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B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC .....
KHOA ....

Bi ging mn c s
k thut xy dng

Nn v Mng

Trng I HC BCH KHOA NNG Nhm chuyn mn CH-Nn Mng
B mn C s k thut Xy dng Bi ging Nn v Mng
CHNG II: MNG NNG TRN NN THIN NHIN
1. KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1. nh ngha
Mng nng l nhng mng xy trn h o trn, sau lp li, chiu su chn
mng khong di 23m, trong trng hp c bit c th su n 5m.
So vi cc loi mng su, mng nng c nhng u im:
+ Thi cng n gin, khng i hi cc thit b thi cng phc tp. Vic thi cng
mng nng c th dng nhn cng o mng, mt s trng hp vi s lng mng
nhiu, hoc chiu su kh ln c th dng cc my mc tng nng sut v gim thi
gian xy dng nn mng.
+ Mng nng c s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh xy dng va v nh,
gi thnh xy dng nn mng t hn mng su.
+ Trong qu trnh tnh ton b qua s lm vic ca t t y mng tr ln.
1.2. Phn loi mng nng
1.2.1. Da vo c im ca ti trng
Da vo tnh hnh tc dng ca ti trng ngi ta phn thnh :
+ Mng chu ti trng ng tm.
+ Mng chu ti trng lch tm.
+ Mng cc cng trnh cao (thp nc, ng khi,...).
+ Mng thng chu lc ngang ln (tng chn, p nc, ...).
+ Mng ch yu chu ti trng thng ng, m men nh.
1.2.2. Da vo cng ca mng
+ Mng tuyt i cng: Mng c cng rt ln (xem nh bng v cng) v
bin dng rt b (xem nh gn bng 0), thuc loi ny c mng gch, , b tng.
+ Mng mm: Mng c kh nng bin dng cng cp vi t nn (bin dng
ln, chu un nhiu), mng BTCT c t l cnh di/ngn > 8 ln thuc loi mng mm.
+ Mng cng hu hn: Mng B tng ct thp c t l cnh di/cnh ngn < 8
ln. Vic tnh ton mi loi mng khc nhau, vi mng mm th tnh ton phc tp
hn.
1.2.3. Da vo cch ch to
Da vo cch ch to, ngi ta phn thnh mng ton khi v mng lp ghp.
+ Mng ton khi: Mng c lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau, ch to ngay
ti v tr xy dng (mng ti ch).
+ Mng lp ghp: Mng do nhiu khi lp ghp ch to sn ghp li vi nhau
khi thi cng mng cng trnh.
1.2.4. Da vo c im lm vic
Theo c im lm vic, c cc loi mng nng c bn sau :
+ Mng n: di dng ct hoc dng bn, c dng di ct hoc tng kt
hp vi dm mng.
+ Mng bng di ct chu p lc t hng ct truyn xung, khi hng ct phn
b theo hai hng th dng my ng bng giao thoa.
+ Mng bng di tng: l phn ko di xung t ca tng chu lc v
tng khng chu lc.
nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 13
+ Mng bn, mng b : mng dng bn BTCT nm di mt phn hay ton b
cng trnh.
+ Mng khi: l cc mng cng dng khi n nm di ton b cng trnh.
Theo cch phn loi ny ta s nghin cu cu to chi tit ca mt s loi thng gp.

2. CU TO CC LOI MNG NNG THNG GP
2.1. Mng n.
Mng n c ch to, kin thit di chn ct nh dn dng nh cng nghip,
di tr dm tng, mng m tr cu, mng tr in, thp ng ten, ...
Mng n c kch thc khng ln lm, mng thng c y hnh vung, ch
nht, trn, ... trong dng ch nht c s dng rng ri nht.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Hnh 2.1: Mt s loi mng n
a. Mng n di ct nh: gch, xy, b tng, ...
b. Mng n di ct: b tng hoc b tng ct thp.
c. Mng n di tr cu.
d. Mng n di chn tr in, thp ng ten.
Thuc loi mng n, ta xt cu to chi tit cc loi sau
2.1.1. Mng n di tng
1
2
4
3
5
Mng n di tng
c p dng hp l khi p lc do
tng truyn xung c tr s nh
hoc khi nn t tt v c tnh nn
ln b.
Cc mng ny t cch
nhau t 36m dc theo tng v
t di cc tng gc nh, ti
cc tng ngn chu lc v ti cc
ch c ti trng tp trung trn cc
mng n, ngi ta t cc dm
mng (dm ging).
Hnh 2.2: Cu to mng n di tng
1. Bn mng, m mng;2. Ct truyn lc bng
b tng; 3. Dm mng; 4. Lp lt tng;
5. Tng nh.
2.1.2. Mng n di ct v di tr
Mng n di ct lm bng hc nh hnh (2.3a). Mng b tng v b tng
hc cng c dng tng t. Nu trn mng b tng hoc mng hc l ct thp
hoc b tng ct thp th cn phi cu to b phn t ct, b phn ny c tnh
ton theo cng ca vt liu xy mng.
Cc mng n lm bng gch xy loi ny, khi chu tc dng ca ti trng
(Hnh 2.3b) ti y mng xut hin phn lc nn, phn lc ny tc dng ln y mng,
v phn mng cha ra khi chn ct hoc bc b un nh dm cng xn, ng thi
mng c th b ct theo mt phng qua mp ct.
1 2
h
l
r
(a) (b)

