Chap#6 (A)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.
H)} 1
CH#6
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} )
PROBLEMS
Q#6.1: Show that i = ke
-2t
and i = ke
-t
are solutions of the differential equation
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i =
dt
2
dt
Characteristic equation:
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
a 1
! 3
" 2

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
&uttin' "orres(ondin' )alues we 'et
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *-$+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -2
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-2t
Q#6.2: Show that i = /e
-t
and i = /te
-t
are solutions of the differential equation
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} *
Here
1s
2
i + 2si + 1i =
s
2
+ 2s + 1 =
a 1
! 2
" 1

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# $
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + +.2% *-2 - +.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-1+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2te
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2te
-1t
Q#6.3: 0ind the 'eneral solution of ea"h of the followin' equations:
*a+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
a 1
! 3
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +
" 2

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *-$+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -2
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-2t
*!+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
a 1
! 1
" 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
*"+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + 12i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 2si + 12i =
s
2
+ 2s + 12 =
a 1
! 2
" 12

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*12+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $,

# $-
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + 1+.2% *-2 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-6+.2% *--+.2
s1% s2 = -3% -$
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-3t
+ /2e
-$t
*d+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + $i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + $i =
s
2
+ 1s + $ =
a 1
! 1
" $

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 ,
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 3
s1% s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} .
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 3+.2% *-1 - 3+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *--+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -$
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-$t
*e+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
a 1
! 1
" 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -23
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 i$.2,6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i$.2,6+.2% *-1 - i$.2,6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i2.3,-+% *-.1 - i2.3,-+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /
i*t+ = /1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-+t
*f+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 2i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 2i =
s
2
+ 1s + 2 =
3 1
4 1
C 2

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 i2.6$6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i2.6$6+.2% *-1 - i2.6$6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i1.323+% *-.1 # i1.323+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i1.323+t
*'+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 0
s
2
i + 2si + i =
s
2
+ 2s + 1 =
a 1
! 2
" 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# $
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + +.2% *-2 - +.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-1+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
*h+
d
2
i di
+ $ + $i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + $si + $i =
s
2
+ $s + $ =
a 1
! $
" $
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 16

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + +.2% *-$ - +.2
s1% s2 = *-2+% *-2+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-2+t
+ /2te
*-2+t
Q#6.$: 0ind the 'eneral solution of ea"h of the followin' ho5o'eneous differential
equations:
*a+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + 2) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + 2) =
s
2
+ 2s + 2 =
a 1
! 2
" 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 -$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2+.2% *-2 # i2+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1+% *-1 # i1+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1+t
*!+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + $) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + $) =
s
2
+ 2s + $ =
a 1
! 2
" $
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1)
-2 -12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i3.$6$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i3.$6$+.2% *-2 # i3.$6$+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1.232+% *-1 # i1.232+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1.232+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.232+t
*"+
d
2
) d)
+ $ + 2) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + $s) + 2) =
s
2
+ $s + 2 =
a 1
! $
" 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 16

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 2.-2-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1*
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + 2.-2-+.2% *-$ # 2.-2-+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1-6+% *-3.$1$+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-.1-6+t
+ /2e
*-3.$1$+t
*d+
d
2
) d)
2 + - + 16) =
dt
2
dt
3fter si5(lifi"ation
d
2
) d)
+ $ + -) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + $s) + -) =
s
2
+ $s + - =
a 1
! $
" -
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*-+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 16

# 32
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ -16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ i$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + i$+.2% *-$ # i$+.2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1+
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2+% *-2 # i2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-2 + i2+t
+ /2e
*-2 # i2+t
*e+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + 3) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + 3) =
s
2
+ 2s + 3 =
a 1
! 2
" 3
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*3+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# 12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 --
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i2.-2-
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2.-2-+.2% *-2 # i2.-2-+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1.$1$+% *-1 # i1.$1$+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1.$1$+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.$1$+t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1,
*f+
d
2
) d)
+ 3 + 1) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 3s) + 1) =
s
2
+ 3s + 1 =
a 1
! 3
" 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# 2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 -11
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 i3.312
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + i3.312+.2% *-3 # i3.312+.2
s1% s2 = *-1.1 + i1.61,+% *-1.1 # i1.61,+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,+t
+ /2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,+t
Q#6.1: 0ind (arti"ular solutions for the differential equations of &ro!. 6.3 su!6e"t to
the initial "onditions:
di
i*++ = 1% *++ =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1-
dt
*a+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
a 1
! 3
" 2

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *-$+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -2
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-2t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-1*++
+ /2e
-2*++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1.
8ifferentiatin' *i+ with res(e"t to 9t:
di*t+
= -/1e
-1t
- 2/2e
-2t
dt
di*++
= -/1e
-1*++
- 2/2e
-2*++
dt
di*++
= -/1e
- 2/2e
dt
= -/1*1+ - 2/2*1+
= -/1 - 2/2
/1 = - 2/2
&uttin' the )alue of /1 in *ii+
1 = -2/2 + /2
/2 = -1
1 = /1 + *-1+
/1 = 2
i*t+ = 2e
-t
+ *-1+e
-2t
i*t+ = 2e
-t
# e
-2t

*!+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 1/
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= -2/1e
-2t
- 3/2e
-3t
dt
di*++
= -2/1e
-2*++
- 3/2e
-3*++
dt
di*++
= -2/1e
- 3/2e
dt
di*++
= -2/1*1+ - 3/2*1+
dt
= -2/1 - 3/2
2/1 = -3/2
/1 = -1.1/2
1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
1 = -1.1/2 + /2
1 = -.1/2
/2 = -2
/1 = -1.1*-2+
/1 = 3.
i*t+ = 3e
-2t
+ *-2+e
-3t
i*t+ = 3e
-2t
- 2e
-3t
*"+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + 12i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 2si + 12i =
s
2
+ 2s + 12 =
a 1
! 2
" 12

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*12+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $,

# $-
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + 1+.2% *-2 - 1+.2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} )1
s1% s2 = *-6+.2% *--+.2
s1% s2 = -3% -$
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-3t
+ /2e
-$t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-3*++
+ /2e
-$*++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= -3/1e
-3t
- $/2e
-$t
dt
di*++
= -3/1e
-3*++
- $/2e
-$*++
dt
di*++
= -3/1e
- $/2e
dt
di*++
= -3/1*1+ - $/2*1+
dt
di*++
= -3/1 - $/2
dt
= -3/1 - $/2
3/1 = - $/2
/1 = -1.33$/2
1 = -1.33$/2 + /2
1 = -.33$/2
/2 = -2.,,$
/1 = -1.33$*-2.,,$+ = 3.,,$
i*t+ = *3.,,$+e
-3t
+ *-2.,,$+e
-$t
i*t+ = 3.,,$e
-3t
- 2.,,$e
-$t
*d+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + $i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + $i =
s
2
+ 1s + $ =
a 1
! 1
" $

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 ,
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 3
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 3+.2% *-1 - 3+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *--+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -$
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-$t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-1*++
+ /2e
-$*++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= -1/1e
-1t
- $/2e
-$t
dt
di*++
= -1/1e
-1*++
- $/2e
-$*++
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ))
di*++
= -1/1e
- $/2e
dt
= -1/1*1+ - $/2*1+
= -/1 - $/2
/1 = -$/2
1 = -$/2 + /2
1 = -3/2
/2 = -.33$
/1 = -$*-.33$+
/1 = 1.336
i*t+ = 1.336e
-1t
# .33$e
-$t
*e+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -23
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} )*
-1 i$.2,6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i$.2,6+.2% *-1 - i$.2,6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i2.3,-+% *-.1 - i2.3,-+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-++
+ /2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= /1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-+t
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-++
+ *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-++
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1e
+ *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2e
dt
= *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1*1+ + *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2*1+
= *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1 + *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2
.1 + i2.3,-
/1 = /2
-.1 + i2.3,-
/1 = ;.,12 # i.$</2
1 = ;.,12 # i.$</2 + /2
1 = ;;.,12 # i.$< + 1</2
1 = ;.,12 # i.$ + 1</2
1 = ;1.,12 # i.$</2
/2 = .1 + i.1$
1 = /1 + /2
/1 = 1 # /2
/1 = 1 # ;.1 + i.1$<
/1 = 1 # .1 - i.1$
/1 = .1 - i.1$
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} )+
i*t+ = ;.1 - i.1$<e
*-.1 + i2.3,-+t
+ ;.1 + i.1$<e
*-.1 - i2.3,-+t
*f+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 2i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 2i =
s
2
+ 1s + 2 =
a 1
! 1
" 2

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 i2.6$6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i2.6$6+.2% *-1 - i2.6$6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i1.323+% *-.1 # i1.323+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t

i*t+ = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i1.323+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ /2e
*-.1 - i1.323++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ),
di*t+
= /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i1.323+t
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ *-.1 - i1.323+/2e
*-.1 - i1.323++
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1e
+ *-.1 - i1.323+/2e
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1*1+ + *-.1 - i1.323+/2*1+
dt
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1 + *-.1 - i1.323+/2
*-.1 + i1.323+/1 = *.1 + i1.323+/2
*.1 + i1.323+
/1 = /2
*-.1 + i1.323+
/1 = *.21 # .662i+/2
1 = *.21 # .662i+/2 + /2
1 = ;*.21 # .662i+ + 1</2
1 = ;1.21 # .662i</2
/2 = .1 + .1-,i
1 = /1 + .1 + .1-,i
/1 = 1 - .1 - .1-,i
/1 = .1 - .1-,i
i*t+ = ;.1 - .1-,i<e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ ;.1 + .1-,i<e
*-.1 - i1.323+t
*'+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 2si + i =
s
2
+ 2s + 1 =
a 1
! 2
" 1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} )-
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# $
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + +.2% *-2 - +.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-1+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2*++e
*-1++
i*++ = /1e
i*++ = /1*1+
1 = /1
di*t+
= -/1e
*-1+t
+ /2;-te
*-1+t
# e
-t
<
dt
di*++
= *-1+/1e
*-1++
+ /2;-*++e
-*++
# e
-*++
<
dt
di*++
= *-1+/1e
+ /2;#e
<
dt
di*++
= *-1+/1*1+ + /2;#*1+<
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ).
dt
= -/1 # /2
= -*1+ # /2
/2 = -1
&uttin' "orres(ondin' )alues
i*t+ = *1+e
*-1+t
+ *-1+te
*-1+t

i*t+ = e
*-1+t
- te
*-1+t

*h+
d
2
i di
+ $ + $i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + $si + $i =
s
2
+ $s + $ =
3 1
4 $
C $
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 16

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + +.2% *-$ - +.2
s1% s2 = *-2+% *-2+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} )/
i*t+ = /1e
*-2+t
+ /2te
*-2+t
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-2++
+ /2*++e
*-2++
1 = /1e
1 = /1*1+
1 = /1
di*t+
= -2/1e
*-2+t
+ /2;-.1te
-2t
# .21e
-2t
<
dt
di*++
= -2/1e
*-2++
+ /2;-.1*++e
-2*++
# .21e
-2*++
<
dt
di*++
= -2/1e

+ /2;#.21e
<
dt
di*++
= -2/1*1+

+ /2;#.21*1+<
dt
= -2/1

# .21/2
2/1 = -.21/2
/1 = -.121/2
/2 = --
i*t+ = *1+e
*-2+t
+ *--+te
*-2+t
i*t+ = e
*-2+t
- -te
*-2+t
di
i*++ = 2% *++ = +1
dt
*a+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
a 1
! 3
" 2

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *-$+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -2
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-2t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-1*++
+ /2e
-2*++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= -/1e
-1t
- 2/2e
-2t
dt
di*++
= -/1e
-1*++
- 2/2e
-2*++
dt
di*++
= -/1e
- 2/2e
dt
1 = -/1*1+ - 2/2*1+
1 = -/1 - 2/2
/1 = -1 - 2/2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} *1
2 = ;-1 - 2/2< + /2
2 = -1 - 2/2 + /2
3 = -/2
/2 = -3
2 = /1 + *-3+
/1 = 1
i*t+ = 1e
-t
+ *-3+e
-2t
i*t+ = 1e
-t
# 3e
-2t
*!+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= -2/1e
-2t
- 3/2e
-3t
dt
di*++
= -2/1e
-2*++
- 3/2e
-3*++
dt
di*++
= -2/1e
- 3/2e
dt
di*++
= -2/1*1+ - 3/2*1+
dt
1 = -2/1 - 3/2
2/1 = -3/2 - 1
/1 = -1.1/2 # .1
2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
2 = ;-1.1/2 # .1< + /2
2 = -1.1/2 # .1 + /2
2 = -.1/2 # .1
/2 = -1
2 = /1 + *-1+
/1 = 2
i*t+ = 2e
-2t
+ *-1+e
-3t
i*t+ = 2e
-2t
- 1e
-3t
*"+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + 12i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} *)
Here
s
2
i + 2si + 12i =
s
2
+ 2s + 12 =
a 1
! 2
" 12

