#

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT



$./
6'-0'-10564-5;107#*#26'-0'.'4

#
$
%
&
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(

/CN\GOGNGT                                        
#J)CRNCTP$KTNG)VKTKNOGUK)KNKKXG-QTWPOCU                
/QVQTNWXG[C/QVQTUW\;GNMGPNK6GMPGNGTKP;CRUCN$Q[WVNCPFTNOCU
/QVQTNW6GMPGNGTKP;CRUCN$Q[WVNCPFTNOCU                 
5W)GKTOG\2GTFGNGT6GMPG-CRNCOCU/CMKPC$NOGUK       
-CRNCOCNCTP;CRO;PVGONGTK                          

#

/CN\GOGNGT



7[IWP#JCR%KPUNGTK

6GMPG MQPUVTMUK[QPWPFC MWNNCPOC W[IWP CJ)CR

EKPUNGTKC)CFCMKC[TPVNCTFCKGTGEGM)GMKNFG6CDNQ
 FGXGTKNOK)VKT


6KECTKXGDKNKOUGNCFNCT

&QCN FC[CPMNNMNCT XG GORTGP[G K)NGOKPG

W[IWPNWMNCT

 PGO KGTFKK JCNFGMK QTVCNCOC HK\KMUGN 

OGMCPKM\GNNKMNGTK

&C[CPMNNM UPHNCT UQNKF CJ)CR OCN\GOGPKP MHNGP

OG[GMCT)FKTGPEKKNGKNIKNKFKT
#J)CROCN\GOGNGTKPG)KVNKVGMPG[CRNCTPFCMWNNCPOC
W[IWPNWW6CDNQ FGXGTKNOK)VKT
$C\CJ)CREKPUNGTKC)CFCOCFFGUKPKPMQ)WNNCTPC
DCNQNCTCMFGPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCMXGVCDCMCN[CRNCTKKP
W[IWPFWT
6CDNQ FGDGNKTVKNGPNGTKPJCTKEKPFGMKCJ)CREKPUNGTKPKP
MWNNCPO PGTKNGP EKPUNGTKP \GNNKMNGTKPKP VCDNQFC
DGNKTVKNGPNGTKP DKTKPG W[IWP QNOCU MQ)WNW[NC MCDWN
GFKNGDKNKT

























































































































































































5C[HC







-WNNCPONCTUTCUPFCCJ)CRNCTGPHC\NCQTCPPFC
PGOGUCJKRQNOCNFT
CRNCT DW CRC RCTCNGN DQ[WVWP
DWFCM MGUKVKPFG
NNGP KPFGPHC\NCQNOCOCUMQ)WNWKNGMMXG
W[IWPDWFCMNCTCK\KPXGTKNGDKNKT
&COCTNCTF\IPQNOCNFT
RCTCPPDQ[WPCGMUGPKPG
ITGOCMUKOWOK\KPXGTKNKTMCMNMQTCP FWT


&GPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCMXGVCDCMCN[CRNCT

7[IWPCJ)CREKPUNGTKXGCNVGTPCVKHEKPUNGTKPMWNNCPOKNG
KNIKNKMTKVGTNGT6CDNQ FGXGTKNOK)VKT
&GPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCMKKPMWTWVOCXGRTGUNGOGUTCUPFC
WNC)NCP[MUGMUECMNMNCTDEGMXGMWTVWMNCTPECPN
MCNOCQNCPCPQTVCFCPMCNFTT
$W C[TEC C[P QTVCO MQ)WNNCTPFCMK C[P EKPU UQNKF
CJ)CR OCN\GOG[G QTCPNC FGPK\ VKRK MQPVTRNCP FCJC
F)M PGO QTCPPC UCJKR QNOCUP UCNCT XG DW FC
MHNGPOGGKNKOKPKC\CNVT
$W PGFGPNG C[P EKPU UQNKF CJ)CR OCN\GOG[G QTCPNC
FGPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCPFC[CPMNNFCJCHC\NCFT
*KDKT UWTGVVG MQPVTRNC XG[C VCDCMCN [CRNCT
QNW)VWTCP VGMKN VCDCMCNCTP MCNPN MWNNCPNCP EKPUKP
FC[CPOKNGFQTWQTCPVNQNCTCMC\CNVNCOC\6CXUK[G
GFKNGPOCMUKOWOMCNPNMNCT6CDNQ FGXGTKNOK)VKT

#JCR-CNKVGUK
-CRNCOCNCT

#J)CRNCTK[KEGMWTWVWNOW)XGFC[CPMNNPCXG[CRUCN
\GNNKKPG QNWOUW\ [PFG GVMK GFGDKNGEGM \CTCTN
QTICPK\OCNCTFCP
OCPVCTDEGMMWTVEWMDCMVGTKXU
CTPFTNO)QNOCNFT

-QPUVTUK[QPFCMWNNCPNCPOKPKOWOMQPVTRNCMVCDCMCU
CFGFK  OO [G MCFCT QNCP MCNPNMNCT KKP  FCJC
D[MMCNPNMNCTKKP FKT
6GMPG [CRU XG MQPUVTMUK[QP GNGOCPNCTPFC MWNNCP
NCECMFGPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCMNCTIGPGNQNCTCMKNIKNKMWTCNNCTC
W[IWPQNCTCM6.VCTCHPFCPVKRVGUVKPGVCDKVWVWNWT



$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

6CDNQ
6GMPG;CROPFC-WNNCPNCP#JCR/CN\GOGNGTKP#PC(K\KMUGN/GMCPKM\GNNKMNGTK

6KECTKCF

#MFWV
&QWUUG
+TQMQ
.CTEJ
-CTCCC
'NO
-CTCCC
'NO
-CTCCO
-GUVCPG
%JGUPWV
-GUVCPG
%JGUPWV
-JC[C
-\NCO
-MPCT
(KT
-MPCT6QTQU
(KT
/CMQT
/GG#M
9JKVG1CM
/GG5CRN
1CM
/GG5CRU\
1CM
/QICPQ
1MQWO
5CRGNK
5GFKT
%GFCT4GF
5GFKT
%GFCT
5KRQ
6KM
6GCM

1TKLKPK
=?

6TMK[G
#HTKMC
#HTKMC
#XTWRC
#XTWRC
6TMK[G
6TMK[G
#XTWRC
6TMK[G
#HTKMC
6TMK[G
#OGTKMC
6TMK[G
#HTKMC
#OGTKMC
#XTWRC
6TMK[G
#OGTKMC
#HTKMC
#HTKMC
#OGTKMC
6TMK[G
#HTKMC
#U[C

$KNKOUGNCF
=?

/QTWUCNDC
#H\GNKCURR
%JNQTQRJQTCGZEGNUC
.CTKZFGEKFWC
7NOWUURR
7NOWUECTRKJKHQNKC
2KPWUPKITC
%CUVCPGCURR
%CUVCPGCUCVKXC
-JC[CURR
2KPWUDTWVKC
2UGWFQVUWICOGP\KGUKN
#DKQUEKNKEKEC
6KGIJGOGNNCURR
3WGTEWUURR
3WGTEWUTQDWT
3WGTEWURGVTGC
5YKGVGPKCURR
#WEQWOGC-NGKPGCPC
'PVCPFTQRJTCIOCE[NKPFTKEWO
6JWLCRNKECVC
%GFTWUNKDCPK
'PVCPFTQRJTCIOCWVKNG
6GEVQPCITCPFKU

&QCN
'ORTGP[G
\IN
FC[CPM KNGOKPG
CTNM
NN
W[IWPNWM
=MIO?
=?
=?


























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#


























/GMCPKM\GNNKMNGT=?

'H
4E
4V
4H
=0OO? =0OO? =0OO? =0OO?




































































































-UCNVOCNCTXG0QVNCT
-UCNVOCNCT
&QCNFC[CPMNNM
#QMFC[CPMN
$&C[CPMN
&GPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCPTGVKOKKKPK\KPXGTKNGPOCMUKOWOMCNPNMOO
%QMFC[CPMNFGKN
&GPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCPTGVKOKKKPK\KPXGTKNGPOCMUKOWOMCNPNMOO
&&C[CPMNFGKN
&GPK\VKRKMQPVTRNCPTGVKOKKKPK\KPXGTKNGPOCMUKOWOMCNPNMOO
'ORTGP[GKNGOKPGW[IWPNWM
)GKTIGP
QMFKTGPNKFGKN
&KTGPNK
QMFKTGPNK
0QVNCT
=?&QCN[GVKOGCNCP
=?)GPGNDKNKOUGNCF
URRFGKKMEKPUNGT
=?&QCNFC[CPMNNMF\G[KXGGORTGP[GKNGOKPGW[IWPNWW'0UVCPFCTFPCITGFKT
=?PGOQTCPPFCMKOGMCPKM\GNNKMNGT-C[PCM9QQF*CPFDQQMYQQFCUCPGPIKPGGTKPIOCVGTKCN75&#
'PD[MGKNOGOWMCXGOGVK4H
QTVCFC[QWPNCCPOWMCXGOGV
'OGGNCUVKUKVGOQFN'H
QTVCFC[QWPNCCPOWMCXGOGV
'PD[MDCUOWMCXGOGVK4E
FCOCTCRCTCNGN
'PD[MMGUOGOWMCXGOGVK4 V
FCOCTCRCTCNGN

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT



6CDNQ
6GMPG;CROPFC-WNNCPNCECM#JCR/CN\GOGPKP5GKO'UCUNCT

-GOGTGCVMUMGOGTG
VKTK\K[CNMV

+++

&GMNGT

++

-GUOGXG[CFGTKPRQUVCNCT
$CUOCRQUVCNCT

+++=?

++

++

++

++

+++

+++

++

++

+++

+++

++

++

++

++

++

++
++=?

++

++

++=? ++=?

+++
++

+++

5WJCVV\GTKPFGMK
MCRNCOCNCT

++

++

+++

)XGTVGMCRNCOCU

++

+++

++

++

++

+++

++

++

++

+++

++

++

+++

+++

+++

++=? ++=? ++=? ++=?

+++

++

++=?

++

;CVC[DTCMGVNGT

++

+++

++

++

++

++

++

0QVNCT
=?
#JCR OCN\GOG FQCN XG[C VCDCMCN QNCTCM
MWNNCPNCDKNKT
=?
#JCR OCN\GOG CPECM VCDCMCN QNCTCM
MWNNCPNCDKNKT

#JCROCN\GOGPKPMWNNCPOW[IWPNWW
+QMW[IWP
++1NFWMCW[IWP
+++#\FGTGEGFGW[IWP





#JCROCN\GOGUKPKPMQPVTRNCPXGVCDCMCN[CRNCTP
MCNKVGUKPKP/CFFGXG [GW[IWPQNFWWVGTGF
FVXG[CKVKTC\JCNKPFGIGTGMNKMQPVTQNNGTK[CRCECMQNCP
6.UTXG[TPGKPCCVVCTCHPFCPDGNIGNGPFKTKNGEGMVKT
$W DGNIGNGPFKTOG CCFC DGNKTVKNGP \GNNKMNGTK FG
MCRUCOCM\GTGKPCCVUTCUPFCVGTUCPGFG[CRNCECM
MQPVTQNNGTGFGFC[CPCDKNKT
C

5QNKF OCN\GOG KKP \IN CTNM XG PGO QTCP

MQPVTQN

-QPVTRNCMXGVCDCMCN[CRNCTKKP[CROCVGUVK

+++

++

#JCR-CNKVGUKPKP-QPVTQNXG5GTVKHKMCNCPFTNOCU

++

&G[DTCMGVNGT
)XGTVGMCRNCOCNCTPP
DQTFCOCTEKPXGOGTMG\
MCRNCOCNCT

+++

++=? ++=?

++

6KM

+++

5GFKT
6TMK[G

++

++

++

5GFKT
#OGTKMC

/GG
#OGTKMC
++

+++

+++=?

++

+++

5WJCVVCNVPFCMK
MCRNCOCNCT

-GOGTGNGTFKRMKTKNGTK

++

++

+++

+++

/CWP

++

.CTEJ

++

-MPCT
6TMK[G

+++

-MPCT
#OGTKMC

++

5CRGNK

+++

++

/GG
6TMK[G

5KPVKPGUVTKPIGTK

++

/CMQT

-GUVCPG

$CDQFQUNCOC

-CTCCC
6TMK[G

-CTCCC
#XTWRC

1OWTICMQPVTCQOWTIC
MDQFQUNCOCFGFXWV

+TQMQ

&QWUUKG

;CRGNGOCPNCT?

CO

#JCREKPUNGTK;

+++

++=?