g
ng vt liu nh. Mt bin ca m
truyn

Do v s h/l (gia chiu cao v rn
Hnh 2.3a: Cu to mng n bng hc Hnh 2.3b: S lm vic ca mng
1. ng truyn ng sut; 2. Gc m
y t ca bc mng) phi ln khi phn lc
ng phi nm ngoi h thng ng nn r ln v c
ng sut trong khi mng. Do vy quy nh mng cng hay mng mm,
ngi ta da vo gc .
i vi mng cng phi b hn
max
no , ngha l t s h/l khng c
nh hn cc tr s sau :
p lc trung bnh di y mng
P 1,5kG/cm
2
P > 1,5kG/cm
2
Mc B tng
Loi mng
100 < 100 100 < 100
Mng bng 1,5 1,35 1,75 1,5
Mng n 1,65 1,5 2,0 1,65
p lc trung bnh y mng di Mng hc &
BT hc khi
P
mc va
2,5k
2 2
G/cm P > 2,5kG /cm
50 100
10 35
4
1,25
1,5
1,75
1,5
1,75
2,00

Trng hp t ct thp bc cui cng th t s h/l ca cc bc pha trn phi
1 (tc = ).

max
Chiu cao bc mng: Mng b tng hc 30 h
b
, mng gch xy th
35
0
45 <
h 60
b
* Vi mng n b tng ct thp th khng cn kh g ch t s h/l m cn c
.
n
vo kt qu tnh ton xc nh chiu cao, kch thc hp l ca mng v ct thp.
= cm
Thuc loi mng n b tng ct thp c th ngi ta dng mng n BTCT
ti ch khi m dng kt cu lp ghp khng hp l hoc khi ct truyn ti trng ln.
Mng b tng ct thp ti ch c th c cu to nhiu bc vt mng.
50
H
50
100 b<3000
2
5
-
3
0
c
m
3
0
d
100
100 b<3000 100 100 b<3000 100
2
5
-
3
0
c
m
3
0
d

50 b
1
0
0
>
2
0
0
h
t
5
0
bc
75
200 va<0,75ht
75
T
h
e
p

c
u

l
p
Nhi btng ct liu nho
Mac >200
Lp va ximng Mac 50
50 50
>
2
0
0
>
2
0
0
50 50
Lp va ximng Mac 50
T
h
e
p

c
u

l
p
75
200 va<0,75ht
75
bc
5
0
h
t
>
2
0
0
1
0
0
b 50 50 50 50 50 b
>
2
0
0
5
0
bc
75
T
h
e
p

c
u

l
p
Lp va ximng Mac 50
50 50
>
2
0
0
2 8
6a200
200

Hnh 2.4 Cu to mt s mng n BTCT ti ch

Di cc mng b tng ct thp, thng ngi ta lm mt lp m si c ti
cc cht dnh kt en hoc va xi mng, hoc bng b tng mc thp hoc b tng gch
v. Lp m ny c cc tc dng sau:
+ Trnh h xi mng thm vo t khi b tng.
+ Gi ct thp v ct pha v tr xc nh, to mt bng thi cng.
+ Trnh kh nng b tng ln vi t khi thi cng b tng.
- Mng n b tng ct thp lp ghp di ct c cu to bng mt hoc nhiu
khi, gim trng lng, ngi ta lm cc khi rng hoc khi c sn vic cu
lp thi cng d dng.
I
1. Ban
2. Sn
3. Ngam b tng
4. Ct
I
I
I-I
a b
I
I - I
1
2
3
1
2
3

2.2. Mng bng v mng bng giao thoa
Hnh 2.5: Cu to mng lp ghp
Mng bng l loi mng c chiu di rt ln so vi chiu rng, mng bng cn
c gi l mng dm, c kin thit di tng nh, mng tng chn, di dy
ct.
2.2.1. Mng bng di tng
Mng bng di tng c ch to ti ch bng khi xy hc, b tng
hc hoc b tng hoc bng cch lp ghp cc khi ln v cc panen b tng ct thp.
Mng ti ch ti dng nhng ni m vic lp ghp cc khi l khng hp l.

