl ace.
3. 5 At mospher e and Char act er
Aconsi st ency of desi gn expr essi on can be
achi eved by i dent i f yi ng t he common el e-
ment s i n a l andscape
t hat gi ve i t char act er ,
and t hen usi ng si mi l ar appr oaches t o t hei r
l i ght i ng. The cl ar i t y wi t h whi ch an obj ect i s
per cei ved i s i nf l uenced by i t s cont ext .
Backgr ound:
Ext er i or spaces shoul d have a wel l - def i ned
sense of backgr ound. Backgr ound
spaces
shoul d be i l l umi nat ed as unobt r usi vel y as
possi bl e t o meet t he f unct i onal needs of
saf e ci r cul at i on and
pr ot ect i ng peopl e and
pr oper t y. Whenever possi bl e, t hese needs
shoul d be accommodat ed wi t h per i pher al
l i ght i ng f r om t he wal kways, si gnage,
ent r ances, and ot her el ement s r el evant t o
t he def i ni t i on of t he space.
For egr ound
:
For egr ound spaces or obj ect s may be maj or
el ement s and shoul d be t r eat ed accor di ng-
Ti me- Saver St andar ds f or Landscape Ar chi t ect u
540- 5
C
s
g
J
r
0
540- 6
l y. For egr ound spaces shoul d ut i l i ze l ocal
l i ght i ng whi ch pr oduces maxi mumf ocus,
mi ni mum di st r act i ons, and no gl ar e.
Obj ect s of i nt er est and act i vi t i es can be
br i ght l y i l l umi nat ed whi l e t he backgr ound
pr oduces onl y mi ni mal di st r act i on.
i l l umi nat i on of Obj ect s (Shape
Accent uat i on) :
The di r ect i on of t he l i ght sour ce i s
i mpor -
t ant f or per cept i on of t hr ee- di mensi onal
obj ect s. The abi l i t y t o per cei ve
vol umet r i c
f or mi s i nf l uenced by t he gr adi ent of l i ght
and shadow f al l i ng on t he obj ect .
Uni f or ml y di st r i but ed, di f f used l i ght r esul t s
i n poor l y r ender ed shadows (Fi gur e 540-
12) ; one must t hen
r el y upon out l i ne and
col or i n or der t o per cei ve t he shape and
f or m of t he obj ect . Conver sel y, a si ngl e
poi nt sour ce wi l l pr oduce maxi mumshad-
ows but
may al so mi ni mi ze t he per cept i on
of det ai l s.
Usual l y, t he
best way t o i l l umi nat e
st andi ng obj ect s i s wi t h a combi nat i on of
bot h t ypes of l i ght i ng
. One sour ce shoul d
accent uat e shape and f or mby cont r ast i ng
t he sur f ace wi t h shar p shadows whi l e t he
ot her sour ce pr ovi des f i l l - l i ght i ng f or
det ai l s .
Col or Per cept i on:
Di f f er ences i n l ampl i ght col or ar e of t en
used
wi t h
gr eat
ef f ect i n publ i c l i ght i ng t o
col or code r oadways or t o cl ear l y del i neat e
one ar ea f r omanot her
.
As t he
gener al i l l u-
mi nat i on l evel r i ses i n a gi ven si t uat i on,
pr ef er ence usual l y shi f t s awayf r omawar m
appear ance t owar d t he cool r ange.
Accur at e col or r endi t i on wi l l
ai d r ecogni -
t i on and i mpr ove t he per cept i on of out door
envi r onment s.
Thi s
i s
especi al l y i mpor t ant
at t he pedest r i an scal e, wher e t he col or
cont r ast of pavi ng and
l andscape mat er i al s
i s of t en subt l e.
4. 0 LAMP
CHARACTERI STI CS
ANDLI GHTDI STRI BUTI ON
4. 1 Lamp Char act er i st i cs
Sel ect i on of a l amp i nvol ves t r ade- of f s
bet ween l ampsi ze, opt i cal cont r ol , ef f i cacy,
appear ance, col or t emper at ur e,
col or r endi -
t i on, l amp l i f e, cost s, and mai nt enance
(Tabl e 540- 1) .
I ncandescent Lamps:
I ncandescent l amps have super i or
col or
r endi t i on and a war mwhi t e appear ance.
The di sadvant age of a shor t
l amp l i f e can
be over come by t he use of a r ugged t r af f i c
si gnal l amp r at ed at 8000 hour s
nomi nal
l i f e or by under vol t agi ng t he ci r cui t s t o
ext end t he l i f e. I ncandescent l amps have
t he l owest
ef f i cacy of al l t he l amps.
However , t hey ar e i nexpensi ve and t he
smal l f i l ament per mi t s good opt i cal cont r ol .
Fl uor escent Lamps:
Al t hough compact shapes ar e
becomi ng
mor e wi del y used, most f l uor escent l amps