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*12+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $,

# $-
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + 1+.2% *-2 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-6+.2% *--+.2
s1% s2 = -3% -$
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-3t
+ /2e
-$t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-3*++
+ /2e
-$*++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= -3/1e
-3t
- $/2e
-$t
dt
di*++
= -3/1e
-3*++
- $/2e
-$*++
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} **
di*++
= -3/1e
- $/2e
dt
di*++
= -3/1*1+ - $/2*1+
dt
di*++
= -3/1 - $/2
dt
1 = -3/1 - $/2
3/1 = -$/2 - 1
/1 = -1.33$/2 # .33$
2 = ;-1.33$/2 # .33$< + /2
2 = -1.33$/2 # .33$ + /2
2.33$ = -.33$/2
/2 = -6.,--
2 = /1 + *-6.,--+
-.,-- = /1
i*t+ = *-.,--+e
-3t
+ *-6.,--+e
-$t
i*t+ = -.,--e
-3t
# 6.,--e
-$t
*d+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + $i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + $i =
s
2
+ 1s + $ =
a 1
! 1
" $

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} *+
-1 1
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 ,
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 3
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 3+.2% *-1 - 3+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *--+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -$
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-$t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-1*++
+ /2e
-$*++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= -1/1e
-1t
- $/2e
-$t
dt
di*++
= -1/1e
-1*++
- $/2e
-$*++
dt
di*++
= -1/1e
- $/2e
dt
= -1/1*1+ - $/2*1+
= -/1 - $/2
/1 = -$/2
1 = -$/2 + /2
1 = -3/2
/2 = -.33$
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} *,
/1 = -$*-.33$+
/1 = 1.336
i*t+ = 1.336e
-1t
# .33$e
-$t
*e+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 6i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 6i =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
a 1
! 1
" 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -23
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 i$.2,6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i$.2,6+.2% *-1 - i$.2,6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i2.3,-+% *-.1 - i2.3,-+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-++
+ /2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-++
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} *-
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= /1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-+t
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1e
*-.1 + i2.3,-++
+ *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2e
*-.1 - i2.3,-++
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1e
+ *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2e
dt
1 = *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1*1+ + *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2*1+
1 = *-.1 + i2.3,-+/1 + *-.1 - i2.3,-+/2
/1 = -.-$ # i.$ + ;.,12 # i.$</2
2 = ;-.-$ # i.$ + ;.,12 # i.$</2< + /2
2 + .-$ + i.$ = ;1.,12 # i.$</2
2.-$ + i.$ = ;1.,12 # i.$</2
/2 = 1 + i.$12
2 = /1 + 1 + i.$12
2 - 1 - i.$12 = /1
1 - i.$12 = /1
i*t+ = ;1 - i.$12<e
*-.1 + i2.3,-+t
+ ;1 + i.$12<e
*-.1 - i2.3,-+t

*f+
d
2
i di
+ 1 + 2i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 1si + 2i =
s
2
+ 1s + 2 =
a 1
! 1
" 2

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} *.
-1 1
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 i2.6$6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i2.6$6+.2% *-1 - i2.6$6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i1.323+% *-.1 # i1.323+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i1.323+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ /2e
*-.1 - i1.323++
i*++ = /1e
+ /2e
i*++ = /1*1+ + /2*1+

2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
di*t+
= /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 - i1.323+t
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ *-.1 - i1.323+/2e
*-.1 - i1.323++
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1e
+ *-.1 - i1.323+/2e
dt
di*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1*1+ + *-.1 - i1.323+/2*1+
dt
1 = *-.1 + i1.323+/1 + *-.1 - i1.323+/2
/1 = -.21 # i.662 + ;.21 # i.662</2
2 = -.21 # i.662 + ;.21 # i.662</2 + /2
2 + .21 + i.662 = ;.21 # i.662</2 + /2
2.21 + i.662 = ;1.21 # i.662</2
/2 = 1 + i.212
2 = /1 + 1 + i.212
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} */
/1 = 2 # 1 - i.212
/1 = 1 - i.212
i*t+ = ;1 - i.212<e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ ;1 + i.212<e
*-.1 - i1.323+t
*'+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + 2si + i =
s
2
+ 2s + 1 =
3 1
4 2
C 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# $
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + +.2% *-2 - +.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-1+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2*++e
*-1++
i*++ = /1e
i*++ = /1*1+
2 = /1
di*t+
= -/1e
*-1+t
+ /2;-te
*-1+t
# e
-t
<
dt
di*++
= *-1+/1e
*-1++
+ /2;-*++e
-*++
# e
-*++
<
dt
di*++
= *-1+/1e
+ /2;#e
<
dt
di*++
= *-1+/1*1+ + /2;#*1+<
dt
1 = -/1 # /2
1 = -*2+ # /2
/2 = -3
i*t+ = *2+e
*-1+t
+ *-3+te
*-1+t

i*t+ = 2e
*-1+t
- 3te
*-1+t

*h+
d
2
i di
+ $ + $i =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
i + $si + $i =
s
2
+ $s + $ =
3 1
4 $
C $
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +1
-$ 16

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + +.2% *-$ - +.2
s1% s2 = *-2+% *-2+
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-2+t
+ /2te
*-2+t
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-2++
+ /2*++e
*-2++
2 = /1e
2 = /1*1+
2 = /1
di*t+
= -2/1e
*-2+t
+ /2;-.1te
-2t
# .21e
-2t
<
dt
di*++
= -2/1e
*-2++
+ /2;-.1*++e
-2*++
# .21e
-2*++
<
dt
di*++
= -2/1e

+ /2;#.21e
<
dt
di*++
= -2/1*1+

+ /2;#.21*1+<
dt
1 = -2/1

# .21/2
1 = -2*2+

# .21/2
-1 = .21/2
/2 = -2
i*t+ = *2+e
*-2+t
+ *-2+te
*-2+t
i*t+ = 2e
*-2+t
- 2te
*-2+t
d)
)*++ = 1% *++ = -1
dt
*a+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + 2) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + 2) =
s
2
+ 2s + 2 =
a 1
! 2
" 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 -$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2+.2% *-2 # i2+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1+% *-1 # i1+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1 + i1++
+ /2e
*-1 # i1++
)*++ = /1e
+ /2e

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +)
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
d)*t+
= *-1 + i1+/1e
*-1 + i1+t
+ *-1 # i1+/2e
*-1 # i1+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1+/1e
*-1 + i1++
+ *-1 # i1+/2e
*-1 # i1++
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1+/1e
+ *-1 # i1+/2e
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1+/1*1+ + *-1 # i1+/2*1+
dt
-1 = *-1 + i1+/1 + *-1 # i1+/2
/1 = -i/2 + .1 + .1i
1 = ;-i/2 + .1 + .1i< + /2
1 = -i/2 + .1 + .1i + /2
/2 = .1
1 = /1 + .1
/1 = .1
)*t+ = .1e
*-1 + i1+t
+ .1e
*-1 # i1+t
*!+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + $) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + $) =
s
2
+ 2s + $ =
a 1
! 2
" $
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +*
-2 $

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 -12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i3.$6$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i3.$6$+.2% *-2 # i3.$6$+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1.232+% *-1 # i1.232+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1.232+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.232+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1 + i1.232++
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.232++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2
d)*t+
= *-1 + i1.232+/1e
*-1 + i1.232+t
+ *-1 # i1.232+/2e
*-1 # i1.232+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.232+/1e
*-1 + i1.232++
+ *-1 # i1.232+/2e
*-1 # i1.232++
dt
-1 = *-1 + i1.232+/1e
+ *-1 # i1.232+/2e
-1 = *-1 + i1.232+/1*1+ + *-1 # i1.232+/2*1+

-1 = *-1 + i1.232+/1 + *-1 # i1.232+/2
*-1 + i1.232+/1 = *1 + i1.232+/2 - 1
/1 = ;.1 # i.-66</2 + .21 + i.$33
1 = ;;.1 # i.-66</2 + .21 + i.$33< + /2
1 = ;.1 # i.-66</2 + .21 + i.$33 + /2
1 - .21 - i.$33 = ;.1 # i.-66</2 + /2
.21 - i.$33 = ;.1 # i.-66 + 1</2
.21 - i.$33 = ;1.1 # i.-66</2
/2 = .1
1 = /1 + .1
/1 = .1
)*t+ = .1e
*-1 + i1.232+t
+ .1e
*-1 # i1.232+t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ++
*"+
d
2
) d)
+ $ + 2) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + $s) + 2) =
s
2
+ $s + 2 =
a 1
! $
" 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 16

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 2.-2-
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + 2.-2-+.2% *-$ # 2.-2-+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1-6+% *-3.$1$+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-.1-6+t
+ /2e
*-3.$1$+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-.1-6++
+ /2e
*-3.$1$++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +,
d)*t+
= *-.1-6+/1e
*-.1-6+t
+ *-3.$1$+/2e
*-3.$1$+t
dt
d)*++
= *-.1-6+/1e
*-.1-6++
+ *-3.$1$+/2e
*-3.$1$++
dt
-1 = *-.1-6+/1e
+ *-3.$1$+/2e
-1 = *-.1-6+/1*1+ + *-3.$1$+/2*1+
-1 = -.1-6/1 - 3.$1$/2
/1 = 1.26 # 1.-26/2
1 = 1.26 # 1.-26/2 + /2
.26 = $.-26/2
/2 = .1$6
/1 = 1.26 # 1.-26*.1$6+
/1 = 1.26 # .-11
/1 = .-11
)*t+ = .-11e
*-.1-6+t
+ .1$6e
*-3.$1$+t
*d+
d
2
) d)
2 + - + 16) =
dt
2
dt
d
2
) d)
+ $ + -) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + $s) + -) =
s
2
+ $s + - =
a 1
! $
" -
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*-+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +-
-$ 16

# 32
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ -16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ i$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + i$+.2% *-$ # i$+.2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2+% *-2 # i2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-2 + i2+t
+ /2e
*-2 # i2+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-2 + i2++
+ /2e
*-2 # i2++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
d)*t+
= *-2 + i2+/1e
*-2 + i2+t
+ *-2 # i2+/2e
*-2 # i2+t
dt
d)*++
= *-2 + i2+/1e
*-2 + i2++
+ *-2 # i2+/2e
*-2 # i2++

