Mn hc

01/2011
Mng khng dy
(Wireless Network)
2
Gii thiu mn hc
M hc phn: 2201012168
S tn ch: 4(3,2,7)
Ln lp: 60 tit
D lp: trn 75%
Bi tp: trn lp v nh, tiu lun mn hc
Kim tra thng xuyn
Thi gia k v cui k
Khc: Theo yu cu ca ging vin
3
Mc tiu ca mn hc
Tm hiu nhiu mt ca cng ngh khng dy,
mng khng dy, kin trc v cc ng dng
Nm vng cc l thuyt v cng ngh truyn d
liu khng dy.
Hiu bit v cc thit b pht, thu ca mi trng
truyn dn khng dy
Nm c cc m hnh h thng mng khng dy
Xy dng c h thng mng ni b khng dy
(ad-hoc, access service)
Hiu bit l thuyt v ci t c bo mt trong
h thng mng khng dy (shared key, a ch
MAC, chng thc dng certificate)
4
Ni dung
Chng 1: Wireless communications principles
and fundamentals
Chng 2: Wireless local area networks
Chng 3: Wireless atm and ad hoc routing
Chng 4: Personal area networks (pans)
Chng 5: Security issues in wireless systems
5
CHNG 1:

Wireless communications
principles and fundamentals
(Ngun gc ca truyn thng khng
dy v cc nguyn tc c bn)
Hnh nh mng khng dy
Hnh nh mng khng dy
Hnh nh mng khng dy
9
1. Introduction (Gii thiu)
Cho n gn y Mng khng dy vn cn l tng i
mi i vi th trng gia nh.
Chun khng dy 802.11b, c s dng rng ri u
tin, c IEEE ph chun vo nm 1999.
Vo thi im , phn cng ni mng khng dy cn
rt t (1000USD/1 Access point)
Ngy nay gi thnh phn cng cho mng khng dy
gim.
Nhiu thit b di ng c h tr cng ngh mng
khng dy.

10
1. Introduction (tip)
c s dng rng ri trong truyn thng ch
trong vng 15-20 nm n nay
L mt trong cc lnh vc pht trin nht ca
cng nghip truyn thng
Hai c im mang li u th cho mng khng
dy l s di ng v tit kim gi thnh (ngy
cng h)
S di ng
Khi nim khng dy v di ng rt kh tch
ri
S di ng c nhiu u th

