1 ()

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2 + iz

1 z
. w z=2
w2
.
=z
w+i
. z (0,0) 1
w ,
, .
) w , z
(1,0)
) z=2 o w2004 .

. z=2 w =

2 + i2
= 2 2i
1 2

w2
2 + iz
w wz = 2 + i z i z + wz = w 2 z =
w+i
1 z
w = x + yi
w

i
w2
. z = 1 z = 1
=1 w2 = w+i
w+i
2
2
2
2
( x 2) + y = x + ( y + 1) 4 x + 4 = 2 y + 1 4 x + 2 y 3 = 0
4x+2y-3=0
. w Im(w) = 0 2 Im(w)i = 0 w w = 0 w = w
. w =

2 + iz 2 + iz
2 iz 2 + i z

1 z = 1 z 1 z = 1 z (2 iz )(1 z ) = (2 + i z )(1 z )

z = x + yi

2 2 z iz + iz z = 2 2 z + i z iz z 2iz z i ( z + z ) + 2( z z ) = 0
2i ( x 2 + y 2 ) i 2 x + 2 2 yi = 0 x 2 + y 2 x + 2 y = 0

(1) 2 + 2 2 4 0

K , 1
2

5
2
2
z 1 z 1 (x,y)=(1,0) (1)
(1,0)
. z=2 ( ) ) w = 2 2i = 2(1 + i )

w 2 = 2 2 (12 + i 2 + 2i ) = 2 2 2i w 4 = (2 2 ) 2 2 2 i 2 = 2 4 2 2 (1) = 2 6
w 2004 = ( w 4 ) 501 = (2 6 ) 501 = 2 3006

 2 ()
5
3
f ( w) = (2 + i ) w wi , w = a + i, a, R
2
2
. Re(f(w)) Im( f ( w))
. (f(w))
. f (w) Re( w) = 2 Im(w) + 3
. w,
f(w) 2 5 .

3
5
. f ( w) = (2 + i )(a + i ) (a i )i =
2
2
3
3
5
5
2a + 2 i + ai ai = 2a 4 + (a + 2 )i
2
2
2
2
Re( f ( w)) = 2a 4 Im( f ( w)) = a + 2
. f ( w) = x + yi
x = 2a 4
x = 2a 4
x = 2a 4

y = a + 2
2 y = 2a + 4
x + 2 y = 0
: x + 2 y = 0
. f ( w) = (2a 4 ) 2 + (a + 2 ) 2 = 4(a 2 ) 2 + (a 2 ) 2 = 5 a 2
Re( w) = 2 Im(w) + 3 a = 2 + 3 a 2 = 3 f ( w) = 3 5
. f(w) 2 5
f ( w) = 2 5 5 2 = 2 5 2 = 2 a 2 = 2 a 2 2 = 0

a 2 + 2 = 0
1 : x 2 y 2 = 0
2 : x 2y + 2 = 0
3 ()
z 2i f ( z ) =

5 12i 2iz
.
z 2i

z1 = z + 3i z 2 = f ( z ) + 3i .
. z1 z1=z2
. f(z)=5+2i
. z f(z)

5 12i 2iz
= z 5 12i 2iz = z 2 2iz z 2 = 5 12i
z 2i
x 2 y 2 = 5 (1)

2
2
2
z = x + yi z = x y + 2 xyi
2 xy = 12 (2)

. z 1 = z 2 f ( z ) = z

 (2) x,y
( x 2 y 2 ) 2 = 25 x 4 + y 4 2 x 2 y 2 = 25 4 x 2 y 2 = 144

x 4 + y 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 = 169 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = 169 x 2 + y 2 = 13

(3)

z = 3 2i
2 x 2 = 18
(1)
x = 3 x , y
2

(3)
2 y = 8
y = 2
z = 3 + 2i

z1 = 3 + i z1 = 3 + 5i
. f ( z ) = 5 + 2i 5 12i 2iz = ( z 2i )(5 + 2i ) 5 12i 2iz = 5 z + 2iz 10i + 4
1 2i (1 2i)(5 4i) 5 4i 10i 8
3 14
(5 + 4i ) z = 1 2i z =
=
=
= i
5 + 4i
25 + 16
41
41 41
. f ( z ) Im f ( z ) = 0 2 Im f ( z )i = 0 f ( z ) f ( z ) = 0

5 12i 2iz 5 + 12i + 2i z

=

z 2i
z + 2i
5 z + 10i 12i z + 24 2iz z + 4 z = 5 z + 12iz + 2iz z 10i + 24 + 4 z
f ( z) = f ( z)

4iz z + 12i( z + z ) + ( z z ) 20i = 0

1
y5 = 0
2
1
1
1
225
( x + 3) 2 + ( y + ) 2 =
( x + 3) 2 + ( y + ) 2 = 5 + 9 +
4
16
4
16
2( x 2 + y 2 ) + 12 x + y 10 = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 6 x +

1
K (3, )
4
15
= .
4
4 (1-1 )
f : R R f 3 ( x) + f ( x) +
xR.
. f 1-1
. f-1
. f 1 ( x 3 x) = f 1 (3 3x)

1
x = 0 (1)
2

1
x (2)
2
x1 , x 2 R

f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )

f 3 ( x1 ) = f 3 ( x 2 )

( 2)
1
1
f 3 ( x1 ) + f ( x1 ) = f 3 ( x 2 ) + f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2 x1 = x 2
2
2
f 1-1
. (1) f 3 ( x) + f ( x) =

. f(x)=y x = f 1 ( y ) (1)
1
y 3 + y + f 1 ( y ) = 0 f 1 ( y ) = 2 y 3 2 y
2
1
f ( y ) = 2 y 3 2 y
. f 1 1-1 x 3 x = 3 3x x 3 + 2 x 3 = 0
1
///
1

0
1
1

2
1
3

-3
3
0

x=1

x = 1

2
x + x + 3 = 0

x=1
5 ( )
0 f : R R ,
f ( + ) = f (a) f ( ) (1) , R f ( x) 0
xR .

. f (0) = 1
. f ( x) > 0 x R
1
. f ( x) =
x R
f ( x)
. f(x)=1 0 f
f 1 ( x y ) = f 1 ( x) + f 1 ( y ) .

