09 Dienphan

Giao khoa hoa vo c Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai
http://vietsciences.free.fr http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi

146
Vn II v c

IN PHN

I. NH NGHA

S in phn l qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh xy ra ti b mt cc in cc khi c
dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch cht in li hay cht in li trng thi nng
chy.

- in cc ni vi cc m ca my pht in (ngun in mt chiu) gi l cc m
hay catot (catod).

- in cc ni vi cc dng ca my pht in gi l cc dng hay anot (anod).

- Ti b mt ca catot lun lun c qu trnh kh xy ra, l qu trnh trong cht
oxi ha nhn in t to thnh cht kh tng ng.

- Ti b mt anot lun lun c qu trnh oxi ha xy ra, l qu trnh trong cht
kh cho in t to thnh cht oxi ho tng ng.

- Khi c nhiu cht kh khc nhau, thng l cc ion kim loi khc nhau (ion
dng) cng v catot th cht no c tnh oxi ha mnh nht s b kh trc;
Khi ht cht oxi ha mnh nht m cn in phn tip tc, th cht oxi ha yu
hn k tip mi b kh sau;...

Th d: C cc ion kim loi Cu
2+
, Ag
+
, Fe
2+
cng v catot bnh in phn.
Nguon ien mot chieu (Pin, Acqui)
Day dan ien
Bnh ien phan
Catot Anot
e
-
e
-
I

147

Do mnh tnh oxi ha gim dn nh sau: Ag
+
> Cu
2+
> Fe
2+
, nn qu trnh kh
ln lt xy ra catot l:

Ag
+
+ e
-
Ag (1)
Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu (2)
Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
Fe (3)

- Tng t, khi c nhiu cht kh khc nhau, thng l cc anion phi kim khc
nhau, cng v anot, th cht kh no mnh nht s b oxi ha trc; Khi ht cht
kh mnh nht m cn in phn tip tc th cht kh yu hn k tip mi b oxi
ha sau;...

Th d: C cc anion Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
cng v anot tr.

Do mnh tnh kh gim dn nh sau: I
-
> Br
-
> Cl
-
, nn qu trnh oxi ha ln lt
xy ra anot nh sau:

2I
-
- 2e
-
I
2
(1)
2Br
-
- 2e
-
Br
2
(2)
2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2
(3)

- Trong dy th in ha (dy hot ng ha hc cc kim loi, dy Beketov), ngi
ta sp cc kim loi (tr H
2
l phi kim) theo th t t trc ra sau c mnh
tnh kh gim dn, cn cc ion kim loi tng ng (ion dng) t trc ra sau
c mnh tnh oxi ha tng dn.

K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au
Chiu tnh kh gim dn

K
+
Ca
2+
Na
+
Mg
2+
Al
3+
Mn
2+
Zn
2+
Cr
3+
Fe
2+
Ni
2+
Sn
2+
Pb
2+
H
+
Cu
2+
Ag
+
Hg
2+
Pt
2+
Au
3+

Chiu tnh oxi ha tng dn

- Th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng ln v i s th cht oxi
ha cng mnh v cht kh tng ng cng yu.

E
0
1 / 1 Kh Ox
> E
0
2 / 2 Kh Ox
Tnh oxi ha: Ox
1
> Ox
2

Tnh kh: Kh
1
< Kh
2

- Thc nghim cho bit: E
0
Ag
+
/Ag > E
0
Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
> E
0
Cu
2+
/Cu > E
0
Fe
2+
/Fe

Do , tnh oxi ha: Ag
+
> Fe
3+
> Cu
2+
> Fe
2+

tnh kh: Ag < Fe
2+
< Cu < Fe

- mnh tnh kh cc cht gim dn nh sau: (p dng trong in phn)
148

Tnh kh: Kim loi (tr Pt) > S
2
> I
> Br

> Cl
> OH
> H
2
O

(Do tnh oxi ha: Cl
2
> Br
2
> I
2
> S nn mnh tnh kh: Cl
< Br

< I
< S
2
)

Th d: Hy vit cc qu trnh kh ln lt xy ra catot khi in phn dung dch
c cha cc cation: Fe
3+
, Ag
+
, Cu
2+
.

Do tnh oxi ha gim dn nh sau: Ag
+
> Fe
3+
> Cu
2+
> Fe
2+
> H
2
O nn qu trnh kh ln
lt xy ra catot l:

Ag
+
+ e
-
Ag (1)
Fe
3+
+ e
-
Fe
2+
(2)
Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu (3)
Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
Fe (4)
2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
(5)

Nu khng c Cu
2+
, th Fe
3+
b kh to ra Fe m khng xy ra qu trnh (2)

Fe
3+
+ 3e
-
Fe

Nu c s to ion H
+
anot th H
2
O khng b kh (qu trnh (5) m l ion H
+
b kh:

2H
+
2e
-
H
2

Do ion H
+
trong nc c nng rt nh nn ion H
+
ca axit d b kh hn ion H
+
ca
H
2
O, H
2
O tham gia in phn qu trnh (5) thc cht l H
+
ca H
2
O b kh).

II. S IN PHN CHT IN LI NNG CHY

Khi un nng nhit cao th cht in li nng chy (ha lng), cc ion dng v ion
m by gi linh ng hn so vi khi trng thi rn. Cc ion dng (cation) mang in
tch dng nn s di chuyn v cc m (catot), ti y c qu trnh kh xy ra; Cn cc
ion m (anion) mang in tch m nn s di chun v cc dng (anot), ti y c qu
trnh oxi ha xy ra.

Cc th d, trnh by s in phn nng chy ng vi cc trng hp (th d) sau y:

Th d 1: in phn mui n nng chy.