11
1. Introduction (tip)
Tit kim gi thnh
Ci t mng khng dy r rng i hi rt t
dy so vi mng c dy truyn thng
Khng s dng dy c bit c li trong cc
tnh hung
Lp t mng rt kh khn trong cc vng rng ln:
qua sng, bin hoc cc khu vc nhim c
Khng c php i dy: cc khu vc lch s
Trin khai mng tm: s dng trong thi gian ngn
12
Truy nhp khng dy
Hng triu ngi s dng thit b cm tay truy
nhp Internet
13
Tnh hnh hin nay
ang n lc nghin cu v trin khai mng
khng dy v di ng
Nng cao tc truyn d liu ca mng khng
dy, c dy v cc ng dng
Cc cng ngh: HDTV (High Definition( nt)
TeleVision), FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data
Interface), ISDN, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode), G (Generation)
14
Truy nhp khng dy
Biu tnh hnh Truy cp Internet di ng
(Thu bao Internet)
15
S pht trin ca mng khng dy
Truyn thng khng dy c trong lch s loi
ngi thi k xa xa: khi, gng phn chiu, c
hiu, la , trong Hy lp c.
Ngun gc ca mng khng dy bt u vi
truyn sng radio
Nm 1895, bi Guglielmo Marconi, khong cch l 18
dm
Nm 1901, truyn tn hiu radio qua bin i ty dng
Nm 1902, truyn c hai chiu qua bin
in thoi s dng sng radio ln u tin uc
thc hin nm 1915: hai tu bin ni chuyn
c vi nhau
16
in thoi di ng thi k ban u
Nm 1946, h thng in thoi di ng cng
cng u tin xut hin, Mobile Telephone
System (MTS), nc M ti 25 thnh ph
My thu pht ca MTS rt ln, dng cc t ni
chuyn vi nhau
H thng tng t, bn song cng (half-duplex)
S dng BS (Base Station _ trm c s)
Dng mt my pht cng sut ln ph ton b
khu vc hot ng ca h thng
Cc BS s dng cng mt tn s
Cc my in thoi khng truyn trc tip n BS m
truyn n cc im nhn
Cc cuc gi uc chuyn mch th cng
17
in thoi di ng thi k ban u
Ngoi nhc im chuyn mch cuc gi th
cng, s lng cc knh ca MTS rt gii hn
(3 knh)
Mt h thng nng cao ca MTS, gi l
Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS),
c a vo hot ng vo nhng nm
1960
Chuyn mch cuc gi t ng
H tr song cng
S lng knh tng (23 knh)
18
in thoi di ng tng t
Tuy nhin IMTS c s lng ngi dng nh,
khng thc t
S dng ph in t khng hiu qu
Cng sut ln ca my pht gy ra nhiu cho cc h
thng xung quanh
Cc nh nghin cu ti AT&T Bell Laboratories
tm ra khi nim ngn t ong (cellular)
Khi nim ny mang n mt cuc cch mng trong
lnh vc in thoi di ng
Thnh cng ca in thoi di ng vt qu s tng
tng ca nhng nh nghin cu thi by gi
19
in thoi di ng tng t
Khi nim ngn t ong
c xut vo nm 1947 bi D. H. Ring
Thay th cc BS phm vi ph rng bng cc
trm phm vi ph nh
Vng ph ca mt BS ny c gi l mt
ngn (cell)
Phm vi hot ng ca h thng c phn chia thnh mt
tp cc ngn k nhau v khng chng cho
Ph in t c chia thnh cc knh v mi ngn dng
mt tp cc knh ring
Cc ngn k nhau dng cc tp knh khc nhau trnh
nhiu
Cc ngn cch nhau c th dng li knh
S dng li tn s tng hiu qu ca vic s dng ph
20
in thoi di ng tng t
Mi BS kt ni qua dy cp vi mt thit b, gi l
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Cn h tr s di chuyn ca ngi dng t ngn
ny sang ngn khc m khng lm gim cht
lng ca cuc gi
Th h u tin ca h thng in thoi di ng
(1G)
c thit k vo cui nhng nm 1960 v trin khai
vo u nhng nm 1980
L hu du ca MTS/IMTS
L h thng tng t
21
in thoi di ng tng t
H thng thng mi u tin, c gi l
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), bt
u hot ng vo nm 1982
Ch truyn ting ni
S dng iu bin tn s (Frequence Modulation FM)
Ph in t ca mi ngn c phn chia thnh mt s cc
knh
Mi cuc gi c cp mt cp knh
Khi kt ni truyn thng bn trong phn c dy ca h
thng: s dng mng chuyn gi
Cc h thng tng t c p dng ti:
Total Access Communication System (TACS): Anh, ,
Ty ban nha, o
MCS-L1: Nht
Nodic Mobile Telephony (NMT): mt s nc khc
22
in thoi di ng s
Mt s nhc im ca cc h thng di ng
tng t c lm gim bt trong cc h thng
th h th hai (2G)
S ho biu din d liu
Ting ni c a qua thit b chuyn i A/D (Analog
to Digital)
u im ca cc h thng s so vi cc h
thng tng t
D liu s d dng c m ho bo m tnh c
nhn v bo mt
Gim c nhiu v li
Vic biu din d liu tng t lm cho cc h thng 1G
d b nhiu
K thut s c th thm cc k thut pht hin v sa li
C th nn, tng hiu qu s dng ph
23
in thoi di ng s
Chia s sng mang (RF_RADIO FREQUENCY):
Sng mang tn s Radio
S dng khe thi gian hoc m s ring cho tng ngi
dng
Ch cp cho ngi dng khi c ting ni hoc d liu gi
Mt s cc h thng 2G c trin khai trn ton
th gii
H tr SMS (Short Messaging Service)
nh danh ngi gi
C th gi d liu, tc thp (~10kbps)
Sau c nng cp ln 2.5G
Mt s khi nim v cng ngh xG
1G: (the first gerneration):y l th h in thoi
di ng u tin ca nhn loi. c trng ca h
thng 1G l:
Dung lng (capacity) thp
K thut chuyn mch tng t (circuit-switched)
Xc sut rt cuc gi cao
Kh nng handoff (chuyn cuc gi gia cc t
bo) khng tin cy
Cht lng m thanh rt ti
Khng c ch bo mt tt
Mt s khi nim v cng ngh xG (tip)
2G: (bao gm GSM (Global System Mobile) v
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access _ Phn
on a truy cp)
L th h ang c dng trn th gii:
- K thut chuyn mch s
- Dung lng ln
- Siu bo mt (High Security)
- NHiu dch v km theo nh truyn d liu, fax,
SMS (tin nhn),...
Mt s khi nim v cng ngh xG (tip)
3G (WCDMA) _ Third Generation
WCDMA l g?:
(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access),
ting Vit gi l a truy cp phn m bng
rng.
Xut hin u tin Japan. 3G c c im
ni bt so vi 2 th h trc:
- Truy cp Internet
- Truyn tn hiu video
3G l bng thng rng
Mt s khi nim v cng ngh xG (tip)
S khc nhau gia WCDMA v CDMA?
WCDMA cng da trn nn CDMA, nhng pht
trin theo mi carrier (phn t mang) l 5MHz
ch khng phi l 1.25MHz nh CDMA.
28
GSM
Ti chu u, ph in t xung quanh 900 MHz,
v sau 1800 MHz c phn cho cc h
thng 2G
Mt tiu chun chung cho chu u c hnh
thnh bi mt nhm lm vic tn l Global
System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM hin ti l cng ngh 2G ph bin nht
n nm 1999, mi tun c thm mt triu thu bao
mi
y l chun duy nht chu u
29
GSM (tip)
H thng GSM thng mi u tin vo nm
1992, s dng di tn 900 MHz
GSM ti chu M s dng di tn 1900 MHz,
450 MHz nhm h tr NMT (Nodic Mobile
Telephony).
GSM s dng cc knh theo tn s, c t
chc thnh cc khung, sau c chia thnh
cc khe thi gian
30
HSCSD v GPRS
GSM h tr mt s cng ngh m rng t
c tc truyn d liu cao hn: HSCSD (High
Speed Circuit Switched Data), GPRS (General
Packet Radio Service)
HSCSD
Cho ngi s dng nhiu khe thi gian hn trong mt
khung
Khng i xng
Lm gim thi gian s dng ca pin
Ph hp cho duyt Web
31
HSCSD v GPRS (tip)
GPRS
Cng nguyn tc vi HSCSD
Chuyn gi, s dng bng thng theo nhu cu
GPRS h tr nhiu mc tc : 14.4 n 171.2
kbps
i xng v khng i xng
GPRS
GPRS ( General Packet Radio Service) dch
v truyn tin ng gi khng dy tc
cao
GPRS l chun k tip ca chun di ng
GSM, v l bc chuyn tip t 2G -->
3G, chnh v vy ngi ta coi GPRS l 2,5G
Tc truyn d liu ca GSM l 9,6 kbps
cn GPRS c th t tc ti a l
171,2. Tuy nhin tc thc t hin nay
c th t c ch khong 40-50 kbps.
2. Quang ph in t
(The Electromagnetic Spectrum)
Ph in t: L mt khong no ca
sng in t.
Quang ph: Mt khong hp ca ph in
t, tng ng vi nh sng.
Ph in t
Cc in t khi chuyn ng to ra sng in t
lan truyn trong khng gian (thm ch trong
chn khng)
S dng ng ten c th truyn v bt sng in
t truyn qua khng gian
Cc tnh cht ca sng in t
Tc rung cc in t xc nh tn s ca sng
(s lng cc dao ng ca sng trong mt
giy), o bng hertz
Bc sng (khong cch gia hai im cao nht
hoc thp nht lin tip)
Bin chiu cao ca im cc n trc biu din
cng sng
Ph in t (tip)
c =
c: hng s, tc ca nh sng (c = 299 792 458
m/s xp x 300 nghn km/s)
Bit bit c
Nu tnh bng mt, tnh bng MHz, 300
( = 100 MHz, 3m; = 1000 MHz, 0.3m)
Tc truyn trong cc cht liu khc gim i
Ph in t (tip)

Ph in t (tip)

Ph in t (tip)
Tham gia vo thnh phn iu khin c 2 thnh phn:
Tn hiu ban u x(t): hm tin. Hm tin x(t) l khch quan
yu cu, bt k
Ti tin: Dao ng c tn s cao u(t). Hm ti tin u(t) l do k
thut ch ng.
Phn loi iu bin:
Loi 1: tn hiu iu bin cao tn, hm ti tin u(t) c chn
dao ng iu ha c tn s cao.
Loi 2: tn hiu iu bin xung, l mt dy xung (tn hiu t
bin) tun hon c tn s cao.
Loi 3: tn hiu iu bin s: cc hm tin x(t) c dng s
(0,1), bc x.

