NORFADHILAH BT SAPUAN (SEP 050130) SJES2235

Chapter 16: e At
Find e At for the following matrices A.
Problem 16.32:

0 0 0
A= 1 0 0
1 0 1

A has three rows and three columns, so here n = 3 and

e At = 2 A2 t2 + 1 At + 0 I ..…equ. (i)
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
At 2
e = 2 0 0 0 t + 1 1 0 0 t+ 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= 0 0 0 + 1 t 0 0 + 0 0 0
2 2
2 t 0 2 t 1 t 0 1 t 0 0 0

0 0 0
= 1 t 0 0
2 2
2 t 1 t 0 2 t 1 t 0

We need to find the eigenvalues of At ;

0 0 0 1 0 0
We have ( At- I)= 1 0 0 t- 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0
= t 0 0 - 0 0
t 0 t 0 0
 0 0
= t 0
t 0 t

Then the determinant is:

0
dert ( At - I)=-
0 t

= - [ - ( t- ) ]

2
= - ( - t+ )

2 3
= t-

2 3
Hence the Characteristic equation of A is t- =0

Which can be factorized into: - ( - t+ 2 ) = 0

( - ) (- )( t- ) = 0

Then the roots of the equations are: 1 = 0 and 2 = 0 and 3 = t which is the
eigenvalues of At.

By theorem 16.2 , we have

2
r( )= 2 1 0 ..... equ.(ii)

Both 1 = 0 and 2 = 0 are multiplicity by two, then

2
r( )= 2 1 0

r’ ( ) = 2 2 + 1

By equ (i) it follows Theorem 16.2 that :

e 0t = 0 + 0 + 0 hence 0 =1
We differentiate and get;

e 0t = 0 + 1 hence 1 =1
Also by the value of 3 = 1 we have;
2
r( )= 2 1 0

Since the eigenvalues of At is 3 = t

By equ (i) it follows Theorem 16.2 that

et = 2 t2 1 t 0 and 0 =1 , 1 =1

e2 t 1
Hence 2 = 2
t
Then by substitute into equ (i), we get:

0 0 0 1 0 0
1 t 0 0 = t 1 0t
2 2 t
2 t 1 t 0 2 t 1 t 0 e 1 0 et

1 0 0
At
Hence e = t 1 0t
t
e 1 0 et