Hnh 2.6: Cu to mng bng di tng bng xy hoc BTCT
Mng bng di tng lp ghp:
Cu to gm hai phn chnh: m v tng.
m mng bao gm cc khi m, cc khi ny thng khng lm rng v
c thit k nh hnh sn. Cc khi m c t lin nhau hoc vi nhau gi l m
khng lin tc. Khi dng cc khi m khng lin tc s lm gim c s lng cc
khi nh hnh nhng s lm tr s p lc tiu chun tc dng ln nn t tng ln mt
t.
Tng mng c cu to bng cc khi tng rng hoc khng rng v c
thit k nh hnh sn.

h
b
a
b
a
h
b
h
l
I I
II II
I I
II - II
I - I
a) b)
c) d)
b.
Tng
m mong
Khi tng mong
a,b - m mong
c,d - Tng mong

Hnh 2.7: Cu to mng bng lp ghp

2.2.2. Mng bng di ct
Mng bng di ct c dng khi ti trng ln, cc ct t gn nhau nu
dng mng n th t nn khng kh nng chu lc hoc bin dng vt qu tr s
cho php.
Dng mng bng b tng ct thp t di hng ct nhm mc ch cn bng
ln lch c th xy ra ca cc ct dc theo hng ct .
Khi dng mng bng di ct khng m bo iu kin bin dng hoc sc
chu ti ca nn khng th ngi ta dng mng bng giao thoa nhau cn bng
ln theo hai hng v tng din chu ti ca mng, gim p lc xung nn t.
Trong cc vng c ng t nn dng mng bng di ct tng s n nh v
cng chung c tng ln. Mng bng di ct c ti ch. Vic tnh ton
mng bng di ct tin hnh nh tnh ton dm trn nn n hi.

a. Mong bng di ct b. Mong bng giao thoa

Hnh 2.8: Mng bng di ct v mng bng giao thoa
b
a
a
b
L
C
L
C
L
C
=
4
0
0
-
8
0
0
t m cht Nhi va Ximng

Hnh 2.9: Mng bng lp ghp
I
I
II
II
I-I II-II

Hnh 2.10: Cu to chi tit mng bng BTCT
2.3. Mng b
L mng b tng ct thp lin khi, c kch thc ln, di ton b cng
trnh hoc di n nguyn c ct ra bng khe ln.
Mng b c dng cho nh khung, nh tng chu lc khi ti trng ln hoc
trn t yu nu dng phng n mng bng hoc mng bng giao thoa vn khng
m bo yu cu k thut. Mng b hay c dng cho mng nh, thp nc, xil,
bunke b nc, b bi...
Khi mc nc ngm cao, chng thm cho tng hm ta c th dng phng n
mng b,lc mng b lm theo nhim v ngn nc v chng li p lc nc ngm.
Mng b c th lm dng bn phng hoc bn sn.
A A B
C D
B
C D
A-A B-B
D-D
C-C
a) b)
d) c)

Hnh 2.11: a) Mng b bn phng; b) Mng b bn phng c gia cng
m ct; c) Mng b bn sn di ; d) Mng b bn sn trn
Loi mng bn c th dng khi bc ct khng qu 9m, ti trng tc dng
xung mi ct khng qu 100T, b dy bng ly khong 1/6 bc ct.
Khi ti trng ln v bc ct ln hn 9m th dng bn c sn tng cng
ca mng, b dy ly khong 1/8-1/10 bc ct, sn ch nn lm theo trc cc dy
ct .
Mng b s dng c kh nng gim ln v ln khng u, phn phi li ng
sut u trn nn t, thng dng khi nn t yu v ti trng ln.
Vic tnh ton mng bn (mng b) c tnh nh bn trn nn n hi. Cc
mng B tng ct thp dng hp dng di nh nhiu
tng cng thuc loi mng ny.
E E
E-E
Cc mng ny gm hai bn (trn v di) v
cc sn tng giao nhau ni cc bn li thnh
mt kt cu thng nht
2.4. Mng v:
Mng v c nghin cu v p dng cho cc
cng trnh nh b cha cc loi cht lng (du, ho
cht...), nh tng chu lc..
Mng v l loi mng kinh t vi chi ph vt
liu ti thiu, c th chu c ti trng ln, tuy nhin
vic tnh ton kh phc tp.
Hnh 2.12: Mng hp

3 XC NH KCH THC Y MNG THEO IU KIN P LC
TIU CHUN CA NN T
3.1. Xc nh p lc tiu chun ca nn t
Nh ta bit trong l thuyt C hc t: Nu ti trng tc dng trn nn nh
hn mt gii hn xc nh ( ) th bin dng ca nn t ch l bin dng nn cht, tc
l s gim th tch l rng khi b nn cht, tt dn theo thi gian v nhng kt qu thc
nghim cho thy gia ng sut v bin dng c quan h bc nht vi nhau.
1
gh
P
Nu ti trng tc dng ln nn tip tc tng vt qua tr s th trong nn t
hnh thnh cc vng bin dng do do cc ht t trt ln nhau, th tch t khng i
v khng nn cht thm. Lc ny quan h gia ng sut v bin dng chuyn sang
quan h phi tuyn.
1
gh
P
z
=
b
/
4
Q
N
M
Giai oan
2
p(kG/cm)
S(mm)
Pgh
1
nen cht
bin dang deo
Giai oan
S(mm)
Thi gian T
p
Vung bin dang deo