. H (1) ==0
2
f (0) = f (0) f (0) ( f (0) ) f (0) = 0 f (0)( f (0) 1) = 0

f ( 0) = 0

f ( 0) = 1

f ( x) 0 x R , f (0) = 1
. f R ( f ( x) 0 x R )
1 x=0. (f(x)>0
x R ) R. 0 f . x 0 R *

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x 0 + h) = lim( f ( x0 ) f (h)) = lim f ( x0 ) lim f (h)

x x0

h 0

h 0

f ( x 0 ) f ( 0) = f ( x 0 ) 1 = f ( x 0 )

h 0

h 0

f 0

 f x 0 R * . f R.
f ( x) 0 x. ,
Bolzano, f R f(0)=1>0
f(x)>0 x R .
. H (1) =-x =x
f ( x)0
1
f ( x + x ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( 0) = f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) = 1 f ( x ) =
f ( x)
. x1 , x 2 R f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) (2)
x1 x 2 = h x1 = x 2 + h
f ( x2 ) 0

(2) f ( x 2 + h) = f ( x 2 ) f ( x 2 ) f (h) = f ( x 2 )
f (h) = 1 h = 0 f ( x) = 1 0
x1 x 2 = 0 x1 = x 2
f 1-1 .
f 1 ( x) = a f 1 ( y ) = x=f() y=f()
(1)

xy = f (a ) f () xy = f (a + ) f 1 ( xy ) = a + f 1 ( xy ) = f 1 ( x) + f 1 ( y )
6 ( )
[-1, 1] f, xf ( x) = 2 1 x 2 x (1)
x [1, 1] .
. f(0)
. R
f ( x)
, x [1, 0) (0, 1]

g ( x) = x
a, x = 0

. ,
g [-1, 1].

2 1 x 2 x
. (1) f ( x) =
x

x0

2 1 x 2 x
1 1 x2
1 x
1 (1 x 2 )
= lim
+ lim
= lim
+0=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
x(1 + 1 x 2 )

lim f ( x) = lim
x 0

lim
x 0

0
= 0 f 0, f(0)=0
2

1+ 1 x 2
. g [1, 0) (0, 1] .

2 1 x 2 x
1 1 x2
1 x
f ( x) (1)
lim
= lim
=
+ lim
=
2
2
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x0
x
x2
x
x
2 x
1 1
1 (1 x 2 )
1 2 x
1
1
= + = 1
lim
+ lim 2
= lim
+ lim 2
2
2
x 0 2
x 0 x (1 + x )
x 0
x 0
+

1
x
x
1+ 1 x
x (1 + 1 x )

2 2
lim g ( x) = lim

=1
. g ( x) 0 x [1, 1] .
g (0) = 1 0
2 1 x 2 x = 1 1 x 2 + 1 x

x0

1 1 x 2 > 0

1 x 0

1 1 x 2 + 1 x > 0 xf ( x) > 0 f ( x) 0 . x 0
g ( x) 0 . g ( x) 0 x [1, 1] .

7 ( 1-1)
f : R R f ( x) f ( y ) < x y (1)
x, y R x y .
. f R
. g ( x) = x f ( x)
R
. f (2 x 3 ) f (3 x 2 ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 3

x0 R .

xR

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) < x x 0 x x 0 < f ( x) f ( x 0 ) < x x 0

lim( x x 0 ) = lim x x 0 = 0
x 0

x 0

lim( f ( x) f ( x 0 ) ) = 0 lim f ( x) = f ( x 0 )
x 0

x x0

f R.
. g ( x) = x f ( x) f ( x) = x g ( x) . x1 , x 2 R x1 x 2

x x 2 ( g ( x 1 ) g ( x 2 ))
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) < x1 x 2 x1 g ( x 1 ) x 2 + g ( x 2 ) < x1 x 2 1
<1
x1 x 2

g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 )
g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 )
g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 )
< 1 2 <
<0
< 1 1 < 1
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x1 x 2

g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 )
<2
x1 x 2
g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 )

>0
x1 x 2
x1 < x 2 x1 x 2 < 0 g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 ) < 0 g ( x1 ) < g ( x 2 )
0<

 g R.
.
f (2 x 3 ) f (3 x 2 ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 3 3 x 2 f (3 x 2 ) = 2 x 3 f (2 x 3 )
g (3 x 2 ) = g (2 x 3 ) 3 x 2 = 2 x 3 2 x 3 + x 2 3 = 0
2
1 0 -3 x=1
/// 2 3 3
2
3 3 0

x = 1

2
2 x + 3 x + 3 = 0

x=1

8 ( . Bolzano)
z+2
w =
z = x + yi, x, y R ( x, y ) (0,1) .
z i
. (x,y) ,
w = 2 .
. (,) ,
3( a 2) 2 x 5 + 2( 2) 2 x 3 10 = 0
(0, 1).

w= 2

z+2
zi

z i

= 2 z + 2 = 2 z i ( z + 2)( z + 2) = 2( z i)( z + i)

z z + 2 z + 2 z + 4 = 2 z z + 2iz 2i z + 2 z z + 2i( z z ) 2( z + z ) 2 = 0
x 2 + y 2 4 y 4 x 2 = 0 ( x 2) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 10

(1)

(2) x=0 y=1 .

(2,2)
= 10 .
.
(a 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 10 .
f ( x) = 3(a 2) 2 x 5 + 2( 2) 2 x 3 10, x [0, 1]
f [0, 1] .
f(0)=-10<0
f (1) = 3(a 2) 2 + 2( 2) 2 10 = (a 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 10 + (a 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 + (a 2) 2 =
10 + (a 2) 2 > 0
Bolzano f(x)=0

 (0, 1). f ( x) = 15( a 2) 2 x 4 + 6( 2) 2 x 2 > 0

x (0, 1) . f (0, 1).
.
9 ( . Rolle)
(0, +) f f ( x) 0
1
1
x (0, +) z1 = a 2 + if (a ) z 2 = 2 + i
0<<
f ()

z1 + z 2 = z1 z 2 .