/GMCPKM\GNNKMNGTXG;CRUCN$Q[WVNCPFTOC

$W $NO FG XGTKNGP [CRUCN DQ[WVNCPFTOCNCT PGO

QTCP  [K COC[CP XG CCFC DGNKTVKNGP / \IN
CTNPC=MIO?UCJKRCJCROCN\GOGNGTGW[IWNCPT


'KONKRQUVCNCT /

'KOUK\RQUVCNCTQOWTICXGDCDQFQUNCOC
/

&MCRNCOCIXGTVGMCRNCOCUCVMXGVKTK\NGT
UVTKPIGTNGTXGMGOGTGNGT/



$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

#$%

#)CFCMK OCFFGNGTFG XGTKNGP DQ[WVNCPFTOCNCT

MWNNCPNCP CJ)CDP \IN CTNPP XG PGO QTCPPP
DCNUQNCTCMC)CFCMKG)KVNKGITGFGK)VKTKNGDKNKT

'GT EXCVCNCT F) MCRNCOC XG[C QOWTIC[ FGNK[QTUC

DC)NCT RCOWMNW XG[C DGP\GTK W[IWP DKT OCN\GOG KNG
U\FTOC\JCNGIGVKTKNGEGMVKT

55-

-CRNCOCNCTFC XKFCN DCNCPV MWNNCPNFPFC XKFC FK)K

VC)[E RQUVC KKPG MCRNCOC MCNPNPC G)KV OKMVCTFC
IKTGEGMVKT

/e
/

 (U Ue)  0,02



$WTCFC

#JCRKNKK

5

&\GNVKNOK)MGUKV
XG[CNKPGGTDQ[WV

5

#)CFCMKOCFFGNGTGITGJGUCRNCPCPMWTCN
MGUKVK
XG[CNKPGGTDQ[WV

/G

-WNNCPNCPCJ)CROCN\GOGPKP
XG[C
MQPVTRNCP\INCTN

/

#J)CREKPUKPKPUVCPFCTV[QWPNWW

6CDCMCN GNGOCPNCT IGPGNNKMNG VCDCMCNCT OOMP

QNFWW MCFCT FGXCON XG[C )C)TVOC IGOG DCNCPVN
QNCP GKONK [CRUCN RCTCNCTFC MWNNCPNT XG PQTOCN
QNCTCMGOGFGPPEG[CR)VTNT

7

5VCPFCTVPGOQTCP[\FGUK
UQNKFCJ)CRKKP
MQPVTRNCMXGVCDCMCN[CRNCTKKP

'KONK RCTCNCTFC GOG UTCUPFC C)T IGTKNOGNGTFGP

MCPOCMKKPW[IWPMCNPNMNCTUGKNGEGMVKT

7G

CN ) O C  M Q ) W N N C T P F C   K N I K N K  M U O K K P
PITNGPOCMUKOWOPGOQTCP

6CDCMCNCT IGPGNFG C[P CJ)CR EKPUNGTK MWNNCPNCTCM

[CRNCECMVT

$Q[WVNCPFTOCFC[WMCTFCMKHQTONFGPGNFGGFKNGPFGP
FCJC HC\NC DKT KPFKTKO MWNNCPNCP CJ)CDP MQPVTRNCP
XG[CVCDCMCN[CRNCTPCPCOGMCPKM\GNNKMNGTKFKMMCVG
CNPCTCMMCDWNGFKNGDKNKT

6CDCMCNCTP NKHNGTK QNW)VWTWNCECM GNGOCPP DQ[WPC

RCTCNGN[PFGQNCECMVT

$

#JCRNCTP$KTNGVKTKNOGUKKNKKXG-QTWPOCU



$KTNGVKTOG

#J)CRNCTP DKTNG)VKTKNOGUKPFG MWNNCPNCP [CR)VTENCT

\GNNKMNG UW[C FKTGPNK XG UCNCO QNCP TGUQTUKPKM XG[C
HGPQNKMVKRQNCECMVT
TGHQTOCNFGJKV [CR)VTENCT UCFGEG VGMPGPKP PGOG
OCTW\ DWNWPOC[CP XG K[K JCXCNCPFTNCP MUONCTPFC
MWNNCPNCDKNKT
;CR)VTENCTKOCNCVVCNKOCVPCW[IWPQNCTCMXGPGO
QTCPPP  K TG VKRKPFGMK [CR)VTENCT KKP KUG
 KIGOG[GPCJ)CRNCTFCMWNNCPNT
;CR)VTNCECMRCTCNCTFKMMCVNGJC\TNCPCECMXG\GNNKMNG
VO[CNCTPIKFGTKNOGUKUWTGVK[NGVGOK\NGPGEGMVKT

#J)CR K)KNKK CJ)CDP EKPUK XG UGTVNKKPG XG C[P

\COCPFCVGMPGMQPUVTMUK[QPWVKRKPG[CPKFGTKPRQUVC
VCDCMCN [CRNCT MCRNCOC XG[C MQPVTRNCM QNOC
FWTWOWPCW[IWPQNCECMVT



-QTWOC

6GMPG K [CRUPFCMK IKTKNGOG[GP [\G[NGT TGVKEK

VCNKOCVNCTPC W[IWP QNCTCM XG MWNNCPNCP [CR)VTE
XGTPKMXGDQ[C[CW[WOIUVGTGPCJ)CRMQTW[WEWNCTKNG
MCRNCPCECMVT6GMPGFKDKPKPKMUO[CXG[CXGTPKMNG
UXCPCECM MCRNCOC QNCTCM MWNNCPNCP UGPVGVKM TGKPG
MWTW CJ)CR OCN\GOG \GTKPG FKMMCVNK DKT )GMKNFG
W[IWNCPCECMVT
-QPVTRNCMNCTPVOMGUKNOK)MGPCTNCTWFCOCTNCTPFCP
PGOIKTK)KPKPNGOGMKKP[CR)VTEDQ[CXG[CW[IWP
DKTTPNGMCRNCPCECMVT

%
/QVQTNW XG[C /QVQTUW\ ;GNMGPNK 6GMPGNGTKP
;CRUCN$Q[WVNCPFTNOCU


)GPGN

0QTOCNGNKMVGP[CRNCPRGTKPEXCVCXGXKFCNCT[GVGTNK
MCNKVGFGICNXCPK\NGPOGNKFKT

$W MUOFCMK MWTCNNCT DQ[NCT  O [K IGOG[GP

[WXCTNCM MCTKPCN MGUKVNGTK (GMKN  XG  FG
XGTKNGPNGTG DGP\GT XG UCDKV XG[C JCTGMGVNK UCNOCN
VGMPGNGTGW[IWNCPT

)GTIK EXCVCNCT RWN \GTKPFG DC) FXNGTGM UCDKVNG

PGEGMXG[CRWNNCDKTNKMVGUQOWPNCUMNCECMVT5QOWPNCT
XGRWNNCTEXCVCKNGC[POCN\GOGFGPQNCECMVT

$Q[NCT  O [K C)CP XG[C HQTONCT [WMCTFC DGNKTVKNGP

NGTFGPHCTMNQNCPVGMPGNGTJGTFWTWOKKPC[TC[TQNOCM
\GTGG)FGGTNKNKMMTKVGTKPGITGFGGTNGPFKTKNGEGMVKT

%


$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT


1OWTIC



$CXG-$QFQUNCOC

$C) DQFQUNCOC QOWTIC[C W[IWP DKT )GMKNFG IGOG

[CRNCECM XG QOWTIC[C W[CECM )GMKNFG IGPK)NKK
IGTGMVKKMCFCTCTVVTNCECMVT

#J)CRQOWTICPPDQ[WVNCT6CDNQ FGXGTKNOK)VKT
1OWTIC FGTKPNKK VO VGMPG DQ[WPEC FGXCO
GVVKTKNGEGMVKT CPECM IGPK)NKM DC) XG M DQFQUNCOC[C
W[WO IUVGTGEGM VCT\FC UQPNCTC FQTW IKFGTGM
C\CNVNCDKNKT

$C)DQFQUNCOCDQ[WVNCT6CDNQ FGXGTKNOK)VKT
- DQFQUNCOC (GMKN  FG IUVGTKNOK) XG DQ[WVNCT
6CDNQ FGXGTKNOK)VKT

1OWTICFCMK KNM MCRNCOC UTCU KKP CNCECM Q[WWP

IGPK)NKKGPC\UVUTCFCMKMCRNCOCMCNPNPPKMKMCV
QNCECMXGOOFGPFCJCC\QNOC[CECMVT

-DQFQUNCOCPPCNVMUOQOWTIC[CMTNCPIMW[TWW
IGOGNKXG[CUCNCOQNCTCMDCNCPOCNFT$WDCNCPV
MQPVTCQOWTICKNGQOWTICXGDQFQUNCOC[MVCORQP
MV D[M DTCMGVNGT XG IGTIK EXCVCNCT MWNNCPCTCM
DKTDKTKPG DCNCOCM UWTGVK[NG [CRNT  DQFQUNCOC
M
DQFQUNCOCPPUVRCTCUMDQFQUNCOC[CUCNCODKT
)GMKNFG DCNCPCECMVT /OMP QNCP JCNNGTFG DW
DCNCOCIGOGNKXGIGTIKEXCVCNQNCTCM[CRNCECMVT

. O QNCP VGMPGNGTFG CJ)CR QOWTIC VGM RCTC

JCNKPFG QNCECMVT &CJC D[M VGMPGNGTFG IGTGMVKK
VCMFKTFG DQ[W FGTKPNKKP  MCV W [MUGMNKK KUG
[MUGMNKKP UKQNCPIGOGNKDCNCPVNCTCK\KP
XGTKNGDKNKT )GOGNK DCNCPVPP VKRK EXCVCN QNCPNCTFC
MCFGOGNK XG[C MCOCN [CR)VTOCN QNCPNCTPFC KUG
F\NGOUGN QNCDKNKT &KTGM [WXCNCT XG[C OCMKPC VGOGN
MKTK)NGTK PKJC[GVNGTK [CMPPFC IGOGNK DCNCPVNCTFCP
MCPNOCNFT

 DQFQUNCOCPP M DQFQUNCOC[C DCNCPF [GTFGMK

MGUKV CNCP DQFQUNCOCPP MGUKVKPFGP C\ QNCOC\ UV
PKJC[GVVGKUGDWMGUKVC\CNVNCDKNKT

5CNOC QOWTIC PGFGPK[NG MGUKNGP QOWTICPP IGPK)NKK

CTVVTNCECMVT



2QUVCNCT

&KTGM[WXCUPPQOWTIC[CDCNCPFFWTWONCTFCU\
MQPWUW [WXC UCNOCPP DC) VCTCHVCMK DKVKO PQMVCUPP
IGTKUKPFGF\GPNGPGEGMVKT



2QUVCVKRNGTK

'GTDWOOMPFGKNUGFKTGM[WXCUPP[GVGTKMCFCT
DC) XG MPC W\CPCP XG QOWTIC[C [GVGTNK )GMKNFG
DCNCPO)GVMKNKDQ[WPCVCMXK[GNGTMWNNCPNCECMVT

$CUOC RQUVCNCT DWJCTNC GKNOK) VKTK\NGTFGP QNW)WT

&GTKPNKMNGTK XG MCNPNMNCT VO DQ[NCTPEC C[PFT
1OWTICFCP MRG)VG[G MCFCT JCVVC QNCPCM XCTUC
QOWTIC\GTKPFGFGXCONIGOGMUWTGVK[NGMRG)VGFGP
MRG)VG[GMCFCTVGMRCTCJCNKPFGQNWTNCT

$CUOCRQUVCNCT

%XCVCN IGOGNGT [WOW)CM CCVCP [CRNO) UW

MGUKEKNGTXCUVCU[NCUWIGOG\JCNGIGVKTKNGEGMVKT

6CDNQ
1OWTIC$C$QFQUNCOC-$QFQUNCOC
1OWTIC
$Q[
.
=O?











$C)DQFQUNCOC

-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?





















&KRVG

-DQFQUNCOC
UVVG

-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?

-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?









































-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?























$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

 -GUOGRQUVCNCT
-GUOGRQUVCNCTDKTDKTKPGIGOGXG[CDKPFKTOGXGGM
RCTCN QNCTCM DKTNG)VKTKNGP XG GTKNKKPG W[IWP QNCTCM
DKKNOK) CJ)CRNCTFCP QNW)WT -CNPNMNCT C[P QNWR
FGTKPNKMNGTKCNVWVCPUVWECFQTWIKFGTGMC\CNVNT

)GTGMVKKPFGCJ)CDP\INCTNXGRQUVCCTCUKKP
VCDNQFCMKDQ[WVNCPFTOCFC[CRNCECMFGK)KONGTVGMPG
QTVCUPFC  . KKP IGGTNKFKT $W DNIG F)PFC
C)CFCMKKPFKTKONGT[CRNCDKNKT


$CUOCXG[CVCDCMCNRQUVCNCTKKPMCNPNMVC

)GOGNGTFG IGOG DQ[W MCNPNP  MCVPFCP C\

QNCOC\XG[CR)VTOCK)NGOKW[IWNCPT

-GUOG RQUVCNCT KKP  RQUVCPP VO DQ[WPEC

MCNPNMVCXGUVMUOFCMKFGTKPNKMVG

 6CDCMCNRQUVCNCT

GNKMRQUVCNCTKKPMCNPNMVC

6CDCMCN RQUVCNCT DKTDKTKPG [CR)VTNCP CJ)CR MCVOCP

NCTFCPQNW)WT;CR)VTOCGTKNKKPC\QNFWWFWTWOFC
)GMKNXGTOGFGPPEGF\JCNFGKMGP[CRNCDKNKT'TKNKKP
HC\NCQNFWWFWTWOFCKUG[GTKPFGXG[C[GVGTNKMWXXGVVG
W[IWPMCNRNCTMWNNCPNCTCMPEGFGP[CRNOCNFT

/CFFG  G ITG UQWM NCOKPG GFKNOK) MCRNCOCNCT

MWNNCPNFPFCRQUVCOWMCXGOGVKC\CNVNCDKNKT

 GNKMRQUVCNCT

&)GMNGTKPDWNWPOCFFWTWONCTFCRQUVCNCTPCNVWNCT
VGMPGPKP OGTMG\ MQPUVTMUK[QP GNGOCPPP KKPG
IGKTKNGTGMDCNCPCECMVTDCNCUVPRQUVCNCTVCTCHPFCP
VC)POCUJCNKPFGRQUVCDQ[WVNCTCTVVTNCECMVT