ar e l ong and l i near , maki ngopt i cal
cont r ol
ver y di f f i cul t . They t end t o pr oduce gl ar e
unl ess t hey ar e wel l baf f l ed. They have a
good col or r endi t i on, whi t i sh appear ance,
and super i or l i f e . Al t hough t hey have good
ef f i cacy, t hei r l i ght out put may be sever el y
di mi ni shed by ver y col d weat her .
I nduct i on Lamps:
I nduct i on l amps ar e r el at i vel y new, hi gh-
f r equency sour ces t hat have no f i l ament s or
el ect r odes, but r at her use t he el ect r omag-
net i c spect r umt o di r ect l y ener gi ze a phos-
phor coat i ng on t he bul b
. These l amps
have a l i ght qual i t y si mi l ar t o f l uor escent i n
a 90- 115 mm(3 1/ 2- 4 1/ 2 i n) spher i cal
l amp envel ope, but wi t h a si gni f i cant l y
l onger aver age
r at ed l i f e (up
t o 100, 000
hour s) , and wi t h al most no sensi t i vi t y t o
ambi ent t emper at ur e
Tabl e 540- 1. SUMMARYOF LAMPCHARACTERI STI CS
Wat t age
r ange, Ef f i cacy, I ni t i al cost
Lamp
M(f t )
l umen/ wat t * Aver age l i f e, hr s Appar ent col or Col or r ender i ng of equi pment
I ncandescent 3- 300
(10- 1000) 10- 25 7 50- 2000 War mwhi t e Best over al l Low
Fl uor escent 4
. 5- 64
. 5 (15- 215) 40- 80 7 500- 15, 000 War mt o cool whi t e Good Medi um
I nduct i on
16. 5- 25. 5 (55- 85) 63- 7 0 100, 000 Whi t e Ver y Good Hi gh
Mer cur y
vapor (del uxe whi t e) 12- 300 (40- 1000) 25- 60 24, 000 Cool whi t e Good Medi um
Met al hal i de 52. 5- 450
(17 5- 1500) 65- 105 7 500- 20, 000 Cool whi t e Ver y good Med t o Hi gh
Hi gh- pr essur e sodi um(STP) 10. 5- 300 (35- 1000) 60- 120 - Or ange- yel l ow Poor Hi gh
' Whi t e' hi gh- pr essur e sodi um 45- 7 5
(150- 250) 7 5- 80 - War mwhi t e Ver y good Hi gh
Low- pr essur e sodi um 5. 4- 54 (18- 180) 7 0- 150-
- I nt ense yel l ow Ver y poor Hi gh
*I ncl udes
bal l ast l osses
S40- 7
Fi gur e 540- 13. Typi cal phot omet r i c char t f or r oadway, wal kway or ar ea l i ght i ng
. Lux (f oot candl e) l evel s di spl ayed ar e f or
a mount i nghei ght of 3 m(10 f t ) . Ot her mount i nghei ght s must f act or i n t he mul t i pl i er l i st ed i n t he t abl e. Once
mi ni mumi l l umi na-
t i on l evel s ar e i dent i f i ed, f i xt ur e spaci ngi s det er mi nedby mul t i pl yi ng t he number of cor r espondi ngmount i nghei ght s
by t wo.
Fi gur e 540- 14. Typi cal phot omet r i c char t f or di r ect i onal l i ght i ng: Di spl ayed i n l ux (f oot candl es) . I l l umi nat i on l evel s l i st ed ar e
based on a t ypi cal hal f 42 ai mi ng angl e.
Mer cur y Vapor Lamps (Del uxe Whi t e) :
Mer cur y vapor (MV) l amps have good ef f i -
cacy, excel l ent l i f e, and a good cool whi t e
col or . St r ong i n t he bl ue- gr een end of t he
col or spect r um, t he l amp i s popul ar f or
f ol i age l i ght i ng. The cost of t he l amp and
f i xt ur e i s t he l owest of t he hi gh- i nt ensi t y
di schar ge (HI D) l amps . I n gener al , i t has a
good combi nat i on of char act er i st i cs when
no ext r emes ar e r equi r ed.
Met al Hal i deLamps:
Met al hal i de (MH) l amps of f er super i or
opt i cal cont r ol and col or r endi t i on. Thei r
ef f i cacy i s subst ant i al l y bet t er t han mer cur y
vapor l amps but sl i ght l y poor er t han hi gh-
pr essur e sodi uml amps . The l i ght appear s
cool whi t e and has a shor t er l i f e t han t he
ot her HI Ds. The cost f al l s bet ween t hat f or
mer cur y vapor and hi gh- pr essur e sodi um
l amps.
Hi gh- Pr essur e Sodi umLamps:
Hi gh- pr essur e sodi um (HPS) l amps have
excel l ent ef f i cacy, super i or
opt i cal cont r ol ,
super i or l i f e, and ver y l owmai nt enance,
whi ch account s f or t hei r popul ar i t y.
The
l i ght t ends t o have an or ange- yel l ow
appear ance and a medi ocr e col or
r endi t i on
of obj ect s
.
I t
r ar el y enhances f ol i age col or s