. z1z2
. f() f()
2 f ( )
. (, ) f ( ) =

z1 + z 2 = z1 z 2 z1 + z 2

= z1 z 2

( z1 + z 2 )( z 1 + z 2 ) = ( z1 z 2 )( z 1 z 2 )
z1 z 1 + z1 z 2 + z 2 z 1 + z 2 z 2 = z1 z 1 z 1 z 2 z 2 z 1 + z 2 z 2
2 z1 z 2 + 2 z1 z 2 = 0 z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 = 0 2 Re( z1 z 2 ) = 0
z1 z 2
1
1
)=
. z1 z 2 = (a 2 + if (a ))( 2 + i
f ( )

a2

+i

f (a ) f ( ) a 2
f (a) a 2
f (a )
a2
+i 2
= 2
+ i
+ 2
f ( )
f ( )
f ( ) f ( )

f ( )
f (a) a 2
a2
=0
=
(1)
z1z2 2
f ()
f () 2

f() f()
f (a ) f ( )
. (1) 2 =
a
2
f ( x)
g ( x) = 2

(0, +)

x
x 2 f ( x) 2 xf ( x) xf ( x) 2 f ( x)
g ( x) =
=
g (a) = g ( ) .
x4
x3
g Rolle [, ]. (, )
2 f ( )
g ( ) = 0 f ( ) 2 f ( ) = 0 f ( ) =

 10 (. Rolle )
f g R x 0 R
f ( x) = ( x x 0 ) g ( x) x R f
Rolle [, ] ,R, <. f()=0 x0 [a, ]

. (, ) g()=0
. (, (f()) (x0, 0)
Cf

f ( x)
x x0
f [, ] g . f
(, ) g .
f (a)
f ( )
f (a)
0
g (a) =
=
= 0 g ( ) =
=
= 0 g()=g()
x0 x0
a x0 a x0
Rolle (, ) g()=0 (1)
. Cf .
f ( x)( x x 0 ) f ( x)
g ( x) =
( x x0 ) 2

. x x 0 0 x [a, ] x0 [a, ] . g ( x) =

(1) f ( )( x 0 ) f ( ) = 0 f ( ) =
Cf

f ( )
( x ) (2)
x0
y=0
(

f ( )
x0

: y f () = f ()( x ) y f () =

(2)

x=x0

f ( )
0 f ( ) =
( x 0 ) f ( ) = f ( ) .
x 0
.

11 (...)
. f(x)=lnx [, ]
1 ln ln a 1
< (1)
(0 < a < )
<

a
e
2
. e > e
(2)

1

x
[, ] 0 < a < f ... (, )

. f (0, +) f ( x) =

f ( ) f (a)
1 ln ln a
=

a , , > 0
1 1 1
(1) < <
> > a
a
. (2) ln(e e ) > ln e 2 ln e e + ln > 2 ln e
e ln e ln e > ln e ln (e ) ln e > (ln e ln ) ( e) ln e < (ln ln e)
>e 1
ln ln e
<
(3)

e
f ( ) f (e)
1 ln ln e
=
(e, ) f ( ) =
e

e
1 1
(3) < > .
f ( ) =

12 (. Bolzano, )
[0, 1] f f(0)=1
f(1)=0.
. x0 (0, 1) f ( x 0 ) = x 0
. , f (0, 1)
x1 , x 2 (0, 1) f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) = 1 .

. g(x)=f(x)-x [0, 1]
g (0) = f (0) 0 = 1 0 = 1 > 0 g (1) = f (1) 1 = 0 1 = 1 < 0 . ,
Bolzano, x0 (0, 1)

g ( x 0 ) = 0 f ( x0 ) x0 = 0 f ( x0 ) = x0
. f
[0, x0 ] [ x0 , 1] . x1 (0, x0 ) x 2 ( x0 , 1)
f ( x 0 ) f (0) x 0 1
=
(1)
x0 0
x0
f (1) f ( x 0 ) 0 x 0
x
= 0 (2)
=
f ( x 2 ) =
1 x0
1 x0
x0 1
(1) (2) f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) = 1
f ( x1 ) =

 13
( -
- )
x3
2x
x
f ( x) = x g ( x) = e
x 1
3
e
. f
. f e x > 2 x
xR
. g
. g
. g (e 2 x ) < g (4 x 2 + 1)

. D f = R ( e x 0 x R ) f

2e x 2 xe x 2 2 x
=
ex
(e x ) 2

f ( x) =

x -

f(x)

f (, 1], f [1, +)
1 f () f (1) =
. lim f ( x) = lim (
x

2
e

1
2 x) = +() =
ex

) f ( R) = (,
( lim f ( x) lim f ( x) = )
x +

e x > 2 x

2x
< 1 ( e x > 0 )
x
e

2x 2
2
< 1
x
e
e
e
. D g = R g

g ( x) = e x x 2 1
g ( x) =e x 2 x > 0 x R )
g g (0) = 0
x
g(x)
g

0
-

2
]
e

 g (, 0] , g [0, +)
0 g g(0)=0

x3
.
lim g ( x) = lim e x
x 1 = +
x
x
3

x
lim
x 1 = +
x

lim e x = 0

) g ( R) = [0, +)
.

e 2 x > 0, 4 x 2 + 1 > 0

[0, +)

f (e ) < f (4 x + 1)
2x

2 x= y

e 2 x < 4 x 2 + 1 e y < y 2 + 1 e y y 2 1 < 0 g ( y ) < 0 y < 0 2 x < 0 x < 0

14 (Rolle )
. f Rolle [, ]
f ( x) < 0 x [a, ] f ( x) > f (a) x (a, ) .
. g g ( x) < 0 x [0, 1]

g ( x) > g (0)(1 + x) xg (1) .

. Rolle (, ) f ( ) = 0 .
f ( x) < 0 [, ] f [, ]. x[, )
x < f ( x) > f ( ) f ( x) > 0

x (, ]

x > f ( x) < f ( ) f ( x) < 0 . f

f
x
f(x)

f
f [, ] x(, ], f ( x) > f (a) f [, ]
x [, ) f ( x) > f ( ) f ( x) > f (a)
x (a, ) f ( x) > f (a) .
. f ( x) = g ( x) g (0)(1 + x) + xg (1)
f ( x) = g ( x) g (0) + g (1) f ( x) = g ( x) , f ( x) < 0
x [0, 1] . f (0) = g (0) g (0) + 0 = 0 f (1) = g (1) 2 g (1) + g (1) = 0
f Rolle [0, 1].
x (0, 1)

f ( x) > f (0) g ( x) g (0)(1 + x) + xg (1) > 0 g ( x) > g (0)(1 + x) xg (1)

 15 ( )
. f
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) x1 < x 2 (x1,x2) .
. g ( x) = e x + x R.
. f ( x) = e x

+ x +1

e x +1 + x 2 ,

x R .

f(x)=0 x=0 x R *
f(x)>0.