GNKM RQUVCNCT W[IWP )GMKNFG GKNOK) XG HNGPEK

MCRNCOC[C VCO VGOCU GFGEGM VCT\FC CNCPFTNO)
M)GDGPVNGTFGP[CRNT


2QUVCUKUVGONGTKXGDQ[WVNCPFTOC

\KPXGTKNGPRQUVCUKUVGONGTKXG RQUVCDQ[WVNCT6CDNQ
 FGXGTKNOK)VKT

2QUVCNCT MCRNCOC[C F\IP QNCTCM VGOCU GFGEGM

VCT\FC)GMKNNGPFKTKNGEGMVKT

&KTGKP QNFWW DNIGFGMK RQUVCNCT JGT KMK DQTFCFC

C)CFCMK IKDK XG[C G)FGGT DKT F\GPNGOG [CRNCTCM
VCMXK[GGFKNGEGMVKT


6KR+RQUVCNCT6CDNQ FGRQUVCCNVWEWKKP
XGTKNOK)QNCPFGTKPNKGVORQUVCDQ[WPECUCJKR
XG6KR++ [GW[IWPDQ[WVNCTFCQNCPCFGVMGUOG
RQUVC XG[C VCDCMCN RQUVC MQPWNCECMVT $W
RQUVCNCT KMK DCUOC RQUVCFC DKT MQPWNWT #MUK
JCNFG [WMCTFC DGNKTVKNGP VCDNQFCMK MGUKV CNCP
 CTVVTNO) DKTDKTKPK K\NG[GP  CFGV DCUOC
RQUVCMQPWNCDKNKT

6KR++RQUVCNCT;WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGPVCDNQFCRQUVC
CNVWEWKKPKUVGPKNGPMGUKVCNCPCTVVTNO)
UCDKV FGTKPNKMVG  MGUOG RQUVC XG[C VCDCMCN
RQUVCMQPWNCECMVT2QUVCNCTGNKMM)GDGPVKUG
NGXJC F)GMNGTKP VGTU RQUVCNCT KKP KUVGPKNGP
DQ[WVNCTC UCJKR VGTU GNKM M)GDGPV RQUVCNCTNC
VCMXK[GGFKNOK)CFGVRQUVCMQPWNOCNFT$W
RQUVCNCTKMKPQTOCNRQUVCFCDKTMQPWNWT

6KR+++RQUVCNCT;WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGPVCDNQFCRQUVC
CNVWEWKKPKUVGPKNGPMGUKVCNCPCTVVTNO)
UCDKV FGTKPNKMVG  CFGV MGUOG RQUVC XG[C
VCDCMCNRQUVCMWTCNRQUVCCTCNPCW[IWPQNCTCM
XG CTCNCTPFC DKT XG[C KMK CFGV DCUOC RQUVC
QNCECM)GMKNFGMQPWNCECMVT'GTGNKMRQUVCNCT
MWNNCPN[QTUCDWVKRRQUVCNGXJCF)GMNGTKP
RQUVCNCT KKP KUVGPKNGP DQ[WVNCTC UCJKR VGTU
RQUVCNCTNCVCMXK[GGFKNOK)XGCTCNCTPFCDKTXG[C
KMK CFGV DCUOC RQUVC DWNWPCECM )GMKNFG MWTCN
RQUVCCTCNPCW[IWPQNCTCM[GTNG)VKTKNOGNKFKT

#)CFCDGNKTVKNGPRQUVCUKUVGONGTKGUCUCNPCECMVT
6KR+ 

$CUOCVKRVOG)KVDQ[WVVCMKRQUVCNCT

6KR++

-GUOG VCDCMCN XG[C GNKMM)GDGPVVKR

VOG)KVDQ[WVVCMKRQUVCNCT

6KR+++

6KR++KKPKUVGPKNGPDQ[WVNCTCUCJKRHCMCV
XG[CCTCDCUOCRQUVCCNVGTPCVKHNKRQUVC
NCT $W VKR RQUVCNCT 6KR +++  6KR +++ 6KR +++
QNCTCMCPNCECMVT

6CDNQFCDGNKTVKNGPRQUVCCTCUPFCPHCTMNDKTRQUVCCTCU
MWNNCPNFPFC RQUVC MGUKV OQFN QTCPVN QNCTCM
FGK)VKTKNKT-WTCNRQUVCCTCUUMCNPNCXGFGTKPNKKD

QNCPCJ)CRFKMFTVIGPMGUKVKPW[IWNCPCECMQNCPU 
RQUVCCTCUKKPCXGDFGGTNGTK
s
2
a1 b1
a b 2 1 dir.
s
2QUVCMCNPNDCNCPVKKPIGTGMGPDQ[WVVCQNOCNFT
&KTGKPQNFWWDNIGFGNQMCNOWMCXGOGVKKPIGPK)NKKP
CTVVTNOCUIGTGMGPFWTWONCTJCTKQNOCM\GTGFGTKPNKM
MCNPNP PFGPC\QNCOC\

 Ahap bir yapsal elemann kesitinin kalnl, elemann

herhangi bir kaplamaya temas ettii yzeyin genilii ve
derinlii ise, temas eden yzeye dik olan yzeyin
yksekliidir.

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT



&KTGKP QNFWW DNIGFG [GVGTK MCFCT VCMXK[GNK

RGTFG DWNWPW[QTUC U\ MQPWUW VCMXK[GNK
RQUVCNCTPUC[UKMK[GKPFKTKNGDKNKT



$Q[WVNCPFTOCXGDKTNGVKTOGNGT



&GMNGT



)GPGN

#J)CRFXOGXG[CM)GDGPVF)GMNGTKPMQNDQ[WF)
MCRNCOCJCVV\GTKPFGM)GFGPKVKDCTGPNNT.GXJC
F)GMNGTKPFGTKPNKKF)G[QNCTCMNNT

&)GMNGTKP DQ[WVNCPFTNOCU 6CDNQ  FG XGTKNOK)VKT

&)GMNGT CJ)CRVCP XG[C GNKM KNG CNOKP[WO CNC)O

IKDKOGVCNOCN\GOGNGTFGP[CRNCDKNKT

6GMPGUQPNCTPFCF)GKPMQNDQ[WPWPRQUVCCTCUPP
 PFGPHC\NCQNOCUPCIGTGM[QMVWT

#J)CRF)GMNGTMWTCNQNCTCMUCFGEGMGUOGRQU
VCNCTNC DKTNKMVG MWNNCPNCDKNKT XG QPNCTNC DKPFKTOGNK
QNCTCMDCNCPOCNFT

#J)CR F)GMNGT W[IWP FCOCTN CCNCTFCP XG[C

VCDCMCN QNCTCM [CRNCECM XG W MUONCTPFCMK
[MUGMNKK DQC\ [MUGMNKKPKP [CTUPFCP C\
QNOC[CECMVT

&XOG F)GMNGT DCUOC MGUOG XG[C VCDCMCN

RQUVCNCTNC DKTNKMVG MWNNCPNT XG RQUVCPP K
MGPCTPCIGNGEGMVCT\FCF\GPNGPKTNGT

-)GDGPVF)GMNGTDCUOCMGUOGXG[CVCDCMCN
RQUVCNCTNCDKTNKMVGMWNNCPNCDKNKTNGTXG(GMKN FG
IUVGTKNGPVCT\FCVGTVKRGFKNGDKNKTNGT
(NGPEK K VCTCHC IGNGEGM )GMKNFG F\GPNGPGP
F)GMNGTFG QOWTIC DQC\PC QOWTIC KNG
DCNCPV[ VGOKP KKP DKT M)GDGPV RCDWEW
MQPWNWT
[WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGP(GMKN GDCMP\

.GXJCF)GMNGTMGUOGXG[CM)GDGPVRQUVCNCTNC
DKTNKMVGMWNNCPNCDKNKTNGT
[WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGP(GMKN G
DCMP\  MGPCT VGTU M)GDGPVNK XG[C HNGPNK
QNCECMVT (NGPNK FWTWOFC MCNPNM 
CTVVTNCECMVT



&GMNGTKPF\GPNGPOGUK

5CNOC EXCVCNCTPP CJ)CR F)GMNGT KKPFGP IGVKK

FWTWONCTFC DQC\ MUOPFCMK F)GM IGPK)NKK
IGTGMVKKPFGEXCVCCRPPMCVPFCPC\QNOCOCM
\GTGNQMCNQNCTCMCTVVTNCECMVT
#J)CR QOWTIC KNG M)GDGPV XG[C NGXJC F)GMNGTKP
DCNCPVRCDWNCTUCNOCEXCVCNCTPPIGOGUKJCNKPFG
EXCVCCRPPGPC\MCVIGPK)NKKPFGHNGPEGUCJKR
QNCECM MCNPN NGXJC F)GKP MCNPNPFCP  OO
FCJCMCNPQNCECMVT
6GMPGUQPNCTPFCRQUVCNCTPOGTMG\FGPFGXCONQNCTCM
IGOGUK JCNKPFG F)GM MQPWNOCUPC IGTGM [QMVWT
#PECM OOMP QNCP FWTWONCTFC RQUVCNCT OGTMG\
GNGOCPC  CFGV IGTIK EXCVCU KNG DCNCPCECMVT -QN
DQ[WOOFGPC\QNCPF)GMNGTRQUVCNCTCGPC\
EXCVCKNGFCJCW\WPQNCPNCTFCKUGGPC\EXCVC
KNG DCNCPCECMVT %XCVC CRNCT KKP 6CDNQ  C
DCMP\

$CUOC RQUVCN 6KR + RQUVC UKUVGOKPFG

6CDNQ  G
DCMP\F)GMNGTC)CFCMK)GMKNFGF\GPNGPGEGMVKT


-GOGTG #VMNCT &KTGM #NV -GOGTG 6KTK\NGTK
5KPVKPG5VTKPIGTNGTK



.IGOKQTVCUPFCVGMPGPKPFGTKPNKKO
FGPHC\NCFGKNUGJGTKMKRQUVCFCDKTFCJCHC\NC
KUGJGTRQUVCFCDKT

.IGOKQTVCUPPF)PFCXGUWJCVVDQ[WPC
MCFCTQNCPMUONCTFCJGTKMKRQUVCFCDKT

&KGT[GTNGTFGJGTRQUVCFCDKT

6KR +++ RQUVC UKUVGOKPFG F)GMNGT JGT MGUOG XG[C

VCDCMCNXG[CM)GDGPVRQUVCFCDKTF\GPNGPGEGMVKT$KT
XG[CKMKCTCDCUOCRQUVCNUKUVGOFG*FGTKPNKKO
[K IGK[QTUC  . IGOK QTVCUPFC [GT CNCP JGT DKT
DCUOCRQUVC[CF)GMMQPWNCECMVT

-GOGTGCVMNCT

 . IGOK QTVCUPFC MGOGTG CVMNCTPP MGUKV CNCP

6CDNQ FCDGNKTVKNGPFGPC\QNCOC\$WDNIGF)PFC
VGMPGUQPWPCFQTWVCDNQFGGTKPKP KPGWNC)CECM
VCT\FCIKFGTGMC\CNVNCDKNKT-GUKVCNCPPFCMGOGTGNGTKP
DCNCPVUKKPCNCECMW[IWPDQ[WVCUCJKRQNCPMGTVKM
FKMMCVGCNPOC[CECMVT
-GOGTG CVMNCT KMK XG[C FCJC HC\NC RCTCFCP
[CRNCECMUC )K[GT UTCU [CN MV XG DTCMGV
DCNCPVNCTPC ITG )C)TVOCN QNCECM VCT\FC
[CR)VTNO)IGOG[PVGOKKNGDKTDKTKPGDCNCPOCNFT
)GOGNGTIGPGNFGF)G[QNCTCMVGTVKRNGPOGNKFKT

 CTC DCUOC RQUVCN UKUVGOFG KUG [CNP\ QTVCFCMKPG

F)GMMQPCECMVT

;MUGNVKNOK) IXGTVGNGT PGFGPK[NG JCXC[C CM

IXGTVGPKP FGXCON QNOCOCU JCNKPFG CVM VGMPG



$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

UQPWPC MCFCT W\CVNCECM XG[C IXGTVGPKP MGUKNOGUK

PGFGPK[NG CT FGXCOU\N PNGOGM COCE[NC GM
UVKHPGTNGT MQPWNCECMVT 2QUVCNCTP DQ[WVNCTPP FC
CTVVTNOCUIGTGMGDKNKT
-GDGPV RQUVCNCT MWNNCPNFPFC MGOGTG CVMU KNG
DCNCPV[OOMPMNOCMKKPVGTURCDWNCTMWNNCPNT
6KR+++RQUVCUKUVGOKPFGCVMW[IWPVCMQ\NCTMQPWNOCM
UWTGVK[NGGKMRQUVCNCTCDCNCPT
#VMNCTFGTKPNKKOOQNCPJGTRQUVC[CDKTIGTIK
EXCVCUKNGFCJCFGTKPQNCPNCTCKUGKMKIGTIKEXCVCUKNG
DCNCPCECMVT /GVCN RQUVCNCT MWNNCPNFPFC CVM
EXCVCNCT VGTU RCDWEC DCNCPCECMVT %XCVC DQ[WVNCT
KKP6CDNQ CDCMP\