because of def i ci enci es at t he bl ue- gr een
end of
t he col or spect r um. I f col or i s not an
i mpor t ant consi der at i on, t hi s
l amp can
have
br oad appl i cat i on. The i ni t i al cost f or
t he l amp and f i xt ur e may be hi gher t han
n
h
J
r
O
O
0
NO
n
h
J
r
540- 8
Fi gur e 540- 15. Typi cal phot omet r i c char t f or di r ect i onal l i ght i ng: Di spl ayed i n candel a. Maxi mumcandel a
i n t hi s exampl e
i s at 0 (2, 200
candl epower ) . Conver si on t o l ux (f oot candl e) can be cal cul at ed by t he above f or mul a.
f or met al hal i de. HPS l amps and f i xt ur es ar e
avai l abl e i n a wi de r ange of si zes.
' whi t e' Hi gh- Pr essur e Sodi umLamps:
These l amps pr ovi de excel l ent col or r endi -
t i on i n awar mt one si mi l ar t o i ncandescent .
Ef f i cacy i s sacr i f i ced t o obt ai n i mpr oved
col or . The r esul t i ng char act er i st i cs ar e a
cr oss bet ween met al hal i de and i ncandes-
cent l amps.
Low- Pr essur eSodi umLamps:
Low- pr essur e sodi um
(LPS) l amps have t he
hi ghest oper at i ng ef f i cacy but depr eci at e
consi der abl y over t hei r l i f et i me. A
l ar ge
ar c
t ube r esul t s i n poor opt i cal cont r ol , but t he
l ampdoes have super i or
l i f e
.
The l i ght i t sel f
appear s an i nt ense yel l owand has ver y
poor col or r endi t i on pr oper t i es. Col or s
i n
t he l andscape appear as shades of gr ay.
The cost s ar e
compar abl e t o t hose of hi gh-
pr essur e sodi uml amps .
4. 2 Li ght Di st r i but i on
Hor i zont al and
Ver t i cal
Di st r i but i on:
Hor i zont al i l l umi nat i on i s especi al l y i mpor -
t ant al ong t he gr ound
pl ane wher e
changes i n gr ade occur . However , aconsi d-
er abl e por t i on of t he ni ght envi r onment i s
per cei ved t hr ough di r ect and si l houet t e
l i ght i ng
of ver t i cal obj ect s and sur f aces.
Bot h pat t er ns shoul d be car ef ul l y coor di -
nat ed i n devel opi ng a successf ul l i ght i ng
scheme.
I l l umi nat i on dat a
f or out door l i ght i ng
f i xt ur es ar e i l l ust r at ed by t he manuf act ur -
er s' phot omet r i c char t s . These char t s i l l us-
t r at e t he act ual l i ght pat t er ns and i nt ensi t y
l evel s on hor i zont al and ver t i cal pl anes.
Fi gur e 540- 13 i l l ust r at es basi c phot omet r i c
dat af or wal kway, r oad or ar ea l i ght i ng. Lux
(f oot candl e) measur ement s ar e
gi ven f or
hor i zont al di st ances based on mount i ng
hei ght and t ypeof f i xt ur e. Spaci ngi s det er -
mi ned by i dent i f yi ng mi ni mumdesi r abl e
l ux (f oot candl e) l evel s, and
doubl i ng t he
number
of mount i ng hei ght uni t s.
Phot omet r i c dat a f or di r ect i onal l i ght i ng,
t ypi cal l y used f or wal l or si gnage
appl i ca-
t i ons, ar e i l l ust r at ed by Fi gur e 540- 14. The
ai mi ng angl e i s commonl y speci f i ed, and
t he f i xt ur e t ype i s sel ect ed based on di s-
t ance and
i l l umi nat i on r equi r ement s .
At hi r d t ype of phot omet r i c char t shows
t he di st r i but i on of
candl epower , or i nt ensi -
t y, i n var i ous di r ect i ons, i ndependent of
any speci f i c sur f ace (Fi gur e
540- 15) . The
maxi mumval ue wi t hi n any gi ven poi nt on
t he di st r i but i on cur ve can be conver t ed
i nt o l ux (f oot candl es) wi t h t he
f or mul a
shown i n Fi gur e 540- 15 . Thi s char t i s occa-
si onal l y used when det er mi ni ng l i ght i nt en-
si t y
and t he angl e of di st r i but i on f or accent
l i ght i ng (upl i ght i ng of t r ees, f l oodl i ght i ng,
et c. )
.
Basi c Li ght Di st r i but i on Pat t er ns:
Spr ead and Pat h Li ght s: These f i xt ur es
pr oduce ci r cul ar pat t er ns of l i ght t hat ar e
symmet r i cal ar ound t he
l i ght cent er .
Whenever f i xt ur es pr oduce a l i ght pat t er n
Tabl e 540- 2. UNI FORMI TY RATI OS
Uni f or mi t y r at i o
Aver age,
l ux(f c)