. x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) f . .
x1 , x 2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) . x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) ( f
) . x1<x2. f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) x1 < x 2 .
. g ( x) = e x + 1 > 0 x R g R.
. f (0) = e 1 e 1 + 0 = 0 x=0 f(x)=0.
x R *
2
2
f ( x) > 0 e x + x +1 e x +1 + x 2 > 0 e x + x +1 e x +1 + x 2 + x + 1 ( x + 1) > 0

ex

+ x +1

+ x 2 + x + 1 > e x +1 + x + 1
g

g ( x 2 + x + 1) > g ( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1 > x + 1 x 2 > 0 x 0

x0 f(x)>0

16
1
a

. ax x + a 1 x>0 >1
. lim

x +

. 2005 x

x2
1

2005

1
x 5

=1

x 2004 < e x x (0, +)

. ax a x a + 1 0
1
a

f ( x) = ax x a + 1 , x (0, +)
f 0 0.
1

f D f = (0, +) f ( x) = x a 1

1 2
f ( x) = 1 x a < 0 x (0, +) a (1, +) f .
a
1

f ( x) = 0 x a = 1 x = 1
f f

f(x)

f f (1) = a 1 a + 1 = 0
. ) x x 2
x-5 x>6 ( x 2 > 0 x 5 > 1 )

( x 5) x 2

1
x 5

x 2 + x 5 1

x2

x2 x6
+
x5
x5

x 2 > 1 x-5>0

x>6

1
x 5

x2

1
x 5

>1

x2 x6
+
x5
x5
x2 x6
=1
+
lim 1 = 1 lim

x +
x +

5
5
x
x

1 <

x2

1
x 5

lim
x

f ( x) = 2005 x

1
2005

x2

1
x 5

=1

=2005

x 2004 f ( x) 0 x (0, +)

e x > 0 x R
x (0, +) 2005 x

1
2005

x 2004 < e x

17 ( )

. x 0, x > xx
2

0,
. f ( x) =
x
2

a
. 0 < < <

<
2

. ( x) = x xx

( x) = 1 2 x + 2 x = 2 2 x > 0 x 0,
2

0, 0,
2
2

x 0, ( x) > (0) x xx x > xx

2

.
1
x x
2
( x)

x xx

x
f ( x) =
=
= 2
> 0 x 0,
2
2
2
2
2
x
x x
x x

f 0,
2

. , > 0
> 0 ,

<
f (a) < f () 0 < a < < f 0, .
2

18 ( )
2 1
f ( x) = ln x + 2 g ( x) = e x ln x
x x
x
. g ( x) = e f ( x)
. f
. f(x)=0
1


2
. g .

. D f = D g = (0, +) f g .

x
1
1
1
2 1
g ( x) = e x ln x + e x + e x e x 2 = e x (ln x + 2 ) = e x f ( x)
x x
x
x
x

g ( x) = e x ln x + e x

.
1 2
2
x 2 2x + 2
f ( x) = 2 + 3 =
> 0 x D f f
x x
x
x3
1
4
6
x 2 + 4x 6
f ( x) = 2 + 3 4 =
< 0 x D f
x
x
x
x4
f
. f f(x)=0 . , ,
1
, , f
2
2 1
. f (1) = ln 1 + 2 = 1 > 0 f
1 1
f x<1.

1
1 2
1
f = ln +
= ln 2 + 4 4 = ln 2 < 0
2 1 1 2
2
2 2

1
, 1 f(x)=0 . ( f ).
2
1
. . x0 , 1 f ( x 0 ) = 0 f
2

x

0
-

f ( x)
e x f ( x)
g ( x)

x0

g .
19 ()
. f
x + x 2 f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 )
, f 1
(1)

2
2
x1 , x 2 .

. f ( x) = ln(ln x)
. f
. x1 , x 2 (1, +) ln

x1 + x 2
ln x1 ln x 2
2

. (1) x1=x2. x1 x 2 .
x1 < x 2 .
(1)
x + x2
x + x2
x + x2
2f 1
f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) f 1
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) f 1
(2)
2
2
2
x1

x1 + x 2
2

x2

x1 + x 2
x1 + x 2
x + x2
x1 = x 2 1
> 0

2
2
2

x1

x2
.

x + x2
x + x2
f 1
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) f 1

2
2

(2)
(3)
x1 + x 2
x1 + x 2
x1
x2
2
2
f
x + x2

, f . 1 x1 , 1

2

x + x2

2 1
, x2
2

x + x2
f 1
f ( x1 )
2

f (1 ) =
x1 + x 2
x1
2

x + x2
f (x2 ) f 1

f ( 1) =
(3) f ( 1 ) f ( 2 )
x1 + x 2
x2
2
1 < 2 f .
.. ln x > 0 x > 1 D f = (1, +)

f ( x) =

1
1

(ln x) =
ln x
x ln x

f ( x) =

(x ln x )
(x ln x )2

ln x + 1

(x ln x )2

> 0

x (1, +) . f .
. f ,
x1 , x 2 (1, +)

x + x 2 f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 )
x + x 2 ln(ln x1 ) ln(ln x 2 )
f 1
ln ln 1

2
2
2
2

ln
x + x2
x + x 2 ln(ln x1 ln x 2 )
x + x2
ln ln 1
ln ln 1
ln x1 ln x 2

ln ln x1 ln x 2 ln 1
2
2
2
2

20 ( de l Hospital - )
a x + x + x 3
, x0

x
f ( x) =
1 a, , > 0 .

x=0
0,

f R.
. a = 1
. f 0
f (0,f(0)).