Cc di tn v c tnh ca chng
Ph in t c phn chia thnh mt s
di tn
Phn sng radio, sng cc ngn, sng hng
ngoi, nh sng ca ph u c dng trong
truyn thng bng cch iu bin
Tia cc tm, tia X, tia gamma thm ch cn tt
hn cho truyn thng do c tn s cao, nhng
kh to ra v iu bin
Cc di tn v c tnh ca chng (tip)
Tn ca cc di tn da trn bc sng
ca chng
LF, MF, HF: Low, Medium, High Frequency
LF c bc sng t 1 n 3 km (30 n 300
kHz)
VHF, UHF, SHF, EHF, THF: Very, Ultra, Super,
Extremely, Tremendously High Frequency
Cc di tn v c tnh ca chng (tip)
Mi di tn u nh nhau trong truyn thng?
Di tn cao hn c bng thng ln hn
Tuy nhin di tn sau vng nh sng him khi c s
dng trong truyn thng do chng kh iu bin v
nguy him
Tn hiu c tn s cao chu s suy yu nhiu hn, c
tm ngn hn v d b chn li bi cc chng ngi vt
trn ng i
2. Quang ph in t
Quang ph in t (electromagnatic spectrum) gm
rt nhiu loi bc x vi nhng bc sng khc nhau.
Mi loi bc x y gi l tia.
Bt u t bc x c bc sng di nht l ln sng v
tuyn (radio) di t 1000 mt n 1/10 mt.
Sau l tia vi ba (microwave), bc sng di t 1/10
mt n 1/1000 mt.
Ngn hn na ta c tia hng ngoi, ta cm thy c
sc nng ca chng.
T bc sng 4/10,000,000 n bc sng
7/10,000,000 mt l tm sng ca tia sng ta c th
nhn thy.
Sau cng l tia t ngoi, x ray v gamma.
43
Cc h thng truyn d liu khng dy
Trong cc h thng truyn d liu khng dy, d
liu c s ho ngay t ban u.
D liu truyn bng n so vi cng ngh c
H thng u tin c pht trin nm 1971 ti
trng tng hp Hawaii, d n ALOHANET
T tng l truyn d liu hai chiu gia cc my tnh
trn bn o vi my tnh trung tm trn o Oahu m
khng s dng ng in thoi
S dng topology hnh sao
Hiu qu cn thp, u im l n gin, khng h tr s
di ng.
Tuy nhin n l c s ca cc h thng truyn d liu
khng dy ngy nay
44
Cc h thng truyn d liu khng dy
din rng
Paging systems
H thng mt chiu, da trn khi nim ngn
Tc truyn d liu thp hng n ngi dng di
ng
C th truyn cc thng ip ngn cho ngi dng
Truyn qung b t nhiu BS (Base Station)
Khng cn nh v ngi dng di ng v nh tuyn
Thit b nhn khng cn c phn cng phc tp, gi
thp v kch thc nh
Ph bin trong nhiu nm nhng khng pht trin na
do s cnh tranh
45
Cc h thng truyn d liu khng dy
din rng
Mobitex:
H thng chuyn gi pht trin bi Ericsson
cho cc ng dng telemetry
Vng ph rng, tc truyn 8 kbps
Cc BS gn trn cc thp, mi nh
Truy nhp ng truyn c thc hin nh
mt giao thc kiu ALOHA
c trin khai th trng M nm 1998
cung cp truy nhp Internet tc thp
46
Cc h thng truyn d liu khng dy
din rng
Ardis
H thng chuyn mch pht trin bi Motorola
v IBM
C hai phin bn ca Ardis cn gi l DataTAC
Mobile Data Communication 4800 (MDC4800), 4.8
kbps
Radio Data Link Access Protocol (RD-LAP), 19.2 kbps,
tng thch vi MDC4800
S dng cc BS gn trn cc thp, mi nh
Cc BS ni vi mng xung sng
Truy nhp ng truyn nh mt giao thc
kiu ALOHA
3. c im v m hnh truyn
khng dy
a, c im ca truyn thng khng dy:
Hn ch ca dung lng knh truyn
M hnh lu thng, nh v user, iu kin mng
lun thay i
Cc ng dng khng ng nht
Gii hn v nng lng v tr ca thit k khi
i qua cc lp ca h thng

So snh h thng Mng Khng dy
v Mng C dy
3. c tnh v m hnh truyn khng
dy (tip)
b, M hnh truyn thng khng dy:

Cc c tnh v m hnh truyn
khng dy (tip)
Khi lng thng tin c th c chuyn qua
mt knh khng c nhiu, cng thc Shannon

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
N
S
H W 1 log
2
Trong
W: Gii hn trn ca tc bit
H: Bng thng ca knh
S: Nng lng ca tn hiu (signal)
N: Nng lng ca nhiu (thermal noise)
S/N: t l signal-to-noise
W: tc bt cc i ca mt knh ca mi trng
truyn dn bt k theo l thuyt thng tin
Cc c tnh v m hnh truyn
khng dy (tip)
Tc bit t c trn cc knh khng dy thc s thp
hn nhiu do:
Nhiu yu t ca s suy yu trn cc knh khng
dy gy ra li lm gim tc bit
Cc yu t ny do tnh cht vt l ca truyn sng
Free space path loss
Doppler Shift
S phn x ca sng
S tn x ca sng
S nhiu x ca sng
Cc c tnh v m hnh truyn
khng dy (tip)
Free space path loss:
S suy yu ca tn hiu do khong cch gia my pht
v my thu
Doppler Shift(chuyn ng)
Do s di ng ca trm
Tn s ca tn hiu thu khng ging vi tn hiu pht
Trong hnh bn cnh, ngun sng di chuyn sang tri.
Tn s bn tri cao hn v bn phi thp hn
Cc c tnh v m hnh truyn
khng dy (tip)
S phn x
S thay i hng ca sng khi gp mt mi trng
khc v tr li mi trng ban u
S tn x
Xy ra khi tn hiu gp chng ngi vt
Nng lng ca tn hiu b tn ra nhiu hng v rt
kh phn on
Cc c tnh v m hnh truyn
khng dy (tip)
S nhiu x
Xy ra khi sng in t gp chng ngi vt khng th
xuyn qua
Sng hnh thnh pha sau chng ngi vt
Nng lng ca sng gim i so vi ban u
Mc nhiu x ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu,
UHF v sng cc ngn cn c LOS (Light Of Sight)
bo m cng ca sng
Cc c tnh v m hnh truyn
khng dy (tip)
S truyn a ng
Tn hiu di li do i theo nhiu ng v chiu di ng
i khc nhau
Dn n s thay i ca tn hiu thu
C th kh tn hiu thu
cng tr ca knh
Khong thi gian gia tn hiu thu u tin v tn hiu di
li cui cng
InterSymbol Interference (ISI) - S giao thoa gia k
hiu
S xut hin nng lng ca k hiu trc trong thi gian
tch sng mt k hiu
cng tr ca knh tng ng vi thi gian tch sng
k hiu
M hnh truyn thng khng dy
Truyn thng v tuyn truyn cc tn hiu qua
khng trung v khng gian s dng radio,
microwave, v cc tn s hng ngoi.
Ba loi truyn thng v tuyn l:
Truyn thng v tuyn di ng (Wireless mobile
communications): Truyn thng sng v tuyn qua cc
tin ch cng cng s dng packet-radio, cc mng
cellular, v cc trm v tinh i vi cc ngi s dng
lm vic bn ngoi vn phng hay lm vic ngay trn l
trnh ca h.