-GUKVCNCPCVMNCTKKPKUVGPKNGPKP[CMNCM KPGGKV
QNCPDWVKTK\NGTIGPKVCTCHMGOGTGCNVPCIGNGEGMXG
CVMNCTC FC[CPCECM VCT\FC F\GPNGPGDKNKTNGT XG[C
CVMNCTPCNVPFCQNCECMVCT\FCFCMQPWNCDKNKTNGT


5KPVKPGUVTKPIGTNGTK

6KR+XG6KR+++ RQUVCUKUVGOKPGUCJKRQNCPVGMPGNGTG
.IGOKQTVCUKKPMGUKVCNCP6CDNQ FCXGTKNGP
FGPFCJCC\QNOC[CPUKPVKPGUVTKPIGTKMQPWNCECMVT$W
DNIG FPFC MGUKV CNCP VGMPG UQPWPFC VCDNQ
FGGTKPKP KPGWNCCECMVCT\FCIKFGTGMC\CNVNCDKNKT
5VTKPIGTKP W\WP VCTCH RQUVC[C VGOCU GFGEGM GMKNFG
F\GPNGPGEGMVKT
5VTKPIGTKMKXG[CFCJCHC\NCRCTCFCPKOCNGFKNFKKPFG
DKTNGOGNGT MCRNCOC[C RCTCNGN QNCTCM XG [CRVTOCN
IGOG UWTGVK[NG [CRNCECMVT $W IGOGNGT KUMGNG XG
UCPECMVC CTVOCNQNCTCM[CRNCECMXGFKGTDQ[WPC
GNGOCPNCTPGM[GTNGTKPKP[CMPPFC[GTCNOC[CECMVT
-GDGPVRQUVCNCTMWNNCPNFPFCDWPNCTUVTKPIGTGVGTU
RCDWNCTXCUVCU[NCDCNCPCECMVT
6KR+++RQUVCUKUVGOKPFGUVTKPIGTKNGCTCDCUOCRQUVC
DCNCPVUKKPVCMQ\NCTMWNNCPNCECMVT
5KPVKPGUVTKPIGTK[GTKPGJGTDKTKPKPMGUKVCNCPDKTCFGV
UKPVKPG UVTKPIGTK KKP KUVGPGPKP  PC GKV KMK CFGV
DQTFCUVTKPIGTKMWNNCPNCDKNKT


XG OGTMG\ GNGOCPNCTC W[IWP RTCQNNCT XG[C

DTCMGVNGTNGDCNCPCECMVT
#NNOPFPFCCNMDCNVGMPGNGTFGDWRTCQNNCT
W[IWPDKTFK\C[PNC[GTNGVKTKNGEGMVKT


-GOGTGNGT



-GOGTGNGTKPDQ[WVNCPFTNOCU

-GOGTGNGTKPDQ[WVNCPFTNOCU6CDNQ FGXGTKNOKVKT
*CMKMK RQUVC CTCU VCDNQFC DGNKTVKNGPFGP HCTMN KUG
DQ[WVNCT MWNNCPNCP CJCDP CTN KKP [CRNCECM
F\GNVOGFGP UQPTC CCFCMK HQTONG ITG [GPKFGP
JGUCRNCPT

&KTGMCNVMGOGTGVKTK\NGTK

&KTGM CNVNCTPC Q DNIGFGMK VGMPG IGPKNKKPG GKV

W\WPNWMVCMGOGTGVKTK\NGTKMQPWNCECMVT

$QFQUNCOCRTCQNW

-GOGTGCVMNCTXGVKTK\NGTKVGMPGUQPNCTPFCDKTDKTNGTKPG

a1 b1
a b 2

s1
s

$WTCFCCXGDMGUKVKPMWTCNMCNPNXGFGTKPNKKCXG
DF\GNVKNGPMGUKVKPMCNPNXGFGTKPNKKUMWTCNRQUVC
CTCUUIGTGMRQUVCCTCUFT
6CDCMCNMGOGTGNGTKPMCNPNC\CNVNCDKNKT
6. VCTCHPFCP IGTGMNK ITNFPFG KMKFGP HC\NC
MGOGTGPKP MGUKNOGUKPG [QN CCP CMNMNCTNC FKTGMNGTG
TCUVNC[CPDNIGNGTGFGTKPMGOGTGNGTMQPWNCECMVT


-GOGTGNGTKPWDCNCPVNCT

-GOGTGNGTCVMNCTCMTNCPIMW[TWWIGOGUWTGVK[NG
DCNCPCECMVT -QPVTRNCM IXGTVG MCRNCOCU MWNNCPN
FPFC MTNCPI MW[TWW [GTKPG FGTKPNKK MGOGTG
FGTKPNKKPKP PFGPC\QNOC[CPDCUKVNCODCNIGOG
[CRNCDKNKT $W FWTWOFC MGOGTG CVM[C XKFC XG[C
RKONGVGURKVGFKNGEGMVKT
&GTKPMGOGTGNGTGXGPQTOCNMGOGTGNGTGW[IWP[GTNGTG
IGNGEGMVCT\FCXG6CDNQ FGDGNKTVKNGPUC[FCFG[
DTCMGVNGT VGTVKR GFKNGEGMVKT -CRNCOC JCTKEKPFG
DTCMGVNGTKP FCNNCT CVMNCTC XG RQUVCNCTC CR 6CDNQ
 FCXGTKNGPCFGVEXCVCKNGDCNCPCECMVT
2QUVCKNGMGOGTG[GDCNCPOW[IWPDQ[WVNWRGTFGNGT
DTCMGVQNCTCMMCDWNGFKNGDKNKT
6GMPG UQPNCTPFC DTCMGV FCNNCTPP W\WPNWW RQUVC
XG[CMGOGTGCTCNPP PFGPHC\NCQNOC[CDKNKT
;WMCTFC DGNKTVKNGP VCDNQFC FXOG GNKM DTCMGVNGTKP
DQ[WVNCT XGTKNOKVKT -GUOG XG[C VCDCMCN CJCR
DTCMGVNGTKPDQC\FGTKPNKKUTCU[NCJXGJ FGP
C\ QNCOC\ $WTCFC J MGUOG RQUVCPP CNV WEWPFCMK
FGTKPNKKFKT

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

-CRQTVC PKJC[GV MGOGTGNGTKPG XG FKTGM IGK)NGTKPG

MQO)W MGOGTGNGTG [CVC[ DTCMGVNGT MQPWNCECMVT
-QPVTRNCM IXGTVG MCRNCOCU QNFWWPFC DW VKR
DTCMGVNGTGIGTGM[QMVWT


.QMCNVCMXK[GNGT

;GNMGP FQPCPO DCNCPVNCT DCDCNCT MWTV C\NCT

)MNMMCRQTVCUUQPNCTXGXKPVGOGNNGTKEKXCTNCTPFC
MGOGTGNGTXGIXGTVGNQMCNQNCTCMVCMXK[GGFKNGEGMVKT



VKRKPGITGMCNPNMC\CNVNCDKNKTCPECMC\CNVOCGPHC\NC
QNCDKNKT
6GMPGPKPMCRNCPOCUPCIGTGM[QMVWT#PECMTPGKP
DCMT VCMXK[GNK RNCUVKM IKDK OCFFGNGTNG MCRNCPFPFC
DW JWUWU 6. VCTCHPFCP \GN UWTGVVG KPEGNGPGEGMVKT

( GDCMP\


)XGTVGMCRNCOCU

)XGTVGMCRNCOCUC)CFCMK)GMKNNGTFGQNCDKNKT
&KTGM IGK)NGTK EKXCTPC DQ[WVNCT 6CDNQ  FG
DGNKTVKNGPXGIGOKQTVCUKKPXGTKNGPGG)KVUCDKVMGUKVNK
FTV FGTKP MGOGTG MQPWNCECMVT $WPNCT OOMP
QNFWWMCFCT FGDGNKTVKNGPFGTKPRQUVCNCTPEKXCTPC
IGNGEGMVCT\FCF\GPNGPGEGMVKT
)XGTVGFGMK VO CMNMNCT MU\ MGOGTGNGTG [GVGTNK
OWMCXGOGVKXGTGEGM)GMKNFGVCMXK[GGFKNGEGMVKT


#NVIXGTVGNGTXGMGOGTGNGTK

#J)CR QOWTICPP UV MGPCTPFCP DQTFCFC CM

IXGTVGMGOGTGUKPKPUVPGMCFCTNNGPFGTKPNKK
OQNCPVGMPGNGTFGCNVIXGTVGXG[CMCOCTCIXGTVGUK
F\GPNGPGEGMXGDQ[WVNCTCMIXGTVGMGOGTGNGTKPKP
 PFCPC\QNOC[CPMGOGTGNGTMQPWNCECMVT
;WMCTFC DGNKTVKNGP FGTKPNKM  O [K IGGTUG 6CDNQ
 FG MGOGTGPKP VC)POC[CP DQ[WPC DCN QNCTCM
DGNKTVKNOK)DQ[WVNCTFCPC\QNOC[CPXGCMIXGTVGKKP
KUVGPKNGPKP[CTCFGFKPFGF)G[DTCMGVNGTMQPWNCECMVT


-CRNCOC



&MCRNCOC

&) MCRNCOCPP CPC MCNPN 6CDNQ  FC XGTKNOK)VKT

$WMCNPNMC)CFCDGNKTVKNFKK)GMKNFGF\GPNGPGEGMVKT
2QUVC CTCU 6CDNQ  FG CMNCPCPFCP HCTMN KUG
C)CFCDGNKTVKNFKK)GMKNFGFCJCD[MRQUVCCTCUKKP
MCNPNM CTVVTNCECM FCJC MM CTCNM KKP KUG
C\CNVNCDKNGEGMVKT
6KR+RQUVCUKUVGOKPFGJGTOOHCTMKKPOO
6KR++XG+++RQUVCUKUVGOKPFGJGTOOHCTMKKPOO
;WMCTFCDGNKTVKNFKK)GMKNFGRQUVC CTCUKKPXGC[TEC
IGTGMNK[UGCJ)CRCTNKKP[CRNCECMF\GNVOGNGTFGP
UQPTC MCRNCOC MCNPN FK[CIQPCN XG[C DQ[WPC KHV
MCRNCOC[CRNTUC[GTKPFGUQWM )GMKNXGTKNOK)
VCDCMCNMCRNCOC[CRNTUC6CDNQ FGXGTKNGPFGGTG
DCN  QNCTCM RQUVC DQ[WVNCTPFC KPFKTKO [CRNO)UC
XGGGT[CRNOCO)UCC\CNVNCDKNKT
-QPVTRNCM MWNNCPNFPFC MWNNCPNCP RQUVC UKUVGOK

$QTFCFCUVTKPIGTUTCUOGTMG\FGOGTMG\UTCU
KNG UPTNCPOCM \GTG MRG)VG[G RCTCNGN
MCRNCOCNCT

-QPVTRNCM

;WMCTFCU\GFKNGPMCRNCOC[NCDKTNKMVGMQPVTRNCM

6CDNQ FCXGTKNGPIXGTVGMCNPNC)CFCMKUWTGVVG
FGK)VKTKNGDKNKT


-GOGTG CTCU 6CDNQ  FG DGNKTVKNGPFGP HCTMN

KUG CTCNMVCMK JGT  OO NKM HCTMNNM KKP
MCNPNMOOFGK)VKTKNKT



-QPVTRNCM
C\CNVNCDKNKT

-CRNCOC KNG DKTNKMVG MQPVTRNCM MWNNCPN[QTUC

MQPVTRNCMMCRNCOCMQODKPGUKPKP\INMVNGUK
MIO FGP C\ QNOC[CECMVT XG DW JCNFG VQRNCO
MCNPNMC\CNVNCDKNKT#PECMMQPVTRNCMMCNPN
VQRNCOMCNPNP WPFCP[CFCOOFGP
C\QNCOC\-CRNCOCMCNPNOOFGPC\KUG6.
VCTCHPFCPQPC[NGNCUVKMDKTMCT)OKNGCTOW\NCTUW
IGKTOG\JCNGIGVKTKNGEGMVKT

MWNNCPN[QTUC

MCNPNM

)XGTVGDTCPFCPC[NQPVCMXK[GNKRNCUVKMXG[CQPC[N
FKGTDKTOCFFGKNGMCRNCPFPFCMCNPNMVCC[TEC
OONKMDKTC\CNVOC[CRNCDKNKT

$TCPFC IXGTVG[G UCNCO QNCTCM DKTNG)VKTKNOGNK XG

CTOW\NCT FKMKNOGNKFKT 'GT CTOW\NCT OGVCN )GTKVNK KUG
DKPFKTOGXG[CKXKNGOG[GK\KPXGTKNKT
5CDKV IXGTVG HKVKPINGTK XG \GNNKMNG XKPNGT TICVNCT
DCDCNCT XG FPGT DCDCNCT \GOKPG W[IWP )GMKNFG
DCNCPCECMXGW[IWPDKTMCRNCOCOCN\GOGUKKNGK\QNG
GFKNGEGMVKT <GOKPG K\QNG OCN\GOGUK W[IWNCOCUPFCP
PEG CJ)CR W[IWP MQTW[WEW \GNVK XG[C DQ[C KNG
MCRNCPCECMVT
8CTFCXGNCFKMOGNGTKGPC\KMKRKOKNGDCNCPCECMDWKMK
RKOFGPDKTKIGOGRKOQNCECMVT



$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

6CDNQ
C
2QUVCNCT
6KR+
5CFGEGDCUOCRQUVCNCT
&GTKPNKM
*
=O?

