. f x 0 ,
,,.

ax + x + x 3
ax + x + x 3 0
= lim
lim f ( x) = lim
=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
( x)

lim a x ln a + x ln + x ln = ln a + ln + ln = ln(a )
x 0

lim f ( x) = f (0) ln( ) = 0 = 1

x 0

a x + x + x 3
0
0
x
x
x
f ( x) f (0)
a + + 3 0
(a x + x + x 3)
x
= lim
lim
= lim
= lim
=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x0
x0
x
x2
( x 2 )
a x ln a + x ln + x ln 0
(a x ln a + x ln + x ln )
lim
= lim
=
x 0
x 0
2x
( 2 x)
0

a x ln 2 a + x ln 2 + x ln 2 1 2
= ln a + ln 2 + ln 2
x 0
2
2
1 2
2
f (0) = ln a + ln + ln 2 .
2

Cf
1 2
: y = ln a + ln 2 + ln 2 x
2

lim

(0,f(0))

21 ( De l Hospital
)
e x + x x ln x,
x>0

f ( x) =
h a h
lim
, x = 0 (a 0)
h a 2
2a

.
. f
.
. Cf
xx x=1 x=e.

. f(0) h a = x h = x + a h a x 0
( x + a )
h a h
x
x x
lim

= lim
= lim +
=
ha
x 0 2
2
2a x 0 2
2a
2 2a

x x
=k
2a
x
x
x
2
a
lim
= lim
= lim
x 0 2
x 0 2
k 0
x
2a

2a
a
f (0) = .

2ak
k = a lim k k = a

2 k
k 0 k

(ln x)
ln x
lim( x ln x) = lim
= lim
= lim x = lim( x) = 0
x 0
x 0 1
x 0
x 0
x 0

1
1
2

x
x
x
a
lim f ( x) = lim(e x + x x ln x) = 1 . = 1 a =
x 0

x 0

e + x x ln x, x > 0

. f ( x) =
.

1,
x=0

x>0 f ( x) = e x + 1 ln x 1 = e x ln x
x (0, 1] ln x 0 ln x 0 f ( x) > 0
x

1
1
1
> 0 e x > e > 1 > e x > 0 f
x
x
x
[1, +) ( [1, +) ) x>1
f ( x) > f (1) f ( x) > e
x>0 f ( x) > 0
f [0, +) f [0, +)
x>1 f ( x) = e x

) [

f f [0, +) = f (0), lim f ( x) )

x +

f (0) = 1

x x ln x
lim f ( x) = lim e x + x x ln x = lim e x 1 + x x
x +
x +
x +
e
e

( x)
1
x
lim x = lim x = lim x = 0
x + e
x + (e )
x + e

(x ln x )
x ln x
= lim
x

x + e
x +
ez

lim

( )

1
(ln x + 1) = lim x = lim 1 = 0
ln x + 1
= lim
= lim
x
x +
x +
x + e x
x + xe x
e
(e x )

lim f ( x) = +(1 + 0 0) = + . f ([0, +)) = [1, +)

x +

. E = f ( x) dx = f ( x)dx f(x)>0
x [0, +)
e

E = (e + x x ln x)dx =
1

x2
(e + x)dx +
1
2
x

ln xdx =

2
e x
x x2 x2

1 e 2 ln e e x 2 1
e2
e

(ln x) dx = e +
= e + + ln x
e +

dx =
1 2
2 1 2
2
2
2
x

1 1 2
e

1 e2 x2
1 e2 1
3
1
e2
e +
e +
= ee + e2 e
+ = ee + e2 e
2
2 2 4 1
2 4 4
4
4
e

22 ( )
f (1, +)
xf ( x)
ln x x (1, +)
2
x=e 4. f ( x) 0

f ( x) =
x (1, +)

. f
. f ( x) = a (1, +)
(0, +).

.
f ( x)

ln x > 0

=
(ln f ( x) ) = ( 2 ln ln x ) (ln f ( x) ) = ln(ln x) 2
f ( x)
x ln x

(ln f ( x) ) dx = (ln(ln x) 2 ) dx ln f ( x) = ln(ln x) 2 + c ln f ( x) = ln(ln x) 2 + ln e c

f ( x) = (ln x) 2 e c

(1)

x =e

(1) f (e) = (ln e) 2 e c 4 = e c

f ( x) =

4
ln 2 x

f f ( x) =

x (1, +) f ( x) =

ln x
ln 2 x
x (1, +) . ( f ( x) 0 x D f )
2

f (e) = 4 > 0 . f ( x) =

x (1, +)
ln 2 x
. f (0, +) (
f ( x) = a,

a > 0 ) f 1-1 (

4(ln 2 x)
4 2 ln x(ln x)
8
=
=
< 0 x>1.
4
4
(ln x)
(ln x)
x ln 3 x
f 1-1.
f ((1, +)) = ( lim f ( x), lim+ f ( x)) .
). f ( x) =

x +

lim f ( x) = lim
x +

x +

x 1

4
ln 2 x

= 0 lim ln x = +
x +

lim+ f ( x) = lim+

= + lim+ ln x = 0 ln 2 x > 0

ln x
f ((1, +)) = (0, +)
x 1

x 1

x 1

f(x)= (1, +)
a (0, +) .

23 ( de l Hospital
)
f : (0, +) R

f (1) = 1 f ( xy) = xf ( y ) + yf ( x) x, y (0, +)

.
f ( x)
i. f ( x) = 1 +
x (0, +)
x
ii. f ( x) = x ln x x (0, +)
. lim f ( x)
x 0

. 2 f ( x) = x 2 1
.
h( x) = 2 f ( x), g ( x) = x 2 1
x=e.

x = y =1

. i. f ( xy) = xf ( y ) + yf ( x) f (1) = f (1) + f (1) f (1) = 0

f (h) f (1)
f ( h)
f (1) = 1 lim
= 1 lim
=1
h 1
h 1 h 1
h 1
f ( w) f ( x)
f ( x) = lim
w x
w x
w

= h w = hx w x h 1
x
f (hx) f ( x)
hf ( x) + xf (h) f ( x)
= lim
=
f ( x) = lim
h 1
h 1
hx x
hx x
f ( x)(h 1)
xf (h) f ( x)
f ( x)
=
lim
+
+ f (1) =
+1
h 1
x(h 1)
x
x
x(h 1)
ii.

f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x) x f ( x)
f ( x) x f ( x) 1
1
f ( x)
f ( x)
=1
=1
=

=
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x >0
1
f ( x)
f ( x)

= ln x + c f ( x) = x ln x + cx (1)
dx = dx
x
x
x
f ( x) = ln x + 1 + c f (1) = 1 + c
f (1) = 1 1 + c = 1 c = 0
(1) f ( x) = x ln x
f ( x) = 1 +

1
= lim x = lim( x) = 0
x 0
x 0
1
2
x

(ln x)
ln x
= lim
x 0
x 0 1
x 0

1

x
x
. 2 f ( x) x 2 + 1 = 0

. lim( x ln x) = lim

( x) = 2 f ( x) x 2 + 1 = 2 x ln x x 2 + 1
2
( x) = 2 ln x + 2 2 x ( x) = 2
x

x
0
1
+
(x)

( x) 0 x (0, +) = x=1.
. (x)=0
.
(1) = 2 1 ln 1 12 + 1 = 0 . (x)=0
x=1.
. h( x) = g ( x)

2 f ( x) = x 2 1 ( x) = 0 x = 1
e

E = h( x) g ( x) dx
1

h( x) g ( x) = ( x) x1 (x)0

E = (h( x) + g ( x))dx = (2 x ln x + x 2 1)dx = ( x 2 ) ln xdx + ( x 2 1)dx =

e

e
e
x3

13

e
e3
1
x 2 ln x 1 + x 2 (ln x) dx + x = e 2 ln e + 12 ln 1 + x 2 dx + e 1 =
1
1
x
3
3
1
3

x2
e3
2
2 e3 e2
1
e2 1 e3
2
e + + e + = e +
+ e+ =
e+
3
2 2 3
3 3
2
6
2 1 e
2

 24 (... )
R f,
2

2 f (2 x) f ( x) = 2 x (1), x R F ( x) = x f ( xt )dx x 2 + 3,
1

xR .
. x1 (0, 1) x 2 (1, 2)
f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x 2 ) = 2 .
. F .
4

. I = f ( x)dx
1

x=0

. (1) 2 f (0) f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0

x =1

(1) 2 f (2) f (1) = 2

f R .

x1 (0, 1)

x 2 (1, 2)

f (1) f (0)
= f (1)
1 0
f (2) f (1)
f ( x 2 ) =
= f (2) f (1) 2 f ( x 2 ) = 2 f (2) 2 f (1)
2 1
f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x 2 ) = 2
f ( x1 ) =

. I 1 = x f ( xt )dt = f ( xt ) xdt u = xt = g (t )
1

u1 = g (1) = x, u 2 = g (2) = 2 x du = xdt I 1 =

2x

F ( x) =

2x

f (u )du

f (u )du x 2 + 3

2x
x
F ( x) = f (u )du f (u )du x 2 + 3 =
1
1

(1)

f (2 x)(2 x) f ( x) 2 x = 2 f (2 x) f ( x) 2 x = 0
F
2

x R F ( x) = F (0) = 0 f (0)dt 0 2 + 3 = 3
1

.
F ( x) =

2x

f (u )du x 2 + 3

2x

f (u )du = x 2 (2)

x =1 2

(2) f (u )du = 1
1
(+) 4
1 f ( x)dx = 5 I = 5

x=2 4
(2) f (u )du = 4
2

 25 ( )
1
f ( x) =
, x (0, )
x
. f
. f
. Cf
1

xx x = x = E = ln 3 .
2
3
2

. H f (0, ) f ( x) =

x
2 x

X
f(x)
f

2
-

] , f [ , )
2
2

f f =
=1
2
2
2
1
= + x > 0 lim x = 0
. lim f ( x) = lim+
x 0
x 0
x 0 x
f ((0, )) = [1, +) ( lim f ( x) lim+ f ( x) = + )
f (0,

x 0

. f ( x) > 0 x ,
3 2
2 x

1 +
1
1
2 1 dx =
E = 2 f ( x)dx = 2
dx = 2
dx = 2
x
x
x
2
3
3
3
3
2

2
2
x
1 + 2
2

1
1
1
x
x
x

2
2 ( )
2 ln

=
=

=
ln

dx
dx
dx

3
3 2
3 2
x
x
x
2
2 2

3
2
2
2

3
1
1

= ln( ) ln = ln 1 ln
= ln 3 + ln 3 = ln 3 + ln 3 = ln 3
4
3
2
2
6

1
x
dx
E = 2
dx = 2
2

x
1

x
3
3
u = x = g ( x) du = xdx du = xdx
1

u1 = g = = u 2 = g = = 0
3 2
2
3
2

1
0
1
1
2
=

E = 1
du
du
2
2

0
1

1
u
u

2
, R
a

1
1 = a (u + 1) + (u 1)
=
+
2
u 1 u 1 u +1
1 = (a + )u + a
1

a = 2
a + = 0

= 1
= 1

2
1
1
1

1
1
E = 2 2 2 du = [ln u 1 ln u + 1 ]02 =
0 u 1
u +1
2

3
1
1
1 1
ln ln = ( ln 2 ln 3 + ln 2 ) = ln 3
2 2
2
2
2

26
f ( x) = x 3 ln x
. C f ,
xx, .
3
1
. ln x x
x (0, +)
3e
. Cf xx
x=xA xA
.