M hnh truyn thng khng dy (tip)
Ba loi truyn thng v tuyn l:
Truyn thng LAN v tuyn (Wireless LAN communication)
Truyn thng sng v tuyn c thc hin trong cc khu
vc ca mt cng ty thng qua thit b.
Bc cu ni v tuyn v lin mng (Wireless bridging and
internetworking). Truyn thng sng v tuyn c s
dng kt ni cc ta nh v cc phng tin trong cc
khun vin trng s, cc khu vc trung tm, hay cc vn
phng cc v tr khc trn hnh tinh ny (s dng v
tinh).


M hnh truyn thng khng dy
mt mng my tnh c th truyn d liu
th n cn phi c nhng yu t sau:
Mi my tnh cn phi c mt a ch phn
bit trn mng.
Nhng quy nh thng nht gi l giao
thc ca mng.
Mi trng truyn
M hnh truyn thng n gin 3 tng
Ni chung trong truyn thng c s tham
gia ca cc thnh phn:
Cc chng trnh ng dng,
Cc chng trnh truyn thng
Cc my tnh v cc mng.
Cc chng trnh ng dng l cc chng trnh ca
ngi s dng c thc hin trn my tnh v c
th tham gia vo qu trnh trao i thng tin gia
hai my tnh.
M hnh truyn thng n gin 3 tng (tip)
Vic gi d liu c thc hin gia mt ng
dng vi mt ng dng khc trn hai my tnh
khc nhau thng qua mng c thc hin nh
sau:
ng dng gi chuyn d liu cho chng trnh
truyn thng trn my tnh ca n, chng trnh
truyn thng s gi chng ti my tnh nhn.
Chng trnh truyn thng trn my nhn s tip
nhn d liu, kim tra n trc khi chuyn giao
cho ng dng ang ch d liu.
M hnh truyn thng n gin 3 tng (tip)
Vi m hnh truyn thng n gin ngi ta chia
chng trnh truyn thng thnh ba tng khng
ph thuc vo nhau l:
Tng ng dng
Tng chuyn vn
Tng tip cn mng.
Tng tip cn mng lin quan ti vic trao i d
liu gia my tnh v mng m n c ni vo.
M hnh truyn thng n gin 3 tng (tip)
Tng truyn d liu thc hin qu trnh truyn
thng khng lin quan ti mng v nm trn
tng tip cn mng.
Tng truyn d liu khng quan tm ti bn cht
cc ng dng ang trao i d liu m quan tm
ti lm sao cho cc d liu c trao i mt
cch an ton.
M hnh truyn thng n gin 3 tng (tip)
Tng ng dng s cha cc module phc
v cho tt c nhng ng dng ca ngi
s dng.
Vi cc loi ng dng khc nhau (nh l
truyn tp tin, truyn th mc...) th cn
cc module khc nhau.
4.Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(Truyn d liu tng t v d liu s)
Trong truyn thng tng t, tn hiu m bin
ca n bin i lin tc c truyn i qua mi
trng truyn dn.
Vic ti to li tn hiu tng t nguyn gc ti
u nhn l iu rt kh do c nhiu yu t nh
hng ti cht lng ca tn hiu.
Do , cc h thng truyn thng tng t chu
tc ng mnh bi nhiu.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Tn hiu in c to ra t mt b chuyn i
(hay b bin nng transducer) nh microphone
hoc my ghi hnh l tn hiu tng t, tc l
bin ca tn hiu thay i lin tc theo thi
gian.
Vic truyn tn hiu tng t ny (vi nhng
bin i cn thit) ti u nhn c gi l
truyn dn tng t.
Tuy nhin, ti u nhn, vic m bo rng tn
hiu hon ton khng b sai lch do s suy gim
cht lng truyn dn l iu rt kh.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Trong mt h thng truyn thng s, cc bit 1 v
0 c truyn i di dng cc xung in p.
V th, ngay c khi in p b sai lch do nhiu,
khng qu kh nhn ra mc in p ti u
nhn.
Do , truyn thng s t b nh hng bi nhiu
hn truyn thng tng t.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Tn hiu do mt my tnh to ra l tn hiu s. Tn
hiu s c ln bin l mt s c nh.
V d, m nh phn 1 (bit 1) c th c biu
din bi mt mc in p cao (v d, 5V) v bit 0
c th c biu din bi mt mc in p thp
hn (v d, 0V).
Nu tn hiu ny c truyn qua mi trng
truyn dn (d nhin, cn c thm cc bin i
cn thit), th u nhn ch cn nhn ra nhng
mc in p cao hoc thp ny.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Nu tn hiu c cht t sai lch do nhiu, vn
khng qu kh khn nhn ra cc mc in p
tng ng cc bit 0 v bit 1.
V d, ta c th ni rng nu tn hiu c mc in
p cao hn 2.5V l bit 1, v nu nh hn 2.5V l
bit 0.
Tr khi tn hiu b h hng nng, cn khng u
nhn c th d dng nhn ra bit c truyn i l
0 hay 1.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Nhng li th ca h thng s l:
Tin cy hn trong truyn dn do ch cn phn
bit gia cc bit 1 v 0.
Tn t chi ph trin khai do nhng tin b trong
ch to chip x l.
D dng ghp cc loi tn hiu khc nhau (thoi,
hnh nh, d liu,)
Vic bo mt h thng truyn thng tr nn d
dng hn.

Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Truyn dn tng t
Khng quan tm n ni dung d liu c truyn
Suy gim khi truyn xa
Dng b khuch i (amplifier) truyn d liu i xa
Khuch i c tn hiu ln nhiu
Truyn dn s
Quan tm n ni dung d liu c truyn.
Nhiu v s suy gim tn hiu s nh hng n s
tch hp.
Dng b lp (repeater) truyn d liu i xa.
Khng khuch i nhiu.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Thng ip truyn gia ngun v ch c th l
tng t hoc s
Tn hiu c th l tng t hoc s
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
S khc nhau gia cc h thng ngy nay v trc
y l k thut truyn s liu
K thut tng t cho cc h thng ch c ting ni
K thut s cho cc h thng truyn s liu, v d
nh truyn file
Cc u im ca k thut s so vi tng t
Tnh tin cy
Biu din d liu di dng s lm tng kh nng
chu nhiu
C th s dng cc thut ton pht hin v sa li
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
S dng ph hiu qu
t li xut hin
Nn d liu
Bo mt
p dng cho vic m ho d liu s
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Bin i tn hiu:
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
(tip)
Note: Tt c cc h thng truyn thng mi
c pht trin gn y u l cc h thng s.
Ch c cc ng dng qung b (nh truyn hnh,
pht thanh) l cc h thng tng t vn cn
c s dng rng ri.
5.Modulation Techniques for Wireless
Systems
(Cng ngh iu bin cho h thng wireless)
mng c dy, s iu bin c dng
truyn cc tn hiu mang d liu digital trn
ng in thoi.
Modem mi u kt ni s thc hin cc
chuyn i digital-analog v analog-digital
Tn hiu analog vi tn s c bit c gi l tn
hiu mang.
Modem gi thc hin iu bin tn hiu mang,
modem nhn s gii iu bin n.
5.Modulation Techniques for Wireless
Systems
(Cng ngh iu bin cho h thng wireless)
iu bin l k thut bin s liu thnh sng in
t gi qua knh khng dy
Thay i thuc tnh ca sng radio hay cn gi l
sng mang c tn s ca knh khng dy
Cc k thut iu bin c chia lm hai loi
iu bin Tng t
iu bin S