dt
-1 = *-2 + i2+/1e
+ *-2 # i2+/2e

-1 = *-2 + i2+/1*1+ + *-2 # i2+/2*1+
-1 = *-2 + i2+/1 + *-2 # i2+/2
/1 = -1i + .21 + i.21
/1 = -.21i + .21
1 = ;-.21i + .21< + /2
1 + .21i # .21 = /2
.21 + .21i = /2
)*t+ = ;-.21i + .21<e
*-2 + i2+t
+ ;.21 + .21i<e
*-2 # i2+t
*e+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + 3) =
dt
2
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +.
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + 3) =
s
2
+ 2s + 3 =
a 1
! 2
" 3
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*3+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# 12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 --
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i2.-2-
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2.-2-+.2% *-2 # i2.-2-+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1.$1$+% *-1 # i1.$1$+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1.$1$+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.$1$+t
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1 + i1.$1$++
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.$1$++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2
d)*t+
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1e
*-1 + i1.$1$+t
+ *-1 # i1.$1$+/2e
*-1 # i1.$1$+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1e
*-1 + i1.$1$++
+ *-1 # i1.$1$+/2e
*-1 # i1.$1$++
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} +/
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1e
+ *-1 # i1.$1$+/2e
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1*1+ + *-1 # i1.$1$+/2*1+
dt
-1 = *-1 + i1.$1$+/1 + *-1 # i1.$1$+/2
/1 = ;.33$ # i.,$3</2 + .33$ + i.$21
1 = ;.33$ # i.,$3</2 + .33$ + i.$21 + /2
1 - .33$ - i.$21 = ;1.33$ # i.,$3</2
*.666 - i.$21+ = ;1.33$ # i.,$3</2
/2 = .$,,
1 = /1 + .$,,
.11 = /1
)*t+ = .11e
*-1 + i1.$1$+t
+ .$,,e
*-1 # i1.$1$+t
*f+
d
2
) d)
+ 3 + 1) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 3s) + 1) =
s
2
+ 3s + 1 =
a 1
! 3
" 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# 2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 -11
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 i3.312
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + i3.312+.2% *-3 # i3.312+.2
s1% s2 = *-1.1 + i1.61,+% *-1.1 # i1.61,+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,+t
+ /2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,++
+ /2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
d)*t+
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,+t
+ *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,++
+ *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,++
dt
d)*++
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1e
+ *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2e
dt
d)*++
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1*1+ + *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2*1+
dt
-1 = *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1 + *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2
/1 = .$1 # i.66$
1 = .$1 # i.66$ + /2
/2 = .1,, + i.66$
)*t+ = *.$1 # i.66$+e
*-1.1 + i1.61,+t
+ *.1,, + i.66$+e
*-1.1 # i1.61,+t
Q#6.-: 0ind (arti"ular solutions to the differential equations 'i)en in &ro!. 6.$%
'i)en the initial "onditions:
d)
)*++ = 2% *++ = 1
dt
*a+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + 2) =
dt
2
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,1
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + 2) =
s
2
+ 2s + 2 =
a 1
! 2
" 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 -$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2+.2% *-2 # i2+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1+% *-1 # i1+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1 + i1++
+ /2e
*-1 # i1++
)*++ = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
d)*t+
= *-1 + i1+/1e
*-1 + i1+t
+ *-1 # i1+/2e
*-1 # i1+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1+/1e
*-1 + i1++
+ *-1 # i1+/2e
*-1 # i1++
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1+/1e
+ *-1 # i1+/2e
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1+/1*1+ + *-1 # i1+/2*1+
dt
1 = *-1 + i1+/1 + *-1 # i1+/2
/1 = -i/2 # .1 # i.1
2 = -i/2 # .1 # i.1 + /2
2 + .1 + i.1 = -i/2 + /2
2.1 + i.1 = ;-i + 1</2
/2 = 1 + i1.1
2 = /1 + 1 + i1.1
1 = /1 + i1.1
/1 = 1 # i1.1
)*t+ = *1 # i1.1+e
*-1 + i1+t
+ *1 + i1.1+e
*-1 # i1+t
*!+
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + $) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + $) =
s
2
+ 2s + $ =
a 1
! 2
" $
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*$+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# 16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,)
-2 -12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i3.$6$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i3.$6$+.2% *-2 # i3.$6$+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1.232+% *-1 # i1.232+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1.232+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.232+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1 + i1.232++
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.232++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2
d)*t+
= *-1 + i1.232+/1e
*-1 + i1.232+t
+ *-1 # i1.232+/2e
*-1 # i1.232+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.232+/1e
*-1 + i1.232++
+ *-1 # i1.232+/2e
*-1 # i1.232++
dt
1 = *-1 + i1.232+/1e
+ *-1 # i1.232+/2e
1 = *-1 + i1.232+/1*1+ + *-1 # i1.232+/2*1+

1 = *-1 + i1.232+/1 + *-1 # i1.232+/2
*-1 + i1.232+/1 = *1 + i1.232+/2 + 1
/1 = ;.1 # i.-66</2 - .21 - i.$33
2 = ;.1 # i.-66</2 - .21 - i.$33 + /2
2 + .21 + i.$33 = ;.1 # i.-66</2 + /2
2.21 + i.$33 = ;.1 # i.-66 + 1</2
2.21 + i.$33 = ;1.1 # i.-66</2
/2 = 1 + i.-62
2 = /1 + 1 + i.-62
1 # i.-62 = /1
)*t+ = *1 # i.-62+e
*-1 + i1.232+t
+ *1 + i.-62+e
*-1 # i1.232+t
*"+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,*
d
2
) d)
+ $ + 2) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + $s) + 2) =
s
2
+ $s + 2 =
a 1
! $
" 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-$ $
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 16

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 2.-2-
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + 2.-2-+.2% *-$ # 2.-2-+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1-6+% *-3.$1$+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-.1-6+t
+ /2e
*-3.$1$+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-.1-6++
+ /2e
*-3.$1$++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,+
d)*t+
= *-.1-6+/1e
*-.1-6+t
+ *-3.$1$+/2e
*-3.$1$+t
dt
d)*++
= *-.1-6+/1e
*-.1-6++
+ *-3.$1$+/2e
*-3.$1$++
dt
1 = *-.1-6+/1e
+ *-3.$1$+/2e
1 = *-.1-6+/1*1+ + *-3.$1$+/2*1+
1 = -.1-6/1 - 3.$1$/2
/1 = -1.26 # 1.-26/2
2 = ;-1.26 # 1.-26/2< + /2
2 = -1.26 # 1.-26/2 + /2
2 + 1.26 = ;#1.-26 + 1</2
3.26 = ;#$.-26</2
/2 = -.26-
2 = /1 + *-.26-+
2.26- = /1
)*t+ = 2.26-e
*-.1-6+t
# .26-e
*-3.$1$+t
*d+
d
2
) d)
2 + - + 16) =
dt
2
dt
d
2
) d)
+ $ + -) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + $s) + -) =
s
2
+ $s + - =
a 1
! $
" -
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,,
-$ $
2
# $*1+*-+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ 16

# 32
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ -16
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-$ i$
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-$ + i$+.2% *-$ # i$+.2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2+% *-2 # i2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-2 + i2+t
+ /2e
*-2 # i2+t
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-2 + i2++
+ /2e
*-2 # i2++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
d)*t+
= *-2 + i2+/1e
*-2 + i2+t
+ *-2 # i2+/2e
*-2 # i2+t
dt
d)*++
= *-2 + i2+/1e
*-2 + i2++
+ *-2 # i2+/2e
*-2 # i2++

dt
1 = *-2 + i2+/1e
+ *-2 # i2+/2e

1 = *-2 + i2+/1*1+ + *-2 # i2+/2*1+
1 = *-2 + i2+/1 + *-2 # i2+/2
/1 = -i # .21 # i.21
/1 = -i1.21 # .21
2 = -i1.21 # .21 + /2
2 + i1.21 + .21 = /2
2.21 + i1.21 = /2
)*t+ = ;-i1.21 # .21<e
*-2 + i2+t
+ ;2.21 + i1.21<e
*-2 # i2+t
*e+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,-
d
2
) d)
+ 2 + 3) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 2s) + 3) =
s
2
+ 2s + 3 =
a 1
! 2
" 3
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*3+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# 12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 --
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 i2.-2-
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + i2.-2-+.2% *-2 # i2.-2-+.2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i1.$1$+% *-1 # i1.$1$+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1 + i1.$1$+t
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.$1$+t
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1 + i1.$1$++
+ /2e
*-1 # i1.$1$++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,.
d)*t+
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1e
*-1 + i1.$1$+t
+ *-1 # i1.$1$+/2e
*-1 # i1.$1$+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1e
*-1 + i1.$1$++
+ *-1 # i1.$1$+/2e
*-1 # i1.$1$++
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1e
+ *-1 # i1.$1$+/2e
dt
d)*++
= *-1 + i1.$1$+/1*1+ + *-1 # i1.$1$+/2*1+
dt
1 = *-1 + i1.$1$+/1 + *-1 # i1.$1$+/2
/1 = ;.33$ # i.,$3</2 # .33$ # i.$21
2 = ;.33$ # i.,$3</2 # .33$ # i.$21 + /2
2 + .33$ + i.$21 = ;1.33$ # i.,$3</2
2.33$ + i.$21 = ;1.33$ # i.,$3</2
/2 = 1 + i1.6
2 = /1 + 1 + i1.6
1 - i1.6 = /1
)*t+ = *1 - i1.6+e
*-1 + i1.$1$+t
+ *1 + i1.6+e
*-1 # i1.$1$+t
*f+
d
2
) d)
+ 3 + 1) =
dt
2
dt
as
2
+ !s + " =
Here
s
2
) + 3s) + 1) =
s
2
+ 3s + 1 =
a 1
! 3
" 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ,/
-3 ,

# 2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 -11
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 i3.312
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + i3.312+.2% *-3 # i3.312+.2
s1% s2 = *-1.1 + i1.61,+% *-1.1 # i1.61,+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
)*t+ = /1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,+t
+ /2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,+t
7 *i+
3t t = +
)*++ = /1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,++
+ /2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2 7 *ii+
d)*t+
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,+t
+ *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,+t
dt
d)*++
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1e
*-1.1 + i1.61,++
+ *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2e
*-1.1 # i1.61,++
dt
d)*++
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1e
+ *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2e
dt
d)*++
= *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1*1+ + *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2*1+
dt
1 = *-1.1 + i1.61,+/1 + *-1.1 # i1.61,+/2
/1 = .11 # i.,,6 # .3 # i.332
/1 = -.1,, # i1.32-
2 = -.1,, # i1.32- + /2
2 + .1,, + i1.32- = /2
2.1,, + i1.32- = /2
)*t+ = *-.1,, # i1.32-+e
*-1.1 + i1.61,+t
+ *2.1,, + i1.32-+e
*-1.1 # i1.61,+t
Q#6.,: Sol)e the differential equation
d
3
i d
2
i di
3 + - + 1 + 3i =
dt dt dt
3s
3
i + -s
2
i + 1si + 3i =
X-TICS EQUTIO!:
3s
3
+ -s
2
+ 1s + 3 =
=e "an find roots usin' s>ntheti" di)ision
1 - 1 3
-1 -1 -2 -3
1 2 3 ?e5ainder is @ero.
s = -1
So s + 1 is a fa"tor.
*s + 1+*s
2
+ 2s + 3+ =
s
2
+ 2s + 3 =
3 1
4 2
C 3

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*3+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $,

# 12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 32
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 6.-3
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + 6.-3+.2% *-2 # 6.-3+.2
s1% s2 = *-.,12+.2% *-13.-3+.2
s1% s2 = -.$1,% -6.1$2
General solution:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -1
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-.$1,t
+ /2e
-6.1$2t
So #1% -.$1,% -6.1$2 are roots of the A-BCCS equation.
Deneral solution:
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-.$1,t
+ /3e
-6.1$2t
Q#6.1: Sol)e the differential equation
d
3
i d
2
i di
2 + , + 13 + 6i =
dt dt dt
2s
3
i + ,s
2
i + 13si + 6i =
X-TICS EQUTIO!:
2s
3
+ ,s
2
+ 13s + 6 =
2 , 13 6
-1 -2 -2 -6
s = -1
*s + 1+*2s
2
+ 2s + 6+ =
2s
2
+ 2s + 6 =
3 2
4 2
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $,

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 21
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + 1+.2% *-2 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *-12+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -6
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-6t
So #1% -1% -6 are roots of the A-BCCS equation.
Deneral solution:
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-1t
+ /3e
-6t
7 *i+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-1*++
+ /2e
-1*++
+ /3e
-6*++
= /1e
+ /2e
+ /3e
= /1*1+ + /2*1+ + /3*1+

= /1 + /2 + /3
di
= -/1e
-t
- /2e
-1t
- 6/3e
-6t
dt
di*++
= -/1e
-*++
- /2e
-1*++
- 6/3e
-6*++
dt
1 = -/1e

- /2e
- 6/3e
1 = -/1*1+

- /2*1+ - 6/3*1+
1 = -/1

- /2 - 6/3
d
2
i
= /1e
-t
+ /2e
-1t
+ 6/3e
-6t
dt
2
d
2
i*++
= /1e
-*++
+ /2e
-1*++
+ 6/3e
-6*++
dt
2
-1 = /1e

+ /2e
+ 6/3e
-1 = /1*1+

+ /2*1+ + 6/3*1+
-1 = /1

+ /2 + 6/3
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -)
Q#6.11: Bhe res(onse of a network is found to !e
i = /1te
-t
% t
where is real and (ositi)e. 0ind the ti5e at whi"h i*t+ attains a 5aEi5u5 )alue.
= $ / = 1
t = i*+ =
t = 1 i*1+ = .1-
t = 2 i*2+ = .1
t = 3 i*3+ =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -*
0
1
2
3
0
0.018
0.001 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
time
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 1 2 3
Series2 0 0.018 0.001 0
1 2 3 4
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -+
Q#6.12: Cn a "ertain network% it is found that the "urrent is 'i)en !> the eE(ression
i = /1e
-1t
#