. D f = (0, +) f

f ( x) = 3 x 2 ln x + x 2 = x 2 (3 ln x + 1)
f ( x) = 0 3 ln x + 1 = 0 x = e

1
3

x=

e
. xx.
3

13 13
1
1

f e = e ln e 3 = e 1 = .
3
3e

1
1
A
, .
3
e 3e
. f f

f(x)

1
3

+
+

1
3

x (0,+) f ( x) f (e ) x 3 ln x

3
1
1
ln x x
3e
3e

x>0

. f ( x) = 0 x 3 ln x = 0 ln x = 0 x = 1

1
4
4
4
ln x 0
1
1
1 x
1 x

x
E = 13 f ( x) dx = 13 x 3 ln x dx = 13 ln xdx = ln x 1 + 13
(ln x) dx =
e
e
e
e

4
4
4
3

e
4

13
1
4
4
e

4
4 1
3 4
3
3

e
(
)
x
e
x
e
1
1
1
1

dx =
ln e 3 + 13
= ln 1 +
+ 1 =
+

=
e
4
4
4 x
3 4
12 16
16
16 e 3

4
3

4
3

4
3

e
1 e
3e3 e 7
7 + 3e
+

=
=
4
12 16 16
48e3 e
48e 3

27 ( - )
. R f
f ( 3) ( x) > 0 x R , f ( 3) (0) 0 f (0) = 0 . f
(, 0] [0, +) .

x2 x3
+
2
6
. Cf xx
x=0 x=1.
. f ( x) = e x 3 x +

. f . f(3)
f .
x

f ( 3) ( x )
f

0
+

 f ( x) = 0 x>0 f ( x) > 0 x<0 f ( x) < 0

(, 0] f [0, +) f .

x2
, f ( x) = e x + 1 + x f ( 3) ( x) = e x + 1 > 0
2
f (0) = 0 ) f (, 0]
. f ( x) = e x 1 + x +

[0, +) .
1

. E = f ( x) dx . f f (0) = 0
0

x>0 f ( x) > 0 . f [0, +) f

[0, +) . f(0)=0 x>0 f(x)>0. f
[0, +)

[0, +) .

0 x 1

f (0) f ( x) f (1) .
f (0) = 4 f (1) = e 1 3 1 +

1 1
1
4
1
2
+ = 4+ = 4+ < 0
e
e
2 6
6
3

x [0, 1] f(x)<0.
1

E = ( f ( x))dx = (e x + 3 + x

x2 x3
)dx =
2
6

x
1 1 1
x2 x3 x4
3

e
+
x
+

= e 1 + 3 +
+1 =

2
6 24 0
2 6 24

1
12 4 1
1
7 103e 24
+4+
= +4+
=
24
24
24
e
e
28 ( )
[, ] f
f(x)>0 x [a, ] .
x

. h( x) = f (t )dt f (t )dt
Rolle [, ]
. (, ) h()=0 x=
Cf xx x= x= .

. h [, ]

x
x
x

h ( x) = f (t )dt f (t )dt + f (t )dt f (t )dt = f ( x) f (t )dt f ( x) f (t )dt

a
x
x
x
a

a
h(a ) = f (t )dt f (t )dt = 0

a
a

h(a ) = h()

h() = f (t )dt f (t )dt = 0

h Rolle [, ]

. f [, ]

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx

f ( ) 0

h ( ) = 0 f ( ) f (t )dt f ( ) f (t )dt = 0

f (t )dt =

f (t )dt

29 (, , )
w 0 .
. (z)
,

z 2

Re( z )

Im(w)

Im( z )

= 0 (1) w.

Re( w)

. w = 4 ,

f(x)=xlnx, + g ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 2 x ,
( x) =

2 x 2 5x + 7

xe

x=.

. w = a + i z = x + yi
(1) x + y 2
2

= 0 x 2 + y 2 2ax 2 y = 0

x 2 2ax + a 2 + y 2 2y + 2 = a 2 + 2 ( x a) 2 + ( y ) 2 = w

(, ) w.
.

lim g ( x) = lim ( x + 2 x + 2 x) = lim

2

x +

x +

x 2 + 2x + 2 x 2

x +

x 2 2x + 2 + x

2
2+0
2
x
= lim
=
= =1
x +
2 2
1+ 0 + 0 +1 2
1+ + 2 +1
x x
2+

Cg + y=1
D y = R {e}

lim+ ( x) = lim+
(2 x 2 5 x + 7) = + 2e 2 5 e + 7 = + x=e
x e
x e x e

. w = 4 =4.
4

E = f ( x) 1 dx . x e f ( x) e
e

E = ( f ( x) 1)dx =

x2

4
2
4
4 x

x2

ln xdx dx = ln x
(ln x )dx (4 e) =
e

2
e e 2
4

4 x
e2
e2 x2
e2
e2
8 ln 4 dx 4 + e = 8 ln 4
4 + e = 8 ln 4
4+
4+e =
e 2
2
2 4 e
2
4

8 ln 4

e2
+e8
4

30 ( - )
R f g
x
f ( x) = 3e 3e 1+ x f ( x ) xR f(0)=2, g ( x) = 2 g ( x) 2 xR
g yy
f y=1.
. f g .
. f g
.
.
f g.

x
. xR 3e 3e + x 1 f ( x ) > 0 f ( x) > 0 f R.
g(x)>1 xR 2 g ( x) 2 > 0 g ( x) > 0 g R.
.
x
x
f ( x) = 3e 3e + x 1 f ( x ) f ( x)e f ( x ) = 3e x e 3e 1

(e f ( x ) ) = (e 3e
x =0

(1) e f ( 0) = e 3e
e f ( x ) = e 3e

) (e f ( x ) )dx = (e 3e
0

)dx e f ( x ) = e 3e

+ c e2 = e2 + c c = 0

f ( x) = 3e x 1
g ( x ) >1

g ( x) = 2( g ( x) 1)

(ln g ( x) 1 ) = (2 x)

( g ( x) 1)
=2
g ( x) 1

g ( x ) >1

ln( g ( x) 1) = 2 x + c

(ln( g ( x) 1))dx = (2 x)dx

(2)

x =0

(2) ln( g (0) 1) = 0 + c c = 0

ln( g ( x) 1) = 2 x g ( x) 1 = e 2 x g ( x) = e 2 x + 1
f ( x) = g ( x)
3e 1 = e
x

2x

+1 e

2x

ex = y

3e + 2 = 0 y 2 3 y + 2 = 0
x

y = 1 y = 2 e x = 1 e x = 2 x = 0 x = ln 2

+c

(1)

 Cf Cg .
. E =

ln 2

f ( x) g ( x) dx =

ln 2

3e x 1 e 2 x 1 dx =

ln 2

e 2 x + 3e x 2 dx

e 2 x + 3e x 2 = (e x 1)(e x 2)
-

ex-1

ex-2

-(ex-1)(ex-2)

ln2
+

ln 2

e2x

E = (e + 3e 2)dx =
+ 3e x 2 x =
0
2
0
2 ln 2
0
e

e
1
3

+ 3e ln 2 2 ln 2 + 3e 0 2 0 = 2 + 6 2 ln 2 + 3 = 2 ln 2
2
2
2
2

.
ln 2

2x

31 (Bolzano Rolle De l Hospital )

( x) = x ln x , x>0 a = lim ( x) .
x 0

[0, +) g
(0, 1)

g ( x)dx < 0,

g (a ) = 0 g (0) = 0 .

f : [a, +) R
1 x
ex 2 0 g (t )dt , x > a
f ( x) =
0, x = a

. f
. (1, 2) f ( ) = 0
. f 0
. (0, +) f ( ) = 0

(ln x)
ln x
= lim
x 0 1
x 0

1

x
x

. a = lim ( x) = lim( x ln x) = lim

x 0

x 0

1
= lim x = lim( x) = 0
x 0
x 0
1
2
x

1 x
ex 2 0 g (t )dt , x > 0
g(0)=0 f ( x) =
0, x = 0

f (0, +)
g ( x)
2 x
f ( x) = 3 g (t )dt + 2 . 0
ex
ex o
f(0)=0

x
x g (t )dt
0
0
(
)
g
t
dt
0
0
( g ( x))
g ( x) 0
g ( x) (*) g (0)

0
lim f ( x) = lim
= lim
=
=0
= lim
= lim
= lim
2
2
x 0
x 0
x0
x 0 2ex
x 0 ( 2ex)
x 0 2e
2e
ex
(ex )

f 0. f [0, +) .
* g [0, +) g 0.
. f ( x) =

1
ex 2

f (1) f (2) =

g (t )dt > 0
0

g (t )dt [1, 2].

1 1
1 2
g
(
t
)
dt

g (t )dt < 0
4e 0
e 0

g (t )dt < 0

g(x)>0 (0, 1) g [0, 1].

Bolzano (1, 2) f()=0.

.
x

0
0
g (t )dt 00
f ( x) f (0)
g ( x) 0
g ( x) 0
g ( x) g (0)

0
lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
=
R f
3
2
x 0
x 0
x 0 3ex
x 0 6ex
x 0
6e
6e
x0
ex
g (0)
0 f (0) =
6e
. [0, ] Rolle
f (0, ) (0, +) f ( ) = 0 .

 32 (1-1 )

f :RR

f ( R) = R

f 5 ( x) + f 3 ( x) + x = 5 (1) x R .
. f 1-1
. f
. g
x1 , x 2 R x1 < x 2 g ( x1 ) > g ( x 2 )
. f
. f(x)=0
. lim f ( x)
x +

. C f
xx yy.

. x1 , x 2 R f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )
f 5 ( x1 ) = f 5 ( x 2 )
3

3
f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )
3 f ( x ) = 3 f ( x )
1
2

(1)

f 5 ( x1 ) + f 3 ( x1 ) + 3 f ( x1 ) = f 5 ( x 2 ) + f 3 ( x 2 ) + 3 f ( x 2 ) 5 x1 = 5 x 2 x1 = x 2
f 1-1
. f ( R) = R D f 1 = R
f ( x) = y f 1 ( y ) = x
(1) y 5 + y 3 + 3 y + f 1 ( y ) = 5 f 1 ( y ) = y 5 y 3 3 y + 5
f 1 : R R f 1 ( x) = x 5 x 3 3x + 5
. x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 . g g ( x1 ) > g ( x 2 )

x1 , x 2 g ( x1 ) > g ( x 2 )
x1 x 2 g g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 )
x1 < x 2
x1 , x 2

x1 < x 2 g ( x1 ) > g ( x 2 )
. ( f 1 ) ( x) = 5 x 4 3x 2 3 < 0 x R f 1
R.
x1 , x 2 R x1 < x 2
f 1 ( f) R,
y1 , y 2 R f 1 ( y1 ) = x1 f 1 ( y 2 ) = x 2
f 1

f 1 ( y1 ) < f 1 ( y 2 ) y1 > y 2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) f R

. f ( x) = 0 f 1 (0) = x . f 1 (0) = 5 x=5

f(x)=0 x=5
. D f = R = (,+) f f ( R) = lim f ( x), lim f ( x)

x +

f ( R) = D f 1 = R = (,+) . lim f ( x) =
x +

. C f , y y, x x y=x

C f 1 , x x, y y . (
)
C f 1 , x x, y y .

f 1 ( x) = 0 x 5 x 3 3 x + 5 = 0 x = 1
f 1 .
1

E = f 1 ( x)dx = x 5 x 3 3x + 5 dx
0

(1) = 0 f

[0, 1] f

( x) 0

1
x 6 x 4 3x 2

2 3 18 + 60 37
1 1 3
E = ( x 5 x 3 3x + 5)dx =
=

+ 5x = + 5 =
0
4
2
6 4 2
12
12
6
0

33 -
[-, ] (>0) f. f
:
. f ( x) > ( x + a) f (a) + f (a) x (a, a]
.

1 a
f ( x)dx af (a ) + f (a)
2a a

. f [-, x] (-, x)
f ( x) f (a )
f ( x) f (a )
(-, x) f()=
f ( ) =
x (a )
x+a
f ( x) f (a )
<x x. f f ( ) > f (a )
> f (a )
x+a
x > a x + a >0

f ( x) f ( a) > ( x + a ) f (a) f ( x) > ( x + a) f (a ) + f ( a) (1)

. (1) f ( x) ( x + a) f (a ) f (a) > 0 x (a, a]
g ( x) = f ( x) ( x + a) f (a) f (a) x [a, a ]
g(x)>0 x ( a, a] g (a) = 0

g ( x)dx > 0

f ( x)dx f (a ) ( x + a )dx f ( a ) dx > 0

a

x2

f ( x)dx > f (a ) + ax + f (a )(a + a )

2
a
a2
( a ) 2

f ( x)dx > f (a )
+ a 2
+ a ( a ) + 2af ( a )
2

2
f ( x)dx > 2a 2 f (a ) + 2af (a )

1 a
f ( x )dx > af (a ) + f ( a )
2a a