6. Cc c ch iu bin tn hiu
mng Wifi
Differential Binary Phase-shift Keying (DBPSK):
DBPSK, cn gi l BPSK, l c ch iu bin tn hiu
dng cho giao tip tc 1Mbps ca chun 802.11 ban
u.
Quadrature Phase-shift Keying (QPSK): QPSK l c
ch iu bin tn hiu dng cho giao tip tc 2Mbps
ca chun 802.11 ban u.
Complementary Code Keying (CCK): CCK l c ch
iu bin tn hiu dng cho giao tip tc 5.5Mbps v
11Mbps ca chun 802.11b



Cc c ch iu bin tn hiu mng Wifi
(tip)
Orthogonal Frequency-division Multiplexing
(OFDM): OFDM l c ch iu bin v tri rng tn s
trong chun 802.11a v 802.11g cho giao tip tc 6,
9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 v 54Mbps. N hot ng bng
cch iu bin nhiu tn s cng mt lc, cc chun
802.11x khc ch iu bin tng tn s ring bit.
CCK-OFDM: hot ng tc 22Mbps
CCK-OFDM (hoc CCK/OFDM) l mt c ch iu bin
ty chn ca 802.11g dng trnh ng vi mng
802.11b do hot ng cng tn s 2.4GHz. N dng CCK
cho phn u ca gi tin (preamble v header) v OFDM
cho d liu.
iu bin tng t
iu ch bin hay cn gi l iu
bin (AM - Amplitude Moducation)
L mt k thut c s dng trong in t vin
thng, ph bin nht l dng truyn thng tin
qua mt sng mang v tuyn.
AM lm vic bng cch thay i bin ca tn
hiu sng mang theo bin ca tn hiu thng
tin cn gi i, hay ni cch khc l iu ch
sng mang theo tn hiu mang tin.

iu bin tng t (tip)
iu bin bin (AM Amplitude
Modulation)
S dng trong pht thanh radio

s(t) = (1 + x(t))cos(2t)
Trong :
x(t): tn hiu cha thng tin
c(t): sng mang, c(t) = cos(2t)
s(t): tn hiu qua iu bin
: tn s ca sng mang
iu bin tng t (tip)
iu bin tng t (tip)
iu bin tn s (FM Frequency Modulation)
Bin i tn s ca sng mang thay v bin
Kh nng chu nhiu tt hn AM
FM c s dng trong AMPS
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
}
t
x(t)dt ) 2 cos( ) ( t A t s A: Bin ca sng mang
iu bin tn hiu s
Chuyn dy bit thnh dng sng lin tc
Cng nh iu bin tng t, iu bin s
bin i thuc tnh ca sng mang
Cc k thut iu bin s ph bin l:
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): hai mc v 4
mc
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) v cc bin th
(Tham kho ti liu)
iu bin tn hiu s
D liu s -Tn hiu s
Tn hiu s
Xung in p ri rc, khng lin tc
Mi xung l mt phn t tn hiu
D liu nh phn c m ha thnh cc phn
t tn hiu

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Bit 1 c biu din
bng s c mt ca
sng mang, bit 0 -
khng c sng mang
Trong
A: bin ca sng mang
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Bit 1 c biu din
bi s c mt ca
sng mang c tn s
+ k, bit 0 - tn s
k, k: offset

Cn c gi l binary FSK
(BFSK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Four-level FSK
Truyn c 2 bit cho mt ln thay tn s: tc bit tng gp
i tc bt (baud rate). Trong tc bt c nh ngha
l s ln thay i thuc tnh ca sng mang trong mt n v
thi gian
BFSK v four-level FSK c s dng trong 802.11 WLAN
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Bit 0 c biu din
bi s c mt ca
sng mang, bit 1 -
s c mt ca sng
mang vi s lch pha
l raian


Cn c gi l binary PSK
(BPSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrate (four-level) PSK (QPSK) s dng 4 pha
lch nhau /2 raian
QPSK v cc kiu iu bin 5 mc khc thch hp cho mi trng
di ng
7. Multiple Access for Wireless Systems
(a truy cp cho h thng khng dy)
Cc cng ngh a truy cp l nn tng ca cc h
thng thng tin a dng, a truy cp v tuyn
ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring.
Cc cng ngh ny cho php cc h thng a
truy cp v tuyn phn b ti nguyn v tuyn
mt cch hiu sut cho ngi s dng.



Multiple Access for Wireless Systems
(a truy cp cho h thng khng dy)
H thng a truy cp khng dy s dng cng ngh
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple
Access - a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao)
c cc c im sau:
Khong cch gia trm thu v pht c th ti 50km.
Tc truyn c th thay i, ti a 70Mbit/s.
Hot ng trong c hai mi trng truyn dn: ng
truyn tm nhn thng LOS (Line of Sight) v ng
truyn che khut NLOS (Non line of sight).
Di tn lm vic 2-11GHz v t 10-66GHz hin v
ang c tiu chun ho.
a truy cp cho h thng khng dy
Cc nt trong mng khng dy chia s
mt mi trng truyn dn chung cho
vic truyn tn hiu
Cc giao thc MAC (Multiple Access
Protocol)
L cc thut ton xc nh cch thc chia s
mi trng truyn dn khng dy gia cc
nt tham gia
c chia thnh 3 loi
Gn c nh: v d TDMA, FDMA
Truy nhp ngu nhin: ALOHA, CSMA/CA
Gn theo nhu cu: thm d (polling)
Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
FDMA chia ph thnh cc bng nh v cp pht mi bng
(knh) cho mt ngi dng
Trong cc h thng di ng, vic cp pht knh thc hin
theo cp
Mt knh cho lu lng t BS n ngi dng, mt knh
theo chiu ngc li
Tn s ca knh chiu xung cao hn knh chiu ln gim
tiu hao nng lng pha ngi dng
Hai vn ca FDMA
Knh chiu xung v chiu ln c bng thng nh nhau
Nhiu gia cc knh nu khng c bng gc

