UDK: 371.67(075):159.922.

72
f l p e ~ x o ~ ~ ~ o caonm.rcfie
R ~ H M J ~ ~ H : 16. IX 2002.
BIBLID: 0553-4569,48 (2002), 9-10, p 709-734
YI J ~ ~ HMK, KaO M3BOP 3HaWa CI KaO CPeRCTBO 3a npeHOLUeWe 3HaFba, Ca Cne-
~I . I +MI I HO M ~ ~ O > K ~ H H M H~ YS HMM canpxaj a~a, noce6ao je MHTepecaHTaH 3a nenaro-
1LIKy HayKy jep je yBeK HMaO (I4 j0LU yBeK H M ~ ) BenllKy IleRarOUIKy BpeRHOCT, Gano
na Ce IIOCMaTpa KaO CpenCTBO y CHCTeMy HaCTaBHe K O M ~ H I ~ K ~ ~ I ~ J ~ AnH KaO KKMra
ca CH~ XHMM BacnwrHaM y ~ s q a j e ~ Ha ma ne r e ~ e p a q ~ j e .
YI J ~~HMK npC,QCTaBJba Ba>KaH YMHHJIaQ y @opM~paELy MHOrOCTpaHO pa3BA-
j e ~ e nnqaocTa. OH y j e ~ ~ o BPLLIH nonmaneHTHy @y~~q14j y noMarana onTaManHor
MHTeneKTyaJIHOr pa3~0j a Y'leHMKa, HaKO je y IIpOLLUIOCTM 6An0 H OIIpeLIH14X MM-
rumena o no~pe 6a 3a Y I J ~ ~ H MK O M yonmTe, Kao r u ~ o aMaMo y CHCT~MY Qp e ~e a .
H~a j y k u y sany ~ O ~ ~ T C T B O naTaKa ~ o j a ce o~sapaj y, KaAa je perr o npoy-
rIaBaBy A HCTpaXHBaby y o ~ J I ~ c T A pa3JIMWiTMX @yH~qqa K O ~ C ylJ6eH1.1~ MO>Ke
l4MaTl.r y B ~ C ~ K ~ H O - O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B H O M CHCTeMY, ayTOp je naXr-6y YCMepHO Ha IIOTeHIJM-
j a n a ~ y~n11aj canp>~aj a ocHoBHolrrKoncKMx y u 6 e ~ ~ ~ a ~ n a $ e r a c ~a pa j e r mKon-
CKOr Y3paCTa Ha aHraXOBa%e AHTeneKTyaJIHOr pa3~0j a yKIeHMKa.
Y qamy ~ e o p a j c ~ o r pacseTn,asa%a npo6ne ~a ~ c ~ p a x a s a ~ a , ayTop saxsa-
pa3naTrara nonpyrrja 6na c ~a x Haylta (@snoso+aje, ncaxonoraje 14 nenaror~j e),
K0je ~ p e 6 a Qa QOIlpAHeCy ,4a Ce Ha j ef l a~ o ~ ~ ~ K T I ~ B ~ H A CMCTeMaTaWlH HasHH OnH-
LlIy 3Ha~aj YnOra ylJ6eHkIKa y MHTeJIeKTyanHOM pa3~0j y y.teHHKa, LUTO Jc, yje~H0,
IlOCJIJ'XPiJIO KaO OCHOBa ayT0py ga ~ 0 r y h y @yHKqlljy ~ J J ~ ~ H H K ~ , KaO ki HHTeJIeK-
TyaJIHA pa3~0J y11eHHKa, IIOCMaTpa y CBeTJly CaBpeMeHHX @I~JIO~O@CKHX, IICHXOJIO-
IIIKHX A nenaroulKAx ~ e o p ~ j a Kao a caapeMeanx ~ M ~ ~ K T H ~ I K H X ~ e o p ~ j a XyMaHM-
cTMxrKe o p ~ j e ~ ~ a q n j e c ~ p a j a 20. BeKa.
O B ~ TeopeTcKa ocHoBa je npyxana ~ o r y h ~ o c ~ onpenemem 3a o~pe$eae
ne@~Hbi~Aje qeHTpanHAX I I OJ MOB~ OBOr p2lRa: Y ~ J ~ ~ H H K B MHTeJleKTyaJIHM pa3~0j .
FIpeyse~a je n e + a ~ ~ q ~ j a y u 6 e ~ ~ ~ a ~ o j y je nao E o r o ~ y 6 I Tp o ~ ~ i i , K O ~ H acTwe na
je y r ~ 6 e ~ m ~ "... caMo j e ~ a a on a s ~ o p a s ~ a n a ... n o ~ o h y ~ o j e r ce, c~aqyhm 3 ~ a ~ e ,
pa3B~jajy CIIOCO~HOCTH YIeHHKa, nOL1eB On CeH30PHMX Ei IlPaKTkIYHRX n0 ki3pa~aj-
HMX M MeHTaJIHAX, KaO HZIJBHIIIAX QOMeTa JbYRCKOr JJyxa" (np0Kah 1982 : 7). HH-
TeneKTyanHa pa 3~oj je n e @ ~ ~ a c a ~ npeMa cxBaTany P y Ga ~ r n ~ a j ~ a , ~0j l . i ra se3yje
3a IIC14XMKlKA IIpOUeC yCn0CTaBJLaba @YHK~ HOH~ J I HMX BC3a M ~ M ~ $ Y YHYTpaUIbIIX
ycnosa, a TO cy aHTeneKTyantle onepaqaje ( n o c ~ a ~ p a n e , ynopelpinane, a a a na ~a ,
cawresa, wjso$ene cynosa a 3a~myc1a~a) a assopa sHaBa Kao cnomarutbax y,jpo-
Ka (yrj 6eaa~) ( P y Ga ~ r u ~ a j ~ 1981 : 19,21).
nocne acTnqaba npenMeTa, npo6ne~a, qa ha a sajJaTaKa acTpa>Kanana,
C~ a q a n e 3 ~ a n a rrpeKo y1,16e~a~a, rcao a nerosa ynora y kiarrenemyanHoM
passojy yqeHeKa, aMa cnojy ~ e o p ~ j c ~ y nonnory y +kinoso+ajn, ncmxonoraj~ a ne-
~a r or a j a .
@anosoCt)c~<o p a 3 ~ a ~ p a b e s ~ a b a ~ c n a ~ y j e orrruTy noralrKy c ~ p y ~ ~ y p y ma-
&a ~ p o 3 pa3nmra~e @anoso+c~e npasqe. J e n a ~ on KMX je paq140~ana3a~, 143 KO-
jer ce passao ne,qarouIKki npaeaq - ~ ~ ~ e n e ~ ~ y a n a s a ~ , a ~ o j a s a x~e s a c ~a qa f i c
wa b a ca A C K ~ ~ ~ I ~ B O M o p a j e ~ ~ a q a j o ~ ~a passajaffie amenema, ys acKmyLrlzsabe
HOJ ~ HBX H eMoqI?oHanaMx eneMeHaTa.
Kao KPMTHKa TpaAHql?OHaJIHe LSlKOne, a nOJl yTI4IJajeM CaBpeMeHMX @I4JI0-
SO+CKIIX CxBaTaBa, nojasfiyjy ce HOBPI nenarorrrKa npasqlt ( e r 3a c ~e ~q~j a na c ~r . r s -
Ka, nparMaTac'rmriKa a Ct ) e ~ o ~ e ~ o n o r u ~ a ne~aroraj a), ~ o j a cy, y3 jom HeKe neAa-
roruKe npaeqe, 6ana ocHona sa cTsapabe noKpeTa HOB^" urrsona, ~ o j a je HacTao
~ p a j e ~ 19. I4 nOYeTKoM 20. BeKa.
Cs a ~m on HaseReHnx npanaqa HOB^" IrrKone y qeHTap MnTepecosaha ma-
nba ,qerre, o ~ ~ o c ~ o Berose CK~OI-IOCTM, aHTepecosana, no~pege, ys pac~e ~ o r y h -
HOCTM, M T ~ K O Rase. l -b~xos qMm je cpop~apane j e, q~e c a ~o p a s s a j e ~e JlaxrHocTa
~ o j a ce ~pc f i e npasqeM cse o,rsopeaajer noc~oj aBa, y O K B M ~ Y ~ o j e r ce j asha ~ a 3
rrpoMeHa ~ o j e cy y TOKY. 3a Tamor noj ega~qa Kj ep~er op Kaxe: "noj epi ~aq ~ o j a
TO j e c ~e , c ~ a n ~ o je y npoqecy ~ a c ~ a j a ~ a " (Kjerkegaard 1941 : 79). Kpos npoqec Ha-
c'rajana qoeeK ~ a c ~ o j a ,qa osnana c s o j o ~ npapo,qHoM a npymTseHoM pean~omhy,
a na 614 TO IIOCTMraO, KOPHCTI4 Ce CBO~HM pa3YMOM KOJM, 3a qOReKa !4 BeTOB YHY-
Tapna c n s ~ a j ~ a ~ e x a ~ u s a ~ ~ a j e Harura npyro ,qo anapaT 3a oflpetjmsane ~ S ~ J I H L I X
noAaTaKa (&yj 1934: 517). Y TOM npoqecy ~ a c ~ a j a n a n os na ps a na c n o j a ~ o ~ p y -
xeneM, YOBeK y w. J a ~ ma ce "significant learning" ( s ~ a s a j ~ o , CY~I TMHCKO ylrebe).
IIo Polrepcy, TO ~ ~ j e ycrene ~ o j e A O B O J ~ ,qo HaroMmnaBaba 3 ~ a n a , seii yqeKe KO-
je npoxmMa nasaocT a npo,qnpe y cs am flenah qoseKoBor noc~oj ana (Pouepc
1985: 216).
Yrpabyjyha y K O H L \ ~ I I ~ I ~ J - ~ ~ ~ yl J 6e ~~Ka HeKa HaqeJla OBHX IIpaBaLp, Kao UT O
Cy eneMeHTM C~ MOHHH~ [ M~ ~ THBHO~ , IIpo~kiMajyher YYeba KojllM fie Ce Pa3BMTM
yqeHMsKe mHTeneKTyanHe mare, ~ o r y h e je RoBecTH ~o n p o ~ e r ~ a y naciHocTa yye-
iicr~a, npoMeHa ~ o j e Texe + n e ~ c a 6 a n ~ o c ~ a a KPHTM~IHOCTM. no~yur a j 3a pasyMe-
BafieM C Y ~ ~ ~ K T L I B H O ~ MCKYCTBa Il~je~klHqa MOXe ~ H T M I I O MO ~ IlpI? KOHIlllIlHpa%Y
y u 6 e ~ a ~ a .
n c ~ x o n o u r ~ a acTpaxanaffia ce 6asapajy Ha Tpaxe%y ogroBopa Ha naTaBe
KaKo CC y MtIflMBMnyanHOM nCMXMtIKOMXMBO.I'Y @OPMWP~ 3HaEbC, KOJ M Cy HaLIMHM
crartalta sHaIr,a M C~ OC~ ~ HOCT L I , Kao LI H ~ ~ M H H Ha K O ~ M ce noc~oj eha sHaBa M cno-
C O ~ H ~ C T M ~e f i a j y.
Teopmje KOrHMTHBHOr pa3130ja 3acHMRajy Ce Ha pa3JlMt1MTMM ~Mt)elhMMa l7a-
s noj ~~or rlpollcca 13 Kao Tame HyRe p a s n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e neRarorrrKe nepcneKTane. ITosehe-
MO ca BM$ ~ H, ~ M ~ o j e MYJTM I l a j a >~e o ~a ~ e o p ~ j a . I T~j a xc je cMaTpao aa passoj m a
nomchy ynory, Aa je ~ o ~ ~ p o n ~ c a 1 - 1 onwraM ~ J I ~ M ~ I K H M cTpyKrrypaMa, !la ce o ~ e ~ l j a
KP03 o~t pc i j e ~e c ~ y n f i e ~ e , a npenas ca je~~rior. cTyn[-ha Ha RpyrM o ~ p c $ e ~ je npoqc-
COM ypan130rre>Kc11,a Kao M jja KuanareT yTlet+,a 3auaca on TlocrarayTor cTeneHa
pa3~0j a. ~ ~ M B J I ~ ~ I H O C T OBe TeopMJe neXM y TBXIHOM 011pe~l.1~ilfiy MHTeJIeKTyaJIHMX
onepaq~j a npeMa ~o j r ma ~ p e 6 a yllpasslaTa npouec HacTase.
To na y ~ o ~ ~ e n q ~ j y y1.16e~a~a ~ p e 6 a yrpa$aea~n s a x~e ne ~ o j m ~ a ce
npaTe ~ ~ KOHI I TOCTM pa3noj ~or Ilpoqeca, ROAMTM paLlyHa o OnJIMKaMa ~ o j e noccny-
je ~ e r ~ ~ j e MMmfieH,e, o KO~ HMTMRHMM A O C T MT H ~ ~ MMB M orpaHMLrenmMa csaKor cTa-
~ ~ j y ~ a MlrTencKryanHor p a ~ o j a , Mrm.
MC~YTMM, oRne ce cr asha saMepKa ancTpaKT1-locTfiI nojnta JlorrrirKHx C T ~ Y K -
Typa. Aa ~ M C M O KOHQMDMP2lJIM y1.16elim~ npeMa pacnonoxMBMM JIOl'M'lKMM CTPYK-
TypaMa HerreTa, MH npe cnera MopaMo s ~ x r a ~ o j a noralIKa cTpyKTypa je Ra>Kaa sa
o , q p e $ e ~ ~ Hacramti rrpejp4e.r. Ay ~ o p y~6c1-1n~a l*eh{a r ~~@o p ~a c ( k ~j y o npMcyFrHo-
CTM HJIM ORCYCTBY JIOrMYKC CTpYKTYPe KOA ylIeHMKa, HBpOIIMTO aKO Ce Y3MY Y 06-
sap mTpaxMnafia ~ o j a cy no~as ana na cy p a s n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e s a ~ a ~ ~ e sa ~ o j e jc a s r ne ~a -
no Ra 3axTeRajy HCTY JIOrMTIKY CTPYKTYPY, YTIeHWIJM Re~6albeM yCneIIIH0 M3BpIlla-
nanM tla ~ ~ ~ J I L I ~ I M T M M y3pa c ~m~a . Moxna y ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ ~ p e 6 a y11eTM s e >~6 a h a ~oj m-
Ma Ce MHCMCTMpB Ha CMM~ OJ I T I M~ ~ KOM MMl l l hl beH~Y ( O ~ ~ ~ H M ~ O B ~ ~ T H pa3I'OBOpe 0 KOH-
KPCTHMM npejJMerrMMa 6e3 npMcycTna Tmx npenMerra M cn.).
' Tparajyh~ .3a opMraHanHMM npMcTynoM y r r e o p ~ i ~ yqetba, cnoj AonpMtroc
JJaO je M FpyHep KOJM Ce Mabe 6auao ~ M O ~ O I I I K M M 3aKOHHTOCTHMa M " T ~ ~ P I ~ ~ O M
KynrrypHor pasuoja". OH je xeneo na nporrabe s a j e j ~ ~ a s ~ y a ~ e j y MJIm " ~ p n e ~ y
HMT" K O J ~ Ce npOBJlalIM Kp03 CTpYKTYPY rpa)JHBa, a Koja MO>Ke n0Mohl.1 60~beM pa-
s y~enaf i y acTor. Qa 6~ ce npoHaurna M yowna s a j e ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ a ~ ~ e j a , ~ o p a j y ce
YKJLysMTM 0flpebeH~ MHTeJIeKTyaJIHM HanopH KOJM 38 IlOCJleflHqy MMaJy IIOC'reneH
pasncj ompetje~iax c n o c o 6 ~ o c ~ ~ .
BMrmc~1.1 je c ~ a ~ p a o na npenNocT y paseojy nMxIHocTn ~ p e 6 a na MMa nony-
tranatr,e, jep cc caMo ~ p o s npoqec o 6 p a s o ~ a ~ a nopcTMcry M ~sr pabyj y yrrpano oHe
a y ~ ~ q ~ j e a c r r o c o 6 ~ o c ~ ~ ~ o j e ce ~ ~ a n a s e y " s o ~ a HapenHor pm~oj a". Y O K B MP ~
npoqeca o6pa 3013a ~~ Ba>KHO Memo npMnaga c o q ~ j a n ~ o j mi ~e pa ~r \ ~j 14 UeTera 14
OJlpaCJlOr. KOHKP~THO, Be3aHO 38 Ha111Pa[[, 'TO 614 6 ma 3ajefll1M~Ka aKTMRHOCT ae-
Terra M ojlpacnor (ayropa y u 6 e ~ ~ ~ a ) rRe ayrop y a 6 e ~ ~ r ~ a nenyje Ha yxleHMKa MaKo
HMje IlOpefl I-Lera. HaMMe, flOJIa3M MHflHpeKTHOT CYCPeTa M ~ M C ~ Y yIJ6eHMKa
( ~ a o nponyKra ~ y n ~ y p e ) M yseHMKa, ruTo , q o ~ o ~ ~ go arc.rneupana H,erormx MHT~ -
nersryanaax cnoco61~om1r. T L I M~ canpxaj ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ noc~aj e o,qpe$yjyhcl @ a ~ ~ o p
ysCfiHKOBe MMCaOHe fleJIaTHOCTM.
M~e j e BarorrcKor cy nan~e pa3panana Poroa, Bcnc m Byn (Rogof, Wells M
Wood), anIt H C K I ~ TeopeTaclapM, ~ a o LUTO je Mon, c ~ a ~ p a j y ,qa OHM HMCY BeTafiHM-
je paspaj t ~na HacrMHe ncJloBal-ba y OHM Hapeulior paseoja", o n ~ o c ~ o KaKo ~ p e 6 a
nEAATOILIKA CTBAPHOCT, XLVIII, 9-10 (2002). HOIM Caj(
Ra ce peanasyje Ta capaflfia AeTeTa a onpacnor, ~ o j a ~ MeToRaMa, ~ o j a ~ O~ J I MI [ M-
Ma "no~oha" ojqpacnor (Moll 1990 : 11).
Hac~oj aba ga ce paseaje oparMaanaH KoHqenT HacTase, s a c ~o~a l r Ha 6na-
roM onHocy npeMa neqm a norrrTosany naxose naLIHocTa, jas~hajy ce HOBM npa-
cryna y HacTasa. Yrpabasane oeax eneMeHaTa n p e ~r o s ~a j e ~o joru K O ~ KOM~H-
CKOr PI P ~ c o ~ , jqa 611nOJIOBHHOM20. BeKa Kna@Ka (Wolfgang Klafki) M UUyJIII (Wol-
fgang S C ~ U~ Z ) Pi3rpajqllnM K O H ~ C I I ~ H J ~ KpPITHZIKO-KOHCTPYKTCIBHe M KOMYHI4K;LTMB-
He nenarorqe. OH^ ynase y o ~ n a p caspeMeHax UanaKTnqKax ~eopaj a, rne ce rro-
ce6aa naxba noceehyje HalrenaMa ca~oonpet)ena a ConaRapHocTa ylIeHaKa, Kao
a naxose e ~a ~qa na qa j e .
Ha TeMemy eMaHqanaropHe nenaroraje HacTaJIa je pecno~ca6an~a Hacra-
Ba, K O J ~ je CTllMyJIllCaHa YHYTpaUIbOM M O T H B ~ ~ H ~ O M I4 neM0KpaTCKOM naPTl4qMna-
~ ( U ~ O M YlIeHMKa I4 HaCTaBHMKa. Y OKBMPY ~ ~ c I I o H c M ~ H J I H ~ HaCTaBe O ~ B H J ~ Ce "IIpo-
qec nec~onapasaq~j e ycIeKa, ~ p e a ~ a ~ a s a q a j e n a n a ~ ~ a . i ~ o - ~ e ~ o ~ ~ " i ~ o r rlnypana-
no~asyje ~ e ~ u e ~ q a j y npe@epapana Heeor HasmHa nepqenqaje, opra~asaqaje, pe-
~ e ~ q ~ l j e a p e ~ o r ~ a q a j e y npoqecy cTaqaba s ~ a n a ( Ma~nah 1990 : 261). C THM y
Be3M MOXeMO peha na Cy PiHTeJIeKTyaJIHe cnoco6eocra I4 K0rHHrrr?BHH CTWIOBM
nOBesaHEi, aJIM fla Ce Meby bMMa He MOXe CTaBMTM 3HaK ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ K O C T H . I / ~ H T ~ J I ~ K T ~ -
anHe cnoco6~ocra cy oKpeHyTe caupxajy nposeca cassaba a yeasyjy Ha Hacrm M
o 6 n a ~ yc~aj aba I I H @ O ~ M ~ ~ H ~ ~ , n 0 K Ce KOrHMTllBHH CTHJIOBA OjqHOCe Ha HaWH
cTarjaba a ~@o p ~a q a j a , peanasosaa ~ p o s npoqec ycnajana sHana. Y sacnarHo
- O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O B H O M CkICTeMY, Onpa3 KOI'HMTHBHOr CTAJIa Hajlje HHUITa ,QpYrO no CTpaTerl4-
ja yqena ~ o j a ce oAHoca Ha Hasm ~a ~ o j a ce ojq~aja npoqec ycrena ( Toj ~os 1995 :
95).
Cn a ~ a on noMeHyTax ~eopaj a 06jarunasa HeKe acneme passoja runpe, 60-
b e M n o ~ n y ~ a j e on jqpyrax ana Me Moxe na o6j ac~a cse eneMeHTe ~ o j a cy noce6-
HO ~ H ~ ' - I ~ ~ H E I 3;1 CTPYKTYPYkI K O H ~ ~ ~ I J M J ~ ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ .
Y o ~ e ~ e cy pasnaee y cxsaTanaMa aHTeneKTyanHor passoja yrreaar<a M
YJIOre yu6e~IIKa y beMy, MaRa Ce KP03 CBa CXBaTaba lIpOBJIaclH ~ ~ J ~ ~ H M Y K M AMe-
Hare&, a TO je npahebe ~ ~ K O H MT O C T M ncaxaCIKor passoja n o j e ~a ~q a , o m~ o c ~ o sa-
KOHHTOCTLI ~ o j e npaTe neroB aaTeneKTyanHa pas ~oj c x o ~ ~ o neronoh.1 yspac~y.
Cs a ~ a ~eopaj a carnenasa npo6ne~ a3 csor yma, ~ o ~ e h a npa TOM paqyHa Ra y
qeHTap CBOr MHTepeCOBaba CTaRMJIMqHOCT YIIeHI.IKa K O ~ R je, y HaCTaBHOM npoqe-
cy, a c y 6 j e ~ ~ a o 6 j e ~ a ~ nenouana.
Y ~ ~ ~ H I I K , ~ j . heros canp>~aj, 6 1 4 ~ ~ 0 yTslre Ha ycreHaea, WTO H j ec~e qab
HacTaee. Ca s ~ ~ a n a s a n e ~ Tor canpxaja ycIeHHK ce Mena. Kao nawocT noc~aje 60-
X a ~ a Gojos~ti: YIJGEHMK Y QYHI<I&TJM MHTEJIEKTYAJIHOT PASBOJA Y4EHPiKA
r a ~ ~ j m, nerose c n o c o 6 ~ o c ~ ~ ce noseka~aj y, a MeHTanHcl KanaqmeTM pa 3~~j a j y.
Ca Rpyre cTpaae, y cKnany ca sek n o c ~ o j e k ~ ~ @OHROM 3 ~ a n a , CBO~HM BP~AHOCTM-
Ma M M H R M B M ~ ~ ~ ~ J I H o L L I ~ ~ , CBaKM YYeHMK IlpHXBaTa c a J J p~a J Ha CROJ HaqEIH, ITpepLl-
$yje ra M ~ o ~ n o ~ y j e on ner a Hone cTpyeType. Kpos caenanaBane canpxaja y
Y U ~ ~ H H K J ~ , Y' leHMK @opMMpa HOBe ~ O ~ M O B ~ , pa3~llja C B O ~ ~ MHTeJIeKTyaJIHe Kana-
UMTeTe y CKnany Ca CBO~ HM M O ~ ' ~ ~ H O C T M M ~ M MIITt?peCOBafi(ilMa, M CTMLIe OCHOBe 38
ca~oo6pa30~al se.
Canpxaj ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ je TeKcT K O ~ H H M ~ , npe cnera, 06pa30nHy ~ n c ~ j y , UJTO
ra M pa3nMKyie OR OCTaJIRX KbMra. @ Y H K ~ R J ~ y ~ 6 e ~ c r ~ a J C npBeHCTBeH0 YCMepeHa
Ha MtlrreneKTyanHe KanauMTeTe yseHma, @o p ~ ~ p a %e MHTeneKTyanHMx BeurTMHa,
cMcTeMa neposana, 3 ~ a n a MTJJ.
M ~ a j y h ~ oso y BMAY, BpcTa canpxaja y1,16e~a~a jc onpebeaa OHMM KO ra
Kopacrra, a TO je yqeHMK, a c 0 6 3 1 4 ~ 0 ~ na je ~ I J ~ ~ H M K nMcaHa pcy, ner os y ~ ~ u a j je
OrpaHMIIeH, na y nyXy TOra MOXeMO rOBOpMTll 0 pa3JIM11MTMM + Y H K ~ M ~ ~ M ~ y1,16e-
HMK~ . 3a oso McTpaxMsane MM CMO ce onpegenanM 3a oHe @ y ~ ~ q ~ j e yI,I6eHMKa
~ o j e ce TMYY ~ o r y h e r noncTaqana passoja aHTeneKTyanmx onepaqcrja, HOBMX
7Haba, CeIi30PHMX, ITPaKTMVHEIX kl M ~ P ~ x ~ ~ ~ H H x CI~OCO~HOCTH.
TIPEAMET MCTPAXHBAIbA j e c ~e y~upbneane npmcyrHocTM onpebe-
HMX KapaKTepMCTMKa c a np~a j a yr,16eHMKa, K0je Ce MOry M~~HTM@MKOB~TM KaO Ka-
PaKTepMCTMKe K O J ~ M M ~ J Y I I o T ~ A ~ M J ~ ~ ~ ~ H A y ~ ~ q a j Ha MHTeJIeKTyanHM pa3l30j YseHH-
Ka, nOCMaTpaH0 Ca CTaHOBMILITa HaCTaBe, OCTBapMBafia I I ~ ~ J ( B M$ ~ H Mx BaCIIllTHO
- O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B H M X UMJbeBa K O ~ M Ce OAHOCe Ha MHTeJIeKTyaJlHO BanRTa%e M Ko~l~enIJkIje
caMor ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ .
IIPOEJIEM HCTPAXMBAbA: Ko~zutco cy O C H O B H O L U ~ O J ~ C ~ U y4lGetli~u~i
y 4y~t cuuj u unul eJzet cul yuJzTp~~3~0j ~1 y ~ i e ~ u ~ u ?
4M. b I/ICTPA>KMBAIhA cMo noJJenaJIM r-la OnUITM M ~ V C ~ ~ H M . OIIUTM
UMJb MCTPAXMBAbA je 6uo gcr ce yGopgu iuoTyiin @y ~~c u u j a y4l6euutcu y LLH-
~Zenetcriiyan~oiu p a ~ ~ o j y yltetlutca.
nona3ehl.r on ornuTer qMJba McTpaxma%a O A ~ ~ J J MJ I M c ~ o M nOCEEHM
UM.b, a TO jc gn ce yiZspgu i omZe~~i uj uf l ~a (bytltcuuju csurcof y 4l Ge ~u~a ~ o ~ u o c o 6 .
3AAALJkf acTpamasaba cy:
I . ~ T B ~ R M T M 0 6 ~ ~ naTana, 3anarra~a, Hanora M s ex6a ~ o j e He aara>~yj y ~rnjegkly
HHTeJIeKTyanHy O ~ C ~ ~ L T H J Y y 3aRaTMM Y I J ~ ~ H M ~ H M ~ ,
2. YTBPAMTH n o ~ e ~ q q a n ~ y @ y ~ ~ q ~ j y Y I . I ~ ~ H M K ~ y aHraxonafiy cnoxeacrx npo-
qeca @op~mpat ca n o j ~ o s a ( noc ~a ~pa f i e , y ~ l o p e b a ~ a ~ e , a~anmsa, CMHTCS~ ,
~?uobe%e cynosa M ~ ~ KJ L ~ I I MB ~ H, ~ ) ,
3. YTBpnMTM M0ryfiy @Y H K ~ H J Y yIJ6eHMKa y ~C~ajaEby IIaCTaBHOr CaQXaJa Ha
CBMM H MB O MM~ 3 ~ a n a ( 3~a f i e npenosaana~,a, pe npony~q~j e , npMMeneHo-
oIIepaTmHa 3 ~ a n a M cTnapanalrKa s ~ a n a ) ,
4. yTspnaTN n o ~ e ~ q ~ j a n ~ y Qy~~ql i l j y ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ y ycsajacby HacTanHor canpxaja
y OAHOCy Ha pa 3~0j C ~ ~ C O ~ H O C T H (CeH30pHe, npaKTMLIHe C I ~ OC O~ HOC T H M CnO-
CO~HOCTM mpaxanana),
5. YTBpflWrH CTeneH R C K O P MU I ~ ~ H O C T A Y J J ~ ~ H M K ~ Ha WlCOBMMZl y IlOrJIeay:
3aencna oapajabna je yqeaMr<, OAHOCHO heron MnrreneKryaJ1m passoj, a y o ~ u c r -
py MHTeneKTyanHor pas~oj a: @o p ~ ~ p a r &e noj ~os a, Hmuo Knanwrcrra s ~ a ~ b a kr pa-
3 ~ 0 j pa 3n~~1~~r r nx CI I OCO~HOWM.
(+!)~lp~~lpnl be
- OCMal pZltbC
- yr ~ope\ ~~ai +x
- aHiUIM3a
n y uoan
- c1.1117e3a
r~luoljetw
cynonn M
YI,l6EI-IMK
l a ~c ~by~r a ~a
- nMTana
- H ~ J I O ~ M - npeno3rranar r,,~
K B ~ ~ M T ~ T
- s e ~t 6c - penpony~trl~je
- 3anauM
3Haba
- orlepar rlurio
CT sapanaciKo
Y YEHLIK
Pujaoj
- cerrmpr re
cnocoGriocrnz~ ---+
- npammlsr re
- ~sparcaj~re
X n ~ a Eolorj~ih: YUEEHMIC Y ~1)YHKuMJM MHTEJIEKTYAJIHOT PASBOJA YLIEHMKA
CTeneH M C K O ~ M L U ~ ~ H O C T M y1.16e~~rca Je PICTpaXMBaH Kp03 CHCTeMaTCKO Il0-
CMaTpa%e 105 IIaCTaBIiMX LlaCOBa KOJM Cy peaJIMsOl3aHM no HaBCAeHMM HaCTaBHMM
npenMeTaMa (45 cracorta y ojleJbcwMMa ,rpeher 14 .IeTspTor paspena M 60 Ilacoea y
oAe.rbermMa cegMor M OCMOI- pa'3pej~a). OKB M~ a36opa cy lIMHmnM CRM Y ~ I ~ I I M ~ M
~peflMx, 11CTBpT14X, CeaMEl X I4 OCMHX pa3pena CBMX OCHOBHHX LUKOJla Y r pa nCKOM je-
srpy Y x ~ q a , a M ~ T O ~ ~ O M cnyqaj ~or ~360pa ysoparc cy s ma n a 1033 yl r eHMKa y
CBMM UIKOJI1-1MLI.
nprnh~e~,ella je Me.rojla ~ e o p ~ j c ~ e aaanase, a on mcTpaxr.lnacrKMx TexHMKa
~<opMluiierrc Cy: CMCTCMaTCKO IIOCMaTpabC El aHaJll.138 c a ~ p ~ a j a . OJI HHCTpyMetIaTa
K O P I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ C H ,ie Cn MO ~ ~ O T V K O J I nOCMaTpa1ba H c K o ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ C H O C T M Y I J ~ ~ H M K ~ Ha 'IaCO-
BMMB, K O ~ H je, sa onaj pajl, rroce6~o KoHcTpyuca1-r.
OCHOBHO CpenCTBO K O ~ MM Y I J ~ ~ H M K aHra>Kyje yLleHMKe, ORHOCHO CpCJfCTBO
~ o j e on yLleHEiKa HerlocpeHHo a ~ K C I I ~ MU MT H O 3ax~eea ammnHocT a aHraxosakbe
onpe$c~r ~x nHTcneKTyanHMx KanarKl.rTerra jecy nwraba, s a na q~, Hanosvl M sex6e' .
AHanl l so~ canpxaja o 6 y x ~ a k e ~ o je 1428 j e g ~ ~ ~ u a a~- i an~s e y c ~ a x neneT aHana-
s ~ p a ~ 1 4 x YI , I ~ E! RMK~ . MCTMY~MO ~a ce I-ianIa a ~ a n ~ s a canp>~aja He 6asa n e j r n ~ o ~
canpl ~aj a y1~6e l r ~l ~a r ~ a MlrTeneKTyaJrHM pa s ~oj yLretwKa y cTporoM cMacny, seii ca-
MO XMllOTeTMqKI.IM, M O ~ Y ~ E T M ,QC~CTIIOM. 3 a ~ 0 Je y aHaJIH3M cIeC'rO K O P ML L I ~ ~ H Tep-
MMR - M O Z ~ ~ L I ( i i o ~ Z e ~ u u j a n ~ ~ i ) Ilo~pelZial~ u ~ %e n e ~ f i y u n f t o ~ p u 3 s o j a yrlel-lurca.
Cil TOI' CTi11-1OBMLIJT;1 I I O C ~ ~ H ~ Il ~>KIb~ je naTa 3aXTeBMMa KOj e CMO CBpCTanM
y cneneiie ~x r e r o p ~j e :
1. 3aX'l'eBM KOJM HkiCy y @Y H K ~ M~ I . I aKTMHMPalWl MHTeJIeKTyaJIHMX OnepaqM~a
norn1Ir<or MaumeH,a yLieHMrca. Y OKBMPY OBMX saxTena ~ s ~ e o j a n x CMO cneneke
~ x r e r o p ~ j e sax~eua:
- Ka~eI Wp~j a 3aXTeBa K O ~ M CY HCnOBOJbHO IIpCqM3HM M ~ L ~ C I ~ M M,
- ~a~er op14j a saxrrcna ~ o j n cy caMo I I ~ MBMAHO MHTeneKTyanHo nposorta-
TMBHkl (110Kpehy yLleIlMK21 Ha npaKTMTIHy aKTMBHOCT YCMepetiY Ha npMKY-
nJLabe o 6 j e ~ a ~ a sa pan)
2. 3aXTeBEl K O ~ H Cy I T O T ~ H ~ M ~ ~ J I H M nOKpCTaVM pa3Boja MHTeneKTyaJIHMX
cHara yLleaaKa KPO' ~ J I O ~ MZ I K ~ onepaq~j e MMm.rr,erba,
3. 3aXTCRM K O ~ M I I O T ~ H ~ M ~ L ~ J ~ H O ~ K T B R M P ~ ~ Y Oflpe$eHe KBaJIMTeTe sHa%a KOA
Yclt?HMKa,
4. 3aXrCBM KOJM CY MOI ' Y~ M IIOKpeT;lTIM CeH30PHkiX, IIPaKTMLIHMX M M3pa~ilj-
HMX C ~ O C O ~ H O C ' ~ E I yrIeHMKa.
5. Ca CT~l40BMIIlTa MCKO~MUI~I~HOCTII YI J ~CHMKB Ma ' IaCOBMMa HaCTaBHMX
rIpC[4MCTa l7pupoga u gpyuriZcw sa rrpeha paspen, l703+tasu~,e g p y wh a a M I 703~n-
IlEQArOLllKA CTBAPHOCT, XLVIII, 9-10 (2002), H o l ~ Call
wntt,e Gpupoye sa ' I ~TRPTM, ~ ~ U O A O Z U ~ C I , ldciiiopuja, re~; i El a( j bi ~j ~ sa CeflMM a OCMM
paspen, na xna jc n o c ~ e h e ~ a :
- CTCIICHy MC K O P MU ~ ~ ~ MO C T M OBMX ~l,16eHMKa Ha 'IaCoBMMa On CTpaHe Ha-
CTaBHMKa.
JJoGajc~~a cy cneneha p e s y n ~ a ~ a :
1. A~anMsa canpxaja y u 6 e ~ m~ a pas pcn~e a npenhleTae HacTase je rroKasa-
na Aa je ~ o r y k c a3nsoj a~a saxTene ~ o j a cy n o ~ e ~ q ~ j a n ~ o MpeneRaHTHM 3a MHTe-
neKTyanHa passoj ycreHMKa, o n ~ o c ~ o ~ o j a He ~opecno~nrnpaj y y noTnyHocTM ca
Karre1'0plljaMa PeneBaHTHMM pa3~0j HHTeJIeKTyaJrHMX CHara ycleHMKa.TaKRM~
saxveua m a yKynao 72, LUTO ~ I MHM 5% on yKynHor 6poja ceax j enaaa~t a aHanHse,
O ~ Y X B ~ ~ ~ H M X ORMM MCTpaXMBabCM, UITO je npMKa3aHo y ~ a 6 e n ~ 6p. 1. YHyTap
oee rpyrle saxTesa ~s nnoj e ~m cy freAouon,Ho j a c ~ ~ a ~enpeqns aa saxreem, Kao a
aHTeneKTyanHo ~ e a ~ ~ a s ~ p a j y h ~ .
E~e, qonom~o J ~ C H H 3aXTeBa M~ ~ ~ HTH( $ HKOB~ HM Cy CaMO y yq6el raqa~a pa-
spenHe tracraee (22 saxTeua MnM 12,28 %), ~ O K K O ~ y1.16eHM~a npe,qMerrHe IracTaee
rwje r r p o ~ a b e ~ H M ~ ~ J I ~ H ~errpeqasaa saxTeB.
MHT c J I ~ KT ~ ~ J I HO ~ e a ~ ~ ~ ~ c l p a j y h ~ 3axTeBM Cy, Ilpe CBera, 3aXTeBM K0jl.i Ce
ogHoce Ha rIpaKynmabe 06jeearra sa pan (~spa,qa a n 6 y ~ a , rrpmynmane HancnHa-
[la, pas men~aqa, IloceTe M cn). Y y 1 ~ 6 e ~ a q ~ ~ a paspenae HacTaee npoaabcaa cy
22 TaKHa XlXTeHa, a y Y I , I ~ ~ H H I [ M M ~ IlpeAMeTHe HaCTaRC 28 3aXTeBa.
2. Qp y r a ~ ~ ~ J ~ T K O M ecTpaxasafia asnnojmna CMO s a x~e e e ~ o j ~ ce oylHoce
Ha M O T Y ~ R yrl'ML[ilj Y L I ~ ~ H M K ~ Ha aHra>KOBaEbe MHrreJICKTyaJIHPIX 011epaqMja.
C R ~ K M 3axrre13 je a ~ a n a 3 n p a ~ y qafiy y ~ e p b ~ e a n a KonrtKo no~eaqaj anao
no~pe ke MHTeneKTyanHe onepaqaje: nocMarrpane, ynope$aea&e, a ~a na s a , cmHTe-
sa, assobebe cynoea a s a ~ m y ~ ~ a ~ a , y ceaKoM on rraseneHax ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ , OAHOCHO
K O ~ M K ~ je ( $ p e ~s e ~q a j a ~ o r y k e r aKTMsapafia je,q~ax onepaqaja y on~oc y Ha ~ p y -
re. Haje 6ano ~o r y i i e ~ ~ ~ H O ~ H T M s a x ~e e y K O ~ ~ M ee noj a~~byj e caMo j e ~ ~ a aHrre-
ncKTyanHa onepaq~j a, seli cy yseK 6 me npacyTHe Tpm Mna BHrue a m- e ne ~~ya n-
HMX onepaq~j a, TaKo na cy naTe caMo +pe~~enqzxje janjbaba Hasenemix mHTeneK-
Tyanmx onepaq~j a no ~ I J ~ ~ H H I J H M ~ MspaxeHe y npoqemaMa ( ~a 6e na 2).
~o6Mj e ~M pe3yJrrraTM 110Ka3yjy ,Qa yIJ6eHMK ~ O T ~ H ~ H ~ ~ J ~ H O aKTMBMpa MH'I'e-
neKTyanHe o~repaqaje nocMaTpana, ynopeijasarha, aeanase, cmr ese M clsnobena
CymoRa a 3 a ~ f i y q a ~ a ( ~a 6e na 2), a K ~ K O je TO pacnope$e~o, reHepanHo nocMaTpa-
HO, MoxeHo mn e m Ha rpa@m~oay 1. H ~ ~ e n c ~ ~ y a n ~ a oncpaq~j a nocMaTpana je
AoMalIaHTHa y 21% s a x ~ e ~ a , yr~opebmnafie y 10% saxTena, aeannsa je A O M~ H ~ H -
Trra y 31 % saxTesa, c n ~ ~ e 3 a y 16% s ax~eua a mImeneKTyanHa onepaq~j a asnobe-
h a CyflOBa M 3aKJLyqaKa je ROMMHaHTHa Y 22% aJlaJlM3MpaHMX 3aXTeBa.
r p n ( $ a ~ o ~ a 2. a 3. n p ~ ~ a s y j y KaKo je TO pacrrope$c~o ~ O C ~ ~ H O no y1~6e~1.1-
IpiMa pas pen~e H rlpenMerrHe Hacraee.
T ~ K O M McTpaxMsana acKpMcTanMcana ce norpe6a na Y T B ~ ~ M M O KonaKo
canp>~aj y 1 ~ 6 e k r ~ ~ a nclpeKTHo ynyhyje ycIeal.rr<a Ha HeKe on HarIaHa e ( $ ~ ~ a c e o r 6a-
paTaba ~ I J ~ ~ H M K O M HnM HeKOM ApyroM JIMrrepaTypOM. AHaflM3a c a np~a j a yu6e-
H M K ~ no~a s a na je na je j a ~ o Mano j e n ~ ~ ~ q a aaanme ~ o j e yrryhyjy ycleHaKa Ha pan
Ca Y I J ~ ~ H M K O M Mall JZORaTHOM JIMTepaTYPOM.
npeflcTa~MheM0 TO no ~ I J ~ ~ H M ~ M M ~ .
Y OI<BHPY y1. 16e~a~a pa3penHe HaCTaBe ~3f l ~aj aMo ~ I . I ~ ~ H M K ~ nO3~U(3i l ~>e
upupoge Ja 4. paspeg a no3uasn1+e g p y u ~s t l n 3a 4. pajpeg, y K O ~ M M ~ ce ayTopa
Y U ~ C H M K ~ o6paiiajy Y~lellHqMI~L1 KaO KOpMCMML[MMa. ~ M X O R O o6pahalbe je Ha
n p ~o j C T ~ ~ H M I ~ M Knare, y O K B I I ~ Y ~ o j e r ce HaJlasc ocaoslra ynyTcrna sa ~opa mhc -
h e ~ I J ~ ~ E I H K ~ , Kao M rpy6c HasHaKe K O ~ Y JlMTepaTypy, y3 ~ U ~ ~ I I P I K , yLleHMK MO>KC
na Kopacra, Hewrro on ~ r e n e n a j ~ j c ~ o r IlporpaMa, He npcqasapaj yh~ canp>~aj e KO-
J M Cy H ~ ] I I ~ ~ O ~ H M ~ H , Kao M npaBJbeH>C a J I 6y~a
CanpxajPI y1~6e13a~a npeAMeTMe HaCTaRe Cy HeluTO KOHKP ~ T HM~ M, MaKO J C
6 ~ n o Mano a s ~e ~a byj yhe TO UITO c ~ o , on rrrecT y u 6 e ~ m~ a npenMeTHe Hacram, ca-
MO Y JJBa Y I J ~ ~ H M K ~ , HalllJlM 3aXTeBe K O ~ M M ~ Ce yCleHLlqH yr~yhyjy Ha Apyry JlkiTepa-
Typy. To je Y I J ~ ~ H M K reoZpa(jbujll3a 7. paapeg, y KOMC je sanaTo 27 rcMa sa CCMM-
HapcKe panone ys npenopyKy onrosapajyhe nMreparrypc norpe6ae sa ~y TeMy a
YI J ~ C HMK r e o z p n @~ ] e 3a 8. pLl3pf?$l, y KOMe Ta ~obe ~ O C T O ~ H He3HaTHO y n y h ~~a l b e
Ha npyry naTcpaTypy a y KoMe je nabeao 7 rpynartaja nma%a ~ o j a ce onHoce Ha
c uc r e ~a ~a s a r ~uj y rpanana HaKoH o6pabe~e HacTanHe qenaee. Qo p ~ y n a q ~ j a na-
~ a ~ t a je naTa y B M ~ Y KpaTKax ~ e s a .
3. Cne~cfi a rpyna s a x~e s a j e c ~e oHa ~ o j a je y (PYHK~EIJ'II n o ~ e ~ q a j a n ~ o r aH-
raxooaba oxpebe~ax KsaJlaTcTa s11ana. Y Harueht acTpa>KauaH,y a ~ a n a s a p a ~ a cy
cne~efi a KnanaTeT1.I: s ~ a b e rrpenos~asalba, p e n p o n y ~ ~ ~ j e , npa~ebeso- onepa-
T H B H ~ a cTsapanacIKo sHa%e. npr? a ~ a n a s a canp>~aja CBMX a ~ a n a 3 ~ p a ~ 1 . 1 ~ Y I , I ~ ~ H M-
Ka Je yOT1eHO fla I I o C T C ~ M KBaJlMTaTMBHa pa3nMKa y 3aWeBMMa y CMkICJIy HOTeHqM-
j a n ~o r aKTaeapana HeKor on KBanaTerra sHaba, 6e3 o6sapa na na cy Ha no1reTKy
MJIM ~a ~ p a j y neuqnje, ana Aa He n o c ~ o j ~ KsanaTaTMulia p a j n a ~ a KaNa ce yrropene
n o 6 a j e ~ ~ p e s y n ~ a ~ t ~ ~ e $ y n e ~ q ~ j a ~ a y yu6e1~14nhia pa3pefl ~e M npeflMeTHe Ha-
CTaBC, LUTO CC MOXe BMAeTM y T ~ ~ ( P MKOHMM~ 4. M 5.
Kana je pexr o s ~ a b y npenosl-ianaba, ~ p e 6 a p e h ~ na ce sax~cl m ~ o j a aara-
xyjy oeaj HMBO 3 ~ a f i a y ~ a j ~ e h o j Mepa ~ a n a s e y ~ B O ~ H M M sanaqaMa. I I o ~ o h y bax
ce nonesyje rpaNaeo nperrxonHc ne ~qa j e ca HapegHoM, IUTO je c~rysaj y roTouo
CRHM ~ I J ~ ~ H M ~ A M ~ . A~anmsoM canpxaja y u 6 e ~ a ~ a je y ~ o p b e ~ o na 08 1428 afranm-
s a p a ~ i ~ x j e na ~a qa 151 jenat~aqa a ~a n a s e n o ~ e ~ q a j a n ~ ~ o awasapaj y s ~ a b e npe-
n o s ~ a n a ~ ~ .
Barrre on j e n ~ e nonosme j e ~ ~ ~ a q a a ~a n a s e cy n o ~ e ~ q ~ j a n ~ o a ~ ~ ma p a j y -
fie y cMacny na Tpaxe penpony~qajy HayseHor, ys nonesmafie ca >KMBOTHMM
MCKYCTBOM ygeHaKa. H ~ P O ~ H T O je BMCOK 6poj saxTena ~ o j ~ Tpaxe pe npo~y~qa j y
y y y 6 e ~ a q m~ a npenMeTHe HacTaee (TeoZpaq5uja 3a 7. u 8. pa3peg u HMc o p ~ j a 3a
7. u 8. paj peg) TaKo na, reaepanHo rnenaao, MoxeMo peha Aa, ~ajBehI4 Qpoj sax-
TeBa y ~ ~ H ~ ~ K T M ~ I K O - M ~ T O ~ M ~ ~ K O ~ anapaTYPM, Y yI , I 6e~kl l [ ~~a IIpeAMeTHC HaCTaBe,
MnaK a ~ r a > ~ y j y cTaqabe s ~ a ~ b a pe npony~q~j e .
Mana je r r p ~ ~ e ~ e a o - o n e p a ~ m ~ o 3 ~ a n e I~sanarrerr s ~ a b a ~ o j e ~ ce r e xa
c a n p ~ a j e ~ CBaKOr Y I J ~ ~ H M K ~ , aHanH30M TMX c~f l pxaj a CY f l 0 6 l l J e ~ ~ pi33ynTaTM
npeMa ~ o j a ~ a TeK j e n ~ a ~pcf i aaa nl i anasapa~ax j e n~~l nqa n o ~ e ~ q a j a ~ r ~ r o noKpe-
t7c Ha o ~ a j K B ~ J I M T ~ T 3 ~ a b a .
J ~ A M H M I ~ ~ aHaJlH3C K O J ~ Cy, I ~ O T ~ H ~ H ~ ~ J I H O aKTMB~pajyfie y ITOrJIefly Craqa-
b a cTE32lpaJIaqKOr sHakba, HHCy yOcIeHe HHTH y J ~ ~ H O M ~ I J ~ ~ H H K ~ , TaKO na Ta nofla-
UM, MaKOJ C 61.1~10 llpe.Q~H.l$e~o MCTpaXMBabeM, HMCy HM ITpe3eHTOB2lHM.
nEAArOllIKA CTBAPHOCT, XLVIII, 0-10 (2002), I l or l ~ (' ail
4. Hapc~Ha rpyna sarrena ce sesyje sa CI CT B~ T M s a ~ l a ~ a ~ McrpaxMnaa,a KO-
j~ ce OJ J HOCM~ tla y. rep$~sane @ ~ H K I [ K ~ ~ canpmaja y1. 16et r~~a Kao ~or yf l cr @a~, r o-
pa aHraXOBBFba CeH3OPHMX, np21KTM11HMXM M ~ P ~ X ~ ~ H M X CIIOCO~HOC' I' M. O I I ~ ~ C J { C J ~ ~ -
Fbe y IlaLIICM MCTpaXHBaI-hy je 6 ~ n 0 na Ce ORC C ~ I ~ C O ~ I ~ O C T H MOr y IIOCMaTpaTH Ca-
MO KPO3 +OPMY pans lla TeKCTY M TO Y KOM~ MH; ~ L &MJ M: qMrraFbe, pa3MMIllJI>aFbe,
MspaXaBaFbe, IIOCMaTpabe, IIPaKTMYHe aKTMBHOC'I'M.
Pesyn~arrrt ~c ~p a x 1 4n a n a no~asyj y ga, on yKynHo 1428 jellti~nqa a ~ a n ~ s e ,
cBera 510 J ~ R M H H ~ ~ aaanase ( w n ~ 35,71%), MMa noKpeTacrKo n e j c ~ ~ o Ha pasnoj
MCTpaXMBaHMX CIIOCO~HOCTM, AOK OCTaJlO (64,43'1/0) IIpMnana H ~ ~ K T M B M ~ ~ J ~ ~ M M je-
J J MH H I J ~ M~ aaanmse ~ o j e HHCY y @YHKI[M~EI n o ~ e ~ u ~ j a m o r ~ K T M B M P ~ ~ ~ c e ~ ~ o p -
Hmx, npaKTwrHMx m nspaxaj ~mx cnoco6~oc. r~ nyreM caj j p~aj a ~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ . Y rpa-
@MKOHY 6. n p a ~ a s a ~ a je pacnope$eaoc~ caMo OI I MX s a x r e ~ a ~0j l . 1 cy 110rre~q~j a~1-
I-1M IIOKpeTaYM CeHSOPHMX, IIPaKTM1lHMX M M ~ ~ ~ ~ K ~ J H M x CI ~ OCO~ HOCTM.
5. H o c n e ~ n ~ saAaTaK Haurer r nc~pa~ml ~~r - ha o ~ l ~ o c ~ o ce Ha cTerreH MC K O ~ H -
U ~ ~ ~ H O C T L ~ Y J J ~ ~ H H K ~ Ha HaCTaBHMM CIBCOBMM;I.
Ha OCHOBy flo6qe~rnx x2 BPeRHOCTM Ha HMBOY ~ H ~ ~ I ~ ~ H O C T M On o,ol I4 o,os
3a CBBKO nl.iTane n o j e n ~ ~ a s ~ o , MoxeMo ~ ~ K J L Y ~ I M T M ~a ce YI , I ~ ~ HML( M paspentie M
IIpeAMeTHe HaCTaBe He pa BHOMe pHO KOpHCTe y IIOI'JlCny aK'rMBMpaHd MHTeJIeKTy-
aJlHMX oIICpaqMj.ija, KBaJIMTeTa sHBba, CeH3OPHMX, IIpIlKTMqHMX M M ~ ~ B ~ K ~ J H M x CIIO-
CO~ HOCTM, UITO no~asyj e onpe$eao HerroBepetbe HacTasriMKa npeMa nMilnaKrM1iKo-
M ~ T O ~ M ~ I K O ~ aIIapaTypM aHaJIM3MpaHMX yl~6e~kiKa.
MaKO ce pasjror sa oBaKan ojlaoc rracTauHma rlpeMa ~ o p ~ n l h e b y y1~6er1a~a
Ha CBO~ AM llaCOBMMa MOXC ReJIMh.IR~H0 TPaXMTH Y I l e l l O l ' l l ~ ~ ~ ~ KOH!JCI~QMJM n0JC-
AMHMX yI.I6eHMKa, H M J ~ HCOCIlOBaHO nMTaFbC J(a J I M FlaCTaBHMqM XeJIe aa KOPMCTe
~ I . I ~ ~ H M K Ha YaCOBPiMa, OAHOCHO Ka KBO je FhMXOBO MMlllJheFbe O M O ~ Y ~ H O C T M M ~
~ I , I ~ ~ H H K ~ Kao noepeTasa MHTeneKTyanIfor passoja yrreHMKa. OBO je caMo jenrlo
08 naTaKa ~ o j e ce caMo HaMeTHyno TOKOM r n~~e pr ~pe ' r a q~j e P C ~ Y J I T ~ T ~ McTpaxH-
Bal-ba.
C 0 6 3 ~ ~ 0 ~ na ce c a ~ p l ~ a j y1.16er1~~a KapaKTepmure yl l yhe~omhy Ha MH T ~ -
JIeKTJ'aJIHM pa3~0J YYeHHKa, ycpeJJcpe~e~ourhy Ha &era M yIIOpIizlM HaCTOJilfhe~
ga ce Aorrpe no HHTeneKTyanHMx KanaqMTcTa yLreaMKa, Te na OH rIpeAcTaRfia caMo
j e ~ a ~ OR ~ o r y h ~ x cpeAcTaBa, (y K O ~ H cy yrpaijena npe ~noc ~a 13. r he ~~ MoAenn aera-
XOBBFba MHTeneKTyaJIHHX CHara ~ ~ I ~ H H K ~ ) M MsBOpB SIIarba, IIOKylIIaJlM CMO OBMM
acrpaxMeaneM c~ehm ynnn K O ~ M K O cy OCHOBHOLIIKOJICKM Y I J ~ ~ H M ~ M ~ ~ M C T ~ MoAe-
JIM 3a 06pa 3o~t r ~ pan y rrorjleay n o ~ e i ~ q ~ j a n t ~ o r aaraxonarba Mr-rrreneKrryaJ1tlMx
cHara yLreHMKa.
Mu c u ~ ~ e t m c ~ o ga cy ypaqetle atlrmu3c y yoeofitloj ~ e p u i o ~ n s a n e ya pe-
UepEoap uoZyh~oc. i E~c i nEet l u~~j ont l o2 ycnocatl,tr yu6etll~lca ~ c r ~ ~ ~ ~ Z c n c t c ~ Z y a n w
paaooja yLletlurca, n rcoju ce AO. NL~ yegy~co~ai i u u3 ioc~ZojcDLux ~ ~ L L ~ O ~ O ~ ~ C K U X , ~ L U -
xonocurcux u iieguZocurcux 3tla%a, uarco oZputlu~~eu, u G a ~ tluje unnu, anu ya ce,
ucilio Gaxo, 9oGap geo EoT pei epEonp~z y yy6euuuu~ina tle ~copucEu, cuo
iioilispgu~lu tlyniily xuiioiile3y 9a cy oct l os~ocurconc~u y ~1 6 e ~u u u y yooo~btloj ~ e p u
y $ynrc~uju utlii2enerciiZyan~oi' pa3soju yLlel-lurca, og~oct i o ga genyjy i i oso~buo HCI
he206 ~~~Generci i i yant i u paseoj.
Ha ocI-Iony crrponeneHor ac'rpaxanana a ,qo6aje~ax pesyn~ara, a a ~ a j y h ~
y sany qaJbene a s a n a ~ ~ e McTpaxanafia, MOI-y ce aseecra cnenefia saK&yxiqa:
1. Aaanki3a c~~p>l <aj a NeBeT y r ~ 6 e ~ a ~ a OCHOBHe ILIKOJIe, TPM a3 pa3peREle PI
urecr a3 npcRMcTHe krac'raee, no~a3ana je na je xui i oGe~a o iiociiio]att,y 3uxEeea,
JCI ~ o j e ce iipeGEocGas~r,a yn ULLCY y ~ ! I J ) H I C M ~ ~ J U ~02).'heZ C ~ H Z ~ ; H C C ) N C ~ H , ~ L I H ~ ~ ~ J ~ C K -
ulyanftux oiiepauc~jla ~1oTu~~rcoi' uurli.rherha, iioEcjpbc~u. .
YO~ CH je o~pebea Gpoj sax~ena sa ~ o j e ce npcmocranma na cy kipeneeakr-
THM 38 I ~ O T ~ H I ~ M ~ ~ J I H O ;LHl'alKOB;I%e HHTCfleKTyanHMX onepaqblja, a K0je CMO JIOfle-
.nmna Ha: ~ a ~ c r o p a j y ~ c n p e q m~ a x a H ~ ~ ~ C H M X nmana, sanaTaKa, Hanora a s e >~6a
K O ~ M RClllIe s 6y~yj y ytIeHMKe Her0 UlTO HX HHTCJIeKTyanHO a ~ r a ~ y j y , M KaTer0pl.r-
jy saxTeea ~ o j a cy caMo n p ~ n a ~ ~ o aHTeneKrryanI-ro nposoKaTaBHn ((no~pehy yTIe-
HMKa Ha npaKTMtIHY aKTMBHOCTYCMepeHY Ha IlpI?KyllJhaHS 0 6 j e ~ a ~ a 3a pan)
Kan je peLr o npnoj ~ a ~ e r o p a j a saxreea, MopaMo peha Aa o ~ a no~pehy Ha
aKrMRHocrm ~ o j e ~ a c y penenaHTHe sa npo6ne~ ocHonHe TeMe, ~ e h ~ a j y csojy csp-
Xy, HeCpa3MepHki Cy ynO>KeHOM Tpyny, He ROnpkiHOCe 6 0 h e ~ pa3yMeBal%y rpaua-
Ba, 11peflcTa~hajy TepCT yTieHMKy TMMe LUTO H ~ I I o T ~ ~ ~ H o 110Beha~ajy 6poj CTPBHM-
rla yu6e~ki ~a. OHO IUTO je I I O C ~ ~ H O I I P O~ J I ~ M~ T M~ I HO, j ec~e TIPMCYTHOCT 6ecMMcne-
HHX 3anaTBKa Y y 1 ~ 6 e ~ a q a ~ a . Y HeKMM y 4 6 e ~ u q a ~ a je YaK ~pehMHa 3aXTeBa 6e-
cMacneHa, UITO npacki~r,ana y.reHnKe na onaKo npenase npeKo oBaeeax saxTeea, a
na HC IIpkiMcfiyjy 3anaTKe ~ 0 . i ~ CY MHTeJIeKTyaJIHO IIpOBOKaTPiBHH, cII.IMe Ce ry6a
06pa30~Hki YTIMHaK yrJ6eH11Ka.
n p c ~ a f l o 6 ~ j e ~ k i ~ pe3yJITaTPiMa HCTpaXHBaba, OBaKBH3aXTeBll Cy H ~ $ ~ H M
caMo y y1~6erraqa~a paspen~e HacTase. Y ya 6e 1i ~qa ~a npeAMeTwe I-lacTase ~ ~ j e
n13oHabeH ~ ~ j e f i a ~ Ge c ~a c n e ~, ~ e n p e q ~ 3 a ~ anM r~ejacaa saxreu.
Apyra ~xreropaj a saxTeea cy sax~eeki ~ o j a cy y asnec~oj MepM Hepeama
jep Oil YYCHHKa TPa>KM nil BeJIllMKH nAe0 CBOr BpeMeHa, y TOKY AaHa, IIOTpOIIlI4 Ha
asupmasakbe Tkix saxreua, a ~ o j a cy, npneHcTneHo, ycMepeHa Ha Mspany an6y~a,
npwlcynbane pasmenl-raqa, IrpwKynhane HanenHaqa HeKax npoa3~ona MTA. 3a
ORY K ~ T ~ ~ O P M J Y 3aXTeBa Ce IIpeTnOCTaBJba na CaMO IIpMBHnHO a ~ r a ~ y j y MHTeneK-
TyanHe onepaqaje yTre1ima.
Ona ~ a ~ e r o p ~ j a s a x ~ e ~ a ~ a j e npoaabeaa y a~ana3r npa~1. 1~ y r ~ 6 e ~ a q a ~ a pa-
3penHe HaCTaBe, AOK Je eRMfleHTKpaHa y aHaJIa3MpaHMM ~ I J ~ ~ H H ~ M M ~ IIpeflMeTHC
JlilCT2iRC.
2. Apyra s a n a ~ a ~ acTpaxmana ce o ~ ~ o c a o Ha y ~ ~ p $ ~ e a n e + y ~ ~ ~ y a j e
~ I J ~ ~ H M K ~ y n o ~ e ~ r t a j a n ~ o ~ aHraxosany trHTeneKTyanHtrx onepaqaja ycieaaKa.
Pc s y n ~ a ~ a acrpaxanana no~asyjy Ra cy ce ayrropa, y ~3pana y 4 6 e ~ n ~ a ,
YrJIaBHOM pyK0BOnJUIM OIIUITMM 3aKOHPITOCTIIMa pa3~0ja yc1eHHKa oflpefje~or
yspac~a, Te ce s a~hys yj e ua je xuiioGe3a o oc~oe~ocu~oncr con1 y~Ci e~urcy rcao
cpeycGey Lio/Ee~uujunnoT nuZa. ~oea~+a unillenerculyannux oiiepauuja, iioulrspbe-
Ha.
npa a~ana3a canpxaja CBMX aaanasapa~ax ~ I J ~ ~ H E I K ~ , no6krje~a pe 3yn~a ~a
npyxajy ysna y gaKeHaqy na ce cne aaanmsapa~e aHrreneKTyanHe onepaqajc MO-
ry no~e~r l ki j an~o aaraxosarrki, y s e f i e ~ mna ManeM npoqemy, y cnaKoM y 1 ~6 e ~a -
KY, 2lJll.l ki y CBaKOM 3aXTeBy. Y TOKY MCTpa>l<HBaI%a Ce AOIUJIO A 0 3aKhyYKa aa Ce
lTE)JArOUlKA CTBAPHOCT, XLVIII, 9-10 (2002), t-loet~ Cajl
~ a j e n ~ a ~ s a x ~ e e o ~ ~ a j e no~ewqaj an~o aKTanapana caMo j e ~ n a MtrreneKTyanHa
onepaqaja seii yneK narrre ELMX, TaKo ,qa je y a ~ ~ e p n p e ~ a r t ~ j a pesysrrxra yseK 614-
no peqH CaMO 0 O H O ~ H H T ~ J ~ ~ K T Y ~ ~ J ~ H o J O I I ~ ~ ~ I J H J H K O J ~ Ce, y oJJpefjCH0~ SaXTeBy,
n o ~ e ~ q a j a n ~ o rfajsemhe aaraxyje, r e je y TOM c ~ a c n y a H ~ ~ ~ O M H H ~ H T H M ~ ~ . no~r n-
HaHTHocT s ax~eea, 3a ~ o j e ce npeTnocranha na Mory aHraxoBxra onpe$e~re MH-
TeneKTyanHe onepaqaje, pa s na s a ~a je on Y I J ~ C H H K ~ no yu6erl a~a, rurro je, y ame-
caoj Mepa, 6ano ycnoBmeao a 6 p o j e ~ a ~ a n a s a p a ~ a x naTaH,a, ana a ~ S ~ ~ C T O M
yLreHaKa.
Ca n p x a j ~ cy, npeTexHo, npanaro$eaa npocclranM y11eeam~IaMa a y siajue-
tie^ 6pojy cny11ajeea npencrasfieHa y + O ~ M M ~OTOBMX s ~ a n a , q a ~ e ce ~ M T H M ~ ~
~MafiLyJe M O ~ Y ~ H O C T MHOrMM YcleHMIl,MMa na HCKa>Ky C B O ~ ~ CTBapanaLIKC cnoco6ao-
CTM - na ac~paxyj y a nposanase. Y J C ~ H O M 6pojy nornanma a canp>~ajeax qene-
Ha, noj cna~e y r ~ 6 e ~ a ~ e on~epeiiyje o6ame ~ ~ l + o p ~ a q ~ j a a rrojejxatroc~a ~ o j a ~ a
ce l ~ e n o ~ p e 6 ~ 0 on~epeiiyjy ycreaaqa M yyamasajy on oc ~oe a a x aneja .reKcTyanHax
$4 BaHTeKCTyaJIHHX KOMnOHeHTH YCMepeHMX Ha YBO$~H, C reHepaJS~3al[kija.
AHanasoM canpxaja je ~ a ~ o b e no~rep$eao Ra je c a s ~ a j ~ a ocaoBa nojcnm~ax
y r ~ 6 e ~ a ~ a , same Hero LLITO je .ro rIoTpe61i0, ynpoceseaa. 3 a ~ o 614 6ano n o ~ p e 6 ~ 0 ,
y qamy passoja cTBapanasKor a KpeaTaBHor Mmmmeka, ~ H ~ T H O BMIIIC npo6ne~a-
TM30BaTki HeKe 3aAaTKe M Ha Taj HaYAH BOJJMTII MHCaOHy aKTMHHOCT yqeElHKa Ka
C J I ~ X ~ H H ~ I ~ M MMCaOHI4M ISpOIJeCHMa IIyTeM KOflKpeTHMX MMCaOHMX OnepaIJ~ja,
y~my~~yj yi i a, npe ceera, aaanasy, camesy, atranorajy a svxe eneMewe a ~ n y ~ q a j e
H n e n y ~ q ~ j e . Ha ~ a j HawH 614 cagpxaj ys, 16e~a~a saacTa npencTasmao "EIHCT~Y-
MeHT TparaKa, o n ~ o c ~ o rrpoIranaxeELa saana ~ o j a cy ,<a yKleriaKa HOB^" (%op$e-
sah 1997 : 41).
Ha p o ~ r a ~ o roManane UeTaJLa, Kao LLITO cy p a s ~ a ~ a 6 e n a p ~ a npa ~a s a , npo-
qeHTM, 6poj CTaHORHHIIlTBa no rpanOBMMa, ryCTPSHa HaCeJbeHOCTM, M3 B0 3 - yB03 ...Id
TaKO naJhe, Bone Ka H ~ I I o T ~ ~ ~ H o ~ f l e c ~ p ~ n q ~ j ~ M CYBMLIIHOM ~a6paj ahy. n o ~ p e 6 -
HO je nuwe cTasJbam aKqeHaT Ha CYUI TMHCK~ n o j ~ o ~ e M nonehe a ~ e j e ~ o j e YKICHH-
qa ~pe6aj y c a m na o ~ ~ p a j y . Ha 6 ~ c ~ o MM TO o ~ o r y i i a n ~ , no~pe61ro je saxTeee
nOCTaBJbaTM y BMAy 11po6ne~a, MaKe MJ l M BMlIIe TeIUKMX. T H M ~ Ce C H ~ X H H ~ ~ yTHKle
Hi3 aHTaXOBaELe HHTeJleKTYaJSHMX ortepaSJll,ja yKIeHMKa.
Harrre HcTpaXasaIf,e je noKasano na al i ana3apa~a yu6e ~a qa a ~ a j y a no-
6pax CTpaHa. CanpXaja OCHOBHOr TeKCTa Cy ISpCTeXHO KBanHTeTHH, anbi MM HCnO-
c ~ a j e aneKBaTHa RaflaKTHsKO-MeTOnHIIKa ar1apaTypa. Be k a ~ a y 4 6 e ~ a ~ a CaflpXe
s a x ~ e ~ e acnpen ana asa rnanHor TeKcTa ne~l t aj e, IIITO RoDaTHo cTMMyname yse-
Hme, ycMepaBa BHXOB pan a no 11o~pe6a npaiia Ha npeTxonHe canpxaje, ycMepa-
Ba MACaOHY aKTABHOCT Y llpaBlly onpe$eH~x KapaKTepEiCTkiKa K0ja Msnase I43
oKeHpa "CYBHX" Krti~eHaqa a saxTesa nocMaTpahe, ~o~na pa qt i j y, aaanmy a no-
HouIeKe cynoBa a 3 a ~my q a ~a .
3. TOKOM a s a na s a pa ~~a c a ~~pxa j a yu6eHrnKa as n~oj c~r n cy yr;l6e~aqm ~ o j a
,QI.IPeKTHO ~IIykyjy YqeHLfKa Ha nOJJ;1TH)' JIMTePaTYPY.
Y OKBMpy yIJ6eHHKa pa3peflHe HaCTaBe, CaMO y nBa Y I J ~ ~ H E I K ~ Cy AaTa
OCHOBHa YnyTCTBa ELHXOBO ~0p~LUhehe, KaO H rpy6e Ha3HaKe AOnaTHe JIHTepa-
Type KOJY YqeHllsll MOry na KOpHCTe.
Y OKBHPY UleCT yu6e a a ~a [IpCflMeTHe HaCTaBe, CaMO y flBa y u 6 e ~ a ~ a CMO
Hauna 3 a x ~ e ~ e K O ~ M M ~ ce yLreaaqH yrrykyjy Ha npyry naTepaTypy.
M~aj yha y BMAY nepaon pasnoja + o p ~ a n ~ o - n o r a s ~ ~ x onepaqaja Kana ce
passqa ancTpaKTHo Msrumehe, no~pe6ao je BHme naxBe nocBeTaTm sxmew
3BOpHOM CKnOny 3HaBa, jep OH0 I3Majy Beha YYMHaK y MHTeJIeKTyaJIHOM pa3~0Jy
YseHMKa. TaMe 614 Y I J ~ ~ H E I K nOCTaO 3HElViljHklj~ C@KTOP BHTeJIeKTYaJIHOr pa3BOja
yseHmKa M y cKnany ca IrponepeHaM ~ e o p a j a ~ a ysena m paseoja joru jac~e nenosao
Ha ' $ 3 0 ~ ~ HapenHOr pa3B0jaH ytleHHKa. Taeo KOHqPinHpaH yIJ6eHaK HCTOBpeMeIIO
npaTa HHTeAeKTyanHy s pe noc ~ yrer-rx~a a nocneruyje neH pas ~oj .
4. @ y ~ ~ q ~ j a y1~6er-rn~a y ~ o r y i i e ~ alc.raempa%y KsanuTeTa sHam je 6ao
cne~etifi~ s a n a ~ a ~ Hamer. tqc17paxmafia. Hn O C H O B ~ aurmuae pe3ynLua~Xa ucLupa-
HcuanH,a o @~ HKUI LJ LI O C H O G H O L U I C ~ ~ C K L L X yv6e~urca y i i oi i i eu~l uj an~of i a ~ T a ~ o s a -
~ , y ~ ~ ~ A U L ~ L L I Z L L X rc~anuii?eGa a ~ a ~ b a , f i u x e ~ u 3a~~t . y ~uCLI u ga je ilociilus~beun xu-
i i oaesn i i o i i s p g e ~a .
IIpm ~ M B J I M ~ M c a ~ p l ~ a j a CBMX a ~a n a 3 a p a ~a x ~ I , I ~ ~ H M K ~ je yoLleHo na nocroja
KBanMTaTMBHa PasJIHKa y 3aX'reBMMa y CMlnCny ~ o ~ ~ C H ~ M J ~ J I H O ~ aKTEzBMpa%a HeKOr
o,q KsanaTeTa si-raraa, 6e3 o63apa na nH cy Ha rroLle.rKy m a Ha ~ p a j y n e ~ q ~ j e , anM
,L(a He nOc~0Jl.i KBaJIMTaTMBIIa pa3JlMKa KaAa Ce ynOpeflC f l 06l 4J e~~ pe3ynTaTH Meby
3ajqarm~ y 1 ~ 6 e ~ a q a ~ a pa3peu~e m npenMeTHe HacTaBe. P e s y n ~ a ~ a McTpamanaBa
K0J l l Ce O~tIOCe Ha KBanKTe'l' npeTll0CTaBJbCHMX 31-laha yLleHMKa, I I ~ O J ~ K T O B ~ H M X y
OCHOBHOIIIKO~CKMM ~ I J ~ C H L I I ~ ~ M ~ lIOKa3yJy Ua Cy:
- 3HaFba i i p e i i 0 3 ~~6 a ~>l l , y 0npebeHoj MepH, RHElI~MpaHa M CTMMynHCaHa HCnpeqM-
3HO @OPMYJIMC~H~. ~M YBOflHHM 3aflal(PIMa, ROK HeKM 3aUaI(tr CBOJMM 3aXTeBklMa
y c ~ e p a ~ a j y yLreHMKa Ha rro13aBaabe a~+op~aqm, i a, mnvr npeTxouHax neeqaja,
- rnenar-lo y qenxHn, altanmsa s a x ~ e ~ a y y u 6 e ~ a q ~ ~ a no~as yj e ,qa cy y1~6ea~qm
ocHonHe IrrKone, ~ a j r ~ o r o ~ ~ ~ a j n 3a n o ~ e ~ q i t j a n ~ o aHra>Kosane a ~ a ~ b a peiipogyrc-
L4,14]e ( SH~THO BMllIe, Her0 OCTaJIPiX KBanMl'eTa 3Hal.ba). T o ~ e H ~ J B M U I ~ flOnpMHOCe
HenerIrro +opn~ynncaam saxTeBa, on ~ o j a x cy HCKM npeTeulKn 3a ycreHaKa, na
MY ~e oc~a~.n,ajy HMI I J T ~ jtpyro ,qo acK.ibyI1eH.e m3 paua Mne yLrene TeKcTa Hana-
MCr. TMMC ce IlOKa3aJIO fla ~ I J ~ ~ H M I J M M ~ HeJJoc~ajy 3aXTeBM K O J H M~ Ce MCTMCIe
cymTui-ra j e n ~ e HayKe.
- y ~ I J ~ ~ H M I @ I M ~ MafiCr HMBOa penpof l y~q~j e flMnaKTMsK0-MeT0flaLIKa anapaTypa
o~or yhyj e na ce c ~ o p o Ha cBaKo nMTane Moxe ~ ~ p o ~ a i i a o~r o~a pa j yi i a onrosop
y OCHOBHOM TeKcTy. CBe TO ruro je ~ e s a ~ o 3a Hasobefie Ha penpogy~qvrjy yny-
iiyje ycreHaKa, o , q ~ o c ~ o Haeoua ra aa pe npo~y~yj e m a noHaB.iba npociaTaHo 6e3
meuaba y TeKCT, HajtleIIIhe Ca B ~ ~ O M n 0 3 0 M ~a3YMJhHBOCTM JlpOVHTaHOI' CaRp-
maja.
- f l puf i er- be~O<f i epI l &~~~O 3HNbe. P~~YJ I T; ~TLI aHaJIM3e canpmaja yIJ6eHkl~a y qe-
JIkIHcl, noKa3yJy Ra, TeK ~ C A H ~ TpehPJHa aHaJIM3HpaHHX je,JJkiHMIJa ~ O T ~ H L ( H J ~ ~ H O
a~r r a>~yj e npm~e r +e ~o- one pa ~a e ~a s ~ a b a . Yaneaaqa je na je j c n a ~ 6poj Hamax
y 4 6 e ~ ~ ~ a rlpeTpnaH nonarimMa y OKBMPY KO~ R X ce He MH C B C T C I ~ ~ ~a y~m$ahy He-
KHX ~ e 3 a M onaoca, saMe 611 s a x ~ e ~ ~ 6 ~ n a ~ o ~ n n e ~ c ~ a j a M TaKo ~ ~ o 6 a n a Ha Te-
XMHM. Pasnor sa TO j e c ~e LIITO Hem ayTopM Hawax y1.16e~a~a jom yeeK Mano
m~cnc~apaj y Ha npxMeHa cTeseHor s ~ a ~ a y npaeca, HenosoJbHo ynyiiyjy yLIeHa-
Ke Ha yosasa%e y3poq~o-nocncna~1~ax ~ e 3 a ~ e h y noj a e a ~a a npoqecma.
- J e ~x ~r n q e aHanmse ~ o j e cy n o ~ e ~ q ~ j a n ~ o a ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ p a j y h e y norneuy crmqafia
cLusapanaltrcoT S H ~ H ~ U , M M C ~ yoxreae HM y j c n a o ~ yr, 16e~a~y, TaKo Ra TH nouaqm,
nEQArOUIKA CTBAPHOCT, XLV111,9-10 (2002), Hoen Call
MaKO je 6 ~ n o I l p e ~ ~ M$ e ~ o MCTpaXHBaBeM, HHCy HH IIpe3eHTOBaHM. Hal11 Hana3
no~asyj e na ce yseHaqma He npyxa n o e o ~ b ~ o MO ~ Y ~ H O C T M sa M ~ I - ~ O L U ~ H , ~ CBO-
J MX MMIIIJbe~a I? CTaBOBa 0 3anaT0~ TeMH, He na ~e HM Ce LIIaHCa nmc~yc~j y Ca
UpyrMM YYeHMqHMa, sMMe Ce HenOBOJbHO yTM1ie Ha KBaJlHTeT 3HaI+a, HXrOBO
~ p a j a n e M ~ p a ~ c + e p ~ y oh. To je noysna~ mHnnKaTop Ra HalLIM ya6e~nr[m He
noce~yj y cee n o ~ p e 6 ~ e s a x~e s e 3a passoj cTsapanaLrKor s ~ a n a KOA ylIeHMKa.
5. Y ~ ~ p b ~ s a n e +ya~qaj e canpxaja y 1 ~ 6 e ~ m~ a Kao ~ o r y h e r cpatsropa aHra-
XOBatta CeH30PHMX, IIP;lKTHTIHMX M M ~ ~ ~ X ~ J H M X CI I OCO~HOCTH je 6140 LfeTBpTM 3a-
UaTaK Hamer mcTpaxMsaIca.
XM110Te3a je WaCMJIa: Y1.16e~uq~ OCHOBHe LIIKOne Cy y @yHK~l?jH Moryiier
aKTMBMpabZl CeHSOPHMX, IIpaK?'MLIHMX M M~palti~jHkl~ C~OCO~HOCTM.
Ha octtooy yo6~4j e~ux pe~yniliuilia uccLlpa~uontba AoxeAo aatc~hyltuiliu ya
je iiociliao~hettu xuiioilir3a o i i ol l l e ~uuj a~1~o +Y I - I K~ U] L L yy6e~urca y att2amooar~y
eettaoptt~~x, i i pat c i l i u~~t t ~~ u US ~ I I NI CL EJ HUX C U O C U ~ F L O C ~ ~ ~ L L iioiilcpbettn, MaKO He y o ~ o j
MepM KonMKo cy n o ~ e p $ e ~ e npeTxonHe x ~ n o ~ e s e . AKO ce M M ~ y B M ~ Y 0 6 m~ ~CJIM-
Haqa a ~ a n ~ s e ~ o j a ~ a ce n o ~ e ~ r t ~ j a ~ r ~ o a ~ ~ a n ~ p a j y MHvreJlewyanHe onepaq~j e M
j a n ~ o n c j c ~ ~ o Ha aHraxosabe C~H~OPHMX, npaKTtirIHHx M c?spa>t i aj ~~x cnoco6ao-
CTM je 1ie3anono~basaj y k ~ .
n p ~ n a ~ o ~ a ~ a n ~ ~ ~ p a n a c a ~pxa j a y a 6 e ~ n ~ a ~ r ~ j e Gmno Moryke yseti
ms~eoj rnr~ j e ~ a ~ s a x ~ e ~ y ~ o j e ~ ce n o ~ e ~ q ~ j a n ~ o aaraxyje j e n ~ a on cnoco6~o-
CTM, Bek CMO 6 e n e x ~ n ~ OHY C ~ O C O ~ H O C T ~ o j a je y o n p c $ e ~ o ~ saxrreuy Gana ~a j uo-
MHH~HTHH~B.
Pe s y n - r a ~~ Hamer Hcrpaxmana y~asyj y Ha Manm O ~ M M j e ~ ~ ~ ~ s a a ~ a n ~ s e
~ o j e n o ~ e ~ q ~ l j a n ~ o a ~r a xyj y cue TPH CIIOCO~HOCTW, ULTO ~ i a ~ e h e s a ~ ~ b y l ~ a ~ na
c a n p x a j ~ y1, 16e~a~a He nenyjy ~ O B O J ~ H O Ha nMxos passoj y OHOM 0 6 1 4 ~ ~ K ~ O TO
je TO c J I ~ Y ~ J Ca ~oT~HI ! , M~~J I HMM aHraX0BabeM MHTeJIeKTyaJIHMX 0nepau~j a I4 KBa-
naTerra sHana. T H M ~ n o n a s ~ ~ o no s a ~ ~ b y . 1 ~ ~ 1 ga ce He oc~sapyj e y noTnyHocTH
~ p ~ j a n a : nocMaTpane, MMmfieELe, npaeca, OAHOCHO, ~ e o p ~ j c ~ o s ~ a ~ b e Iie 11ana3~
ceojy npHMeHy y npaKcM.
P c s y n ~ a ~ ~ acTpa>KMBa%a noeasyjy cneneiic:
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Uiice
TEXTBOOK IN THE FUNCTION OF PUPIL'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
Summary
Textbook as a source of knowledge and the mean of conveying knowledge, with
specially presented scientifical contents. It is particularly interesting for pedagogics, be-
cause it has always had great pedagogical value, either as a mean of communication in
teaching procedure or a book with strong educational influence on young generations.
X a ~ a Eojonuh: YUEEHMK Y QYHKUIIJM MHTEJIEKTYAJIHOr PASBOJA YYEHHKA
Textbook is an important factor in forming many-sided personality. At the same
time it has a polyvalent function in optimal intellectual development of a pupil, although
i n the past there were opposite reflections about textbooks on the whole as there was in
the ~vs t em Frenea.
Bearing in mind the abundance of questions considering investigation and resear-
ch in different functions that textbook can have in educational system, the author draws
his attention on the potential influence of the contents of primary school textbooks on pu-
pils' intellectual development.
In order to solve theoretical ~robl ems of research, the author discusses different
fields of adjacent sciences (philosophy, psychology and pedagogics) which have to de-
scribe objectively and systematically, the importance and role of the textbook in pupils'
intellectual development, which enabled better view of the functions of textbook in the
light of contemporary philosophical, phsychological and pedagogical theories as well as
current didactical theory of human orientation at the end of the XX' ~ century.
This theoretical background enabled certain definitions of central notions of this
article: the textbook and intellectual development. Bogoljub Prokid's definition of a tex-
tbook is accepted. It emphasizes that a textbook is "...only one source of knowledge ...
which enables gaining knowledge, develop pupil's abilities such as sensor and practical
as well as expressive and mental, as the highest peak of a human soul" (Prokic, 1982:7).
Intellectual development is defined according to Rubinstain and it considers psychologi-
cal process of establishing functional relations among internal conditions which are intel-
lectual operations (observation, comparison, analysis, synthesis, making judgement and
conclusions) and sources of knowledge as external cause (textbook) (Rubinstain,
1981:19,21).
After defining the objective, problem, goal and task of the research, the article
presents the results of the research.
Key words: textbook, intellectual development, quality of knowledge, sensor,
practical and expressive abilities, potential influence, extent of using textbook
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LIX M YMCTBeNHhIX, Ka K BbI CwMX J J OCTH>K~ HI I ~ ~ ' IeJIOBC~IeCKOl ' O J1yXa ( ~ P O K M' I ,
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