6KR++
5CFGEGMGUOGXG[CVCDCMCNXG[CGNKMMGDGPVRQUVCNCT
-GUOGRQUVCNCT

2QUVC
CTCU
=OO?

-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?

2QUVC
CTCU
=OO?





























































6CDCMCNRQUVCNCT

&GTKPNKM
-CNPNM
=OO?
















#NV
UV
WVC WVC
=OO? =OO?















GNKMMGDGPV
RQUVCNCT

-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?

-GUKV
OQFN
=EO?

$Q[WVNCT
=OO?















































ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
















6CDNQ
D
2QUVCNCT

&GTKPNKM
*
=O?

















6KR+++
#TCNCTPFCDCUOCRQUVCNCTP[GTCNFCPCRQUVCNCT

MGUOGXG[CVCDCMCNXG[CGNKMMGDGPVNKRQUVCNCT
#PCRQUVCNCTCTCUOGUCHG

$CUOCRQUVCNCT

DCUOCRQUVCN
=OO?

DCUOCRQUVCN
=OO?

DCUOCRQUVCN
=OO?

-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?












































































0QVNCT
D safra omurgal teknelerde, eer safra/bo deplasman oran yaklak olarak 0,25'den az ise, H1 yerine 0,75 H1 deeri


uygulanabilir. Salma omurgal teknelerde ise, H1 yerine 1,15 H deeri alnabilir.
Kebent boyutlar bilgi iin verilmitir.


Tip I posta sistemi, H1 deeri 3,0 m. yi gemiyorsa, uygulanabilir.
Tip II posta sistemi, H1 deeri 3,66 m. yi gemiyorsa uygulanabilir.
Posta aral, ilgili postalarn kalnlklarnn orta noktalarndan llecektir.

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT



6CDNQ
C
&GMNGT
-GUOGXGGNKMRQUVCNCTFCMKNGXJC
F)GMNGT

$CUOCRQUVCNCTFCMKF)GMNGT
&GTKPNKM
*
=O?

















-QN
DQ[W
=OO?

&XOGF)GMNGT

GNKMM)GDGPVF)GMNGT

$QC\FC
=OO?

7NCTFC
=OO?

-GUKV
OQFN
=EO?

$Q[WVNCT
=OO?

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z




Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z



















ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ



















6GMPGQTVCUPFCMK
.DNIGUKPFG
=OO?

6GMPGQTVCUPFCMK
.DNIGUKPKP
F)PFC
=OO?

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

6CDNQ
D
&GMNGT
-GUOGXG[CVCDCMCNRQUVCNCTFCMKF)GMNGT
-QNDQ[W
&GTKPNKM
*
=O?

















&XOGF)GMNGT

#J)CRF)GMNGT

GNKMM)GDGPV
F)GMNGT


6GMPG
QTVCUPFCMK
.
DNIGUKPFG
=OO?

6GMPG
QTVCUPFCMK
.
DNIGUKPKP
F)PFC=OO?

$QC\FC
=OO?

7NCTFC
=OO?

-CNPNM
=OO?

&GTKPNKM
=OO?

-GUKV
OQFN
=EO?

$Q[WVNCT
=OO?































Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z














































ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ

0QVNCT
D safra omurgal teknelerde, eer safra / bo deplasman oran yaklak olarak 0,25'den az ise, H1 yerine 0,75 H1 deeri


uygulanabilir. Salma omurgal teknelerde ise, H1 yerine 1,15 H deeri alnabilir.
Kebent boyutlar bilgi iin verilmitir.



$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

6CDNQ
-GOGTG#VMNCTXG5KPVKPG5VTKPIGTNGTK
$Q[
.=O?

-GOGTGCVMUPPMGUKVCNCP
=EO?

5KPVKPGUVTKPIGTKPKPMGUKVCNCP
=EO?































6CDNQ
-GOGTGNGT
6GMPGQTVCUPFCMK.
DNIGUKPFGPQTOCNMGOGTGNGT

6GMPGQTVCUPFCMK.
DNIGUKPKPF)PFCPQTOCN
MGOGTGNGTMU\MGOGTGNGT

&GTKPMGOGTGNGT
-GOGTGNGT
-GOGTG
CTCU
&GTKPNKM
&GTKPNKM
W\WPNWW
&GTKPNKM
OGUCHG
=O?
-CNPNM -GOGTG
-GOGTG -CNPNM -GOGTG
-GOGTG -CNPNM -GOGTG
-GOGTG
=OO?
=OO? QTVCUPFC WNCTPFC =OO? QTVCUPFC WNCTPFC =OO? QTVCUPFC WNCTPFC
=OO?
=OO?
=OO?
=OO?
=OO?
=OO?


























































































































































6CDNQ
-GOGTGNGTKP&G[$TCMGVNGTK

-GOGTG
W\WPNWW
=O?















$TCMGVMQNDQ[W
*GTDKT
DQTFC
6GMPG
6GMPG
VCTCHPFCMK
QTVCUPFCMK. QTVCUPFCMK.
DTCMGV
DNIGUKPFG
DNIGUKF)PFC
CFGFK

=OO?
=OO?











































&XOGDTCMGVNGT

GNKMM)GDGPV
DTCMGVNGT

$QC\FC
=OO?

7NCTFC
=OO?

$Q[WVNCT

=OO?

-GUKV
OQFN
=EO?

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ















0QVNCT
Braketlerin adedi belirlenirken, teknenin en byk genilii gz nne alnacaktr.


Kebent boyutlar bilgi iin verilmitir.

.GXJCDTCMGV

GNKM
MCNPN
=OO?















$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT



6CDNQ
-CRNCOCNCT#PC-CNPNMNCT
$Q[
.
=O?

$QTFCXGIXGTVG
MCRNCOCU
=OO?

)XGTVGGXNGTKXGMCOCTC
VTCPMNCTPPIXGTVGMCRNCOCU
=OO?

-COCTCVTCPMOG\CTPCU
=OO?









































6CDNQ
&GM$CNCPVNCT
%XCVCNCTPCRNCT
6GMPGPKPFGTKPNKK
*
=O?















$QC\FC

-QNNCTFC

-GUOGXG[C
VCDCMCNXG[CGNKM
RQUVCNCTFC
=OO?

$CUOCRQUVCNCTFC
=OO?

-GUOGXG[C
VCDCMCNXG[CGNKM
RQUVCNCTFC
=OO?

$CUOCRQUVCNCTFC
=OO?

























































$Q[WPC[CRGNGOCPNCTPPDCNCPVNCT
%XCVCCR

6GMPGPKPDQ[W
.
=O?

;CVPOGTMG\UKOGVTK
F\NGOKPFGMKGNGOCPNCT
=OO?

)GOGNGTXGDQFQUNCOC
RCTCQNWMQNNCT
=OO?

-GOGTGCVMNCTXG
MGOGTGDTCMGVNGTK
=OO?










































$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
;GNMGPNK;CVNCT$Q[WPC-GUKV
5CHTCQOWTIC
#J)CRQOWTIC
-QPVTCQOWTIC
$C)DQFQUNCOCVQRWW
$C)DQFQUNCOCUVRCTCU
-DQFQUNCOC
6CORQPMV
DQFQUNCOC

 &OGP
&OGPTQFW
&OGPVQRWW
2QUVCNCT
&XOGF)GM
#J)CRF)GM
-GOGTGCVMU
-GOGTGVTK\K

5KPVKPGUVTKPIGTK
&KTGM[WXCU
-COCTCVTCPMCVMU
2CTCORGV
-C[PC
&GTKPMGOGTG
0QTOCNMGOGTG
MU\MGOGTG

$Q[WPCITFGT
$CNCPVTQVW
;CVC[DTCMGV
&XOGDTCMGV
)XGTVGCNVVCMQ\W
-COCTCVTCPMOG\CTPCU
)XGTVG
/CTEKPMCRNCOCU

;CNMVCUVCT
)XGTVGOGTMG\MCRNCOCU
-COCTCVTCPMMGOGTGUK
&KTGMIXGTVGVCMQ\W
-COCTCVTCPMIXGTVGUK
1OWTICDCNCPVEXCVCNCT










$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT
GMKN
;GNMGPNK;CVNCT1TVC-GUKV











-GUOGRQUVC
$CUOCRQUVC
$QTFCMCRNCOCU
5QMTCGMNGOGRCTCU
#J)CRQOWTIC
5CHTCQOWTIC
-GOGTGCVMU
5KPVKPGUVTKPIGTK
#J)CRF)GM











-)GDGPVF)GM
&XOGF)GM
&XOGDTCMGV
MU\MGOGTG
$Q[WPCITFGT
)XGTVGMCRNCOCU
;CNMVCUVCT
-COCTCVTCPMOG\CTPCU
1OWTICEXCVCU




$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
;GNMGPNK;CVNCT$Q[WPC-GUKV
#J)CRQOWTIC
&)UCHTC
#)Q\
-DQFQUNCOC
$TCMGV







&OGPVQRWW
&OGP
2GTXCPGGXK
DQFQUNCOC
-QPVTCQOWTIC







$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT



GMKN
;GNMGPNK;CVNCT6KRKM&GMNGT
&XOGFGM

-GDGPVFGM

#JCRFGM

/GVCNNGXJCFGM




$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

UV[CRNCTMNMMCRQTVCU

/GVCNKM

CR

-COCTCVTCPM
EQCEJTQQHXCTKUGIXGTVGFGMKCMNM
W[IWPDKT)GMKNFGVCMXK[GGFKNOGNKXGCMIXGTVGFGMK
OG\CTPC MCNPN 6CDNQ  FC KUVGPKNGPFGP FCJC C\
QNOCOCNFT

=OO?

-COCTC VTCPMPP IXGTVGUK 6CDNQ  FC DGNKTVKNFKK

)GMKNFGMCRNCPCECMVT$WMCRNCOCPPCMIXGTVGKKP
 FGDGNKTVKNGP)CTVNCTCITGMCNPNC\CNVNCDKNKT'GT
MGOGTG CTCU 6CDNQ  FG XGTKNGPFGP HCTMN KUG
MGOGTGCTCNPFCMKJGTOOHCTMNNMKKPMCNPNM
OOFGK)VKTKNGEGMVKT
'GT IXGTVG GXK XCTUC MGOGTGNGTG XG OG\CTPC CNV
VCMXK[GNGTKPGIGTIKEXCVCNCTKNGDCNCPO)OG\CTPC[C
UCJKRQNCECMVT
)XGTVGGXNGTKPKP[CRUMCOCTCVTCPMKKPKUVGPKNGPNG
C[P \GNNKMVG QNCECMVT $Q[WVNCTPC DCN QNCTCM
IXGTVGGXNGTK6. PWP[GVGTNKITGEGK)GMKNFGVCMXK[G
GFKNGEGMVKT
+)MNM MCRQTVCUPFCMK IXGTVG CMN [GVGTNK UWTGVVG
VCMXK[G GFKNOGNK XG W[IWP MCNPNMVC OG\CTPC[C UCJKR
QNOCNFT


&KTGMNGTXGCTOCFQPCPO

*GT[CVVC[GVGTNKUC[FCXGGNXGTK)NKFWTWOFCDWNWPCP
FKTGMNGT CTOC FQPCPONCT XG [GNMGPNGT QNCECMVT
&KTGMNGTKP XG CTOC FQPCPONCTPP DQ[WVNCPFTNOCU
KP)CK[GEKXG[CVUCJKDKPKPVGETDGUKPGDTCMNO)VT
#PECMCTOMXGKUVKTCN[CNCTPVGMPG[GDCNCPVNCTU\
MQPWUW CTOC FQPCPOPC IGNGEGM [MP GP C\ KMK
MCVPCFC[CPMNQNOCNFT
&KTGM[WXCNCTUCNCOQNCTCMKP)CGFKNGEGMXGVGMPGPKP
FKDKPFGMK GPKPG XG DQ[WPC RQUVC UKUVGOKPG DCNCP
OC[CECM VCT\FC F\GPNGPGEGMVKT )XGTVGFGMK IGK)
[WXCUUWIGKTOG\QNCECMVT
&KTGM IXGTVGFG UQP DWNW[QTUC IXGTVG CNV [CRU
GKNOG[K PNG[GEGM VCT\FC VCMXK[G GFKNGEGMVKT 'GT
FKTGMMCOCTCVTCPMPFC
EQCEJTQQHUQPDWNW[QTUCDW
DNIGFG VGMPG RGTFG XG[C VCMXK[GNK RQUVC KNG
UCNCONC)VTNCECMVT
WDWMJCTKEKPFGQNOCM\GTGVGNJCNCVVCPKOCNGFKNOK)
CTOM KUVKTCN[CNCT KKP URKTCN UCTON Z VGNNK
ICNXCPK\NKGNKMVGNJCNCVNCTPMQROC[M
UVWPXG
URKTCNUCTONZVGNNKRCUNCPOC\GNKMVGNJCNCVNCTP
MQROC[M
UVWPC)CFCDKNIKKKPXGTKNOGMVGFKT

%&
-QROC[M=M0?

MGUKVCNCP
=OO?

5VWP

5VWP





















































&

/QVQTNW6GMPGNGTKP;CRUCN$Q[WVNCPFTNOCU



)GPGN

$W -UOFCMK DQ[WVNCPFTOCNCT VKRNGTK (GMKN  XG

 FCXGTKNGPGPGNKDQ[NCT.OQNCPXGJ\NCT
MPQVU WIGOG[GPVGMPGNGTGW[IWNCPT
$Q[WVNCT XGXG[C J\NCT [PPFGP [WMCTFC
DGNKTVKNGPNGTG ITG PGONK HCTMNNMNCT IUVGTGP XG[C
[WXCTNCM MCTKPCN VGMPGNGTKP DQ[WVNCT G)FGGTNKNKM
MTKVGTKPGITGJGUCRNCPCECMVT


1OWTIC$C$QFQUNCOC

1OWTICPP OKPKOWO IGPK)NKK XG QOWTIC KNG MQPVTC

QOWTICPP VQRNCO MGUKV CNCP 6CDNQ  FG
XGTKNOK)VKT$GNKTVKNGPNNGTDC)DQFQUNCOCPKJC[GVKPG
MCFCT FGXCO GVOGNKFKT - VCTCHVC KUG MGUKV CNCP
VCDNQFCDGNKTVKNGPKP UKPGMCFCTC\CNVNCDKNKT
6GM RCTCFCP QNW)OCF JCNNGTFG QOWTIC KNG MQPVTC
QOWTICIGOGNK[CRNCECMVT
)GOG DQ[W MCNPNP  MCV QNCECM XG EXCVCN
DCNCPVQNWTUCMCFGOGNKXG[CMCOCNVKR[CR)VTOCN
QNWTUC F\ VKR IGOG [CRNCECMVT %XCVCN XG
[CR)VTOCNIGOGDKTNKMVGW[IWNCPO)UCIGOGDQ[W
MCNPNPMCVPFCPC\QNOC[CECM)GMKNFGC\CNVNCDKNKT
1OWTIC IGOGNGTK CTCN MQPVTC QOWTIC IGOG
CTCNPFCPKVKDCTGPOFGPC\QNCOC\
$C) DQFQUNCOC DQ[WVNCT 6CDNQ  FG VKRKM DC)
DQFQUNCOCKUG(GMKN FGXGTKNOK)VKT


-#[PC

-GUMKP GPGNK VGMPGNGTFG M DQFQUNCOC C[PCN

QNCECMVT #[PC MQPUVTMUK[QPWPFC MGUKV CNCP FKR
RQUVCMGUKVCNCPPP UKPFGPC\QNOC[CPRQUVCNCT

&

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

[CP RQUVCNCT XG MGOGTGNGT KNG FGTKPNKK [CP RQUVCPP

FGTKPNKKPGGKVXGMCNPNCTVVTNOMGUKVGUCJKR
QOWTIC XG FKR VWNCPKNGT JK\CNCTPC MQPWNCP FG[
UVKHPGTNGTDWNWPCECMVT
5\ MQPWUW UVKHPGTNGTKP CTCN  OO FGP HC\NC
QNOC[CECMVT
#[PC MCRNCOCU MCNPN 6CDNQ 
UVWP  FG
XGTKNGPGGKVQNCECMVT&GKKOIGTGMVKKVCMFKTFGF
MCRNCOCKKPDGNKTVKNFKKUWTGVVG[CRNCECMVT


&GMNGTXG2QUVCNCT



)GPGN

6GMPGPQTOCNRQUVCUKUVGOKMUOCC[TNT





&GMNGT

&KR RQUVCNCT
 G DCMP\ DCNC[CP FGMNGTKP
MCNPNFKRRQUVCKKPIGTGMGPKP[CTUPCGKVQNCECM
IGOKOGTMG\JCVVPFCPKVKDCTGPFKRRQUVCNCTPCNVWEW
KKPIGTGMGPFGTKPNKKPKMKMCVPFCPC\QNOC[CPFGTKPNKG
MCFCTFGXCOGFGEGM[CRVTOCXGEXCVCKNGGVMKNKDKT
DCNCPVUCNCOCMCOCE[NCRQUVC[CFGTKPNKKPKP
MCVPFCP C\ QNOCOCM \GTG DKPFKTOG [CRNCECMVT MK
FGMCTCUPFCMKMUOCRQUVCNCTP\GTKPFGPDKTVCMQ\
[GTNGVKTKNGEGMVKT 5\ MQPWUW VCMQ\WP MQPWNOCUPC
CNVGTPCVKH QNCTCM RQUVCNCTC OGTMG\FG QOWTICPP
\GTKPFG RQUVCNCTP CNV WEW KKP KUVGPKNGPG GKV DKT
FGTKPNKG UCJKR QNCECM FWTWOFC GMKN XGTKNGDKNKT
&GMNGTKKPGMKN [CDCMP\

1OWTICKNGGPGUVTKPIGTKCTCUPFCMKFKRRQUVCNCT



GPG UVTKPIGTK KNG [CN MV CTCUPFCMK DQTFC

RQUVCNCT

-GOGTGNGT

&KRRQUVCNCTKNGDQTFCRQUVCNCTPPXGDQTFCRQUVCNCTKNG
MGOGTGNGTKPDCNCPVUFGMNGTKKPDGNKTVKNGPGDGP\GT
VKRVG KHV DTCMGVNGTNG UCNCPCECMVT #PECM RQUVC XG
MGOGTGNGTGDKPFKTOGOKMVCTKNIKNKGNGOCPFGTKPNKKPKPKMK
MCVPFCPC\QNCOC\
GMKNXG CDCMP\

&KRRQUVCNCTIGPGNFGUCPECMXGKUMGNGFGQNOCM\GTG
KMKRCTCJCNKPFG[CRNTXGOGTMG\JCVVPFCCNPCNPC
DKTNGVKTKNGTGM TPGKP KHV MQPVTRNCM FGMNGT
XCUVCU[NCDCNCPTNCT
$QTFCRQUVCNCTVGMRCTCJCNKPFG[CRNTXGFKRRQUVCNCTC
TPGKPKHVMQPVTRNCMDTCMGVNGTNGDCNCPTNCT
-GOGTGNGT DQTFC RQUVCNCTPC TPGKP KHV MQPVTRNCM
DTCMGVNGTNGDCNCPTNCT


&KRXGDQTFCRQUVCNCT

#CFCDGNKTVKNGPFGKKMVKRRQUVCUKUVGOKPGITG
RQUVCNCTPDQ[WVNCT6CDNQ FGXGTKNOKVKT
2QUVC XG FGTKP GTGXG GNGOCPNCT CTCU OGUCHGPKP
6CDNQ  FG XGTKNGPFGP HCTMN QNOCU FWTWOWPFC
$NO  % FG DGNKTVKNGP GMKNFG MGUKV F\GNVOGUK
[CRNOCNFT
6KR+ 6OVGMPGDQ[WPECUCDKVDQ[WVNWMGUOGXG[C
VCDCMCNRQUVCNCT
6KR++ #TCNCTPFCDKTKMKXG[CDCUOCRQUVCDWNWPCP
MGUOG XG[C VCDCMCN RQUVCNCT 5CFGEG MGUOG
XG[CVCDCMCNRQUVCNCTDKTDKTNGTKPGFGMNGTXG[C
DTCMGVNGTNGDCNCPCECMVT$Q[WVNCT6KR+RQUVCNCT
KKPDGNKTVKNFKKIKDKQNCECMVT
6KR+++ $CUOC DQ[WPC RQUVCNCT KNG DKTNKMVGDWNWPCP
MGUOG XG[C VCDCMCN RQUVCNCT $W VKR RQUVC
UKUVGOK KHVNK CRTC\ MCRNCOC KNG XG[C UQWM
GMKNNGPFKTKNOK VCDCMCN QM MCVN MCRNCOC KNG
XG[C MQPVTRNCM MCRNCOC KNG DKTNKMVG
MWNNCPNCECMVT

2QUVCXGMGOGTGDTCMGVNGTK

;WMCTFC DGNKTVKNGP DTCMGVNGT [GTKPG RQUVCMGOGTG

DCNCPVU DCUKV DKPFKTOG KNG VGTEKJGP MGOGTG[K CVM[C
MTNCPI MW[TWW IGOG KNG DCNC[CTCM
[CRVTOC XG
RKONGXGCTCN[CMNCMOFGPHC\NCQNOC[CPGPKPG
RGTFGF\GPNGOGUKUWTGVK[NG[CRNCDKNKT#PECMVGMPGPKP
GPKPGOWMCXGOGVKPKMQTW[CECMCPCGNGOCPNCTPMQPWNOCU
XGCMIXGTVG\GTKPFGUV[CRDWNWPOCOCUIGTGMNKFKT


$QTFCXG&KR$Q[WPC-KTKNGTK

&KRRQUVCNCT\GTKPGXGOGTMG\JCVVPPJGTKMKVCTCHPC
MGUKVCNCP.OKKPEO FGP.OKKP
EO FGPXG. PKPXGOCTCUPFCMKFGGTNGTK
KKPGPVGTRQNCU[QPNCDWNWPCECMMGUKVCNCPPFCPC\QNOC
[CECMGMKNFGGPC\KMKCFGVDQ[WPCMKTKMQPWNCECMVT
.   O QNCP VGMPGNGTFG FKR RQUVCNCT \GTKPFG
FGXCON QNCP DW MKTKNGT FKR MCRNCOC[C RQUVCNCTFCP
IGGTGM FGXCO GFGP XG MCRNCOC[C DCNCPCP DCUOC
UVTKPIGTNGT UVPG MQPWNCP XG RQUVCNCT CTCUPFC [GT
CNCP VCMQ\NCT XCUVCU[NC DCNCPTNCT 6CDNQ  FG
XGTKNGPFKRMCRNCOCMCNPNPPMKTKNGTKPMGUKVCNCPPP
GP C\  UKPG GFGGT DKT MGUKV CNCPPC W[CECM
GMKNFGVOFKRMCRNCOCDQ[WPECCTVVTNOCUJCNKPFG
U\MQPWUWVCMQ\NCTXGDCUOCUVTKPIGTMQPWNOC[CDKNKT
. OQNCPVGMPGNGTFGMGUKVCNCP[WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGP
MKTKNGTKP KPGKPFKTKNOKXGMCRNCOC[CDCNCPOC[CP
DGP\GTDKTMKTKDQTFCRQUVCNCT\GTKPGMQPWNCECMVT
6KR +++ RQUVC UKUVGOK W[IWNCPFPFC DW MKTK
MQPWNOC[CDKNKT



$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

&

6CDNQ
1OWTICXG$C$QFQUNCOCUV2CTCU

1OWTIC

$Q[

(1)

$C)DQFQUNCOCUVRCTCU

.
=O?

'PC\
MCNPNM
=OO?

1OWTICPPXG[CQOWTIC
KNGMQPVTCQOWTICPPMGUKVK


=EO?

#NVXGUV
WNCTFCMKMCNPNM
=OO?

#NVWVCMK
MGUKV
=EO?

UVWVCMKMGUKV
=EO?





























































Kontra omurga yoksa, belirtilen omurga kesit alan %10 azaltlabilir. Aradaki farkn i omurga kesit alann arttrarak
giderilmesi halinde, omurga kesit alannn, stun 3'te belirtilenin 0,85'inden az olmayacak ekilde azaltlmasna msaade
edilebilir.

6CDNQ
&-CRNCOCXG)XGTVG-CRNCOCU

&)MCRNCOC

$Q[

*CXC[CCM
IXGTVGMCRNCOCU
=OO?

UV[CRIXGTVGNGTK
UGV
IXGTVGIXGTVGGXNGTK
MCOCTCVTCPMNCT
VTCPMNCT
=OO?

.
=O?

'PKPGRQUVCUKUVGOK
=OO?

$Q[WPCRQUVC
UKUVGOK
=OO?



















































&

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT



6CDNQ
C
2QUVCNCT
6KR++RQUVCUKUVGOK
CTCNCT PFCDCUOC
RQUVCNCTP[GTCNFMGUOGXG[C
VCDCMCNRQUVCNCT

6KR+RQUVCUKUVGOK
[CNP \MGUOGXG[CVCDCMCN RQUVCNCT

1OWTICKNGGPGCTCU PFC

&GTKPNKM
*
=O?

2QUVC
CTCN
=OO?

-GUOGRQUVCNCT

&GTKPNKM
-CNPNM
=OO?













6CDCMCN
RQUVCNCT

-GUOGRQUVCNCT













&GTKPNKM

#NV
UV -CNPNM &GTKPNKM -CNPNM #NV
=OO?
=OO? WVC
WVC WVC =OO?
=OO? =OO?
=OO?

UV
WVC
=OO?





















































































7[IWNCOC[CDCN
QNCTCMCPCRQUVCNCT
CTCUOGUCHG

GPGKNGIXGTVGCTCU PFC













$CUOCRQUVCNCT

6CDCMCN
RQUVCNCT




DCUOC DCUOC DCUOC -CNPNM &GTKPNKM
=OO?
-CNPNM &GTKPNKM RQUVCN RQUVCN RQUVCN =OO?
=OO?
=OO?
=OO?
=OO?
=OO?

































M
M
M









M
M
M









M
M
M









M
M
M









M
M
M

6CDNQ
D
2QUVCNCT

6KR+++RQUVCUKUVGOK
DCUOCCJ )CRDQ[WPCGNGOCPNCTKNGDKTNKMVGMGUOGXG[CVCDCMCN RQUVCNCT
1OWTICKNGGPGCTCU PFC
&GTKPNKM
*
=O?

GPGKNGIXGTVGCTCU PFC

GPGKNG
&GTKP
6CDCMCN
6CDCMCN
1OWTICKNG
-GUOGRQUVCNCT
-GUOGRQUVCNCT
IXGTVG
GTGXG
RQUVCNCT
RQUVCNCT
GPGCTCUPFC
CTCUPFC
GNGOCPNCT
#TC
CTCU
&GTKPNKM
&GTKPNKM
OGUCHG
OGUCHG
=OO? -CNPNM &GTKPNKM -CNPNM &GTKPNKM
-CNPNM #NV
UV -CNPNM &GTKPNKM -CNPNM #NV
UV -CNPNM &GTKPNKM
=OO?
=OO? WVC WVC =OO? =OO? =OO? WVC WVC =OO? =OO?
=OO? =OO? =OO? =OO?
=OO? =OO?













$CUOCCJ)CRDQ[WPCGNGOCPNCT

















































=OO? =OO?




















































































































































$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

-GOGTGNGT

&

 -GOGTGCVMNCTXGGPGUVTKPIGTNGTK

-GOGTGF\GPNGOGUKIGPGNQNCTCMCCFCMKGMKNNGTFG
[CRNCECMVT


6KR+RQUVCUKUVGONGTKPFGJGTRQUVCFCDKTMGOGTG

6KR ++ XG +++ RQUVC UKUVGONGTKPFG MGUOG XG[C

VCDCMCN RQUVCNCTC DTCMGVNG DCN MGOGTGNGT XG
CVMNCTKKPGIKTGPDTCMGVUK\CTCMGOGTGNGT

-GOGTGCVMNCTXGGPGUVTKPIGTNGTKPKPMGUKVCNCPNCTCVM
XGUVTKPIGTMWCPPFGTKPNKKDMCNPNCQNOCM\GTG
DCKKP6CDNQ FG.[GDCNQNCTCMXGTKNGPFGP
C\QNCOC\
-GUKVCNCPPFCCVMXGUVTKPIGTNGTKPDCNCPVUKKPCNCECM
W[IWPDQ[WVCUCJKRQNCPMGTVKMFKMMCVGCNPOC[CECMVT
6CDNQ

-GOGTGNGTDCNCPFMNCTRQUVCNCTNCGKVMCNPNMVCQNCECM
XGMGUKVOQFNNGTK=EO ?CCFCMKPFGPC\QNOC[CECMVT

W1
K1  a  s
)GPKCMNMNCTPUQPNCTPCMGUKVOQFN=EO?CCFC
DGNKTVKNGPFGPC\QNOC[CPMGOGTGNGTMQPWNCECMVT

W2
K2  a  s
$WTCFC
9XG9  -CRNCOCJCTKQNOCM\GTGMGOGTGNGTKP
MGUKVOQFN=EO?

6GMPG
DQ[W
.
=O?

-GOGTG
CVMNCTPPMGUKV
CNCP
=EO?

GPGUVTKPIGTNGTKPKP
MGUKVCNCP
=EO?































 -GOGTGMCNPN=EO?

 &-CRNCOC

U

 -GOGTGCTCU=O?

 &MCRNCOCMCNPN

-XG-

 -GOGTGPKPFGUVGMNGPOG[GPDQ[WPC
DCN QNCTCM 6CDNQ  FG XGTKNGP
MCVUC[NCT

&MCRNCOCPPGUCUMCNPN6CDNQ FGXGTKNOKVKT
'GT RQUVC CTCU 6CDNQ  FG XGTKNGPFGP HCTMN KUG
MCRNCOC MCNPN  OO HCTMNNM KKP  CTVVTNT
XG[CC\CNVNCDKNKT

6CDCMCNMGOGTGNGTMWNNCPNFPFC9XG9MGUKVOQFN
NGTK[WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGPFGGTKP KPGMCFCTC\CNVNCDKNKT
6CDNQ
-GOGTGMGUKVOQFNJGUCDPFC
-GOGTG
MWNNCPNCPMCVUC[NCT
FGUVGMNGP
OG[GP
-
-
DQ[W
=O?
/GTMG\FG 5QPNCTFC /GTMG\FG 5QPNCTFC






































































2QUVC CTCU KKP [CRNCP F\GNVOGFGP UQPTC MCRNCOC

MCNPNCCFCMKGMKNFGC\CNVNCDKNKT


'GT FK[CIQPCN XG[C DQ[WPC KHV UTC MCRNCOC

MWNNCPNTUC

'GT K MQPVTRNCM MCRNCOC XG DKT XG[C KMK UTCN

DQ[WPC CRTC\ MCRNCOCFCP QNWCP MQORQ\KV
MCRNCOCMWNNCPNTUC

'GT VCDCMCN MCRNCOC

TPGKP UQWM
GMKNNGPFKTKNOK GP C\  MCVN XG[C MQPVTRNCM
MWNNCPNTUC

*\ MPQNCPVGMPGNGTFGDWMUOMCRUCOPFC
CVCNGV OQOGPVNGTK CTVVTNCTCM FCJC C\ GUPGM JCNG
IGVKTKNOKFKRRQUVCNCT
FGMNGTXGVWNCPKNGTDWNWPCECM
XG 6CDNQ  FG KUVGPGP MCRNCOC MCNPN
UKPVKPG
MCNMOKKPCCFCMKQTCPNCTFCCTVVTNCECMVT

&'

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#J)CR6GMPGNGT

*\CTCN
 FCPMP CMCFCT
 FGPMP CMCFCT
 FCPMP CMCFCT
5KPVKPG MCNMO  KNG  CTCUPFC QNWTUC XG FKR
MCRNCOC[CF)VCTCHVCPGMDQ[WPCVCMXK[GGNGOCP
NCT MQPWNOW)UC MCRNCOC MCNPNPP [WMCTFC
DGNKTVKNGP FGGTKP [CTUPP CNVPC F)OG[GEGM
)GMKNFGCTVVTNOCU[GVGTNKFKT


XG[CIXGTVGGXNGTKKKPDGNKTVKNGPFGPFCJCC\QNCOC\

'
5W )GKTOG\ 2GTFGNGT 6GMPG  -CRNCOCU
/CMKPC$NOGUK


#JCR5W)GKTOG\2GTFGNGT

5W IGKTOG\ CJ)CR RGTFGNGT MQPVTRNCM RCPGNNGTFGP

[CRNT-CNPNVGMPGDQ[WVWPCXGUVKHPGTNGTKPCTCNMXG
OWMCXGOGVKPGW[IWPQNCECMVT

)XGTVG-CRNCOCU

 #MIXGTVG
)XGTVGMCRNCOCUDQTFCFC[CNMVKNGOGTMG\FGMK
OGTMG\UTCUCTCUPFC[GTCNCPMCRNCOCNCTFCPQNW)WT
$WMCRNCOCNCTUCFGEGMQPVTRNCMQNCDKNGEGKIKDKMQPVT
RNCMNCDKTNKMVG[WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGPMCRNCOCFCPQNW)CDKNKT
)XGTVG MCRNCOCU MCNPN 6CDNQ  FG XGTKNOK)VKT
'GTMGOGTGCTCU6CDNQ FGDGNKTVKNGPFGPHCTMNKUG
IXGTVG MCNPN JGT  OO HCTMNNM KKP 
CTVVTNCECMXG[CC\CNVNCDKNGEGMVKT
-GOGTGCTCUKKP[CRNCPF\GNVOGFGPUQPTCMCRNCOC
MCNPNC)CFCMK)GMKNFGC\CNVNCDKNKT




-QPVTRNCM XG[C MCRNCOC KNG DKTNKMVG MQPVTRNCM

MWNNCPNTUC
-QPVTRNCMMCNPNVQRNCOMCNPNP WPFCPXG
OOFGPFCJCC\QNCOC\

 UV[CRIXGTVGNGTK
UV[CRIXGTVGNGTKPKPMCRNCOCMCNPN6CDNQ FG
XGTKNOK)VKT $W MCNPNMVC  FG CM IXGTVG KKP
CMNCPCPCTVVTOXGC\CNVONCT[CRNCDKNKT
 #NVIXGTVG
1OWTICPP UV MGPCTPFCP DQTFCFC JCXC[C CM
IXGTVGMGOGTGUKPGMCFCTNNGPFGTKPNKKO[G
G)KVXG[CD[MQNCPVGMPGNGTFGMGUKVOQFN FCCM
IXGTVGMGOGTGNGTKKKPDGNKTVKNGPKP PFCPFCJCC\
QNOC[CP XG 6CDNQ  FG XGTKNGPKP  PFGP C\
QNOC[CPMGUKVCNCPPCUCJKRCVMNCTNCDQTFCNCTCW[IWP
VCT\FC DCNCPO) MGOGTGNGTG UCJKR CNV IXGTVG XG[C
MCOCTCIXGTVGF\GPNGPGEGMVKT
;WMCTFC DGNKTVKNGP FGTKPNKM  O [K C)CTUC
MGOGTGNGTKP DQTFC[C DCNCPVU JGT KMK MGOGTGFG DKT
MQPWNCPXGDQ[WVNCT FGXGTKNGPMQPVTRNCMDTCMGVNGTNG
UCNCPCECMVT
#TCIXGTVGMCRNCOCDQ[WVNCT FGMCUCTCIXGTVG

5W IGKTOG\ RGTFGNGTKP CFGFK KNG KNIKNK QNCTCM $NO

 FGMKJWUWUNCTCW[WNCECMVT
0QTOCN QNCTCM F)G[ RCPGNNK MQPVTRNCMNCT UVKHPGTNGTG
TCUVNC[CP[GTNGTKPFGIGOGNKXG[CGMNGOGRCTCNQNCTCM
DKTNG)VKTKNKTNGT2GTFGNGTKPVGMPG[GDKTNG)VKTKNOGUKMGUOG
XG[CVCDCMCNRQUVCNCTFC[CRNCECMXGIGTGMGP[GTNGTFG
UWIGKTOG\JCNGIGVKTKNGEGMVKT


GNKM2GTFGNGT

5W IGKTOG\ GNKM RGTFGNGTKP MCNPN UVKHPGT CTCU XG

RGTFG [MUGMNKKPKP DCNU QNCTCM 6CDNQ  FC
XGTKNOK)VKT
$Q[WVNCTCNVUTCPP[CVC[FKGTUTCNCTPF)G[QNW)W
MCDWNPG ITG XGTKNOK)VKT 6O UTCNCTP [CVC[ QNOCU
JCNKPFG PE XG FCJC UV UTCNCTP MCNPN GP UV
UTCPPMCNPNVCDNQFCXGTKNGPKP KPFGPFCJCHC\NC
C\CNVNOC[CECM)GMKNFGJGTUTCKKPOOFGPHC\NC
QNOCOCM\GTGC\CNVNCDKNKT
5VKHPGTCTCUVCDNQFCDGNKTVKNGPFGPHCTMNKUGMCNPNMJGT
OOHCTMNNMKKPOOQNCTCMFGK)VKTKNGEGMVKT
CV)OCRGTFGUKKKPF)G[UVKHPGTCTCUPPOO
FGPHC\NCQNOCUPCK\KPXGTKNOG\
&)G[ UVKHPGTNGTKP DQ[WVNCT PKJC[GV DCNCPVNCT
QNOCMU\PC)CFCDGNKTVKNGPFGPC\QNCOC\

W
(4,2  4 h)  s  S 2 , [cm 3]
$WTCFC
9

5VKHPGTCTCUPCG)KVNGXJCRCTCKNGDKTNKMVGF)G[
UVKHPGTMGUKVOQFN=EO ?

5VKHPGTKP QTVC PQMVCUPFCP RGTFGPKP

PQMVCUPCMCFCTQNCPW\CMNM=O?

&)G[UVKHPGTCTCU=O?

&)G[UVKHPGTKPFGUVGMNGPOG[GPVQRNCODQ[W=O?

UV

2GTFGNGTKP MCRNCOC[C DCNCPVU MGUOG XG[C VCDCMCN

RQUVCNCTFC[CRNCECMXGIGTGMGP[GTNGTFGUWIGKTOG\
JCNGIGVKTKNGEGMVKT













1OWTIC
-QPVTCQOWTIC
-GUOGRQUVC
GPGUVTKPIGTK
$CUOCRQUVC
$CDQFQUNCOCUVRCTCU
$CDQFQUNCOCCUVCT
$CDQFQUNCOCVQRWW
-GOGTGCVMU










$TCMGV
-C[PCUVKHPGTK
-C[PCRQUVCU
-C[PCMCRNCOCU
GPGDTCMGVNGTK
&GMNGT
-GOGTGDTCMGVNGTK
-GOGTGNGT

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
/QVQT[CVNCT$Q[WPC-GUKV

'

'
$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
/QVQT[CVNCT1TVC-GUKV
1OWTIC
-QPVTCQOWTIC
&KRRQUVCU
$QTFCRQUVCU
KHVNKDTCMGV
GPG
$CUOCRQUVC









-GOGTG
KHVNKDTCMGV
&KRUVTKPIGTK
6CORQPMV
$QTFCUVTKPIGTK
-GOGTGCVMU
$Q[WPCITFGT







&KRXGDQTFCMCRNCOCUKUTC
&KRXGDQTFCMCRNCOCUFUTC
)XGTVGMCRNCOCUKUTC
)XGTVGMCRNCOCUFUTC
;CNMV












$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
/QVQT[CVNCT$C$QFQUNCOC6QRWW
1OWTIC
-QPVTCQOWTIC
$CDQFQUNCOCVQRWW

$CDQFQUNCOCUVRCTCU
$CDQFQUNCOCCUVCT

'

'
$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
/QVQT[CVNCT&GM&GVC[NCT
1OWTIC
-QPVTCQOWTIC
&KRRQUVCU
&KRUVTKPIGTK






$CUOCRQUVC
-CRNCOCKUTC
-CRNCOCFUTC
KHVNKFGM


















&KRRQUVCU
$QTFCRQUVCU
KHVNKDTCMGV
GPGUVTKPIGTK
-CRNCOCKUTC
-CRNCOCFUTC
GPG

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
/QVQT[CVNCTGPG&GVC[NCT

'

'

$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

GMKN
/QVQT[CVNCT$QTFC6KTK\K$CNCPV&GVC[NCT







$QTFCRQUVCU
-GOGTG
KHVNKDTCMGV
-GOGTGCVMU
$QTFCMCRNCOCUKUTC







$QTFCMCRNCOCUFUTC
)XGTVGMCRNCOCUKUTC
)XGTVGMCRNCOCUFUTC
;CNMV
7UVWTOCCRCTCU





$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

'(

6CDNQ
5W)GKTOG\GNKM2GTFGNGT

2GTFGPKP[MUGMNKK

&G[UVKHPGTCTCN

#NVUTCMCNPN

UVUTCMCNPN

=O?

