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Arnold J. Toynbee


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(Joshi, 351)

L.M. Joshi

V.A.
Smith, S. Radhakrishnan, B.M. Barua, P.C. Bagchi, R.C.
Majumdar, R.C. Mitra, Sylvain Levi


(Joshi, 322)

..

Encyclopaedia Britannica (1988) (akara)

(vol.10, p. 419)


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( Joshi, 321; Smith, 177;

Encycl. Britannica, 1988, vol. 20, p. 592)

..

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1988


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RUSSIA

RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
UZBEKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

(Turfan/Turpan)
(Kucha/Kuqa)

NORTH
KOREA

TAJIKISTAN

IRAN

SOUTH
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(Bamiyan/Bamian)
(Peshawar)
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NEP
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(Delhi)

CHINA

(Tibet)
BHUTAN

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(Nalanda) (Rajgir)

BANGLADESH
GUJARAT
(Ellora) (Bodh Gaya)
(Valabhi)

MYANMAR
(Ajanta)
(Calcutta)
INDIA

/
(Guangzhou/Canton)

LAOS

/ (Thaton)
THAILAND

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA
(Nakhon Pathom)

CHOLA

SRI LANKA

TAIWAN

PHI LI
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PAKISTAN

MALAYSIA

(Kuala Lumpur) (Malacca/Melaka)

Borneo
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INDONESIA
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(Palembang)
(Surakarta) (Kadiri) (Singosari)
Bali
(Jakarta) Java
(Jogjakarta)
(Singaraja)
KEDAH

AJEH

Sumatra
(:

Java
(:

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=
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369,881
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1893/ 1954/


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(Indochina/Indochine/Indochinese peninsula)

()
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(Indonesia) (
-: Indo- [] + ns [] + -ia [, ])









Indianized kingdoms

2 ( ..;
939/
1471/)
(Funan
; ) .. 1 ( ..)

(; )
.. 6 7
/Angkor
/Angkor Wat & Angkor Thom
.. 9 .. 15

/Phnom Penh .. 15


Indianized kingdoms



.. ,
../309 BC ( 249 BC)



The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia (1993)


(

)
()
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(. .

.. 6 .. 11 ..

(
)

.. 13 ..
(
/ Thaton)
( Anawrahta)
1057/ (
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.. 11 .. 13
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(

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*

Lankasuka Langkasuka Lengkasuka
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(Kedah)
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(
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(in the vicinity
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[
Pattani Patani

/Maluku
/Moluccas Patani ]
The Hutchinson Dictionary of World History (1999)
(Kedah
) (Singgora ) (Ligor )

()

.. 6 (
..800 )

()

(


;
1365/)

( Nagarakertagama
Nagarakartagama Nagarakrtagama
Nagarakritagama )


(
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()


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775/

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711/

(Delhi Sultanate) ..1206/..
1001/
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1297/
1310/
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( 1001/
1008/)


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13
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1025/

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Melayu) (Jambi; )
(Minangkabau)
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(
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1389/


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(Malay Peninsula)*

.. 14 ( ..)
.. 16 ( 1527/)
.. 15 (
1401-1425/



1500/

(Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Terengganu)
*

Professor Leonard Y.
Andaya The Search for the Origins of Melayu Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies October 2001

..1511/..

/Aceh
.. 16 (.. )

.. 7
.. 16

(Sunda Strait)



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(
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.. 8 790/


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9 ( ..)


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( 732-778/ )

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1019/

( Airlangga Erlangga )


( 1135-57)
(
)

1222/
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)

(
Kertanagara Kritanagara; 1268-1292/

1289/


1292/


( 1292/)




1293/


(
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1402-03/-
1478/
( 1486/)
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.. 15
( ..
16 .. 17
1819/


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1963/ /
Republic of Singapore 1965/)
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1445/ 1456/

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1641/
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(sultan of Kedah) 1786/ 1819/

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1895/ Federated Malay States
1957/ Federation
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(Federation of Malaysia) 1965/

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1511/

(Sultanate of Aceh/Acheh/Atjeh/Achin)
1524/

( ; )
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1640-1661/
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1903/

.. 16

-
1019/
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(

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1749/
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1755/
Surakarta
Yogyakarta/Jogjakarta/Djokjakarta

1799/
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(Dutch East
Indies; 1816/)

1942/
1945/ (Sukarno)

1949/
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