NaCl nng chy
(Na
+
, Cl
)
Catot () Anot (+)
Na
+
+ e
-
Na 2Cl
2e
-
Cl
2

Cht oxi ha Cht kh Cht kh Cht oxi ha

149

2NaCl 2Na
+
+ 2Cl

+ 2Na
+
+ 2e
-
2Na
2Cl
2e
-
Cl
2

2NaCl pnc 2Na + Cl
2

Natri clorua Natri Clo
(Catot) (Anot)

Nh vy khi in phn mui n nng chy, ta thu c natri catot v kh clo anot.

Th d 2: in phn nhm oxit nng chy.

Al
2
O
3
nng chy
(2Al
3+
, 3O
2
)
Catot () Anot (+)
2Al
3+
+ 6e
-
2Al 3O
2-
6e
-

2
3
O
2

Al
2
O
3
2Al
3+
+ 3O
2

+ 2Al
3+
+ 6e
-
2Al
3O
2
6e
-

2
3
O
2

Al
2
O
3
pnc 2Al +
2
3
O
2

Nhm oxit Nhm Oxi
(Catot) (Anot)

in phn nng chy nhm oxit thu c kim loi nhm catot, kh oxi anot bnh in
phn.

Th d 3: in phn xt nng chy.
NaOH nng chy
(Na
+
, OH
)
Catot () Anot (+)
Na
+
+ e
-
Na 2OH
-
2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O

2NaOH 2Na
+
+ 2OH

+ 2Na
+
+ 2e
-
2Na
2OH
- 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
2NaOH 2Na +
2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
150
Natri hiroxit Natri Oxi Hi nc

in phn xt nng chy, thu c natri catot, kh oxi v hi nc anot.

Th d 4: in phn hn hp mui natri clorua v magie clorua nng chy.

Hn hp NaCl - MgCl
2
nng chy
(Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Cl
-
)

Catot () Anot (+)

(Tnh kh: Na > Mg
nn tnh oxi ha: Na
+
< Mg
2+
)
Mg
2+
+ 2e
-
Mg (1) 2Cl
- 2e
-
Cl
2

Na
+
+ e
-
Na (2)

Nh vy coi nh MgCl
2
tham gia in phn trc; Sau khi ht MgCl
2
, NaCl mi tham
gia in phn.
MgCl
2
Mg
2+
+ 2Cl
-

+ Mg
2+
+ 2e
-
Mg
2Cl
2e
-
Cl
2

MgCl
2
pnc Mg + Cl
2
(I)
Magie clorua Magie Oxi

Sau khi ht MgCl
2
, n NaCl tham gia in phn

2NaCl 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-

+ 2Na
+
+ 2e
-
2Na
2Cl
2e
-
Cl
2

2NaCl pnc 2Na + Cl
2
(II)
Natri clorua Natri Kh clo

Nh vy khi in phn hn hp mui NaCl - MgCl
2
th thu c Mg, Na catot, kh clo
anot.

III. S IN PHN DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Khi in phn dung dch cht in li th ty trng hp, dung mi nc ca dung dch c
th tham gia in phn catot hay anot. Nu nc tham gia in phn th:

- catot: Do catot c qu trnh kh xy ra nn H
2
O s ng vai tr cht oxi ha,
n b kh to kh hiro (H
2
) thot ra, ng thi phng thch ion OH
-
ra dung dch.

2H
2
O 2H
+
+ 2OH

2H
+
+ 2e
-
H
2
151

2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH

- anot: Do anot c qu trnh oxi ha xy ra nn nc s ng vai tr cht kh,
n b oxi ha to kh oxi (O
2
) thot ra, ng thi phng thch ion H
+
ra dung dch.

2H
2
O 2H
+
+ 2OH
-

2OH
-
2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
H
2
O 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

III.1. catot

Thc nghim cho thy khi in phn dung dch cha cc ion kim loi ng sau nhm
(Al) trong dy th in ha th cc ion kim loi ny b kh to thnh kim loi bm vo
in cc catot. Ion no cng ng sau th c tnh oxi ha cng mnh nn cng b kh
trc catot. (Hiu l kim loi ng sau nhm c tnh kh yu, do ion cc kim loi
ny (ion dng) c tnh oxi ha mnh. Chng c tnh oxi ha mnh hn nc nn cc ion
dng ny b kh trc nc.

K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au

Mn
+
+ ne
-
M
Ion kim loi (Kim loi ng sau Al)

Th d: Ion Cu
2+
v catot bnh in phn khi in phn dung dch c cha ion Cu
2+
th
ion ny b kh catot:

Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu

Cn khi in phn dung dch cha ion kim loi t nhm tr v trc (ion kim loi Al
3+
,
Mg
2+
, ion kim loi kim th, ion kim loi kim) th cc ion kim loi ny khng b kh
catot m l H
2
O ca dung dch b kh to H
2
bay ra v phng thch ion OH
-
trong
dung dch (ion OH
-
kt hp ion kim loi to hiroxit kim loi tng ng). C th hiu l
cc kim loi t Al tr v trc c tnh kh mnh rt mnh, nn cc ion kim loi ny c
tnh oxi ha rt yu, yu hn H
2
O. Do H
2
O b kh trc catot. V mt khi nc b
kh catot th y cng l giai on cht catot, v khi ht nc th cng khng cn
dung dch na, nn s in phn s ngng. Cc ion kim loi t Al tr v trc ch b kh
to kim loi tng ng khi in phn nng chy cht in c cha cc ion ny.

2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-

III.2. Anot

152
Qu trnh oxi ha anot ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht lm in cc anot v bn cht
ca anion i v pha anot.

- Nu anot tan (khng tr, khng bn): Anot c lm bng cc kim loi thng
thng (tr Pt) (nh Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Al...) th kim loi dng lm anot oxi ha
(b ha tan) cn cc anion i v anot khng b oxi ha. C th hiu mt cch gn
ng l kim loi c dng lm kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn cc cht kh khc
i v anot trong dung dch, nn kim loi c dng lm in cc anot b oxi ha
trc. V mt khi in cc anot b oxi ha (b n mn) th y cng l giai on
cui anot. Bi v khi ht in cc anot, th s c s cch in v s in phn s
dng.

Th d: Anot c lm bng kim loi ng (Cu)

Cu(anot) + 2e
-
Cu
2+

- Nu anot khng tan (tr, bn): anot c lm bng bch kim (Platin, Pt) hay than
ch (Cacbon graphit).

+ Nu anion i v anot l cc anion khng cha O nh Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, S
2-
... th cc
anion ny b oxi ha anot.

Th d: Anion Cl
-
i v anot tr, th ion Cl
-
b oxi ha anot

2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

+ Nu anion i v anot l anion c cha O nh NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
, CO
3
2-
... th
cc anion ny khng b oxi ha anot m l H
2
O ca dung dch b oxi ha to
O
2
thot ra, ng thi phng thch ion H
+
ra dung dch (ion H
+
kt hp vi
anion to thnh axit tng ng). V mt khi nc b oxi ha anot th y
cng l giai on cht anot. V khi ht nc mi n cc cht kh khc b oxi
ha, lc ny khng cn l dung dch na, nn s in phn dng.

Th d: anion NO
3
-
i v anot tr trong dung dch, th anion ny khng b oxi
ha m l nc ca dung dch b oxi ha.

H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

(H
+
+ NO
3
-
HNO
3
)

Lu

L.1 Khi u bi cho in phn m khng cho bit dng in cc g th hiu l in cc
khng tan (tr, bn).

153
L.2 Cc ion OH
-
(hiroxit), RCOO
-
(cacboxilat) tuy l cc anion c cha O, nhng
chng vn b oxi ha anot khi in phn dung dch cha cc anion ny vi in
cc tr.

-2 0
2OH
-
- 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

+3 +4
2RCOO
-
- 2e
-
R-R + 2CO
2

Ion cacboxilat Hirocacbon Kh cacbonic
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Th d: Khi in phn dung dch cha ion axetat (CH
3
COO
-
) dng in cc tr, th ion
axetat b oxi ha anot.

2CH
3
COO
-
- 2e
-
CH
3
-CH
3
+ 2CO
2

Ion axetat Etan Kh cacbonic

L.3. Th t cc cht b oxi ha anot tr: S
2-
> I
-
> Br
-
> Cl
-
> RCOO
-
> OH
-
> H
2
O

L.4. Nu bnh in phn khng c vch ngn xp gia catot vi anot th c th xy ra
phn ng ph gia cc cht va to ra hai bn in cc catot, anot.

Th d: in phn dung dch NaCl bng in cc tr m khng c vch ngn, th Cl
2
to
anot s tc dng vi dung dch NaOH catot to nc Javel.

Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
Clo Xt Natri clorua Natri hipoclorit Nc

Nc Javel
III.3. Cc th d
Th d 1: in phn dung dch NaCl, dng in cc tr.

dd NaCl
(Na
+
, Cl
-
, H
2
O)
Catot (-) Anot (+) (tr)
2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-
2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2
(1)
2OH
-
- 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O (2)

2NaCl 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-

+ 2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-
2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

2NaCl + 2H
2
O p H
2
+ 2NaOH + Cl
2
(I)
154
Natri clorua Nc Hiro Xt Clo
(Catot) (Anot)

Nu khng c mng ngn xp gia catot vi anot th c phn ng ph:

2NaOH + Cl
2
NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
Nc Javel

Nu bnh in phn c vch ngn, sau khi in phn ht NaCl, thu c dung dch gm:
NaOH, H
2
O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch NaOH.

2NaOH 2Na
+
+ 2OH
-
+ 2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-

2OH
-
- 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
H
2
O p H
2

2
1
O
2
(II)
Nc Hiro Oxi

Nh vy khi in phn dung dch mui n, in cc tr, c vch ngn xp gia catot vi
anot, th giai on u, NaCl b in phn trc, thu c kh hiro catot, kh clo
anot, dung dch xt bn ngn catot. Sau khi ht mui n, n in phn dung dch xt,
thc cht l nc ca dung dch b in phn, to kh hiro catot, kh oxi anot, th
tch H
2
gp i th tch kh O
2
. Cn NaOH cn nguyn trong dung dch, c lng khng
i, nhng nng ngy cng tng dn (l do dung mi nc ngy cng mt i).

Th d 2: in phn dung dch CuSO
4
, in cc khng tan.

dd CuSO
4

(Cu
2+
, SO
4
2-
, H
2
O)

Catot (-) Anot (+) (Tr)
Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu (1) H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

2H
+
+ 2e
-
H
2
(2)

CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

+ Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

CuSO
4
+ H
2
O p Cu +
2
1
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(I)
ng (II) sunfat ng Oxi Axit sunfuric
(Catot) (Anot)

155

Sau khi in phn ht CuSO
4
, thu c dung dch gm: H
2
SO
4
, H
2
O. Nu tip tc in
phn, tc in phn dung dch H
2
SO
4
.

H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
4
2-

+ 2H
+
+ 2e
-
H
2

H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+
H
2
O p H
2
+
2
1
O
2
(II)
Nc Hiro Oxi
(Catot) (Anot)

Khi in phn dung dch ng (II) sunfat, in cc tr, thu c ng kim loi catot,
kh oxi anot, dung dch H
2
SO
4
bn ngn anot. Sau khi in phn ht CuSO
4
, thu c
dung dch gm H
2
SO
4
v H
2
O. Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch H
2
SO
4
,
thc cht l H
2
O ca dung dch b in phn, thu c kh hiro (H
2
) catot, kh oxi (O
2
)
anot, th tch kh hiro gp i th tch kh oxi. Cn H
2
SO
4
lun lun nm trong dung
dch, c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng cao (l do dung mi nc cng
lc cng mt i). Tuy nhin nu khng c hin din H
2
SO
4
hay NaOH, ngha l ch c
nc nguyn cht th nc khng tham gia in phn. Bi v nng ion H
+
, ion OH
-

ca nc qu nh nn khng dn in nn s in phn khng xy ra.

Th d 3: in phn dung dch AgNO
3
, in cc bng bc (Ag).

dd AgNO
3

(Ag
+
, NO
3
-
, H
2
O)

Catot (-) Anot (+) (Ag)
Ag
+
+ e
-
Ag(bm vo catot) Ag(anot) - e
-
Ag
+

AgNO
3
Ag
+
+ NO
3
-

+ Ag
+
+ e
-
Ag (bm vo catot)
Ag (anot) - e
-
Ag
+

Ag (anot) p Ag (bm vo catot)

Nh vy khi in phn dung dch bc nitrat, in cc anot bng bc, thc cht l anot
bng bc b oxi ha (b n mn). Lng bc b ha tan anot c em cho bm vo
catot. Cn AgNO
3
trong dung dch khng i. Ngi ta thng p dng hin tng ny
m kim loi, cng nh tinh ch kim loi. Trong cc phng php tinh ch kim loi
th phng php in phn l phng php to kim loi tinh khit nht.

Th d 4: in phn dung dch hn hp mui ZnCl
2
v CuCl
2
. Dng in cc tr.

156
dd hh: ZnCl
2
- CuCl
2

(Zn
2+
, Cu
2+
, Cl
-
, H
2
O)


Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu (1) 2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

Zn
2+
+ 2e
-
Zn (2)

Coi nh CuCl
2
tham gia in phn trc (V Cu
2+
b kh trc catot, Cl
-
b oxi ha
trc anot).

CuCl
2
Cu
2+
+ 2Cl
-

+ Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

CuCl
2
p Cu + Cl
2
(I)
ng (II) clorua ng Clo
(Catot) (Anot)

Sau khi in phn ht CuCl
2
, n ZnCl
2
in phn.

ZnCl
2
Zn
2+
+ 2Cl
-

+ Zn
2+
+ 2e
-
Zn
2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

ZnCl
2
p Zn + Cl
2
(II)
Km clorua Km Clo

Th d 5: in phn dung dch hn hp NaCl, CuSO
4
. in cc tr. C vch ngn.

dd hh NaCl - CuSO
4

(Na
+
, Cl
-
, Cu
2+
, SO
4
2-
, H
2
O)


Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu (1) 2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2
(1)
2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-
(2) H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+
(2)
Hoc: 2H
+
+ 2e
-
H
2
(2) Hay: 2OH
-
- 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O (2)

Coi nh c CuSO
4
ln NaCl u tham gia in phn ng thi (Do Cu
2+
b kh trc
catot, cn ion Cl
-
b oxi ha trc anot).

CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

157
2NaCl 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-

+ Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

CuSO
4
+ 2NaCl Cu + Na
2
SO
4
+ Cl
2
(I)
ng (II) sunfat Natri clorua ng Natri sunfat Clo
(Catot) (Anot)

Sau mt gian in phn, mt trong ba trng hp sau y c th xy ra:

- Trung hp 1: C CuSO
4
ln NaCl in phn ht cng lc.

Khi va ht CuSO
4
ln NaCl thu c dung dch gm: Na
2
SO
4
; H
2
O. Nu tip tc in
phn, tc in phn dung dch Na
2
SO
4
, thc cht l in phn H
2
O ca dung dch, thu
c H
2
catot, O
2
anot, th tch kh hiro gp i th tch kh oxi. Cn Na
2
SO
4
lun
lun hin din trong dung dch, c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng tng
(do dung mi H
2
O ngy cng gim).

H
2
O p H
2
+ 1/2 O
2
(II)
(Catot) (Anot)

- Trng hp 2: CuSO
4
in phn ht trc. NaCl cha in phn ht.

Khi in phn va ht CuSO
4
, thu c dung dch gm: NaCl cn d; Na
2
SO
4
; H
2
O.

Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch ny. NaCl cn d tip tc:

2NaCl 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-

+ 2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-

2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

2NaCl + 2H
2
O p H
2
+ 2NaOH + Cl
2
(II)
(Catot) (Anot)

Khi in phn va ht NaCl, thu c dung dch gm: Na
2
SO
4
; NaOH; H
2
O.
Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch ny. Thc cht l H
2
O ca dung dch b
in phn, thu c kh H
2
catot, kh O
2
anot, th tch kh hiro gp i th tch kh
oxi. Cn Na
2
SO
4
v NaOH lun lun nm trong dung dch nhng c nng cng lc
cng tng (l do dung mi nc cng lc cng mt i). Trn nguyn tc, cui cng thu
c Na
2
SO
4
v NaOH khan.

H
2
O p H
2
+
2
1
O
2
(III)
(Catot) (Anot)

- Trng hp 3: NaCl in phn ht trc CuSO
4
. CuSO
4
cha in phn ht.
158

Sau khi in phn va ht NaCl, thu c dung dch gm: CuSO
4
cn d; Na
2
SO
4
; H
2
O

Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch ny. CuSO
4
tip tc b in phn:

CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-

+ Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

CuSO
4
+ H
2
O p Cu +
2
1
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(II)
(Catot) (Anot)

Sau khi in phn va ht CuSO
4
, thu c dung dch gm: Na
2
SO
4
; H
2
SO
4
; H
2
O.
Nu tip tc in phn, tc in phn dung dch trn, thc cht l H
2
O ca dung dch b
in phn. Thu c H
2
catot, O
2
anot, th tch H
2
gp i O
2
. Cn Na
2
SO
4
v H
2
SO
4

lun lun nm trong dung dch, c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng tng
(do dung mi nc cng lc cng mt i). Trn nguyn tc, cui cng thu c Na
2
SO
4

v H
2
SO
4
khan.
H
2
O p H
2
+
2
1
O
2
(III)

Th d 6: in phn dung dch hn hp gm: Cu(NO
3
)
2
, AgNO
3
, Fe(NO
3
)
3
. in cc tr.

dd hh: Cu(NO
3
)
2
- AgNO
3
- Fe(NO
3
)
3

(Cu
2+
, Ag
+
, Fe
3+
, NO
3
-
, H
2
O)

Ag
+
+ e
-
Ag (1 ) H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+
Fe
3+
+ e
-
Fe
2+
(2)
Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu (3)
Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
Fe (4)
2H
+
+ 2e
-
H
2
(5)

Coi nh AgNO
3
tham gia in phn trc.

2AgNO
3
2Ag
+
+ 2NO
3
-

+ 2Ag
+
+ 2e
-
2Ag
H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O p 2Ag +
2
1
O
2
+ 2HNO
3
(I)
Bc Oxi Axit nitric
159
(Catot) (Anot)

Sau khi in phn ht AgNO
3
, n Fe(NO
3
)
3
tham gia in phn.

2 Fe(NO
3
)
3
Fe
3+
+ 3NO
3
-

+ 2 Fe
3+
+ e
-
Fe
2+

H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ H
2
O p 2Fe(NO
3
)
2
+
2
1
O
2
+ 2HNO
3
(II)

Sau khi in phn ht Fe(NO
3
)
3
, n Cu(NO
3
)
2
tham gia in phn.

Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu
2+

+ Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu
H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O p Cu +
2
1
O
2
+ 2HNO
3
(III)

Sau khi in phn ht Cu(NO
3
)
2
, n Fe(NO
3
)
2
tham gia in phn.

Fe(NO
3
)
2
Fe
2+
+ 2NO
3
-

+ Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
Fe
H
2
O - 2e
-
1/2O
2
+ 2H
+

Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O p Fe +
2
1
O
2
+ 2HNO
3
(IV)

Sau khi in phn ht Fe(NO
3
)
2
, thu c dung dch gm: HNO
3
, H
2
O.
Nu tip tc in phn dung dch HNO
3
, thc cht l nc ca dung dch tham gia in
phn, to kh hiro catot, kh oxi anot, th tch H
2
gp i th tch O
2
. Cn HNO
3

lun lun nm trong dung dch c lng khng i, nhng nng cng lc cng tng,
do dung mi nc cng lc cng mt i.

H
2
O p H
2
+
2
1
O
2
(V)
Hiro Oxi
(Catot) (Anot)

Th d 7: in phn dung dch NaCl, in cc bng ng (Cu).

dd NaCl
160
(Na
+
, Cl
-
, H
2
O)

Catot (-) Anot (+) (Cu)
2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-
Cu(anot) - 2e
-
Cu
2+

2NaCl 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-

2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-

Cu(anot) - 2e
-
Cu
2+

Cu(anot) + 2H
2
O p H
2
+ Cu(OH)
2

Hiro ng (II) hiroxit
(Catot)

Khi in phn dung dch mui n, in cc bng ng th thc cht l anot ng b ha
tan (b oxi ha), nc ca dung dch tham gia in phn, c hiro thot ra catot, c to
ng (II) hiroxit khng tan lng xung y bnh in phn, cn NaCl coi nh vn nm
trong dung dch, c lng khng i.

IV. nh lut Faraday

Khi lng ca cht to ra in cc bnh in phn t l vi ng lng ca cht ,
vi cng dng in v thi gian in phn (hay khi lng ca cht to ra in cc
t l vi ng lng ca cht v in lng qua bnh in phn).

t I
n
M
m
A
A
A
=
96500
1

m
A
: Khi lng ca cht A to in cc (catot hoc anot), tnh bng gam.

M
A
: Khi lng phn t (nguyn t, ion) ca A Nu cht A to in cc l phn t th
M
A
l khi lng phn t ca A; nu cht A to in cc l nguyn t th M
A
l khi
lng nguyn t ca A; cn nu cht A to in cc l ion th M
A
l khi lng ion ca
ion (ion lng, ion khi).

n
A
: Ha tr ca A (cht to in cc). C th n
A
bng s in t trao i in cc
to ra 1 phn t A (hoc 1 nguyn t A hoc 1 ion A).

A
A
n
M
l ng lng ca cht A (cht to in cc).

I: Cng dng in tnh bng Ampe (Ampre).

t: Thi gian in phn, tnh bng giy.

I x t = q: in lng qua bnh in phn, tnh bng Coulomb.
161

Cng thc Faraday cn vit di dng s mol ca A thu c in cc (Trong tnh ton
ha hc thng dng s mol d lin h hn)

t I
n M
m
n
A A
A
A
= =
1
96500
1
'

n
A
: S mol ca cht A to in cc bnh in phn.

n
A
: Ha tr ca A, n bng s in t trao i in cc to ra 1 phn t (1 nguyn t,
1 ion) A.

I: Cng dng in, tnh bng Ampre.

t: Thi gian in phn, tnh bng giy.

Th d:

- Vi qu trnh kh in cc catot l Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
Fe

S gam kim loi st thu c catot: It It
n
M
m
Fe
Fe
Fe
= =
2
56
96500
1
96500
1

S mol st thu c catot: It It
n
n
Fe
Fe
= =
2
1
96500
1 1
96500
1
'

- Vi qu trnh kh catot: Fe
3+
+ 3e
-
Fe

Khi lng st (gam) thu c catot l: It It
n
M
m
Fe
Fe
Fe
= =
3
56
96500
1
96500
1

S mol st thu c catot l: It It
n
n
Fe
Fe
= =
3
1
96500
1 1
96500
1
'

- Vi qu trnh kh catot: Fe
3+
+ e
-
Fe
2+

Khi lng (g) ion Fe
2+
thu c catot: It It
n
M
m
Fe
Fe
Fe
= =
+
+
+
1
56
96500
1
96500
1
2
2
2

S mol ion Fe
2+
thu c catot: It It
n
M
n
Fe
Fe
Fe
= =
+
+
+
1
1
96500
1
96500
1
'
2
2
2

162

- Vi qu trnh oxi ha anot: 2Cl
-
- 2e
-
Cl
2

Cl
-
- e
-

2
1
Cl
2

Khi lng (g) Cl
2
thu c anot: It It
n
M
m
Cl
Cl
Cl
= =
2
71
96500
1
96500
1
2
2
2

S mol Cl
2
thu c anot: It It
n
n
Cl
Cl
= =
2
1
96500
1 1
96500
1
'
2
2

Khi lng (g) Cl thu c anot: It It
n
M
m
Cl
Cl
Cl
= =
1
5 , 35
96500
1
96500
1

S mol Cl thu c anot: It It
n
n
Cl
Cl
= =
1
1
96500
1 1
96500
1
'

- Vi qu trnh oxi ha to kh oxi anot: 2O
2-
- 4e
-
O
2

O
2-
- 2e
-

2
1
O
2

2OH
-
- 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ H
2
O
4OH
-
- 4e
-
O
2
+ 2H
2
O
H
2
O - 2e
-

2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+

2H
2
O - 4e
-
O
2
+ 4H
+

Khi lng O
2
(g) thu c anot: It m
O
=
4
32
96500
1
2

Khi lng O (g) thu c anot: It m
O
=
2
16
96500
1

S mol O
2
thu c anot: It n
O
=
4
1
96500
1
'
2

S mol O thu c anot: It n
O
=
2
1
96500
1
'

- Vi qu trnh kh to kh hiro catot:
2H
+
+ 2e
-
H
2

2H
2
O + 2e
-
H
2
+ 2OH
-

163

Khi lng H
2
(gam) thu c catot: It m
H
=
2
2
96500
1
2

Khi lng H (gam) thu c catot: It m
H
=
1
1
96500
1

S mol H
2
thu c catot:
2
'
H
n = It
2
1
96500
1

S mol H thu c catot: It n
H
=
1
1
96500
1
'

Bi tp 69
Ha tan hn hp hai mui rn gm 4 gam Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
v 1,56 gam Ag
2
SO
4
vo nc
thu c 500 ml dung dch D cha hai cht tan trn. in phn 500 ml dung dch D vi
in cc tr, cng dng in 0,5 Ampre trong thi gian 2 gi 8 40.
a. Tnh khi lng kim loi thu c catot.
b. Tnh th tch kh thu c anot (ktc).
c. Tnh nng mol cc cht tan trong dung dch sau in phn. Coi th tch dung dch
sau in phn vn l 500 ml.
d. Nu in phn 500 ml D trn vi in cc ng cho n khi va ht ion Ag
+
th khi
lng mi in cc tng hay gim bao nhiu gam? Cho bit anot bng ng c qu
trnh: Cu - 2e
-
Cu
2+

Hiu sut s in phn 100%.

(Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16; Ag = 108; Cu = 64)
S: a. 1,08g Ag; 0,56g Fe b. 0,224 lt O
2
c. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,01M; H
2
SO
4
0,04M
d. Catot tng 1,08g; Anot gim 0,32g

Bi tp 69
Ly 1,6 gam CuSO
4
v 4 gam Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
ha tan vo nc thu c 1 lt dung dch D.
em in phn lng dung dch D trn trong thi gian 3 gi 13 pht, cng dng in
0,5 A, in cc tr.
a. Tnh khi lng kim loi bm vo catot.
b. Tnh th tch kh thu c anot trong iu kin tiu chun.
c. Tnh nng mol ca mi cht tan thu c trong dung dch sau in phn. Coi th
tch dung dch khng i trong qu trnh in phn.
d. Nu em in phn 1 lt dung dch D trn vi in cc bng st cho n khi dung
dch va ht Cu
2+
th khi lng mi in cc tng hay gim bao nhiu gam? Cho
bit qu trnh oxi ha anot l: Fe - 2e
-
Fe
2+
.
Qu trnh in phn c hiu sut 100%.
(Fe = 56; Cu = 64; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1)
S: a. 0,64g Cu; 0,56g Fe b. 0,336 lt O
2
c. FeSO
4
0,01M; H
2
SO
4
0,03M
d. Catot tng 0,64g; Anot gim 1,12g
164

Bi tp 70
Tin hnh in phn (vi in cc tr, mng ngn xp) mt dung dch cha m gam hn
hp CuSO
4
v NaCl cho n khi H
2
O bt u b in phn c hai in cc th dng li.
anot thu c 6,72 lt kh (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn c th ha tan ti a 20,4
gam Al
2
O
3
.
- Tnh m.
- Tnh tng khi lng ca catot.
- Tnh gim khi lng ca dung dch sau in phn. Coi nc bay hi khng
ng k.
(Na = 23; Al = 27; O = 16; S = 32; Cl = 35,5; Cu = 64)
S: m = 51,1g; Catot tng 6,4g; Dung dch gim 28,1g

Bi tp 70 (B TSH mn ha)
Tin hnh in phn (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) mt dung dch cha m gam hn hp
gm CuSO
4
v NaCl cho n khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th ngng.
anot thu c 0,448 lt kh (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn c th ha tan ti a 0,68
gam Al
2
O
3
.
- Tnh m.
- Tnh tng khi lng ca catot sau khi in phn.
- Tnh gim khi lng ca dung dch sau in phn.

Coi nc bay hi khng ng k trong qu trnh in phn.
(Na = 23; Al = 27; O = 16; S = 32; Cl = 35,5; Cu = 64)
S: m = 4,473g; Catot tng 0,853g; Dung dch gim 2,286g
m = 5,97g; Catot tng 1,92g; Dung dch gim 2,95g

Bi tp 71 (B TSH mn Ha, 2)
Ha tan 150 gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O vo 600 ml dung dch HCl 0,6 mol/l ta thu c
dung dch A (gm hai cht tan CuSO
4
v HCl, coi nh khng c phn ng gia CuSO
4

vi HCl to Cu(HSO
4
)
2
). Chia dung dch A thnh ba phn bng nhau:
1. Tin hnh in phn phn 1 vi dng in cng 1,34 ampe trong vng 4 gi.
Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch kh ( ktc) thot ra anot, bit
hiu sut in phn l 100%.
2. Cho 5,4 gam nhm kim loi vo phn 2. Sau mt thi gian ta thu c 1,344 lt kh
( ktc), dung dch B v cht rn C. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi xt d ri ly kt
ta nung nhit cao cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 4 gam cht rn.
Tnh khi lng cht rn C.
3. Cho 13,7 gam bari kim loi vo phn th 3. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn ng, lc
ly kt ta, ra sch v em nung nhit cao cho n khi lng khng i th
thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn? Bit rng khi tc dng vi baz, Cu
2+
ch to thnh
Cu(OH)
2
.
(H = 1; O = 16; Al = 27; S = 32; Cu = 64; Ba = 137)
S: 1. 6,4g Cu; 1,344 lt Cl
2
; 0,448 lt O
2
2. 11,22g (Cu, Al) 3. 26,5g (BaSO
4
, CuO)

Bi tp 72 (B TSH mn ha, 5)
165
Ha tan 10,65 gam hn hp A gm mt oxit kim loi kim v mt oxit kim loi kim th
bng dung dch HCl ta thu c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B v in phn nng
chy hon ton hn hp mui th thu c anot 3,696 lt kh C ( 27,3
0
C v 1atm) v
hn hp kim loi D catot.
1. Tnh khi lng ca D.
2. Ly m gam D cho tc dng ht vi nc ta thu c dung dch E v V lt kh ( ktc).
Cho t t Al vo dung dch E cho n ngng thot kh, thy ht p gam Al v c V
1
lt
kh thot ra (ktc).
a. So snh V
1
v V.
b. Tnh p theo m.
3. Nu ly lng hn hp kim loi D ( cu 1) ri luyn thm 1,37 gam Ba th thu c
mt hp kim trong Ba chim 23,077% v s mol. Hi hn hp u l oxit ca cc
kim loi kim, kim th no?
(O = 16; Li = 7; Na = 23; K = 39; Rb = 85,5; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Sr = 87,6; Ba = 137)
S: 1. 8,25g 2. V
1
= 3V; p =
5 , 27
27m
3. Li
2
O; BaO

Bi tp 73 (B TSH mn ho)
1. Nu s khc nhau v qu trnh cho - nhn electron trong phn ng in phn v trong
phn ng oxi ha kh?
2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng in phn xy ra khi in phn (vi in cc tr,
mng ngn xp) dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
v b mol NaCl trong ba trng hp: b
= 2a; b < 2a v b > 2a.

in phn nng chy hon ton a gam mui A c to bi kim loi M v halogen X ta
thu c 0,96 gam kim loi M catot v 0,896 lt kh ( ktc) anot. Mt khc ha tan a
gam mui A vo nc, sau cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
d th thu c 11,48 gam kt
ta.
1. Hi X l halogen no?
2. Trn 0,96 gam kim loi M vi 2,242 gam kim loi M c cng ha tr duy nht, ri
t ht hn hp bng oxi th thu c 4,162 gam hn hp hai oxit. ha tan hon
ton hn hp oxit ny cn 500 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
nng c mol/l.
a. Tnh % s mol ca cc oxit trong hn hp ca chng.
b. Tnh t l khi lng nguyn t ca M v M.
c. Tnh c (nng dung dch H
2
SO
4
).
(F = 19; Cl = 35,5; Br = 80; I = 127; Ag = 108; O = 16)
S: 1. Cl 2. a. 66,67% oxit M; 33,33% oxit M b. M : M = 12 : 56,05 c. 0,12 mol/l

Vit phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra khi in phn dung dch hn hp gm HCl,
CuCl
2
, NaCl vi in cc tr, c mng ngn.

Ha tan 1,12 gam hn hp Ag v Cu trong 19,6 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng (dung
dch A) thu c SO
2
v dung dch B. Cho SO
2
thot ra hp th ht vo nc Br
2
, sau
166
thm Ba(NO
3
)
2
d th thu c 1,864 gam kt ta. C cn dung dch B, ly mui khan
ha tan thnh 500 ml dung dch, sau in phn 100 ml trong thi gian 7 pht 43 giy
vi in cc tr v cng dng in I = 0,5A.
1. Tnh khi lng Ag v Cu trong hn hp u.
2. a. Tnh nng % ca axit H
2
SO
4
trong A, bit rng ch c 10% H
2
SO
4
phn
ng vi Ag v Cu.
b. Nu ly
2
1
dung dch A pha long c pH = 2 th th tch dung dch sau khi pha
long l bao nhiu? (Coi axit H
2
SO
4
in li hon ton to 2H
+
, SO
4
2-
trong dung
dch)
3. a. Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra catot.

b. Nu in phn vi anot bng Cu cho n khi trong dung dch khng cn ion Ag
+

th khi lng catot tng bao nhiu gam v khi lng anot gim bao nhiu gam?
Bit rng anot xy ra qu trnh: Cu - 2e
-
Cu
2+
.
(Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; O = 16; S = 32)
S: 1. 0,864g Ag; 0,0256g Cu 2. a. H
2
SO
4
80% b. 16 lt
3. a. 0,1728g Ag; 0,256g Cu b. Catot tng 0,1728g; Anot gim 0,0512g

a. Hy nu bn cht ca qu trnh in phn.
b. Nhng qu trnh no xy ra trn b mt ca in cc platin khi in phn dung dch
AgNO
3
? Vit s in phn v phng trnh dng tng qut.
c. Nu mi trng ca dung dch sau in phn c pH = 3, hiu sut in phn l 80%
(so vi lng AgNO
3
lc u), th tch dung dch c coi nh khng i (1 lt) th
nng cc cht trong dung dch sau in phn l bao nhiu? Khi lng AgNO
3

trong dung dch ban u l bao nhiu?
(Ag = 108; N = 14; O = 16)
S: HNO
3
0,001M; AgNO
3
0,00025M; 0,2125g AgNO
3

in phn nng chy mui AX (A l kim loi kim, X l Cl, Br hoc I) ta thu c cht
rn A v kh B. Cho A tc dng vi nc c dung dch A v kh B. Cho B tc dng
vi B c kh D. Cho D tc dng vi A c dung dch E. Cho mt t qu tm vo dung
dch E.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v gii thch qu tm c mu g?
Cc qu trnh in phn cng nh cc phn ng xy ra vi hiu sut 100%.

Cho 9,16 gam bt A gm Zn, Fe, Cu vo cc ng 170 ml dung dch CuSO
4
1M. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton, thu c dung dch B v kt ta C. Nung C trong khng kh
nhit cao n khi lng khng i, c 12 gam cht rn. Chia B thnh hai phn
bng nhau:
- Thm dung dch NaOH d vo phn 1, lc kt ta, ra, nung trong khng kh n
khi lng khng i, thu c 5,2 gam cht rn D.
167
- in phn phn 2 vi in cc tr trong 10 pht vi dng in cng 10 ampe.
a. Tnh khi lng cc cht thot ra b mt cc in cc.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO
3
5M ha tan ht hn hp A, bit rng phn ng ch
to ra kh NO duy nht.
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
(Zn = 65; Cu = 64; Fe = 56; O = 16)
S: 1,9896g Cu; 0,4974g O
2
; 96 ml dd HNO
3
5M

CU HI N PHN IN PHN

1. in phn l g? S in phn khc vi s in ly th no? Cho th d c th
minh ha.

2. So snh s ging v khc nhau ca qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh trong phn
ng oxi ha v trong s in phn. Cho th d minh ha.

3. Ti sao khi in phn nc cn dung dch axit, dung dch baz hoc dung dch
mui (nh dung dch H
2
SO
4
; dung dch NaOH; dung dch KNO
3
)? Vit cc qu
trnh xy ra ti mi in cc khi in phn cc dung dch trn (dng in cc tr).

4. Trnh by s in phn cc dung dch sau y (in cc khng tan, c vch ngn):
KCl; KOH; CuCl
2
; FeSO
4
; HCl; Mg(NO
3
)
2
; AgNO
3
; NaBr; NiSO
4
; ZnCl
2
.

5. S in phn dung dch vi s in phn nng chy, s in phn no tn km
hn? Ti sao? S in phn nng chy thng c dng lm g? Trnh by s
in phn nng chy cc cht sau y: KCl; KOH; Al
2
O
3
.

6. Trong s in phn Al
2
O
3
nng chy nhm thu c kim loi nhm (Al) catot,
ngi dng thm cht criolit (Na
3
AlF
4
, AlF
3
.3NaF) lm g?

7. Pht biu nh lut Faraday. Vit biu thc ca nh lut Faraday v nu ngha
ca tng i lng trong biu thc ny.

8. Theo di s nh phn dung dch hn hp gm HCl v NaCl, dng in cc tr,
c vch ngn. pH ca dung dch thay i nh th no trong qu trnh in phn
dung dch hn hp trn?

9. Ti sao khi in phn m dng in cc anot tan, th anot ch c qu trnh oxi
ha in cc m khng c cc qu trnh oxi ha khc? Cho mt th d minh ho.

10. Ti sao khi in phn dung dch NaCl; dung dch K
2
SO
4
; dung dch CaCl
2
; dung
dch Mg(NO
3
)
2
th catot ch c qu trnh nc b kh m khng c cc qu trnh
kh khc?
168

11. Ti sao mt khi c nc b kh catot hay nc b oxi ha anot th khng c
qu trnh no khc khi in phn dung dch?

12. Cho vi git dung dch cht ch th mu phenolptalein vo dung dch KI ri em
in phn dung dch ny bng in cc than ch (carbon graphit), ta thy c si
bt kh mt in cc, v vng dung dch quanh in cc ny c mu tm hng,
cn vng dung dch quanh in cc cn li thy c mu vng. Hy gii thch hin
tng ny. Cho bit phenolptalein khng c mu trong mi trng axit v trung
tnh, nhng n c mu tm hng trong mi trng kim.

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Giao khoa hoa vo c Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

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