=OO?

=OO?

=OO?

















































































































































2GTFGNGTMCNCHCVNCPCECMXG[CW[IWPEQPVCOCN\GOGNGTK
MWNNCPCTCM UW IGKTOG\ JCNG IGVKTKNGEGMVKT PCCV
VCMKDGPU\FTOC\RGTFGNGTXGXCTUCMCRNCTUWLGVKKNG
VGUVGVCDKVWVWNCECMVT


-CRNCOCNCTP;CRO;PVGONGTK



&-CRNCOC



$CUKVMCRNCOC

6GMPGPKP-CRNCOCUXG&TG[P

6CXCP XG FWXCT MCRNCOCNCT MCRNCOC CNVPFC MCNCP

MUONCTP DCMO XG DQ[CU KKP OOMP QNFWWPEC
MQNC[UMNGDKNKTGMKNFG[CRNCECMVTMCRNCOCNCTDW
MCRNCOC KNG VGMPG MCRNCOCU CTCUPFC MCNCP MUOP
[GVGTNK FGTGEGFG JCXCNCPFTNOCUP UCNC[CECM VCT\FC
QNCECMVT
&KR [CRFC UKPVKPG UXNCTPP UKPVKPG MW[WNCTPC
FTG[PKPKUCNC[CECMUKPVKPGFGNKMNGTKDWNWPCECMVT


(

/CMKPC$NOGUK

&GMNGTKP FGTKP RQUVCNCTP XG OCMKPC HCWPFG[P

MKTKNGTKPKP DQ[WVNCT OCMKPCPP CTNM I XG VKRKPG
ITG[GVGTNKOWMCXGOGVVGQNCECMMWTCNNCTPIGTGMVKTFKK
FWTWONCTFC \GNNKMNG OCMKPCPP CNOC XG UG[KT
VGETDGNGTKPFG W[IWPNWW XG KNIKNK DCNCPVNCT MQPVTQN
GFKNGEGMVKT

-CRNCOCNCT JGTJCPIK DKT UTCPP UQMTCU KNG MQOW

UTCPPUQMTCUCTCUPFCGPC\OW\CMNMQNCECMXG
GPC\FGXCONUTCC[PRQUVC[CTCUVNC[CPKMKUQMTC[
C[TCECMGMKNFGF\GPNGPGEGMVKT
&KRMCRNCOCKNMUTCUPPUQMTCUQOWTICGM[GTKPFGP
K[GTUTCUPPUQMTCUFC[CNMVPPUQMTCUPFCP
W\CMVCQNCECMGMKNFGF\GPNGPGEGMVKT
5QMTCNCTGMNGOGRCTCNXG[CIGOGNKQNCDKNKT#JCRGM
RCTCNCTMCRNCOC[NCGKVMCNPNMVCMQOWUTCNCTCGP
C\  OO DKPGEGM IGPKNKMVG XG DCNCPV KKP IGTGMNK
W\WPNWMVC QNCECMVT #PECM RQUVC KNG GM RCTCU WEW
CTCUPFCUW[WPFTG[PKKKP[GVGTNKCMNMDWNWPCECMVT
)GOGDQ[WMCRNCOCMCNPNPPGPC\MCVQNCECM
RQUVCNCT \GTKPFG OGTMG\NGPGEGM XG [CRVTOC KNG
DKTNGVKTKNGEGM C[P \COCPFC RQUVCNCTC FC DCNCPC
ECMVT

(


$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT
KHVNKCRTC\MCRNCOC

$W VKR MCRNCOCPP K UTCU VQRNCO MCNPNP  P

IGOG[GP MCNPNMVC XG F UTCU KUG DQ[WPC
VGTVKRNGPOKUTCNCTFCPQNWCECMVT
UTCRQUVCNCTCXKFCXG[CKXKKNGDCNCPCECMXGF
UTCFCRQUVCNCTCEXCVCXG[CXKFCKNGDCNCPCECMVT&
UTC KNG K UTCPP DCNCPVU FXOG DCN EXCVC KNG
UCNCPCECMVT MK UTC CTCUPC [CN DG\ XG[C FKGT
W[IWPRNCUVKMDKTOCN\GOGMQPWNCECMVT


KHVNKDQ[WPCMCRNCOC

$W VKR MCRNCOC F UTCPP CTOW\WPWP K UTC

MCRNCOCPP QTVCUPC IGNGEGM GMKNFG F\GPNGPOK
QNFWWKXGFUTCNMCRNCOCFT
UTCMCNPNVQRNCOMCNPNP PFGPHC\NCQNOC
[CECMXGRQUVCNCTCXKFCXG[CKXKKNGFUTC[CKUGXKFC
XG[C IGTIK EXCVCNCT KNG DCNCPCECMVT & UTC FC
RQUVCNCTC IGTIK EXCVCNCT KNG DCNCPCECMVT 6CDCMCN
RQUVCNCT JCTKEKPFG RQUVC MWNNCPNFPFC XKFC
MWNNCPOPC K\KP XGTKNGDKNKT MK UTC CTCUPC W[IWP DKT
GNCUVKMMCTOVCDCMCUMQPWNCECMVT






UTCUMQPVTRNCMFUTCUDQ[WPCKHVNKMCRNCOC

$W VKR MCRNCOC KMK UTCFCP QNWWT $KTKPEKUK  FG

DGNKTVKNFKKIKDKMQPVTRNCMKUTCFKGTK FGDGNKTVKNFKK
IKDKDQ[WPCUTCNMCRNCOCFCPQNWCPFUTC-QPVT
RNCMMCNPNVQRNCOMCNPNP PFGPC\QNCOC\


$CNCOCXGMCNCHCVNCOC

& MCRNCOCFCMK GMNGOG RCTCN UQMTC DCNCPVNCT

DCMP\ GMKN  6CDNQ  FG MCRNCOCRQUVC

DCNCPVNCTKKPXGTKNGPDQ[WVNCTFCMKIGTIKEXCVCNCTKNG
[CRNCECMVT %XCVC UC[U RCPGN IGPKNKK
C [G DCN
QNCTCMCCFCMKIKDKQNCECMVT


COO
-CRNCOCPPPKJC[GVNGTKPG GTEXCVC

COO
-CRNCOCPPPKJC[GVNGTKPG GTEXCVC

COO
-CRNCOCPPPKJC[GVNGTKPG GTEXCVC

-CRNCOCPP RQUVCNCT KNG DCNCPVUPFC MWNNCPNCECM

EXCVCNCTPUC[UXGDQ[WVNCT6CDNQ FGXGTKNOKVKT

5QWM[CRVTNOVCDCMCNMCRNCOC
#CFCDGNKTVKNGPVKRDCNCPVNCTMWNNCPNCECMVT

5QWM GMKNNGPFKTKNOK VCDCMCN MCRNCOCNCT UCDKV

UECMNMNQTVCOFC[CRNCECMVT$WPGFGPNG[CROEPP
DWVKRMQPUVTMUK[QPKKP[GVGTNKQNCPCMNCTCUCJKRQNOCU
PGONKFKT

6KR+RQUVCUKUVGOKPFG6ODCNCPVNCTIGTIKNK

6KR ++ RQUVC UKUVGOKPFG

MGUOG XG[C VCDCMCN
RQUVCN5KPVKPGUVTKPIGTNGTKPGXG[C[CPDQ[WPC
MKTKNGTG DCNCPVNCTFC IGTIK EXCVCNCT FKGT
DCNCPVNCTFCCCXKFCNCT

6KR ++ RQUVC UKUVGOKPFG

OGVCN RQUVCN 6O
DCNCPVNCTIGTIKEXCVCNXGUQOWPNW

6KR+++RQUVCUKUVGOKPFG7[IWNCPCPRQUVCNCTP
DCUOC MGUOG VCDCMCN XG[C GNKM QNOCUPC
ITG[WMCTFCDGNKTVKNGPDCNCPVNCT

6CDCMCNCT QNWVWTCP NGXJCNCT VGMPG HQTOWPC W[IWP

IGPKNKMXGMCNPNMVCQNCECMVT)GPKNKMIGPGNFG
OOFGPHC\NCQNOC[CECMVT
6CDCMCNCTPUC[UIGTGMNKMCNPNCWNCCECM[GVGTNKNKMVG
QNCECMVT


-QPVTRNCMMCRNCOC

-QPVTRNCM MCRNCOC IGOKPKP HQTOWPC ITG OOMP

QNFWWPEC IGPK RCPGNNGTFGP QNWCECMVT 5QMTCNCT
DKTDKTNGTKPFGP XG OCMKPC VGOGNNGTKPFGP [GVGTK MCFCT
CTVOCN[CRNCECMVT
#TOW\DCNCPVNCT[CRVTOCXGEXCVCKNGUQMTCNCTKUG
IGOGNK XG[C GM RCTCN [CRNCECMVT )GOG DQ[W
MCNPNP GP C\  MCV QNCECM XG [GTKPFG [CRN[QTUC
MCNPNP GP C\  MCVPC GKV IGPKNKMNK GM RCTCU KNG
FGUVGMNGPGEGM[CRVTNCECMXGDCNCPCECMVT
'M RCTCN DKTNGVKTOGFGMK GM RCTCU C[P EKPU
MQPVTRNCMVCP[CRNCECMVT

&KTGMNGTGTCUVNC[CPVCMXK[GNKRQUVCNCTFCMKVODCNCPVNCT
IGTIKNKQNCECMVT
-QPVTRNCMMCRNCOCMWNNCPNFPFCRQUVCNCTCDCNCPVNCT
CTCNCTPFCMK W\CMNM  OO QNCP XG CRNCT 6CDNQ
 FGXGTKNGPKXKNGTXG[CXKFCNCTNC[CRNCECMVT
;CRVTOC[CRNOCFMCFMCRNCOCUTCNCTPPCTOW\
XGUQMTCNCTMCNCHCVNCPCECMVT




$NO6GMPG-QPUVTMUK[QPW#JCR6GMPGNGT

-CRNCOCNCTPMQTW[WEWVCDCMCKNGMCRNCPOCU

-QTW[WEWVCDCMCQNCTCMVCMXK[GNKRNCUVKMXG[CUGPVGVKM
TGKPG MWNNCPNFPFC F MCRNCOC JGT DCNCPV \GPNK
DKT GMKNFG F\NGVKTKNGEGM EXCVCNCT W[IWP GMKNFG
[GTNGVKTKNFKMVGPUQPTCVODCNCPVFGNKMNGTKW[IWPDKT
MCTONCFQNFWTWNCECMVT-QTW[WEWVCDCMCGGTMQPW
NCECMUC QOWTIC[C JCTKEK DCNCUVP [GTNGVKTKNOGUKPFGP
UQPTCQOWTIC[MQPVTCQOWTIC[XGVCORQPMVP
OOMPQNFWWNFGMCRNCOCNFT
-QTW[WEW VCDCMC W[IWNCOCUPFC CJCDP PGO QTCP
OOMPQNFWWMCFCTFMQNOCNFT


)XGTVG-CRNCOCU



-CRNCOC

-QOWKMKMCRNCOCUTCUPPUQMTCNCTCTCUPFCMKW\CMNM
GP C\  O QNCECM XG GP C\  FGXCON UTC C[P
MGOGTG[G TCUVNC[CP KMK UQMTC[ C[TCECM GMKNFG
F\GPNGPGEGMVKT 5QMTCNCT MGOGTGNGTG TCUVNC[CECM XG
DCUKVXG[CIGOGNKQNCDKNGEGMVKT


-QPVTRNCM

-QPVTRNCM RCPGNNGTK OOMP QNFWW MCFCT W\WP

QNCECMVT5QMTCNCTMQOWRCPGNNGTKPUQMTCNCTPFCP[G

VGTNK W\CMNMVC QNCECM XG GMNGOG RCTCN QNCTCM

DKTNGVKTKNGEGMXG[CVCMXK[GNKMGOGTGNGTGTCUVNCVNCECMVT
$Q[WPC GMNGT DCNCPV [CRNOCUPC GNXGTKNK IGPKNKMVG
DQ[WPC GNGOCPNCTC TCUVNCVNCECMVT 6O GMNGT UW
IGKTOG\QNCECMVT


-CRNCOCKNGDKTNKMVGMQPVTRNCM

-QPVTRNCM RCPGNNGTKPKP UQMTCNCT  OCFFGUKPFG

DGNKTVKNFKKF\GPFGQNCECMCPECMMCRNCOCUQMTCNCTPP
F\GPKOCFFGUKPGITG[CRNCECMVT


$Q[WPCMCRNCOC

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