 WHAT IS CNC?

– CNC may be defined as the numerical

control system where in a dedicated
programs in a computer are used to
replace some or all of its control
functions.

– In CNC the program is read once by

he tape reader as the input device & is
stored in the controller’s random
access memory.
  PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF
CNC:-

In CNC the program is read once by the

tape reader and stored in the controller’s
random access memory. When a stored
program has to be executed in the CNC

Machine the instruction blocks in the part

program are implemented by the micro
processor with the help of the control
programs resident in ROM. The output from
the controller may be either as a
sequence of reference phase or as a binary
word in sampled data system, with the first
type of system the microprocessor helps in
generate a sequence of reference phase for
each axis of motion; each phase producing
CNC small unit of motion (sum).
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  ADAPTIVE CONTROL:-

Adaptive control implies that he CNC

system is responsive to adapt. Itself
operate at those machining parameter which
result in higher productivity of part
programmer.

so by the ADAPTIVE CONTROL

below mentioned control selection can be
apply named as ADAPTIVE CONTROL with
constraints ACC.

1) Use the available spindle power to

maximum.
2) Limit the deflection of the cutter.
3) Limit the cutting tool temperature.
4) Limit the vibrating amplitude of the
cut.
 FEATURE OF CNC:-

A CNC system provides all the above

functions through with the help of software
based control principle.

1) Interpolation (Linear & Circular)

2) Tool compensation using
dedicated switches.
3) Speed & feed ever ride.
4) Repeated program start for batch
manufacture.
5) Minor imaging.
6) Sealing.
7) Suppression of NC block.
8) Online part programming through
difficult & time consuming.
 INTERACTIVE CNC:-

Programming and machine operation

has been further made easier and
speedier by the following
developments in this direction.

Automatic preparation of part program

with minimum essential data input in
the form of familiar words.

Easier input data definition with the

help of callous, graphical, special
familiar character and multiple
windows on the screen.

Automatic tool selection according to

the shape of work piece to be
machined and the machining process.
Automatic determination of machining
condition such as spindle speed,
depth of cut and feed rate on the basis
of material data.

Automatic geometric calculation of

dimension like those of inter section
and tangent on data input from the
work piece.
  CNC SYSTEM FOR FACTORY
AUTOMATION:-

There has been a growing need for

CNC system which can be operated
unnamed for long long hours.

1) Stand alone CNC machining, turning

and working centers for unnamed
operation.

2) Flexible manufacturing modules

(PMM) which consists of one of the above
mentioned centers and a material
handling device line that of robot.

3) computer controlled machine tool

inspection machines and materials
handling device like robots and
automatically guided vehicles (AGV)
etc. in an integral fashion bringing about
flexibility in automated storage handling and
 processing and flow of the materials namely
tooling and work pieces.

DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL:-

DNC is the first stop towards the factory of

future. It is a manufacturing system in which a
central computer communicates with the
controllers of several machine tools by as
direct connection in real time. Its essential
functions in addition to the earlier mentioned
NC/CNC capabilities of the machine tools are.

1) To used the memory of the central

computer far working programs meant for
several NC/CNC machines. In principle
programs hundred of machines may be
stored. This function includes input,
output, editing, updating, copying and
erasing of programs at DNC computer.

2) To transfer or download directly the

part programs from central computer to
individual machine control units of
machine.
 3) To provide software for processing of
the above mentioned shop floor data for
management purposes. This may includes
real time rescheduling of operations on
several machine.

4)To provide downloading in real time on the

floor shop. In the earlier type of DNC the
part program data was transferred block by
block to the hard wired MCUS of NC
machines as if it were on a punched tape.

5)To establish two way communication I.e. in

addition to downloading of programs the
control computer can also receive message
and other manufacturing information in real
time.
 6)To provide for unloading I.e. entry of part
program from CNC systems to the central
computer.

7)To post process part program which are

written in higher languages like APT. this may
also includes additional software for
assistance accordingly this DNC system can
be viewed to out as an interface between
“higher level language process planning” and
“lower level” machine planning.

8)To provide for integration of the central

computer with other systems like those of
CAD/CAM.
  MODEM:-
It is a device which converts digital data
from computer & other DTE ( data terminal
equipment) like CNC controller and
computers into signal which can be
transmitted over long distances over
telephone lines. The term modem into analog
signals of light signals in case at fiber optic
telephone lines. The modem can be viewed
as an interface between digital equipment and
analog line. At the sending side the modem
modulates (conditions) the digital signal
making it suitable for transmission over the
line. At the receiving den it demodulates the
signal and converts it look into original digital
signal for the receiving equipment. The public
service telephone lines can be thus used to
transmit data over long distances above 10
km with the help of long haul modems. The
short haul modems may of course be used for
distances within a range of 2-10 km. typical
data transfer rates (also called BAUD rate of
locally available modems range from 300 bps
(bits per seconds) to 19.2 kbps.

 HOW OF DNC?
The hardware and software requirements
of DNC have been shown in fig. the essential
components are:
1) DNC computer which could be
mainframe. A mini or now even personal
computer (Pc)

2) Computer memory which is RAM,

ROM and mainly the magnetic disc drive.

3) Input/output CRI terminal and other

desired I/O devices like line printers,
plotters Tape road and punch magnetic
drives and floppy drives etc.

4) Communication line between the DNC

computer and the machine controller.

5) DNC system software and enhanced

functions software for management,
processing higher level language part
programs and linking DNC with other
systems.