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
TDMA chia mt bng tn
thnh nhiu khe thi gian
N khe, ch N-1 khe cho ln
truyn tip theo
Knh hng xung v
hng ln c th c thc
hin theo FDD-TDMA hoc
TDD-TDMA
Yu im ca TDMA
Vn ng b trong TDMA
S dng thi gian gc
Tng tng ti (overhead)
nu khe thi gian qu ngn
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Cc kiu TDMA ng
Binder
Gi s s ngi s dng t hn s khe
Mi ngi dng c cp mt khe gi l khe ch v cnh tranh
trong cc khe cn li s dng ALOHA
Cc ngi s dng khc cng c th dng khe ch
Crowther
Mi ngi dng cnh tranh khe thi gian dng ALOHA
Khi bt c mt khe ngi dng c th s dng n trong
khung TDMA tip theo
Roberts
S dng mt khe c bit (khe ng k)
Mi ngi dng gi i mt yu cu ng k vo mt khe ngu
nhin
Cc khe c gn theo th t
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Hot ng theo nguyn tc khc hn vi FDMA v
TDMA
c c t trong tiu chun International
Standard IS-95
CDMA cho php mi ngi dng s dng ton b
ph v s dng l thuyt m ha (coding theory)
v cho rng cc tn hiu c cng tuyn tnh
Chip
Mi bit thi gian c chia thnh m khong thi gian
nh hn gi l chip
Mi trm c gn mt chip duy nht m bit gi l dy
chip (V d 00011011)
Tt c cc dy chip c c im l trc giao tng cp

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Hiu qu s dng
bng thng cao hn
Yu im
Mc in nng ca
mi ngi dng phi
nh nhau
ng b ho gia my
pht v my thu s
dng tn hiu hoa tiu
ALOHA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA)
ALOHA thun tu
Khi mt my c gi tin truyn, my truyn
ngay lp tc
Nu xy ra hin tng xung t, khung b hng
v loi
Nng sut ca ALOHA: gi tin n c ch
cn
Khng c ln truyn no khc bt u trong khung
thi gian t khi bt u truyn
Khng c ln truyn no ang din ra
u im chnh l s n gin

ALOHA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA)
CSMA hiu qu hn ALOHA
Nghe ng truyn v tr hon
Cc bin th ca CSMA
P-Persistent CSMA: ch cho ln truyn nghe
c kt thc v truyn vi xc sut p
Non-persistent CSMA: tr hon v truyn sau
mt khong thi gian ngu nhin

ALOHA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA)
It xung t hn ALOHA
Thut ton tm lui cp m
CSMA-Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA) l
giao thc cn bn ca 802.11
8. The Ad Hoc and Semi Ad Hoc
Concepts & Network Topology
Determination
(Khi nim Ad Hoc v Semi Ad Hoc & s xc
nh hnh trng mng)
Ad Hoc l g?
Ad hoc trong ngha mng khng dy c th
hiu l tu bin.
Ad hoc networks l im bin cui cng ca
thng tin khng dy (thng tin v tuyn).
Cng ngh ny cho php cc nodes (im ni)
mng truyn trc tip vi nhau s dng b thu
pht khng dy (wireless transceiver) m khng
cn bt c mt c s h tng c nh no.
Semi Ad hoc: cng ngh bn tu bin
Ad Hoc l g? (tip)
y l mt c tnh ring bit ca ad hoc
network so vi cc mng khng dy truyn thng
nh cc mng chia (cellular networks) v mng
WLAN, trong cc nodes (v d nh cc thu
bao in thoi di ng) giao tip vi nhau thng
qua cc trm v tuyn c s (wired radio
antennae).
Ad hoc networks c mong i s lm cch
mng ha thng tin khng dy trong mt vi
nm ti bng vic b sung thm vo cc m hnh
mng truyn thng (Internet, cellular networks..)
S xc nh hnh trng mng
Mt mng ad-hoc (hay mng ad-hoc di
ng) - MANET (mobile ad-hoc network) - l
mt mng t cu hnh gm cc thit b nh
tuyn di ng (mobile routers) c kt ni
vi nhau bng cc lin kt khng dy.
Ton b cc thit b ny to nn mt hnh
trng (topo) mng tu .

S xc nh hnh trng mng (tip)
Cc thit b nh tuyn c php di chuyn ngu
nhin v t t chc chng mt cch tu , v th
hnh trng mng khng dy ny c th thay i
rt nhanh v khng th on trc.
Mt mng ad-hoc l mt tp hp cc kt ni trc
tip (P2P) c hnh thnh mt cch t ng v
tu gia cc nt m khng cn n c s h
tng mng, thit b iu khin trung tm hay mt
thit b no khc can thip vo.
c trng Mng ad hoc
Mng ad hoc c trng
bi cc c im sau:
Mt tp hp cc host hnh
thnh mng Ad hoc
Cc host truyn tin s dng
cc knh khng dy
Cc nt trong mng ad hoc
s dng cc nt khc lm
nt trung chuyn
Cc nt c th ng vai tr
nh b nh tuyn
Cc host di ng c th
chuyn dch v tr
c trng Mng ad hoc
Topology ca mng ad hoc l mt th trong cc
nh l cc host, cnh gia hai host biu th s trong
phm vi lin lc ca hai host
Tn khc ca mng ad hoc l MANET (Mobile Ad hoc
NETwork)
MANET c xc nh c cc c tnh:
T p mng ng: Cc nt c th di chuyn theo hng
bt k.
Bng thng gii hn, mc s dng thay i, ng kt
ni khng i xng
Ngun nng lng c gii hn
D b nh hng do vn an ninh
Mt v d ca mng ad hoc
Mt nhm cc robot c kh nng truyn tin c nhim v
tm hiu a hnh v gi cc thng tin thu thp c
Cc robot di chuyn v mt robot c nh lin lc vi
bn ngoi
Cc robot to thnh mt mng khng c c s h tng
Cc robot gi thng tin iu
khin cho robot c nh v
gi hnh nh thu c v cho
robot c nh

Mt v d ca mng ad hoc (tip)
Cc vn c th xy ra trong m hnh trn?
Mng b phn tch do cc host di chuyn hoc mt
gi tin
Vng truyn thng hn ch, do cn c s hp tc
gia cc nt gi i cc gi tin
Tnh cht truyn rng d gy ra cc vn v an
ninh
Nng lng ca pin c gii hn
Minh ha mng Ad hoc
9. Wireless Services
(Cc dch v mng khng dy)
IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set): Tp
dch v c s c lp
BSS (Basic Service Set): Tp dch v c s
ESS (Extended Service Set): Tp dch v m
rng

IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set)
Tp dch v c s c lp
Mt IBSS l mt nhm cc trm 802.11 lin lc trc tip
(thy nhau theo ngha quang hc) vi nhau v nh vy
ch lin lc c trong khong thy nhau.
IBSS cn c cp n nh l mt mng ad-hoc bi
v v c bn th n l mt mng khng dy peer-to-peer
(ngang hng).
Mng khng dy nh nht c th l mt IBSS vi hai
trm.
BSS (Basic Service Set)
Tp dch v c s
BSS l mt nhm cc trm thu pht truyn thng vi
nhau hay cn gi l mt Infrastructure BSS.
Infrastructure BSS c im khc bit vi IBSS l s dng
mt Access Point (AP).
Access point l im trung tm trong qu trnh truyn
thng gia cc trm trong Infrastructure BSS, cc trm
client (khch) khng lin lc trc tip vi nhau m chng
lin lc vi nhau qua access point v access point
chuyn tip (forward) cc khung d liu n trm ch.
BSS (Basic Service Set)
Tp dch v c s
Khi khu vc dch v c bn (basic service area) tng
ng vi mt Infrastructure BSS c nh ngha l
nhng im m ti c th nhn c tn hiu v
tuyn t access point.
Access point c th c trang b mt cng uplink
(hng ln) kt ni BSS n mt mng c dy (v d
nh Ethernet uplink).
ESS (Extended Service Set)
Tp dch v m rng
BSS c th s dng trong vn phng nh hoc gia nh
nhng khng th s dng trong khu vc ln. 802.11 cho
php xy dng mng khng dy kch thc ln bng
cch lin kt cc BSS vo mt ESS.
Cc BSS kt ni vi nhau vo mt mng ng trc to
thnh mt ESS. Tt c cc access point trong ESS c
gn cng gi tr nhn dng dch v (SSID: Same Service
Identifier nh danh tp dch v).
ESS (Extended Service Set)
Tp dch v m rng
802.11 khng c t mt k thut ng trc c bit,
n ch yu cu mng ng trc cung cp mt tp cc
dch v c th.
Cc trm trong cng ESS c th lin lc vi nhau thm
ch cc trm ny c th nhng khu vc dch v khc
nhau v thm ch c th di chuyn gia cc khu vc ny
vi nhau.
ESS (Extended Service Set)
Tp dch v m rng
cc trm trong ESS lin lc vi nhau, mi trng
khng dy phi hot ng nh mt kt ni lp 2 ring
l.
Access point hot ng nh cc Bridge v vy truyn
thng trc tip gia cc trm trong mt ESS yu cu
mng ng trc ging nh l kt ni lp 2.
Cc access point th h th nht (First_Generation) yu
cu cc kt ni lp 2 trc tip thng qua cc Hub hay
cc mng cc b o, cc thit b mi th hin rt nhiu
k thut ng hm m phng mi trng lp 2.
Cc dch v
Phn thnh 2 loi dch v chnh:
Cc dch v ti trm (Station Services): cc dch v ti
trm l mt phn ca mi trm 802.11 v phi c kt hp
vi cc thit b i hi chun 802.11.
Cc dch v ti trm c cung cp bi c cc trm di ng
v cc giao tip khng dy trn cc access point.
Cc trm cung cp cc dch v truyn khung d liu cho php
truyn thng ip v chng c th cn s dng cc dch v
chng thc to cc kt hp/kt ni (association).
Cc trm cng tn dng cc chc nng bo mt bo v
cc thng ip khi chng di chuyn qua cc lin kt khng
dy khng an ton.
Cc dch v (tip)
Cc dch v h thng phn tn (Distribution
System Services):
Cc dch v h thng phn tn kt ni cc access point vo
h thng phn tn.
Vai tr chnh ca cc access point l m rng cc dch v
trong mng c dy ra mng khng dy bng cch cung cp
cc dch v phn tn v tch hp cho mng khng dy.
Qun l vic kt hp cc trm di ng l mt vai tr chnh
khc ca h thng phn tn.
duy tr thng tin d liu kt hp v v tr cc trm, h
thng phn tn s dng cc dch v kt hp, ti kt hp v
phn ly.
10. Data Delivery Approaches
(Cc phng php phn pht d liu -
Cc kiu truyn thng)
Khi nim Wireless LAN cells:
Phm vi ph sng ca mt AP c gi l mt cell. Cc
client trong mt cell c th kt hp vi AP v sau truy
cp mng WLAN.



10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)

+ Mt Access Point (AP) c th cung cp kt ni WLAN n
cc client ch trong tm vc pht sng ca n. Phm vi
tn hiu c th c nh ngha mt cch tng i bi
loi n ten ang c dng cho AP.
+ Trong mi trng khng kh, phm vi ny c th l mt
hnh cu bao bc xung quanh mt n ten v hng. t
nht, phm vi ph sng s xut hin nh mt vng trn
trn mt bng ca sn.
+ Phm vi ph sng l ba chiu, ngha l chng nh hng
n cc sn bn trn v bn di, trong trng hp ta
trin khai trong mt to nh nhiu tng.

10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)

V tr t AP phi c hoch nh k lng sao cho
phm vi ph sng t c mc cn thit. Mc d
thit k v tr t AP theo mt s no , hot ng
tht s ca wireless lan s lun hot ng trong tnh
trng thay i.
iu l do v tr ca AP l c nh, cc my trm
khng dy c th thay i v tr thng xuyn.
Vn di chuyn ca cc my trm c th lm cho
phm vi ph sng ca AP tr nn kh khn hn d kin.
Cc my trm c th di chuyn vng quanh v pha sau
nhng vt cn trong mt phng, pha sau tng, ca.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
+ im ni im (Point-to-point): truyn
thng din ra gia 2 im u cui.
+ V d, trong trng hp ca truyn thng bng
ging ni s dng in thoi, c mt bn thc
hin cuc gi v bn cn li nhn cuc gi.
+ Truyn thng dng ny c gi l im-ni-
im.

10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
+ im ni im (Point-to-point):
Minh ho:


10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
im ni nhiu im (Point-to-multipoint):
Trong kiu truyn thng ny, c mt bn gi v nhiu
bn nhn.
V d, trong mt cuc hi thoi (voice conferencing),
mt ngi s ni v nhiu ngi khc lng nghe.
Thng ip t ngi gi c truyn ti ti nhiu ngi
nghe (multicast).
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
im ni nhiu im (Point-to-multipoint):
Minh ho:

10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Qung b (broadcasting): c mt im trung tm m
t thng tin c gi ti nhiu ngi nhn.
V d nh vic qung b hnh nh t i truyn hnh
hoc qung b m thanh t i pht thanh.
Trong mt h thng qung b, nhng ngi nhn
trng thi th ng (ch lng nghe hoc ch xem nhn),
v khng c mt tuyn ng dnh ring cho vic
truyn thng.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Qung b (broadcasting):
Minh ho:
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Truyn n cng (simplex):
Vic truyn thng ch xy ra theo mt chiu duy nht.
C mt bn gi v mt bn nhn.
Bn gi ch c nhim v gi thng tin, bn nhn ch vic
nhn thng tin v 2 bn khng th thay i vai tr cho
nhau.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Truyn n cng (simplex):
Minh ho:
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Truyn bn song cng (Half-duplex):
Truyn thng gia 2 thc th (my tnh hoc con ngi)
c th xy ra theo c 2 chiu, nhng ti mt thi im
mt thc th ch c th gi hoc nhn thng tin.
My b m cm tay (walkie-talkie) s dng phng
thc truyn tin ny.
Nhng h thng kiu ny yu cu bng thng knh
truyn gii hn, v vy y l nhng h thng c chi ph
thp.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Truyn bn song cng (Half-duplex):
Minh ho:
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
+ Truyn song cng (Full-duplex):
- + Trong mt h thng truyn song cng, 2 bn gi v
nhn trong mt thi im c th ng thi gi v
nhn tn hiu cho nhau.
- + V d h thng in thoi.
- + Tuy nhin, cn lu rng h thng truyn thng ny
cho php truyn nhn d liu ng thi, nhng khi c 2
ngi ng thi cng ni th vic truyn thng km
hiu qu i rt nhiu!
- + Mt h thng truyn thng m cng lc c kh nng
vn chuyn d liu theo c 2 chiu c gi l h thng
truyn song cng.