Mi ni mum, l ux (f c)
21 . 4(2)

10. 7 0)
32. 3 (3) *

10. 7 (1) *
43. 0 (4) f
107 . 6(10)
Vi sual descr i pt i on of i l l umi nat ed f i el d
Just avi si bl e di f f er ence i n l i ght i nt ensi t i es
Thehi gh val ues of t hef i el d ar e t wi ce as br i ght
as t he l owval ues
10. 7 (l ) '
10. 7 (l )
* Aver age and
mi ni mumuni f or mi t y r at i os usual l r ecommended f or r oads. y
Ver y di st i nct
f ocal hi ghl i ght s, spot t y
i Aver age and mi ni mumuni f or mi t y r at i os
usual l y r ecommended f or wal kways.
540- 9
t hat i s
symmet r i cal , onl y one hal f i s shown,
per mi t t i ng maxi mumsi ze and accur acy (see
Fi gur e 540- 13) .
Wal l or Si gn Li ght s: These f i xt ur es ar e
near l y al ways
used t ol i ght ver t i cal sur f aces.
Ther ef or e, phot omet r i cs ar e pr esent ed on
a
ver t i cal
pl ane wi t h t he f i xt ur e set at an opt i -
mumdi st ance (whi ch var i es per f i xt ur e)
and backl i t f r omt he pl ane
(see Fi gur e 540-
14) . For a l ong wal l or si gn, t he spaci ng
f r omf i xt ur e t o
f i xt ur e can be det er mi ned
by over l appi ng cur ves unt i l t he mi ni mum
accept abl e l i ght l evel bet ween
f i xt ur es i s
est abl i shed.
Accent Li ght s: Phot omet r i cf or adj ust abl e
accent l i ght s, wher e t he ai mi ng angl e and
di st ance t o l i ght ed obj ect s can var y, must be
expr essed i n t er ms of t he l i ght out put f r om
t he sour ce r at her t han of
t he l i ght f al l i ng
upon t he obj ect . Candl epower i s measur ed
on a t ypi cal pl ane t hr ough
t he f i xt ur e and i s
char t ed i n cur ve f or m(see Fi gur e 540- 15) .
Conver si on t o l ux
(f oot candl es) can be
accompl i shed by f or mul a.
Uni f or mi t y:
The uni f or mi t y of an
i l l umi nat ed f i el d can
be descr i bed wi t h a r at i o of l i ght i nt ensi t y
val ues
i n l ux (f oot candl es) . The uni f or mi t y
r at i o t ypi cal l y compar es t he aver age i l l umi -
nat i on wi t h t he
mi ni mumf oot candl e val ue
of a par t i cul ar f i el d . Al owr at i o appear s
mor e evenl y
l i t and ver y uni f or m. The
opposi t e i s t r ue f or a hi gh r at i o wher e t he
t wo val ues ar e
wi de apar t , r esul t i ng i n a
f i el d t hat has di st i nct and cont r ast i ng val -
ues. Ref er t o
Tabl e 540- 2 f or a gener al
descr i pt i on of di f f er ent uni f or mi t y r at i os.
Cut of f :
Many ki nds of l i ght f i xt ur es gr eat l y r educe
gl ar e by r est r i ct i ng hi gh- angl e
l i ght t o not
mor e
t han 7 5 degr ees above nadi r (Fi gur e
540- 16) . Thef ol l owi ngcr i t er i a ar e
t he gen-
er al
i ndust r y cl assi f i cat i ons of degr ees of
hi gh- angl e cut of f :
1 . Noncut of f : unr est r i ct ed hi gh- angl e
i l l umi nat i on.
2 .

Semi cut of f : not mor e t han 5 per cent
of peak i nt ensi t y
r adi at i ng above 90
degr ees and 20 per cent of peak i nt en-
si t y above 80 degr ees.
3.

Cut of f : not mor e t han 2- 1/ 2 per cent
of peak i nt ensi t y
r adi at i ng above 90
degr ees and 10 per cent of peak i nt en-
si t y above 80 degr ees.
4. 3 Cat egor i es of Li ght Fi xt ur es
Var i ous cat egor i es of
l i ght f i xt ur es com-
monl y used i n out door l i ght i ng si t uat i ons
ar e descr i bed bel ow(Fi gur e
540- 17 ) .
Low- Level Landscape Li ght s:
Typi cal char act er i st i cs i ncl ude :
1 .

Hei ght s usual l y l ess t han
1 800 mm(6
f t ) but
somet i mes upt o 3 000 mm(10
f t ) .
2.

Lamps may be i ncandescent , compact
f l uor escent , i nduct i on,
mer cur y vapor ,
met al
hal i de, or hi gh- pr essur e sodi um.
3.

Low- wat t age capabi l i t i es, wi t h
l i mi t ed
i nt ensi t i es .
4. Subst ant i al var i et y, wi t h some
si zes
and
shapes f i t t i ng wi t hi n modul es of
f i ni sh mat er i al s (br i ck, et c. ) .
5.
Fi ni t e l i ght pat t er ns, wi t h di r ect i ng
capabi l i t i es.
6. Li ght
sour ces ar e usual l y bel oweye
l evel , so gl ar e must be
cont r ol l ed .
7 . Low
mai nt enance r equi r ement s but
hi gh suscept i bi l i t y t o vandal i sm
.
I nt er medi at e- Hei ght Landscape
Li ght s:
Typi cal char act er i st i cs i ncl ude:
1 .

Aver age
hei ght s of 3 000 t o 45 000
mm(10 t o 15 f t ) .
2 .

Lamps can be i ncandescent ,
compact
f l uor escent , i nduct i on, mer cur y vapor ,
met al hal i de,
or hi gh- pr essur e sodi um.
3 . Subst ant i al var i et y of f i xt ur es and
r espect i ve l i ght i ng pat t er ns
.
4.

Gener al l y used i n or ar ound pedest r i an
pavement s, and
consi der ed pedest r i an
i n scal e.
5. Lower f i xt ur e mount i ng
hei ght s ar e
suscept i bl e
t o vandal i sm.
Par ki ngLot and RoadwayLi ght s:
Typi cal char act er i st i cs
i ncl ude:
1 .

Aver age hei ght s of 6000 t o
15 000
mm(20 t o 50
f t ) .
2. Lamps can be mer cur y vapor ,
met al
hal i de,
or hi gh- pr essur e sodi um.
3.

Used t o l i ght st r eet s, par ki ng
l ot s, and
r ecr eat i onal ,
commer ci al , and i ndust r i -
al ar eas.
Hi gh- Mast Li ght s:
Typi cal
char act er i st i cs i ncl ude:
1 .

Aver age hei ght s of
18 000
t o 30 000
mm
(60 t o 100 f t ) .
2 .

Lamps can be met al
hal i de or hi gh-
pr essur e sodi um.
3 .

Used f or l ar ge par ki ng
l ot s, hi ghway
i nt er changes,
and r ecr eat i onal ar eas.
g
n
h
J
r
O
0
540- 10
g
c
s
J
r
O
O
0
540-
11
4.

Fi xt ur es must be l ower ed t o be
mai n-
t ai ned
.
4. 4 Landscape Li ght i ng Ef f ect s
Si x l i ght i ng ef f ect s
most f r equent l y used i n
out door l i ght i ng si t uat i ons ar e descr i bed
bel ow
(Fi gur es 540- 18 t hr ough 540- 25) .
Upl i ght i ng
:
Upl i ght i ng f or Di r ect i onal
Vi ewi ng:
When a l i ght ed obj ect
can be seen f r om
one di r ect i on onl y, above- gr ade accent
l i ght s can be
used . To pr event gl ar e, f i x-
t ur es shoul d be ai med awayf r om
obser ver s
and, i f possi bl e,
conceal ed t o keep t he
l andscape uncl ut t er ed (Fi gur e 540- 18) .
Upl i ght i ng f or
Al l - Ar ound Vi ewi ng: I f
t he l i ght ed obj ect can be seen f r om any
di r ect i on, t hen wel l l i ght s
wi t h l ouver s
shoul d beconsi der ed (Fi gur e 540- 19) . Wi t h
newl y pl ant ed t r ees,
pl ace upl i ght s as cl ose
as possi bl e t o t he out si de of t he r oot bal l
.
Pl aci ngf i xt ur es mi dway bet ween t r ees i s
r ar el y sat i sf act or y. The l i ght t ypi cal l y
mi sses
t he t r unk and most f ol i age. I t i s par t i cul ar l y
unsuccessf ul i f t r ees ar e
deci duous, espe-
ci al l y dur i ng t he wi nt er st age.
Moonl i ght i ng.
The ef f ect of moonl i ght
f i l t er i ng t hr ough
t he t r ees i s anot her pl easi ng out door l i ght -
i ng t echni que. Up- and- down
l i ght i ng i s
used t o cr eat e t hi s ef f ect , whi ch r equi r es
t hat f i xt ur es be car ef ul l y pl aced
i n t r ees
(Fi gur e 540- 20) . Gr ound l i ght i ng i s accent -
ed by shadows f r oml eaves
and br anches.
Si l houet t e Li ght i ng:
Tr ees and shr ubs wi t h i nt er est i ng br anchi ng
st r uct ur e can be dr amat i cal l y
expr essed
when
si l houet t ed agai nst a wal l or bui l di ng
f acade. Such l i ght i ng al so
pr ovi des addi -
t i onal secur i t y near t he bui l di ng (Fi gur e
540- 21) .
Spot l i ght i ng
:
Speci al obj ect s such as
st at ues, scul pt ur e, or
speci men shr ubs can be l i ght ed
wi t h wel l -
shi el ded f i xt ur es
usi ng spot l amps (Fi gur e
540- 22) . By mount i ng l i ght s over head
i n
t r ees or near by
st r uct ur es, gl ar e and f i xt ur e
di st r act i on can be el i mi nat ed.
I f gr ound-
mount ed
f i xt ur es ar e used, t hey shoul d be
conceal ed wi t h shr ubber y.
Spr eadl i ght i ng:
Spr ead l i ght s pr oduce
ci r cul ar pat t er ns of
i l l umi nat i on f or gener al ar ea
l i ght i ng
(Fi gur e 540- 23)
. They ar e ef f ect i ve f or
gr oundcover s, l owshr ubs, wal ks, and
st eps. However , t o
t ake f ul l advant age of
t he l i ght t hr ow, f i xt ur es shoul d be
kept t o
open ar eas so
t hat shr ubber y does not
r est r i ct l i ght di st r i but i on . The
over head
spr ead l i ght pr ovi des
addi t i onal hei ght and
t hr ow. When used i n eat i ng or
r ecr eat i onal
ar eas, sever al
f i xt ur es shoul d be used t o
sof t en
shadows whi l e cr eat i ng a
uni f or m
l i ght i ngef f ect .
Pat hl f i ght i ng:
2.
3.
4.
5.
Avar i et y of l ampt ypes ar e commer ci al l y avai l abl e
. Sel ect i on of a l ampi nvol ves
t r ade- of f s
bet ween l ampsi ze, opt i cal cont r ol , ef f i cacy,
appear ance, col or t emper a-
t ur e,
col or r endi t i on, l amp l i f e, cost s, and mai nt enance
(Tabl e 540- 1) .
I l l umi nat i on dat a f or l i ght i ng f i xt ur es ar e i l l ust r at ed
by phot omet r i c char t s pr ovi ded
by t he
manuf act ur er . These char t s i l l ust r at e l i ght pat t er ns on
hor i zont al and ver t i cal
pl anes (Fi gur es 540- 13 t hr ough 540- 15) .
Uni f or mi t y of i l l umi nat i on i s descr i bed by a r at i o of
l i ght i nt ensi t y val ues i n l ux (f oot -
candl es)
. Al owr at i o appear s mor e evenl y l i t and uni f or m,
whi l e a hi gh r at i o di spl ays
di st i nct and
cont r ast i ng val ues (Tabl e 540- 2) .
Li ght
f i xt ur es can be br oadl y cat egor i zed i nt o f our
mai n t ypes based on si ze and
desi gn pur pose:
Low- l evel l andscape l i ght s, i nt er medi at e- hei ght
l andscape l i ght s,
par ki ng l ot and
r oadway l i ght s, and hi gh- mast l i ght s (Fi gur e
540- 17 ) .
Level s
of l i ght i ng ar e r el at ed t o t ypes of use and ot her
char act er i st i cs wi t hi n use
ar eas. Tabl e
540- 3 l i st s r ecommended l evel s of i l l umi nat i on.
Pat h l i ght s ar e essent i al l y
spr ead l i ght s at a
l ower hei ght
(Fi gur es 540- 24 and 540- 25) .
I n ar eas wher e ot her l andscape
l i ght i ng i s
used, a hi gh
degr ee of l i ght shi el di ng i s
necessar y f or pat h l i ght s .
Thi s pr event s t he
gl ar e whi ch
i nhi bi t s a f ul l vi ewof t he sur -
r oundi ng l andscape.
I f no ot her
out door l i ght i ng i s used i n t he
i mmedi at e ar ea, l ess- shi el ded
pat h l i ght s
may be
accept abl e. These f i xt ur es i l l umi -
nat e t he pat h and some of t he
sur r oundi ng
l andscape as
wel l , but t her e r emai ns t he
possi bi l i t y t hat t he gl ar e wi l l be
di sr upt i ve .
g
n
h
J
r
O
O
0
LI M
s
g
J
r
540- 12
Tabl e 540- 3. RECOMMENDEDLEVELS OF I LLUMI NATI ON
Ar ea/ act i vi t y Out door f aci l i t i es Lux Foot candl es Ar ea/ act i vi t y Out door f aci l i t i es Lux Foot candl es
(I x) (f c) ( I x) (f c)
Bui l di ng ext er i or
Local Roads
Ent r y
Commer ci al ar eas*
9 0. 9
Act i ve use 50
5. 0
I nt er medi at e ar eas* 7 0. 6
Locked or i nf r equent use 10
1
. 0
Resi dent i al ar eas*
4 0. 4
Vi t al l ocat i ons or st r uct ur es 50 5 0
Wal kways
Bui l di ng sur r ounds 10
1
0
-
Al ong r oadsi de
Bui l di ng and monument s (f l oodl i ght ed)
Commer ci al ar eas* 10 0. 9
Br i ght Sur r oundi ngs
I nt er medi at e ar eas* 5 0. 5
Li ght sur f aces 150 15. 0
Resi dent i al ar eas* 2 0. 2
Medi uml i ght sur f aces 200 20. 0
Di st ant f r omr oadsi de 5 0. 5
Medi umdar k sur f aces 300 30. 0
Par k wal kways 5 0. 5
Dar k sur f aces 500 50. 0
Pedest r i an t unnel s 20 2 . 0
Dar k sur r oundi ngs
Pedest r i an over passes 2 0. 2
Li ght sur f aces 50 5. 0
Pedest r i an st ai r ways
Medi uml i ght sur f aces 100 10. 0
Li ght sur f aces 200 20. 0
Medi umdar k sur f aces 150 150
Dar k sur f aces 500 50. 0
Dar k sur f aces 200 200
Gar dens
Bi keways
Gener al l i ght i ng 5 0. 5
Al ongr oadsi de
Pat h, st eps away f r omhome 10 1. 0
Commer ci al ar eas* 10 0. 9
Backgr ounds, f ences, wal l s, t r ees, shr ubber y 20 2. 0
I nt er medi at e ar eas* 5 0. 5
Fl ower beds, r ock gar dens 50 5. 0
Resi dent i al ar eas* 2 0. 2
Tr ees, shr ubs (when emphasi zed) 50 5. 0
Di st ant f r omr oadsi de 5 0. 5
Focal poi nt s (l ar ge) 100 10. 0
Bul l et i n and post er boar ds, si gns
Focal poi nt s (smal l ) 200 20. 0
Br i ght sur r oundi ngs
Loadi ngand unl oadi ngpl at f or ms 200 20. 0
Li ght sur f aces 5
0
5
Par ki ng ar eas
Dar k sur f aces 1000 1000
Sel f par ki ng 10 1 . 0
Dar k sur r oundi ngs
At t endant par ki ng 20 2. 0
Li ght sur f aces 200 20. 0
Dar k
sur f aces
500
50. 0
Pi er s
Fr ei ght 200 2. 0
Roadways
Passenger 200 2. 0
Expr essways
Act i ve shi ppi ngar ea sur r oundi ng 50 5. 0
Commer ci al ar eas* 14 1 . 4
I nt er medi at e ar eas* 12
1 2
Pl aygr ound 50 5. 0
Resi dent i al ar eas*
9
9
Badmi nt on (out door )
Maj or Roads
Recr eat i onal 100 10
Commer ci al ar eas* 17 1 . 7
Cl ub 200 20
I nt er medi at e
ar eas* 13
1
. 3
Basebal l
Resi dent i al ar eas* 9 9
Recr eat i onal
Col l ect or
r oads
I nf i el d 105 15
Commer ci al ar eas* 12 1 . 2
Out f i el d 100 10
I nt er medi at e ar eas* 9 0. 9
Juni or League (Cl ass I and 11)
Resi dent i al
ar eas* 6
06
540- 13
n
h
J
r
u
d
0
Tabl e 540- 3. RECOMMENDED
LEVELS OF I LLUMI NATI ON (cont i nued)
Ar ea/ act i vi t y Out door f aci l i t i es
Lux Foot candl es Ar ea/ act i vi t y
Out door f aci l i t i es
Lux Foot candl es
(I x) (f c)
( I x)
(f c)
I nf i el d
300 30
Out f i el d
7 0 7
Out f i el d
200
20 Sl owpi t ch, t our nament
I nf i el d
200 20
Semi pr o a
n
d
m
u
ni ci pal l eague
200
Out f i el d
150 15
I nf i el d
20
Out f i el d 150 15
Recr eat i onal (6- pol e)
I nf i el d
100 10
On seat s
dur i ng game
20
2
Out f i el d
7 0 7
On seat s bef or e
and af t er game 50
5
I ndust r i al
League
Basket bal l (out door ) r ecr eat i o
n
a
l 100 10
I nf i el d 200
20
Foot bal I
Out f i el d
150 15
Di st ance
f r omnear est si del i ne t o t he
Semi pr of essi onal
f ar t hest
r ows of spect at or s :
I nf i el d
300 30
Cl ass I
(over 30, 000 spect at or s)
Out f i el d
200 20
over 100 f t (30 m) 1000
100
Pr of essi onal and champi onshi p
Cl ass
I I
I nf i el d
500 50
(10 t o 15, 000 spect at or s)
15 t o 30 m(50 t o 100 f t ) 500
50
Out f i el d
300 30
Cl ass I I I
(5
t o 10, 000 spect at or s)
Swi mmi ng(out doo
r )
9 t o 15 m(30 t o 50 f t ) 300
30
-
Recr eat i onal
100 10
Cl ass I V
Under wat er
600 (60)
(under 5, 000 spect at or s)
under 9 m(30 f t ) 200 20
Exhi bi t i ons
200
20
Cl ass
V
(no f i xed seat i ng f aci l i t i es) 100
10
Tenni s (out doo
r )
Recr eat i onal
100 10
Handbal l and r acquet bal l
(out door )
-
Cl ub
200 20
Recr eat i onal (t wo- cour t )
100
10
Tour nament
300 30
Cl ub (t wo- cour t )
200
20
Vol l eybal l
Hockey (out door )
-
Recr eat i onal
100 10
Recr eat i onal
100 10
Tour nament 200 20
Amat eur
200 20
Hor se shows
Sour ce: I l l umi nat i ng
Engi neer i ng Soci et y of Nor t h
Amer i ca, Mar k Rea, (ed . ) .
Recr eat i onal
50 5
I ES Li ght i ng
Handbook, Ref er ence Vol ume and Appl i cat i on
Vol ume, I ES, New
Yor k, 1993.
Tour nament
100
10
Shuf f l eboar d *Ar eas ar e
def i ned as f ol l ows:
Recr eat i onal 50 5 Commer ci al ar eas:
Dense busi ness di st r i ct s wi t h
heavy vehi cul ar and pedest r i -
an t r af f i c t hr oughout
t he day and ni ght .
Skat i ng
_ I nt er medi at e ar eas
: Moder at el y heavy pedest r i an t r af f i c
dur i ng ni ght s
Rol l er r i nk
100 10
(l i br ar i es, r ecr eat i on
cent er s, l ar ge apar t ment compl ex,
nei ghbor hood r et ai l
st or es) .
I ce r i nk (out door ) 50
5
Resi dent i al ar eas:
Pr edomi nant l y a r esi dent i al ar ea wi t h
l i ght pedest r i an t r af f i c
Lagoon, pond, or
f l ooded ar ea 10
1
at ni ght (si ngl e
f ami l y, mul t i f ami l y apar t ment s) .
Ski sl ope
10
1
Soccer (see Foot bal l )
Sof t bal l
Sl owpi t ch, r ecr eat i onal
(6pol e)
I nf i el d
100 10
n
h
L
r
t
540- 14
5. 0 LOWVOLTAGE SYSTEMS
Lowvol t age l i ght i ngsyst ems of f er an al t er -
nat i ve t o mor e ener gy- consumpt i ve 120
vol t syst ems. These syst ems wor k par t i cu-
l ar l y wel l i n i nf or mal , smal l - scal e, r esi dent i al
set t i ngs. I n addi t i on t o r educed ener gy
usage, l owvol t age syst ems of f er saf e and
easy i nst al l at i on, l onger l amp l i f e (up t o
t wi ce as l ongas 120 vol t l amps) , smal l f i x-
t ur es t hat can be hi dden i n t he l andscape,
and ver y l owl i ght l evel s t o achi eve a var i -
et y of l i ght i ng ef f ect s. Lowvol t age syst ems
ar e not t ypi cal l y appr opr i at e
f or l ar ger
pr o-
j ect s r equi r i ng si gni f i cant l evel s of i l l umi na-
t i on,
or publ i c si t es
wher e dur abi l i t y
i s
a
concer n.
Lowvol t age syst ems i ncl ude a t r ans-
f or mer , cabl e, connect or s, and t he f i xt ur es.
Fi gur e 540- 26 i l l ust r at es t he component s
of a t ypi cal syst em.
Tr ansf or mer s ar e r equi r ed t o conver t
st andar d 120 vol t out put t o t he pr oper
oper at i ngvol t age. They must pr ovi de ade-
quat e power t o accommodat e al l f i xt ur es
pr oposed, i ncl udi ng ant i ci pat ed expansi on.
The t r ansf or mer ' s
wat t age
r at i ng must be
equal t o or gr eat er t han t he wat t age of al l
f i xt ur es combi ned. Lar ge or di ver se l i ght i ng
schemes may r equi r e mul t i pl e t r ansf or mer s.
Tr ansf or mer s may use
manual ,
aut omat i c
t i mer , or phot ocel l syst ems t hat det ect l i ght
l evel s t o t ur n power on and of f f or t he sys-
t em. Cur r ent phot ocel l t echnol ogy i s sui t -
abl e onl y f or smal l - scal e r esi dent i al appl i ca-
t i ons due t o r el i abi l i t y concer ns.
Syst ems t ypi cal l y use 12 gauge l owvol t -
age cabl e f eeds wi t h 18 gauge f i xt ur e wi r e,
unl ess ot her wi se speci f i ed by t he manuf ac-
t ur er . Pl ast i c connect or s ar e used t o
j oi n
each
f i xt ur e
t o t he cabl e
f eed .
Awi de var i et y of l owvol t age f i xt ur es ar e
avai l abl e t o achi eve var i ous
l i ght i ng ef f ect s.
Ref er t o 4 . 4 Landscape Li ght i ng Ef f ect s i n
t hi s sect i on f or i nf or mat i on
on di f f er ent
l i ght i ng st r at egi es .
6. 0 RECOMMENDEDLEVELS
OF I LLUMI NATI ON
The l evel s of i l l umi nat i on l i st ed i n Tabl e
540- 3 r epr esent cur r ent
st andar ds i n t he
l i ght i ng i ndust r y.
REFERENCES
I l umi nat i ng Engi neer i ng Soci et y of Nor t h
Amer i ca, Recommended
Li ght i ng f or
Wal kways and Cl ass 1 Bi keways, DG- 5,
1993.
Moyer , Jan Lennox, The Landscape
Li ght i ng Book, John Wi l ey &Sons, New
Yor k, 1992.
Rea, Mar k (ed. ) . Li ght i ng Handbook:
Ref er ence & Appl i cat i on, I l l umi nat i ng
Engi neer i ng Soci et y of Nor t h
Amer i ca,
1993.