/2e
-2t
% t F % 1 F 2

Show that i*t+ rea"hes a 5aEi5u5 )alue at ti5e
1 1/1
t = ln
1 - 2 2/2
1 1/1
t = ln
1 /2
Solution:
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
#

/2e
-2t
t = 1
i*1+ = /1e
-1*1+
#

/2e
-2*1+
i*1+ = /1e
-1
#

/2e
-2
t = 2
i*2+ = /1e
-1*2+
#

/2e
-2*2+
i*2+ = /1e
-21
#

/2e
-22
t = 3
i*3+ = /1e
-1*3+
#

/2e
-2*3+
i*3+ = /1e
-31
#

/2e
-32
t = *1.1+ln*1/1./2+
i**1.1+ln*1/1./2++ = /1e
-1**1.1+ln*1/1./2++
#

/2e
-2**1.1+ln*1/1./2++
1 1/1
t = ln
1 /2
Q#6.13: Bhe 'ra(h shows a da5(ed sinusoidal wa)efor5 ha)in' the 'eneral for5
/e
-t
sin*t + +
0ro5 the 'ra(h% deter5ine nu5eri"al )alues for /% % % and .
t = 1 se"
1
f =
t
f = 1 H@
= 2f
= 2*1+
= 2
= 6.2- rad.se"
t G*t+

.$
.-
Q#6.1$: ?e(eat &ro!. 6.13 for the wa)efor5 of the a""o5(an>in' fi'ure.
t = $ 5se"
1
f =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -,
t
f = 21 H@
= 2f
= 2*21+
= 112 rad.se"
=
Q#6.11: Cn the network of the fi'ure% the swit"h / is "losed and a stead> state is
rea"hed in the network. 3t t = % the swit"h is o(ened. 0ind an eE(ression for the
"urrent in the indu"tor% i2*t+.
Solution:
Circuit "ia#ra$:
% 1 i2
+
1 G 1 H
- 2 0
Equi&alent circuit 'e(ore s)itchin#:
3t t = -
1
i2*-+ =
1
i2*-+ = 1 3 = i2*++
GC*-+ = GC*++ =
Equi&alent circuit a(ter s)itchin#:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} --
i2
Hsin' /GI we ha)e
di2 1
I + i2dt = 7 *i+
dt C
8ifferentiatin' we ha)e
d
2
i2 i2
I + =
dt
2
C
The characteristic equation is
i2
Is
2
i2 + =
C
1
Is
2
+ =
C
1
s
2
= -
IC
-1
s =
IC
1
s = 6
IC
?oots are (ure i5a'inar> so fro5 ta!le 6-1
0or5 of solution
i = /1"os t + /2 sin t
Here

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -.
1
=
IC
i = i2*t+
i2*t+ = /1"os *1.IC+
1.2
t + /2 sin *1.IC+
1.2
t 7 *ii+
0ro5 equation *i+ at t = +
di2*++
I + GC*++ =
dt
di2*++
= 35(..se"
dt
0ro5 *ii+ at t = +
i2*++ = /1"os *1.IC+
1.2
*++ + /2 sin *1.IC+
1.2
*++
i2*++ = /1*1+ +
/1 = 1
di2*t+
= -*1.IC+
1.2
/1sin *1.IC+
1.2
t + *1.IC+
1.2
/2 "os *1.IC+
1.2
t
dt
3t t = +
di2*++
= -*1.IC+
1.2
/1sin *1.IC+
1.2
*++ + *1.IC+
1.2
/2 "os *1.IC+
1.2
*++
dt
di2*++
= -*1.IC+
1.2
/1sin *1.IC+
1.2
*++ + *1.IC+
1.2
/2 "os *1.IC+
1.2
*++
dt
= *1.IC+
1.2
/2
= /2
i2*t+ = *1+"os *1.IC+
1.2
*t+ + *+ sin *1.IC+
1.2
*t+
i2*t+ = *1+"os *1.*1+*2*1
-6
+++
1.2
*t+
i2*t+ = 1"os 223.62t
Q#6.16: Bhe "a(a"itor of the fi'ure has an initial )olta'e GC*-+ = G1% and at the
sa5e ti5e the "urrent in the indu"tor is @ero. 3t t = % the swit"h / is "losed.
8eter5ine an eE(ression for the )olta'e G2*t+.
Solution:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} -/
G1 G2
C ? I
*ere
GC*-+ = GC*++ = = G2*++
iI*-+ = iI*++ =
(ter s)itchin#
dG2 G2 1
C + + G2dt = 7 *i+
dt ? I
8ifferentiatin' with res(e"t to 9t:
d
2
G2 dG2 G2
C + + =
dt
2
?dt I
d
2
G2 dG2 G2
+ + =
dt
2
?Cdt IC
Bhe "hara"teristi" equation is
s G2
s
2
G2 + G2 + =
?C IC
s 1
s
2
+ + =
?C IC
a 1
! 1.?C
" 1.IC
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-*1.?C+ *1.?C+
2
# $*1+*1.IC+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-*1.?C+ *1.?
2
C
2
+

# *$.IC+
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = -*1.2?C+ *1.2?C+
2
# *1.IC+
Case *a+ if
*1.2?C+
2
# *1.IC+ =
*1.2?C+
2
= *1.IC+
that is
1 I
? =
2 C

Bhen
1
s = -
2?C
So for5 of solution is:
Jature of roots
s1% s2 = *-1.2?C + +% *-1.2?C - +
s1% s2 = *-1.2?C+% *-1.2?C+
Je'ati)e real and equal
G2*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2te
s2t
G2*t+ = /1e
*-1.2?C+t
+ /2te
*-1.2?C+t
7 *ii+
0ro5 equation *i+ at t = +
dG2*++ G2*++
C + + iI*++ =
dt ?
dG2*++ -G1
=
dt ?C
3t t = +
G2*++ = /1e
*-1.2?C++
+ /2*++e
*-1.2?C++
7 *ii+
G1 = /1e

G1 = /1
8ifferentiatin' *ii+ with res(e"t to 9t:
dG2*t+
= *-1.2?C+/1e
*-1.2?C+t
+ /2;-te
*-1.2?C+t
-

e
*-1.2?C+t
<
dt
3t t = +
dG2*++
= *-1.2?C+/1e
*-1.2?C++
+ /2;-*++e
*-1.2?C++
-

e
*-1.2?C++
<
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} .1
dG2*++
= *-1.2?C+/1e
+ /2;-e
<
dt
-G1
= *-1.2?C+/1*1+ + /2;-*1+<
?C
G1
= *1.2?C+/1 + /2
?C
G1
= *1.2?C+G1 + /2
?C
-G1
/2 =
2?C
G1
G2*t+ = G1e
*-1.2?C+t
- te
*-1.2?C+t
2?C
Q#6.12: Bhe )olta'e sour"e in the network of the fi'ure is des"ri!ed !> the equation%
G1 = 2 "os 2t for t and is a short "ir"uit (rior to that ti5e. 8eter5ine G2*t+.
?e(eat if G1 = /1t for t and G1 = for t K .
Solution:

G1 G2
Here iI*-+ = iI*++ = 3
GC*-+ = GC*++ = = G2*++
0or t
3""ordin' to /CI
G2 1 dG2 1
+ + *G2 # G1+dt = 7 *i+
2 2 dt 1
8ifferentiatin' we ha)e
2
3
dG2 1 d
2
G2
+ + G2 # G1 =
2dt 2 dt
2

dG2 d
2
G2
+ + 2G2 # 2G1 =
dt dt
2
dG2 d
2
G2
+ + 2G2 = 2G1
dt dt
2
dG2 d
2
G2
+ + 2G2 = 2;2 "os 2t<
dt dt
2
dG2 d
2
G2
+ + 2G2 = $ "os 2t 7 *ii+
dt dt
2
Lquation *ii+ is a non-ho5o'eneous differential equation
Chara"teristi" equation is
s
2
G2 + sG2 + 2G2 =
s
2
+ s + 2 =
a 1
! 1
" 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 i2.6$6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i2.6$6+.2% *-1 # i2.6$6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i1.323+% *-.1 # i1.323+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} .)
G2*t+ = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
7 *ii+
Co5(le5entar> solution.
Bhe for5 of (arti"ular solution is
G2& = 3"os 2t + 4sin 2t 7 *iii+
Su!stitutin' *iii+ in *ii+
d
2
d
;3"os 2t + 4sin 2t< + ;3"os 2t + 4sin 2t< + 2;3"os 2t + 4sin 2t< = $ "os 2t
dt
2
dt
-23sin 2t + 24 "os 2t # $3"os 2t # $4sin 2t + 23"os 2t + 24sin 2t = $ "os 2t
Lquatin' "oeffi"ients of I.H.S M ?.H.S
-23 # $4 + 24 =
-23 # 24 =
-23 = 24
-3 = 4
24 # $3 + 23 = $
24 # 23 = $
4 # 3 = 2
-3 # 3 = 2
-23 = 2
3 = -1
-*-1+ = 4
4 = 1
G2& = -1"os 2t + 1sin 2t
G2& = -"os 2t + sin 2t
Bherefore (arti"ular solution is
G2 = "o5(le5entar> + (arti"ular
G2 = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
+ ;-"os 2t + sin 2t<
G2 = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ /2e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
- "os 2t + sin 2t 7 *iG+
dG2
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ *-.1 # i1.323+/2e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
+ 2sin 2t + 2"os 2t
dt
G2*++ 1 dG2*++
+ + iI*++ =
2 2 dt
dG2*++
=
dt
3t t = +
dG2*++
=
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} .*
*-.1 + i1.323+/1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ *-.1 # i1.323+/2e
*-.1 # i1.323++
+ 2sin 2*++ + 2"os 2*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1e
+ *-.1 # i1.323+/2e

+ 2sin + 2"os
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1*1+ + *-.1 # i1.323+/2*1+ + 2*1+
= *-.1 + i1.323+/1 + *-.1 # i1.323+/2 + 2 7 *G+
3t t = + equation *iG+
G2*++ = /1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ /2e
*-.1 # i1.323++
- "os 2*++ + sin 2*++
= /1e
+ /2e

# 1
= /1*1+ + /2*1+

# 1
= /1 + /2

# 1
1 = /1 + /2

7 *Gi+
/1 = 1 # /2
&uttin' the )alue of /1 in *G+
= *-.1 + i1.323+*1 # /2+ + *-.1 # i1.323+/2 + 2
= *-.1 + i1.323+ # /2*-.1 + i1.323+ + *-.1 # i1.323+/2 + 2
= -.1 + i1.323 + .1/2 # i1.323/2 # .1/2 - i1.323/2 + 2
-1.1 - i1.323 = ;.1 # i1.323 # .1 - i1.323</2
-1.1 - i1.323 = ;#i2.6$6</2
1.1 + i1.323 = ;i2.6$6</2
/2 = .1 # i.162
&uttin' the )alue of /2 in *Gi+
1 = /1 + .1 # i.162
.1 + i.162 = /1
G2 = ;.1 + i.162<e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ ;.1 # i.162<e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
- "os 2t + sin 2t
&art *!+
Cf G1 = /t
dG2 d
2
G2
+ + 2G2 = 2G1
dt dt
2
dG2 d
2
G2
+ + 2G2 = 2/1 7 *a+
dt dt
2
Lquation *ii+ is a non-ho5o'eneous differential equation
s
2
G2 + sG2 + 2G2 =
s
2
+ s + 2 =
3 1
4 1
C 2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} .+
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 -2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 i2.6$6
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + i2.6$6+.2% *-1 # i2.6$6+.2
s1% s2 = *-.1 + i1.323+% *-.1 # i1.323+
General solution:
)*t+ = C1e
s1t
+ C2e
s2t
G2*t+ = C1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ C2e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
7 *i+
Co5(le5entar> solution.
Bhe for5 of (arti"ular solution is
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
31t
n
4t
n
+ 41t
n- 1
+ 7 + 4n # 1t + 4n
G2& = 3t + 4 7 *ii+
Su!stitutin' equation *ii+ in *a+
d
2
d
;3t + 4< + ;3t + 4< + 2;3t + 4< = 2/1t
dt
2
dt
3 + 23t + 24 = 2/1t
Lquatin' "oeffi"ients
t:
23 = 2/1
3 = /1
Constants:
3 + 24 =
/1 + 24 =
4 = -.1/1
G2& = /1t - .1/1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} .,
Bherefore
&arti"ular solution
= Co5(le5entar> + (arti"ular
G2 = C1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ C2e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
+

/1t - .1/1 7 *ii+
8ifferentiatin'
dG2
= *-.1 + i1.323+C1e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ *-.1 # i1.323+C2e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
+

/1
dt
3t t = + eq. *ii+
G2*++ = C1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ C2e
*-.1 # i1.323++
+

/1*++ - .1/1
= C1e
+ C2e
- .1/1
= C1*1+ + C2*1+ - .1/1
= C1 + C2 - .1/1 7 *iii+
dG2*++
= *-.1 + i1.323+C1e
*-.1 + i1.323++
+ *-.1 # i1.323+C2e
*-.1 # i1.323++
+

/1
dt
= *-.1 + i1.323+C1e
+ *-.1 # i1.323+C2e

+

/1
= *-.1 + i1.323+C1*1+ + *-.1 # i1.323+C2*1+

+

/1
= *-.1 + i1.323+C1 + *-.1 # i1.323+C2

+

/1 7 *iG+
&uttin' the )alue of C1 fro5 *iii+ into *iG+
= *-.1 + i1.323+;.1/1 # C2< + *-.1 # i1.323+C2

+

/1
C2 = .21 # i.2-$/1
&uttin' the )alue of C2 in *iii+
= C1 + .21 # i.2-$/1 - .1/1
C1 = -.21 + i.2-$/1 + .1/1
&uttin' "orres(ondin' )alues eq. *ii+ !e"o5es
G2 = ;-.21 + i.2-$/1 + .1/1<e
*-.1 + i1.323+t
+ ;.21 # i.2-$/1<e
*-.1 # i1.323+t
+

/1t - .1/1
Q#6.1-: Sol)e the followin' nonho5o'eneous differential equations for t .
*a+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 1
dt
2
dt
Jonho5o'eneous differential equation
i*t+ = iC + i&
Co5(le5entar> solution
s
2
i + 2si + 1i =
s
2
+ 2s + 1 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} .-
3 1
4 2
C 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# $
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + +.2% *-2 # +.2
s1% s2 = -1% -1
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2te
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
G*a "onstant+ 3
i& = 3 = 1
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
+ 1
*!+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 1t 7*"+
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ..
3 1
4 3
C 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
7 *i+
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
31t
n
4t
n
+ 41t
n- 1
+ 7 + 4n # 1t + 4n
i& = 3t + 4 7 *ii+
&uttin' the )alue of i& fro5 *ii+ into eq. *"+
d
2
d
;3t + 4< + 3 ;3t + 4< + 2;3t + 4< = 1t
dt
2
dt
33 + 23t + 24 = 1t
23 = 1
3 = 2.1
Constants
33 + 24 =
3*2.1+ + 24 =
2.1 + 24 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} ./
4 = -3.21
i& = 2.1t # 3.21
i& = -11.$ + 1t.2
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
- 11.$ + 1t.2
*"+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 1 sin 1t 7 *k+
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
3 1
4 3
C 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
7 *i+
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
i& = 3 sin 1t + 4 "os 1t
&uttin' the )alue of i& in *k+
d
2
d
;3 sin 1t + 4 "os 1t< + 3 ;3 sin 1t + 4 "os 1t< + 2;3 sin 1t + 4 "os 1t< =
dt
2
dt
1 sin 1t
-13 sin 1t # 14 "os 1t + 3;13 "os 1t - 14 sin 1t< + 23 sin 1t + 24 "os 1t
= 1 sin 1t
-13 sin 1t # 14 "os 1t + 33 "os 1t - 34 sin 1t + 23 sin 1t + 24 "os 1t =
1 sin 1t
Sin
-13 # 34 + 23 = 1
-,-3 # 34 = 1
Cos
-14 + 33 + 24 =
-,-4 + 33 =
4 = .363
-,-3 # 3*.363+ = 1
-,-3 # ,.1-3 = 1
-12.1-3 = 1
3 = -.,$
4 = .36*-.,$+
4 = -.2,
Jow
i& = -.,$ sin 1t + *-.2,+ "os 1t
i& = -.,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
+

;-.,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t<
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
- .,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
*d+
d
2
q dq
+ 1 + 6q = te
-t
7 *5+
dt
2
dt
q*t+ = qC + q&
s
2
q + 1sq + 6q =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /1
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
q*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
&arti"ular solution
q& = *3t + 4+te
-t
5ulti(lied !> 9t: !e"ause e
-t
is re(eatin' in !oth i& M iC
&uttin' the )alue of i& in eq. 5
d
2
d
;*3t + 4+te
-t
< + 1 ;*3t + 4+te
-t
< + 6;*3t + 4+te
-t
< = te
-t

dt
2
dt
3t
2
e
-t
- 23te
-t
# 23te
-t
+ 23e
-t
+ 4te
-t
# 4e
-t
# 4e
-t
+ 1;-3t
2
e
-t
+ 23te
-t
-

4te
-t
+ 4e
-t
<
+ 6;3t
2
e
-t
+ 4te
-t
< = te
-t
3t
2
e
-t
- 23te
-t
# 23te
-t
+ 23e
-t
- 4te
-t
# 4e
-t
# 4e
-t
- 13t
2
e
-t
+ 13te
-t
-

14te
-t
+ 14e
-t
+ 63t
2
e
-t
+ 64te
-t
= te
-t
t
2
e
-t
:

3 # 13 + 63 =
23 =
3 =
te
-t
:
-23 # 23 + 13 = 1
64 = 3
4 = .1
e
-t
:
2 # 4 # 4 + 14 =
2 + 34 =
4 = -.662
=hen 4 = .1
q& = *t + *.1++te
-t
q& = .1te
-t
=hen 4 = -.662
q& = *t + *-.662++te
-t
q& = -.662te
-t
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
- .662te
-t
%

/1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
+

.1te
-t
*e+
d
2
G dG
+ 1 + 6G = e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
7 *n+
dt
2
dt
G*t+ = GC + G&
s
2
G + 1sG + 6G =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /)
General solution:
G*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
&arti"ular solution
G& = Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
Su!stitutin' the )alue of G& in eq. *n+
d
2
d
;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< + 1 ;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< + 6;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< = e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
dt
2
dt
$Ce
-2t
+ ,Ce
-3t
+ 1;-2Ce
-2t
# 3Ce
-3t
< + 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
$Ce
-2t
+ ,Ce
-3t
- 1Ce
-2t
# 11Ce
-3t
+ 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
e
-2t
$C # 1C + 6C = 1
$C # 1C + 6C = 1
C =
G& = *+e
-2t
+ *+e
-3t
G& =
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
+
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
Q#6.1,: Sol)e the differential equations 'i)en in &ro!. 6.1- su!6e"t to the followin'
initial "onditions:
dE
E*++ = 1 M *++ = -1
dt
where E is the 'eneral de(endent )aria!le.
*a+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 1
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 2si + 1i =
s
2
+ 2s + 1 =
3 1
4 2
C 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /*
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# $
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + +.2% *-2 # +.2
s1% s2 = -1% -1
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2te
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
G*a "onstant+ 3
i& = 3 = 1
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
+ 1
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2*++e
*-1++
+ 1
1 = /1e

+ 1
1 = /1*1+

+ 1
/1 =
di
*++ = -/1e
-*++
- /2*++e
-*++
+ /2e
-*++
dt
-1 = -/1e

+ /2e
-1 = -/1*1+

+ /2*1+
-1 = -/1

+ /2
-1 = -*+

+ /2
-1 = /2
i*t+ = *+e
*-1+t
+ *-1+te
*-1+t
+ 1
i*t+ = - te
-t
+ 1
*!+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 1t 7*"+
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
3 1
4 3
C 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
7 *i+
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
31t
n
4t
n
+ 41t
n- 1
+ 7 + 4n # 1t + 4n
i& = 3t + 4 7 *ii+
d
2
d
;3t + 4< + 3 ;3t + 4< + 2;3t + 4< = 1t
dt
2
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /,
33 + 23t + 24 = 1t
23 = 1
3 = 2.1
Constants
33 + 24 =
3*2.1+ + 24 =
2.1 + 24 =
4 = -3.21
i& = 2.1t # 3.21
i& = -11.$ + 1t.2
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
- 11.$ + 1t.2 7 *!+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2e
*-2++
- 11.$ + 1*++.2
1 = /1e
+ /2e

- 11.$
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+

- 11.$
1 = /1 + /2

- 11.$
1 + 11.$ = /1 + /2

$.21 = /1 + /2 7 *3+
8ifferentiatin' *!+ at t = +
di
*++ = -/1e
*-1++
- 2/2e
*-2++
+ 1.2
dt
-1 = -/1e
- 2/2e
+ 1.2
-1 = -/1*1+ - 2/2*1+ + 1.2
-1 = -/1 - 2/2 + 1.2
-1 # 2.1 = -/1 - 2/2
-3.1 = -/1 - 2/2
0ro5 *3+
/1 = $.21 # /2
-3.1 = -;$.21 # /2< - 2/2
-3.1 = -$.21 + /2 - 2/2
-3.1 + $.21 = -/2
1.21 = -/2
/2 = -1.21
$.21 = /1 + *-1.21+
$.21 + 1.21= /1
/1 = 6
&uttin' "orres(ondin' )alues of /1 M /2
i*t+ = 6e
*-1+t
+ *-1.21+e
*-2+t
- 11.$ + 1t.2
i*t+ = 6e
*-1+t
- 1.21e
*-2+t
- 11.$ + 1t.2
*"+
d
2
i di
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /-
+ 3 + 2i = 1 sin 1t 7 *k+
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
3 1
4 3
C 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
7 *i+
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
i& = 3 sin 1t + 4 "os 1t
d
2
d
dt
2
dt
1 sin 1t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} /.
= 1 sin 1t
1 sin 1t
Sin
-13 # 34 + 23 = 1
-,-3 # 34 = 1
Cos
-14 + 33 + 24 =
-,-4 + 33 =
4 = .363
-,-3 # 3*.363+ = 1
-,-3 # ,.1-3 = 1
-12.1-3 = 1
3 = -.,$
4 = .36*-.,$+
4 = -.2,
Jow
i& = -.,$ sin 1t + *-.2,+ "os 1t
i& = -.,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
+

;-.,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t<
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
- .,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2e
*-2++
- .,$ sin 1*++ - .2, "os 1*++ 7 *"+
1 = /1e
+ /2e

- .,$ sin - .2, "os
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+ - .2, *1+
1 = /1 + /2 - .2,
1.2, = /1 + /2 7 *>+
8ifferentiatin' eq. *"+ with res(e"t to 9t:
di
*++ = -/1e
-*++
- 2/2e
*-2++
- .,$*1+ "os 1*++ + .2,*1+ sin 1*++
dt
-1 = -/1e
- 2/2e

- .,$ "os + .2,*1+ sin
-1 = -/1*1+ - 2/2*1+

- .,$ *1+
-1 = -/1 - 2/2

- .,$
.6 = /1 + 2/2

0ro5 eq. *>+
/1 = 1.2, # /2
.6 = ;1.2, # /2< + 2/2

.6 = 1.2, # /2 + 2/2
-.,6, = /2
&uttin' the )alue of /2 in *>+
1.2, = /1 + *-.,6,+
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} //
1.2, + .,6, = /1
1.,,- = /1
i*t+ = 1.,,-e
*-1+t
+ *-.,6,+e
*-2+t
- .,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
i*t+ = 1.,,-e
*-1+t
- .,6,e
*-2+t
- .,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
*d+
d
2
q dq
+ 1 + 6q = te
-t
7 *5+
dt
2
dt
q*t+ = qC + q&
s
2
q + 1sq + 6q =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
q*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
&arti"ular solution
q& = *3t + 4+te
-t
-t
d
2
d
;*3t + 4+te
-t
< + 1 ;*3t + 4+te
-t
< + 6;*3t + 4+te
-t
< = te
-t

dt
2
dt
3t
2
e
-t
- 23te
-t
# 23te
-t
+ 23e
-t
+ 4te
-t
# 4e
-t
# 4e
-t
+ 1;-3t
2
e
-t
+ 23te
-t
-

4te
-t
+ 4e
-t
<
+ 6;3t
2
e
-t
+ 4te
-t
< = te
-t
3t
2
e
-t
- 23te
-t
# 23te
-t
+ 23e
-t
- 4te
-t
# 4e
-t
# 4e
-t
- 13t
2
e
-t
+ 13te
-t
-

14te
-t
+ 14e
-t
+ 63t
2
e
-t
+ 64te
-t
= te
-t
t
2
e
-t
:

3 # 13 + 63 =
23 =
3 =
te
-t
:
-23 # 23 + 13 = 1
64 = 3
4 = .1
e
-t
:
2 # 4 # 4 + 14 =
2 + 34 =
4 = -.662
=hen 4 = .1
q& = *t + *.1++te
-t
q& = .1te
-t
=hen 4 = -.662
q& = *t + *-.662++te
-t
q& = -.662te
-t
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
- .662te
-t
%

/1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
+

.1te
-t
3t t = +
q*++ = /1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
- .662*++e
-*++
%

/1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
+

.1*++e
-*++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
%

/1e
+ /2e

1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+%

/1*1+ + /2*1+

1 = /1 + /2%

/1 + /2 7 *>+
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
- .662te
-t
8ifferentiatin' with res(e"t to 9t: at t = +
dq
*++ = -2/1e
-2*++
-3/2e
-3*++
- .662;-*++e
-*++
+ e
-*++
<
dt
-1 = -2/1e
-3/2e

- .662;e
<
-1 = -2/1*1+ -3/2*1+

- .662;1<
-1 = -2/1 -3/2

- .662
.333 = 2/1 + 3/2

0ro5 eq. *>+ /1 = 1 # /2
.333 = 2;1 # /2< + 3/2

.333 = 2 # 2/2 + 3/2
.333 = 2 + /2
/2 = .333 - 2
/2 = -1.662
1 = /1 + *-1.662+
/1 = 2.662
q*t+ = 2.662e
-2t
+ *-1.662+e
-3t
- .662te
-t
q*t+ = 2.662e
-2t
- 1.662e
-3t
- .662te
-t
*e+
d
2
G dG
+ 1 + 6G = e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
7 *n+
dt
2
dt
G*t+ = GC + G&
s
2
G + 1sG + 6G =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
G*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
&arti"ular solution
G& = Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
d
2
d
;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< + 1 ;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< + 6;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< = e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
dt
2
dt
$Ce
-2t
+ ,Ce
-3t
+ 1;-2Ce
-2t
# 3Ce
-3t
< + 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
$Ce
-2t
+ ,Ce
-3t
- 1Ce
-2t
# 11Ce
-3t
+ 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
e
-2t
$C # 1C + 6C = 1
$C # 1C + 6C = 1
C =
G& = *+e
-2t
+ *+e
-3t
G& =
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
+
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
7 *k+
3t t = +
G*++ = /1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
1 = /1 + /2 7 *3+
8ifferentiatin' eq. *k+ with res(e"t to 9t:
dG
*++ = -2/1e
-2*++
- 3/2e
-3*++
dt
-1 = -2/1e
- 3/2e
-1 = -2/1*1+ - 3/2*1+
-1 = -2/1 - 3/2 7 *4+
/1 = 1 # /2
-1 = -2;1 # /2< - 3/2 7 *4+
-1 = -2 + 2/2 - 3/2
-1 = /2
1 = /1 + *-1+ 7 *3+
2 = /1
G*t+ = 2e
-2t
+ *-1+e
-3t
7 *k+
G*t+ = 2e
-2t
- e
-3t
Q#6.2: 0ind the (arti"ular solutions to the differential equations of &ro!. 6.1- for
the followin' initial "onditions:
dE
E*++ = 2 M *++ = -1
dt
where E is the 'eneral de(endent )aria!le.
*a+
d
2
i di
+ 2 + i = 1
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 2si + 1i =
s
2
+ 2s + 1 =
3 1
4 2
C 1
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*1+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $

# $
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + +.2% *-2 # +.2
s1% s2 = -1% -1
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2te
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
G*a "onstant+ 3
i& = 3 = 1
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2te
*-1+t
+ 1
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2*++e
*-1++
+ 1
2 = /1e

+ 1
2 = /1*1+

+ 1
/1 = 1
di
*++ = -/1e
-*++
- /2*++e
-*++
+ /2e
-*++
dt
-1 = -/1e

+ /2e
-1 = -/1*1+

+ /2*1+
-1 = -/1

+ /2
-1 = -*1+

+ /2
= /2
i*t+ = *1+e
*-1+t
+ *+te
*-1+t
+ 1
i*t+ = e
-t
+ 1
*!+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 1t 7*"+
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
3 1
4 3
C 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
7 *i+
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
31t
n
4t
n
+ 41t
n- 1
+ 7 + 4n # 1t + 4n
i
&
= 3t + 4 7 *ii+
d
2
d
;3t + 4< + 3 ;3t + 4< + 2;3t + 4< = 1t
dt
2
dt
33 + 23t + 24 = 1t
23 = 1
3 = 2.1
Constants
33 + 24 =
3*2.1+ + 24 =
2.1 + 24 =
4 = -3.21
i& = 2.1t # 3.21
i& = -11.$ + 1t.2
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
- 11.$ + 1t.2 7 *!+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2e
*-2++
- 11.$ + 1*++.2
2 = /1e
+ /2e

- 11.$
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+

- 11.$
2 = /1 + /2

- 11.$
2 + 11.$ = /1 + /2

1.21 = /1 + /2 7 *3+
8ifferentiatin' *!+ at t = +
di
*++ = -/1e
*-1++
- 2/2e
*-2++
+ 1.2
dt
-1 = -/1e
- 2/2e
+ 1.2
-1 = -/1*1+ - 2/2*1+ + 1.2
-1 = -/1 - 2/2 + 1.2
-1 # 2.1 = -/1 - 2/2
-3.1 = -/1 - 2/2
0ro5 *3+
/1 = 1.21 # /2
-3.1 = -;1.21 # /2< - 2/2
-3.1 = -1.21 + /2 - 2/2
-3.1 + 1.21 = -/2
2.21 = -/2
/2 = -2.21
1.21 = /1 + *-2.21+
1.21 + 2.21= /1
/1 = -
&uttin' "orres(ondin' )alues of /1 M /2
i*t+ = -e
*-1+t
+ *-2.21+e
*-2+t
- 11.$ + 1t.2
i*t+ = -e
*-1+t
- 2.21e
*-2+t
- 11.$ + 1t.2
*"+
d
2
i di
+ 3 + 2i = 1 sin 1t 7 *k+
dt
2
dt
i*t+ = iC + i&
s
2
i + 3si + 2i =
s
2
+ 3s + 2 =
3 1
4 3
C 2
-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-3 3
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 ,

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-3 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-3 + 1+.2% *-3 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-1+% *-2+
General solution:
)*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
7 *i+
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
i& = 3 sin 1t + 4 "os 1t
d
2
d
dt
2
dt
1 sin 1t
= 1 sin 1t
1 sin 1t
Sin
-13 # 34 + 23 = 1
-,-3 # 34 = 1
Cos
-14 + 33 + 24 =
-,-4 + 33 =
4 = .363
-,-3 # 3*.363+ = 1
-,-3 # ,.1-3 = 1
-12.1-3 = 1
3 = -.,$
4 = .36*-.,$+
4 = -.2,
Jow
i& = -.,$ sin 1t + *-.2,+ "os 1t
i& = -.,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
+

;-.,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t<
i*t+ = /1e
*-1+t
+ /2e
*-2+t
- .,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
*-1++
+ /2e
*-2++
- .,$ sin 1*++ - .2, "os 1*++ 7 *"+
2 = /1e
+ /2e

- .,$ sin - .2, "os
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+ - .2, *1+
2 = /1 + /2 - .2,
2.2, = /1 + /2 7 *>+
8ifferentiatin' eq. *"+ with res(e"t to 9t:
di
*++ = -/1e
-*++
- 2/2e
*-2++
- .,$*1+ "os 1*++ + .2,*1+ sin 1*++
dt
-1 = -/1e
- 2/2e

- .,$ "os + .2,*1+ sin
-1 = -/1*1+ - 2/2*1+

- .,$ *1+
-1 = -/1 - 2/2

- .,$
.6 = /1 + 2/2

0ro5 eq. *>+
/1 = 2.2, # /2
.6 = ;2.2, # /2< + 2/2

.6 = 2.2, # /2 + 2/2
-1.,6, = /2
&uttin' the )alue of /2 in *>+
1.2, = /1 + *-1.,6,+
1.2, + 1.,6, = /1
2.,,- = /1
i*t+ = 2.,,-e
*-1+t
+ *-1.,6,+e
*-2+t
- .,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
i*t+ = 2.,,-e
*-1+t
- 1.,6,e
*-2+t
- .,$ sin 1t - .2, "os 1t
*d+
d
2
q dq
+ 1 + 6q = te
-t
7 *5+
dt
2
dt
q*t+ = qC + q&
s
2
q + 1sq + 6q =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
3 1
4 1
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
q*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
&arti"ular solution
q& = *3t + 4+te
-t
-t
d
2
d
;*3t + 4+te
-t
< + 1 ;*3t + 4+te
-t
< + 6;*3t + 4+te
-t
< = te
-t

dt
2
dt
3t
2
e
-t
- 23te
-t
# 23te
-t
+ 23e
-t
+ 4te
-t
# 4e
-t
# 4e
-t
+ 1;-3t
2
e
-t
+ 23te
-t
-

4te
-t
+ 4e
-t
<
+ 6;3t
2
e
-t
+ 4te
-t
< = te
-t
3t
2
e
-t
- 23te
-t
# 23te
-t
+ 23e
-t
- 4te
-t
# 4e
-t
# 4e
-t
- 13t
2
e
-t
+ 13te
-t
-

14te
-t
+ 14e
-t
+ 63t
2
e
-t
+ 64te
-t
= te
-t
t
2
e
-t
:

3 # 13 + 63 =
23 =
3 =
te
-t
:
-23 # 23 + 13 = 1
64 = 3
4 = .1
e
-t
:
2 # 4 # 4 + 14 =
2 + 34 =
4 = -.662
=hen 4 = .1
q& = *t + *.1++te
-t
q& = .1te
-t
=hen 4 = -.662
q& = *t + *-.662++te
-t
q& = -.662te
-t
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
- .662te
-t
%

/1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
+

.1te
-t
3t t = +
q*++ = /1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
- .662*++e
-*++
%

/1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
+

.1*++e
-*++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
%

/1e
+ /2e

2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+%

/1*1+ + /2*1+

2 = /1 + /2%

/1 + /2 7 *>+
q*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
- .662te
-t
8ifferentiatin' with res(e"t to 9t: at t = +
dq
*++ = -2/1e
-2*++
-3/2e
-3*++
- .662;-*++e
-*++
+ e
-*++
<
dt
-1 = -2/1e
-3/2e

- .662;e
<
-1 = -2/1*1+ -3/2*1+

- .662;1<
-1 = -2/1 -3/2

- .662
.333 = 2/1 + 3/2

0ro5 eq. *>+ /1 = 1 # /2
.333 = 2;2 # /2< + 3/2

.333 = $ # 2/2 + 3/2
.333 = $ + /2
/2 = .333 - $
/2 = -3.662
1 = /1 + *-3.662+
/1 = $.662
q*t+ = $.662e
-2t
+ *-3.662+e
-3t
- .662te
-t
q*t+ = $.662e
-2t
- 3.662e
-3t
- .662te
-t
*e+
d
2
G dG
+ 1 + 6G = e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
7 *n+
dt
2
dt
G*t+ = GC + G&
s
2
G + 1sG + 6G =
s
2
+ 1s + 6 =
a 1
! 1
" 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-1 1
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 21

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-1 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-1 + 1+.2% *-1 - 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-$+.2% *-6+.2
s1% s2 = -2% -3
General solution:
G*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
&arti"ular solution
G& = Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
d
2
d
;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< + 1 ;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< + 6;Ce
-2t
+ Ce
-3t
< = e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
dt
2
dt
$Ce
-2t
+ ,Ce
-3t
+ 1;-2Ce
-2t
# 3Ce
-3t
< + 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
$Ce
-2t
+ ,Ce
-3t
- 1Ce
-2t
# 11Ce
-3t
+ 6Ce
-2t
+ 6Ce
-3t
= e
-2t
+ 1e
-3t
e
-2t
$C # 1C + 6C = 1
$C # 1C + 6C = 1
C =
G& = *+e
-2t
+ *+e
-3t
G& =
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
+
G*t+ = /1e
-2t
+ /2e
-3t
7 *k+
3t t = +
G*++ = /1e
-2*++
+ /2e
-3*++
2 = /1e
+ /2e
2 = /1*1+ + /2*1+
2 = /1 + /2 7 *3+
8ifferentiatin' eq. *k+ with res(e"t to 9t:
dG
*++ = -2/1e
-2*++
- 3/2e
-3*++
dt
-1 = -2/1e
- 3/2e
-1 = -2/1*1+ - 3/2*1+
-1 = -2/1 - 3/2 7 *4+
/1 = 2 # /2
-1 = -2;2 # /2< - 3/2 7 *4+
-1 = -$ + 2/2 - 3/2
-3 = /2
1 = /1 + *-3+ 7 *3+
$ = /1
G*t+ = $e
-2t
+ *-3+e
-3t
7 *k+
G*t+ = $e
-2t
- 3e
-3t
Q#6.21: Sol)e the differential equation
d
3
i d
2
i di
2 + , + 13 + 6i = /te
-t
sint 7 *u+
dt dt dt
2s
3
i + ,s
2
i + 13si + 6i =
X-TICS EQUTIO!:
2s
3
+ ,s
2
+ 13s + 6 =
2 , 13 6
-1 -2 -2 -6
s = -1
*s + 1+*2s
2
+ 2s + 6+ =
2s
2
+ 2s + 6 =
3 2
4 2
C 6

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2 2
2
# $*1+*6+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 $,

# 2$
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 21
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2 1
s1% s2 =
2
s1% s2 = *-2 + 1+.2% *-2 # 1+.2
s1% s2 = *-2+.2% *-12+.2
s1% s2 = -1% -6
General solution:
i*t+ = /1e
s1t
+ /2e
s2t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-6t
So #1% -1% -6 are roots of the A-BCCS equation.
Deneral solution:
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-1t
+ /3e
-6t
7 *i+
&arti"ular olution
i& = 0te
-t
"os t + Dte
-t
sin t
&uttin' the )alue of i& in *u+
Here in eq. *u+ i = i&
Si5(lifi"ation
C
st
deri)ati)e of i&:
= 0*1+e
-t
"os t + 0t*-e
-t
+"os t + 0te
-t
*-sin t+ + D*1+e
-t
sin t + Dt*-e
-t
+sin t + Dte
-t
"os t
= 0e
-t
"os t - 0te
-t
"os t - 0te
-t
sin t + De
-t
sin t - Dte
-t
sin t + Dte
-t
"os t
2
nd
deri)ati)e of i&:
= 0;-e
-t
sin t # e
-t
"os t< # 0;e
-t
"os t - te
-t
"os t - te
-t
sin t< # 0;e
-t
sin t - te
-t
sin t + te
-t
"os t< +
D;e
-t
"os t # e
-t
sin t< # D;e
-t
sin t - te
-t
sin t + te
-t
"os t< + D;e
-t
"os t - te
-t
"os t - te
-t
sin t<
= -20e
-t
sin t # 20e
-t
"os t + 20te
-t
sin t + 2De
-t
"os t # 2De
-t
sin t - 2Dte
-t
"os t
3
rd
deri)ati)e of i&:
= -20;e
-t
"os t # e
-t
sin t< - 20;-e
-t
sin t # e
-t
"os t< + 20;e
-t
sin t - te
-t
sin t + te
-t
"os t<
+ 2D;-e
-t
sin t # e
-t
"os t< # 2D;e
-t
"os t # e
-t
sin t< # 2D;e
-t
"os t - te
-t
"os t - te
-t
sin t<
= 60e
-t
sin t # 20te
-t
sin t + 20te
-t
"os t # 6De
-t
"os t + 2Dte
-t
"os t + 2Dte
-t
sin t
2;60e
-t
sin t # 20te
-t
sin t + 20te
-t
"os t # 6De
-t
"os t + 2Dte
-t
"os t + 2Dte
-t
sin t< +
,;-20e
-t
sin t # 20e
-t
"os t + 20te
-t
sin t + 2De
-t
"os t # 2De
-t
sin t - 2Dte
-t
"os t< +
13;0e
-t
"os t - 0te
-t
"os t - 0te
-t
sin t + De
-t
sin t - Dte
-t
sin t + Dte
-t
"os t< +
6;0te
-t
"os t + Dte
-t
sin t< = /te
-t
sin t
120e
-t
sin t # $0te
-t
sin t + $0te
-t
"os t # 12De
-t
"os t + $Dte
-t
"os t + $Dte
-t
sin t
- 1-0e
-t
sin t # $0e
-t
"os t + $0te
-t
sin t + $De
-t
"os t # $De
-t
sin t - $Dte
-t
"os t +
130e
-t
"os t - 130te
-t
"os t - 130te
-t
sin t + 13De
-t
sin t - 13Dte
-t
sin t + 13Dte
-t
"os t +
60te
-t
"os t + 6Dte
-t
sin t = /te
-t
sin t
Co5(arin' "oeffi"ients
e
-t
sin t:
120 # 1-0 # $D + 13D =
-60 + ,D =
-20 + 3D = 7 *2+
te
-t
sin t:
-$0 + $D + $0 # 130 # 13D + 6D = /
-3D # 130 = / 7 *-+
0ro5 eq. *2+ 0 = 1.1D (ut in *-+
-3D # 13*1.1D+ = /
-3D # 1,.1D = /
-22.1D = /
D = -.$1/
&ut in *2+
-20 + 3*-.$1/+ =
-20 # .131/ =
0 = -.6-/
i& = *-.6-/+te
-t
"os t + *-.$1/+te
-t
sin t
i& = -.6-/te
-t
"os t - .$1/te
-t
sin t
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-1t
+ /3e
-6t
+

*-.6-/te
-t
"os t - .$1/te
-t
sin t+
i*t+ = /1e
-1t
+ /2e
-1t
+ /3e
-6t
- .6-/te
-t
"os t - .$1/te
-t
sin t 7 *,+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-1*++
+ /2e
-1*++
+ /3e
-6*++
- .6-/*++e
-*++
"os *++ - .$1/*++e
-*++
sin *++
1 = /1e
+ /2e
+ /3e
1 = /1*1+ + /2*1+ + /3*1+

1 = /1 + /2 + /3
8ifferentiatin' eq. *,+ with res(e"t to 9t:
di
*++ = -/1e
-*++
- /2e
-1*++
- 6/3e
-6*++
- .6-/;e
-*++
"os *++
dt
# *++e
-*++
"os *++ # *++e
-*++
sin *++< - .$1/;e
-*++
sin *++ # *++e
-*++
sin *++ + *++e
-
*++
"os *++<
-1 = -/1 # /2 # 6/3 - .6-/;1<
-1 = -/1 # /2 # 6/3 - .6-/
1 = /1 + /2 + 6/3 + .6-/
Q#6.22: 3 s(e"ial 'enerator has a )olta'e )ariation 'i)en !> the equation G*t+ = t G%
where t is the ti5e in se"onds and t . Bhis 'enerator is "onne"ted to an ?I series
"ir"uit% where ? = 2 and I = 1 H% at ti5e t = !> the "losin' of a swit"h. 0ind the
equation for the "urrent as a fun"tion of ti5e i*t+.
/ I
G*t+ i
?
3t t
3""ordin' to /GI
di
I + i? = G*t+ 7 *"+
dt
di
+ 2i = t
dt
G*t+ = GC + G&
si + 2i =
s + 2 =
s = -2
iC = /e
st
iC = /e
*-2+t
iC = /e
-2t
&arti"ular solution
2
3
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
31t
n
4t
n
+ 41t
n- 1
+ 7 + 4n # 1t + 4n
i& = 3t + 4 7 *ii+
d
;3t + 4< + 2;3t + 4< = t
dt
3fter si5(lifi"ations
3 + 23t + 24 = t
t:
23 = 1
3 = .1
Constants:
3 + 24 =
.1 + 24 =
4 = -.21
i& = .1t + *-.21+ 7 *ii+
i& = .1t - .21
i*t+ = /e
-2t
+

.1t - .21
3t t = +
i*++ = /e
-2*++
+

.1*++ - .21
= /e
- .21 i*++ = i*-+ = *due to indu"tor+

= /*1+ - .21
/ = .21
i*t+ = .21e
-2t
+

.1t - .21
Q#6.23: 3 !olt *flash of li'htin'+ of li'htnin' ha)in' a wa)efor5 whi"h is
a((roEi5ated as G*t+ = te-t strikes a trans5ission line ha)in' resistan"e ? = .1
and indu"tan"e I = .1 H. 0ind i*t+ =N
Solution:

3t t
3""ordin' to /GI
di
I + i? = G*t+
2
3
dt
di
*.1+ + *.1+i = te
-t
7 *h+
dt
G*t+ = GC + G&
.1si + .1i =
s + 1 =
s = -1
iC = /e
st
iC = /e
*-1+t
iC = /e
-1t
&arti"ular solution
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
&arti"ular solution
i& = *3t + 4+te
-t
-t
&uttin' the )alue of q& in eq. *h+
.1;-3t
2
e
-t
+ 23te
-t
-

4te
-t
+ 4e
-t
< + .1;3t
2
e
-t
+ 4te
-t
< = te
-t
-.13t
2
e
-t
+ .23te
-t
#

.14te
-t
+ .14e
-t
+ .13t
2
e
-t
+ .14te
-t
< = te
-t
Lquatin' "oeffi"ients:
t
2
e
-t
:
-.13 + .13 =
te
-t
:
.23 # .14 + .14 = 1
.23 = 1
3 = 1
e
-t
:
.14 =
4 =
i& = *1t + +te
-t
i& = 1t
2
e
-t
i*t+ = /e
-1t
+

1t
2
e
-t
i*t+ = /e
-t
+

1t
2
e
-t
3t t = +
i*++ = /e
-*++
+

1*++
2
e
-*++
= /e
= /
i*t+ = e
-1t
+

1t
2
e
-t
i*t+ = 1t
2
e
-t
i*++ = i*-+ = *due to indu"tor+
Q#6.2$: Cn the network of the fi'ure% the swit"h / is "losed at t = with the
"a(a"itor initiall> unener'i@ed. 0or the nu5eri"al )alues 'i)en% find i*t+.
Here
GC*-+ = GC*++ = G
M
1e
-*++
sin *++ u*++
i*++ =
1
1e
sin *+ u*++
i*++ =
1
i*++ = 35(.
0or t % /GI
1
1i + idt = 1e
-t
sin t u*t+
*1*1
-6
++
1
1i + idt = 1e
-t
sin t
*1*1
-6
++
i + 1
$
idt = e
-t
sin t
di
+ 1
$
i = e
-t
*"ost - sin t+ 7 *1+
dt
Ct is a nonho5o'eneous differential equation
si + 1
$
i =
s + 1
$
=
s = -1
$
Bherefore "o5(le5entar> fun"tion is
iC = /e
-1% t
Bhe for5 of (arti"ular inte'ral is
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
2
3
i& = *3"ost + 4sint+e
-t
&uttin' the )alue of i& in eq. *1+
-3e
-t
sint # 3e
-t
"ost + 4e
-t
"ost - 4e
-t
sint + 1% ;*3"ost + 4sint+e
-t
< = e
-t
*"ost - sin t+
-3e
-t
sint # 3e
-t
"ost + 4e
-t
"ost - 4e
-t
sint + 1% 3"oste
-t
+ 1% 4sinte
-t

= e
-t
"ost - e
-t
sin t
e
-t
sint:
-3 # 4 + 1% 4 = -1
-3 + ,,,,4 = -1 7 *2+
e
-t
"ost:
-3 + 4 + 1% 3 = 1
4 + ,,,,3 = 1 7 *3+
0ro5 *2+
3 = 1 + ,,,,4
4 + ,,,,;1 + ,,,,4< = 1 7 *3+
4 + ,,,, + ,,,,*,,,,+4 = 1
4 + ,,,-14 = -,,,-
4;1 + ,,,-1< = -,,,-
4;,,,-2< = -,,,-
4 = -1
-$
3 = 1 + ,,,,*-1.1+
3 = 1 # .,,,,
3 = 1
-$
i& = *1
-$
"ost + *-1
-$
+sint+e
-t
i& = *1
-$
"ost - 1
-$
sint+e
-t
Co5(lete solution is
i*t+ = /e-
1% t
+ *1
-$
"ost - 1
-$
sint+e
-t
3t t = +
i*++ = /e-
1% *++
+ *1
-$
"os*++ - 1
-$
sin*+++e
-*++
= /e
+ *1
-$
*1+ - 1
-$
*++e
= /*1+ + *1
-$
*1+ - 1
-$
*++*1+
= / + 1
-$
/ = -1
-$

i*t+ = *-1
-$
+e-
1% t
+ *1
-$
"ost - 1
-$
sint+e
-t
Q#6.21: Cn the network shown in the a""o5(an>in' fi'ure% a stead> state is rea"hed
with the swit"h / o(en. 3t t = % the swit"h is "losed. 0or the ele5ent )alues 'i)en%
deter5ine the "urrent% i*t+ for t .
Solution:
.1 0
? = 1
1 sin 322 t
I = 1 H
2
3
Equi&alent circuit 'e(ore s)itchin#:
4> (hasors:
G = 1
6AI = 6I
6AI = 6*322+*1+
6AI = 6322
1
-6AC = -6
C
-6AC = -6131.$
Bherefore
G
C =
? + 6AI - 6AC
C = .1,-2-.13
Bhat is
i*t+ = .1,-sin*322t + 2-.13
+
3lso
GC = C*-6AC+
GC = *.1,-2-.13
+*131.$-,
+
GC = 11.$-11.$2
Bherefore
GC*t+ = 11.$sin*322t + *-11.$2
++
GC*t+ = 11.$sin*322t - 11.$2
+
3t t = +
i*++ = .1,-sin*322*++ + 2-.13
+
i*++ = .1,-sin*2-.13
+
i*++ = .1,-;.,-1<
i*++ = .1, a5(
3t t = +
GC*++ = 11.$sin*322*++ - 11.$2
+
GC*++ = 11.$sin*-11.$2
+
GC*++ = 11.$;-sin*11.$2
+<
GC*++ = 11.$;-.1,,<
GC*++ = -2.,3 Golts
0or t
3""ordin' to /GI
di 1
I + idt = 1sin322t 7 *d+
dt C
d
2
i i
I + = 1*322+"os322t
dt
2
C
d
2
i i 322"os322t
+ =
dt
2
IC I
d
2
i i 322"os322t
2 4
dt
2
*1+*.1*1
-6
++ 1
d
2
i
+ 2*1
6
+i = 322"os322t 7 *1+
dt
2

s
2
i + 2*1
6
+i = 322"os322t
Co5(le5entar> solution:
s
2
+ 2*1
6
+ =
s = 61$1$.21
iC = /1"os1$1$.21 t + /2sin1$1$.21 t
&arti"ular solution:
i& = 3"os322t + 4sin322t
-*322+
2
3"os322t # *322+
2
4sin*322+t + 2*1
6
+;3"os*322+t + 4sin*322+t< = 322"os322t
-*322+
2
3"os322t # *322+
2
4sin322t + 23"os322t + 24sin322t =
322"os322t
"os322t:
-*322+
2
3 + 23 = 322
-1$212,3 + 23 = 322
1-12-213 = 322
3 = .2
sin322t:
#*322+
2
4 + 24 =
4 =
i& = .2"os322t + *+sin322t
i& = .2"os322t
Co5(lete solution:
i*t+ = /1"os1$1$.21 t + /2sin1$1$.21 t + .2"os322t 7 *Q+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1"os1$1$.21*++ + /2sin1$1$.21*++ + .2"os322*++
.1, = /1"os*+ + .2"os*+
= /1*1+ + .2*1+
= /1 + .2
/1 = .1, # .2
/1 = -.1
8ifferentiatin' eq. *Q+ with res(e"t to 9t:
di*t+
= -1$1$.21/1sin1$1$.21 t + 1$1$.21/2"os1$1$.21 t + .2*-322s+sin322t
dt
0ro5 differential eq. *d+ at t = +
di*++
+ GC*++ = 1sin322t 7 *d+
dt
di*++
+ GC*++ = 1sin322*++
dt
di*++
+ *-2.,3+ =
dt
di*++
= 2.,3
dt
2.,3 = -1$1$.21/1sin1$1$.21*++ + 1$1$.21/2"os1$1$.21*++
+ .2*-322s+sin322*++
2.,3 = -1$1$.21/1sin + 1$1$.21/2"os + .2*-322s+sin
2.,3 = 1$1$.21/2*1+ +
2.,3 = 1$1$.21/2
/2 = .11
Bherefore
i*t+ = -.1"os1$1$.21 t + .11sin1$1$.21 t + .2"os322t

Q#6.26: Cn the network shown in fi'ure% a stead> state is rea"hed with the swit"h /
o(en. 3t t = % the )alue of the resistor ? is "han'ed to the "riti"al )alue% ?"r defined
!> equation *6.--+. 0or the ele5ent )alues 'i)en% deter5ine the "urrent i*t+ for t .
Solution:

I
?"r = 2
C
?"r = 2*1$1$.21$+
?"r = 2-2-.$2-
0or t
3""ordin' to /GI
di 1
?"ri + I + idt = 1sin322t 7 *E+
dt C
di d
2
i i
?"r + I + = 322"os322t
dt dt
2
C
di d
2
i
2-2-.$2- + *1+ + 2*1
6
+i = 322"os322t 7 *w+
dt dt
2
s
2
i + 2-2-.$2-si + 2*1
6
+i =
s
2
+ 2-2-.$2-s + 2*1
6
+ =
3 1
4 2-2-.$2-
C 2*1
6
+

-! !
2
# $a"
s1% s2 =
2a
-2-2-.$2- 2-2-.$2-
2
# $*1+*2+
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2-2-.$2- -$.,12

# -
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2-2-.$2- $.,12
s1% s2 =
2*1+
-2-2-.$2- 2.221
s1% s2 =
2*1+
s1% s2 = *-2-2-.$2- + 2.221+.2% *-2-2-.$2- - 2.221+.2
s1% s2 = -1$13.12% -1$11.326
i*t+ = /1e
-1$13.12t
+ /2e
-1$11.326t
0or5 of (arti"ular inte'ral is
i& = 3"os322t + 4sin322t
&uttin' the )alue of i& in eq. *w+
-*322+
2
3"os322t # *322+
2
4sin322t + 2-2-.$2-;-3223sin322t + 4322sin322t<
+ 2;3"os322t + 4sin322t< = 322"os322t
-1$212,3"os322t # 1$212,4sin322t - 166312.3163sin322t + 166312.3164sin322t
+ 23"os322t + 24sin322t = 322"os322t
"os322t:
-1$212,3 + 23 = 322
3 = .2
sin322t:
#1$212,4 - 166312.3163 + 166312.3164 + 24 =
2,2$1--.3164 - 166312.316*.2+ =
2,2$1--.3164 = 166312.316*.2+
2,2$1--.3164 = 21326.3$212
4 = .2
i& = .2"os322t + .2sin322t
Co5(lete solution:
i*t+ = /1e
-1$13.12t
+ /2e
-1$11.326t
+

.2"os322t + .2sin322t 7 *a+
3t t = +
i*++ = /1e
-1$13.12*++
+ /2e
-1$11.326*++
+

.2"os322*++ + .2sin322*++
.1, = /1e
+ /2e

+

.2
.1, = /1*1+ + /2*1+

+

.2
-.1 = /1 + /2 7 *@+
8ifferentiatin' eq. *a+ with res(e"t to 9t: at t = +
di
*++ = -1$13.12/1e
-1$13.12*++
- 1$11.326/2e
-1$11.326*++
+

.2*-322+sin322*++ +
dt
.2*322+"os322*++ 7 *'+
3t t = + eq. *E+ 'i)es
di
*++ = -32.-$
dt
-32.-$ = -1$13.12/1e
-1$13.12*++
- 1$11.326/2e
-1$11.326*++
+

.2*-322+sin322*++ +
.2*322+"os322*++ 7 *'+
-32.-$ = -1$13.12/1e
- 1$11.326/2e
+ .2*322+"os
-32.-$ = -1$13.12/1*1+ - 1$11.326/2*1+ + .2*322+*1+
-32.-$ = -1$13.12/1 - 1$11.326/2 + 2.63,
-32.-$ # 2.63, = -1$13.12/1 - 1$11.326/2
-31.$2, = -1$13.12/1 - 1$11.326/2
31.$2, = 1$13.12/1 + 1$11.326/2
0ro5 eq. *@+
/1 = -.1 # /2
31.$2, = 1$13.12;-.1 # /2< + 1$11.326/2
31.$2, = 1$13.12;-.1< # 1$13.12/2 + 1$11.326/2
31.$2, = -1.$1312 + 2.22$/2
/2 = 16.1--
/1 = -.1 # 16.1--
/1 = -16.1-,
i*t+ = ;-16.1-,<e
-1$13.12t
+ ;16.1--<e
-1$11.326t
+

.2"os322t + .2sin322t
Q#6.22: Consider the network shown in fi'ure &6.2$. Bhe "a(a"itor has an initial
)olta'e% GC = 1 G. 3t t = % the swit"h / is "losed. 8eter5ine i*t+ for t .
Solution:
Here
GC*-+ = GC*++ = 1 G
G*t+ # GC*t+
i*t+ =
1
G*++ # GC*++
i*++ =
1
G*++ = 1e
-*++
sin *++ u*++
G*++ = 1*1+*+*1+
G*++ = Golts
# 1
i*++ =
1
i*++ = -1 a5(.
0or t % /GI
1
1i + idt = 1e
-t
sin t u*t+
*1*1
-6
++
1
1i + idt = 1e
-t
sin t
*1*1
-6
++
i + 1
$
idt = e
-t
sin t
di
+ 1
$
i = e
-t
*"ost - sin t+ 7 *1+
dt
si + 1
$
i =
s + 1
$
=
s = -1
$
iC = /e
-1% t
0ro5 ta!le 6.2
i& = *3"ost + 4sint+e
-t
-3e
-t
sint # 3e
-t
"ost + 4e
-t
"ost - 4e
-t
sint + 1% ;*3"ost + 4sint+e
-t
< = e
-t
*"ost - sin t+
-3e
-t
sint # 3e
-t
"ost + 4e
-t
"ost - 4e
-t
sint + 1% 3"oste
-t
+ 1% 4sinte
-t

= e
-t
"ost - e
-t
sin t
e
-t
sint:
-3 # 4 + 1% 4 = -1
-3 + ,,,,4 = -1 7 *2+
e
-t
"ost:
-3 + 4 + 1% 3 = 1
4 + ,,,,3 = 1 7 *3+
0ro5 *2+
3 = 1 + ,,,,4
4 + ,,,,;1 + ,,,,4< = 1 7 *3+
4 + ,,,, + ,,,,*,,,,+4 = 1
4 + ,,,-14 = -,,,-
4;1 + ,,,-1< = -,,,-
4;,,,-2< = -,,,-
4 = -1
-$
3 = 1 + ,,,,*-1.1+
3 = 1 # .,,,,
3 = 1
-$
i& = *1
-$
"ost + *-1
-$
+sint+e
-t
i& = *1
-$
"ost - 1
-$
sint+e
-t
Co5(lete solution is
i*t+ = /e-
1% t
+ *1
-$
"ost - 1
-$
sint+e
-t
3t t = +
i*++ = /e-
1% *++
+ *1
-$
"os*++ - 1
-$
sin*+++e
-*++
-1 = /e
+ *1
-$
*1+ - 1
-$
*++e
-1 = /*1+ + *1
-$
*1+ - 1
-$
*++*1+
-1 = / + 1
-$
/ = -1 - 1
-$

i*t+ = *-1 - 1
-$
+e-
1% t
+ *1
-$
"ost - 1
-$
sint+e
-t
Q#6.2-: Bhe network of the fi'ure is o(eratin' in the stead> state with the swit"h /
o(en. 3t t = % the swit"h is "losed. 0ind an eE(ression for the )olta'e% G*t+ for t .
Solution:

Lqui)alent "ir"uit !efore swit"hin':
G*-+ = G*++ = Csin t ;?1 + ?2<
Lqui)alent "ir"uit after swit"hin':

0or t
3""ordin' to /CI
dG*t+ G*t+
C + = Csin t
dt ?1
dG*t+ G*t+ Csin t
+ = 7 *u+
dt C?1 C
1
sG*t+ + G*t+ =
C?1
1
s + =
C?1
1
s = -
C?1
GC = /e
-*1.C?1+t
G& = 3sin t + 4"os t
&uttin' the )alue of G& in eq. *u+
3"os t - 4sin t + ;1.C?1<;3sin t + 4"os t< = *Csin t+.C
3"os t - 4sin t + ;1.C?1<3sin t + ;1.C?1<4"os t = *Csin t+.C

Chap#6 (A)

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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

i++ = /11+ + /2*1+

For More Soluton Manuals and Pro!e"ts #st http$%%&&&.'oo(nstuff."om%

-1 = -1 + i1.232+/11+ + -1 # i1.232+/21+

1 = -1 + i1.232+/11+ + -1 # i1.232+/21+

= /11+ + /21+ + /3*1+

1 = /11+ + /21+ + /3*1+

- .21 i++ = i-+ = *due to indu"tor+

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