10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Truyn song cng (Full-duplex):
Minh ho:
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Tm tt:
Trong truyn thng kiu n cng, vic truyn thng
ch xy ra theo 1 chiu duy nht.
Trong truyn thng kiu bn song cng, vic truyn
thng xy ra theo c 2 chiu, nhng ti mt thi im
ch c duy nht mt chiu c hot ng.
Trong truyn thng kiu song cng ton phn, vic
truyn thng xy ra ng thi theo c 2 chiu.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Tm tt (tip):
Da trn loi thng tin c truyn ti, chng ta
c cc h thng truyn thng nh: thoi, fax,
hnh nh, d liu
Khi nhiu loi thng tin c gp chung li vi
nhau, chng ta c h thng truyn thng a
phng tin (multimedia).
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
m rng ton b vng ph sng ca WLAN,
cc cell c th che ph cc phng ln cn ta
t thm cc AP trong ton b khu vc ta nh.
tng l ta s t AP sao cho cc cell c th
bao ph mi vng m mt my client c th t
v tr .
Khi , cc cell s c nhng vng chng lp ln
nhau theo mt t l phn trm nh (xem hnh
trang sau)
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Khi cc cell l chng lp ln nhau, cc AP lng
ging khng th dng cng tn s.
Nu hai AP lng ging s dng cng mt tn s,
t n s gy nhiu ln nhau.
Thay vo , cc tn s c dng trn cc AP
lng ging phi khng trng lp hoc phi lch
nhau cho ton khu vc.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Khi mt my trm kt ni n mt AP, n c
th t do di chuyn xung quanh.
Khi mt my trm di chuyn t mt cell ca AP
sang mt cell khc, kt ni cng s c chuyn
t AP sang AP khc.
Vic di chuyn t mt AP sang mt AP khc c
gi l chuyn vng (roaming).
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Khi mt AP c cu hnh bao ph mt vng
rng ln, n cng tim tng mt kh nng l c qu
nhiu my kt ni vo.
Tuy nhin, mt cell th ch l mt mi trng dng
chung m tt c cc my u phi chia s theo ch
half duplex.
Khi s lng my trm kt ni vo tng ln, tng
s bng thng v thi gian cho mi my s gim
xung.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Trnh nghn trong mng khng dy WLAN
Khi hai hoc nhiu trm khng dy cng truyn mt
thi im, tn hiu tr thnh b nhiu.
My trm bn pha nhn ch c th nhn kt qu nh
nhng d liu rc, nhiu hay b li.
Ngay c vi my truyn ang gy ra xung t cng
khng nhn ra, v lc phn nhn ca n phi tt i.
c mt c ch phn hi hiu qu, trong mng khng
dy, bt c khi no mt trm truyn i mt frame, bn
trm nhn phi gi mt frame ACK xc nhn l frame
c nhn chnh xc, khng b li.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Trnh nghn trong mng WLAN (tip)
Chun 802.11 dng mt phng php gi l Carrier
Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
Cn lu , mng c dy 802.3 pht hin (detect) xung
t, trong khi 802.11 c gng trnh (avoid) xung t.
Trnh nghn hot ng bng cch yu cu tt c cc
my trm lng nghe trc khi n truyn i mt frame.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Trnh nghn trong mng WLAN (tip)
Khi mt my trm c mt frame cn truyn, mt trong
hai trng thi sau c th xy ra:
Khng c thit b no khc ang truyn: lc ny my trm c
th truyn frame i ngay lp tc. Bn my nhn d kin phi
gi mt frame ACK xc nhn rng frame ban u n ng
v khng b ng .
C mt thit b khc ang truyn mt frame: lc ny my ca ta
phi ch cho n khi no frame ang truyn l hon tt, sau
n phi ch mt khong thi gian ngu nghin trc khi c th
truyn frame ca chnh n.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Trnh nghn trong mng WLAN (tip)
Bn cnh thi gian ch truyn xong d liu, cc trm
khng dy cng phi trin khai mt b nh thi ngu
nhin. Trc khi truyn mt frame, my tnh phi
chn mt s ngu nhin time slot phi ch.
Con s ngu nhin ny s nm trong khong t zero n
kch thc ti a ca vng cnh tranh.
10. Data Delivery Approaches (tip)
Trnh nghn trong mng WLAN (tip)
Ti sao mt trm phi ch mt khong thi gian
ngu nhin trc khi truyn?
trnh tnh trng c nhiu hn mt trm mun truyn
d liu u lng nghe mi trng truyn. Khi thy trm
gi d liu va kt thc vic truyn frame, chng ng
lot gi d liu ra mi trng truyn, dn n xung t.

11. Cc tng mng khng dy
1. Wireless Application Environment (WAE):
(Tng ng dng mi trng): Tng ny nh
ngha cc chng trnh v cc tp lnh s dng
cho cc ng dng khng dy. Mt trong nhng
ngn ng ph bin nht l WMLScript.
2. Wireless Session Protocol (WSP): (Tng
phin giao thc): Tng ny chu trch nhim v
cc kiu thng tin thit lp vi cc thit b. N
nh ngha rng phin kt ni thnh cng hay
khng.
11. Cc tng mng khng dy (tip)
3. Wireless Transaction Session Protocol
(WTSP): (Tng phin x l giao tc): Tng ny
dng phn loi d liu chy trn nh mt con
ng ng tin cy hoc mt con ng khng
ng tin cy.
4. Wireless Transport Layer Security
(WTLS): (Tng truyn ti): Tng ny l tng bo
mt. N cung cp m ha, chng thc, kim tra
tnh nguyn vn ca d liu, v hn th na.
11. Cc tng mng khng dy (tip)
Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP): (Tng giao
thc gam d liu): Tng ny l ni cha nhng d liu
b hng hc khi truyn. V c nhiu phng php truyn
khc nhau, WDP khng c nhng tiu chun ha chc
chn, nn bt c hng truyn thng no cng c th
chuyn giao d liu v tuyn min l n tng thch vi
WAP.
Network carriers: (Tng vn chuyn): y l phng
php vn chuyn chu trch nhim phn pht d liu
n cc thit b khc. C rt nhiu phng php vn
chuyn, bt c ai s mang vc min l n lin kt uc
vi tng WDP.
11. Cc tng mng khng dy (tip)
V tr ca cc tng: