Colunas de Pratos

2
Flooding: excessive accumulation of liquids inside the columns
Column operating in spray regime
liquid on the tray in form of drops
As vapor velocity is raised, bulk of these drops are entrained into the tray
above
Liquid accumulates on the tray above instead of flowing to the tray below
3
At higher liquid flow rates, dispersion on the tray is in the form of a
froth
When vapor velocity is raised, froth height increases
To design a sieve tray
1. Calculate the column diameter that prevents flooding
2. Design the tray layout
3. Design the downcomers
4
Downcomers and weirs
control the liquid distribution and flow
5
Weir
Plate
Froth
Phase Contact on a Contacting Tray
Vapor streams (shown
in red) bubble up through
froth. Liquid stream flows
through froth and over weir
The froth conditions can be varied depending on the vapor-liquid
flow regimes to include: spray, froth, emulsion bubble, and cellular foam.
6
Tray Configuration
Three type of tray openings:
Perforation
Valve cap
Bubble cap
slots
cap
riser
plate
plate
cap
leg
plate
Weir
7
Liquid flow shown by blue arrows.
Vapor flow by red arrows.
Weir
Plate
8
Prato Perfurado Prato de vlvula Prato de campnula
(perforation cap) (valve cap) (bubble cap)
9
Sizes the column to prevent flooding caused by excessive
entrainment.
Excessive entrainment can cause a large drop in stage efficiency
liquid that has not been separated is mixed with vapor.
Design Procedure
10
Extractor Sieve Tray
11
12
13
Trayed Columns
14
15
Reboilers
16
Feed Distributors
17
Valve Tray Deck
18
Fouled Bubble Cap Tray
19
Fouling Resistant Design
20
The Real World
21
Coluna de Pratos Coluna de Enchimento
Colunas de Enchimento
22
Enchimento Estruturado
(havendo grandes quedas de presso requer que se
gaste mais energia para que o vapor suba na coluna)
VANTAGENS: eficiente contacto lquido-vapor sem causar quedas de
presso assinalveis
(maior rea interfacial gs-lquido)
Maior eficincia para a mesma altura de coluna
23
Structured Packing Wetted Area
24
Enchimento Aleatrio
25
IMTP
Pall Rings
Structured
26
altura do enchimento
HETP=
n. pratos tericos
1/ 2
V
L
L
G




U
<
U
1/ 2 1/ 2
( )
s G L V V
w C

U U U
1/ 2
s V
F w U
HETP = altura de enchimento necessria para obter a variao de
composio obtida com um andar de equilbrio
1) Parmetro de fluxo <
3) C
G,operacional
= 0.70 u C
G,max
4) Velocidade superficial do gs, w
s
5) Factor F (factor caracterstico do tipo de enchimento)
6) N. de andares tericos/m (= 1/HETP)
Grfico sabendo F e tipo de enchimento 1/HETP HETP
Colunas de Enchimento
2) C
G,max
Grfico sabendo < e tipo de enchimento
Factor de capacidade
27
HETP =
n. pratos tericos
H
3
2
caudal volumtrico gs m /s
m
velocidade superficial gs m/s
c
s
G
A
w

2
2
caudal gs kg/s
m
fluxo gs
kg/(m s )
c
G
A
G

c
2 3
kg m kg
s
m s m
s
G w c u U
p
4
c
c
A
d
S
7) Altura do enchimento, H
8) Dimetro da coluna de enchimento, d
c
a) rea da seco recta da coluna, A
c
b) Dimetro da coluna, d
c
9) Perda de carga na coluna, 'P
Grfico sabendo F e tipo de enchimento 'P/z (mbar/m)
Perda de carga total: 'P = ('P/z) u altura coluna
28
EXEMPLO: Prob. D7 Usando dados do Prob. D5, mas considerando
que a coluna de enchimento, calcular HETP, a altura e o dimetro da
coluna para ao enchimento Mellapack 125.Y (t = 100C, U
L
= 950 kg/m
3
)
1/ 2
V
L
L
G




U
<
U
1) Parmetro de fluxo <
L = 50.1 kmol/h x = 0.84
V = 66.8 y = 0.915
condies no topo da coluna
(onde existem maiores caudais de L e de V)
L,G : caudais mssicos
U : densidades mssicas
G (kg/h) = V (kmol/h) x M (kg/kmol)
L(kg/h) = L (kmol/h) x M (kg/kmol)
1/2
2294.6 1.5
0.03
3066.1 950

<


2) C
G,max
Grfico sabendo < e tipo de enchimento
0.156
3) C
G,operacional
= 0.70 u C
G,max
=0.70x0.156=0.109 m/s
Mellapack 125Y
29
4) Velocidade superficial do gs, w
s
1/ 2 1/ 2
( )
s G L V V
w C

U U U
=0.109 x (950-1.5)
1/2
x1.5
-1/2
=0.109x25.1 = 2.73 m/s
5) Factor F
1/2 1/ 2
2.73 1.5 3.34 u U
s V
F w
6) N. de andares tericos/m (= 1/HETP)
1.2
1/HETP = 1.2 HETP = 1/1.2 = 0.83 m
1.2 andares tericos
por m de enchimento
7) Altura do enchimento, H
HETP =
n. pratos tericos
H
= 6 (resultado Prob. D5)
0.83=
6
H
H = 6 x 0.83 m = 4.98 m
3.34
30
8) Dimetro da coluna de enchimento, d
c
a) rea da seco recta da coluna, A
c
2
3
m kg
2.73 1.5 4.1 kg/(m s)
s
m
Fluxo de gs = = u u c U
V
s
G w
2
2
3066 / 3600 (kg/h)(s/h)
0.21 m
4.1
kg/(m s)
= =
c
c
G
A
G
2
2 2
4
0.21 m 0.52 m
4
= S S
S
c
c
A d
r d A
b) Dimetro da coluna, d
c
31
9) Perda de carga na coluna, 'P
'P/z = 5 (mbar/m)
Perda de carga total:
'P = ('P/z) u altura coluna
= 5 x 4.98 25 mbar
3.34
4.5