Hnh 2.13
thit k nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng th trc ht phi khng
ch ti trng t ln nn khng c ln qu mt tr s quy nh m bo mi
quan h bc nht gia ng sut v bin dng, t mi xc nh c bin dng ca
nn v tt c cc phng php tnh ln u da vo gi thit nn bin dng tuyn tnh.
1
gh
P
Ti trng quy nh gii hn ( P
gh
1
) gi l ti trng tiu chun, hay p lc tiu
chun ca nn hay cn gi l p lc tnh ton quy c ca nn.
Khi thit k nn mng hay c th l xc nh kch thc y mng th ngi
thit k phi chn din tch y mng rng v sao cho ng sut di y mng
bng hoc nh hn tr s p lc tiu chun.
Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun ca nn t l cng vic u tin khi thit k
nn mng, c th xc nh p lc tiu chun theo hai cch sau y.
3.1.1. Xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim
Tu theo tng loi t v trng thi ca n, theo kinh nghim ngi ta cho sn
tr s p lc tiu chun R
tc
ca nn nh trong bng sau:
Bng 2.1:Tr s p lc tiu chun R
tc
ca nn theo kinh nghim
Tn t R
tc
(kG/cm
2
) Tn t R
tc
(kG/cm
2
)
t mnh ln trng thi
1. t d to c ct nhi trong k h 6,0 t loi st H s st B
2.Cui si l mnh v kt tinh 5,0 (dnh) rng e B=0 B=1
3. Dm, mnh v trm tch 3,0 8. ct 0,5 3,0 3,0
t ct R
tc
(kG/cm
2
) 0,7 2,5 2,0
trng thi 9. st 0,5 3,0 2,0
t mnh ln Cht Cht va 0,7 2,5 1,8
4. Ct th khng ph thuc m 4,5 3,5 1,0 2,0 1,0
5. Ct va, khng ph thuc m 3,5 2,5 10. St 0,5 6,0 4,0
6. Ct nh: 0,6 5,0 3,0
a. t m 3,0 2,0 0,8 3,0 2,0
b. Rt m 2,5 1,5 1,1 2,5 1,0
7. Ct bi
a. t m 2,5 2,0
b. Rt m 2,0 1,5
c. Bo ha nc 1,5 1,0

* Ghi ch: vi cc tr s e, B trung gian, xc nh R
tc
bng cch ni suy. Cc tr s
trong bng ng vi b rng mng b=1m, hm=1,5 - 2m. Nu b # 1m v hm b # 1,5m th
phi hiu chnh:
R
tc
= R.m.n (2.1)
Trong : R - Tr s p lc tiu chun tra theo bng trn.
m - H s hiu chnh b rng mng.
Khi b 5m th m = 1,5 cho t ct, m = 1,2 cho t loi st.
Khi 1 < b < 5m th:
1 .
4
) 1 (
+
=
b
m (2.2)
= 0,5 cho t ct.
= 0,2 cho t st.
n - H s iu chnh su t mng.
n = 0,5 + 0,0033.h (khi h < 1,5m)
) 200 h ( k .
R . m
1 n
+ = (khi h > 2m) (2.3)

- Dung trng ca t (tnh ra kG/cm
3
), h - Chiu su chn mng (cm), k = 1,5
cho t st, k = 2,5 cho t ct, v k = 2,0 cho t st v ct.
* Ngoi ra, i vi cc loi t p dng lm nn cng trnh, loi t ny tuy c
nhc im l bin dng ln v tnh khng ng nht cao, nhng mt iu kin thch
hp n vn dng lm nn cng trnh tt. Theo quy phm, i vi nn t p n
nh, tr s p lc tiu chun ca mt s loi t nh sau:
Bng 2.2 p lc tiu chun trn nn t p n nh
R
tc
(kG/cm
2
)
X ht to, ct va
v ct nh
Ct x, x nh, t
loi nh
bo ho nc G

t p
G 0,5 G 0,8 G 0,5 G 0,8
1. t san lp theo quy hoch, c m cht
2. t thi b cng nghip c m cht
3. t thi b cng nghip khng m cht
4. t , b thi cng nghip c m cht.
4. t , b thi cng nghip khng m
cht.
2,5
2,5
1,8
1,5
1,2

2,0
2,0
1,5
1,2
1,0
1,8
1,8
1,2
1,2
1,0
1,5
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,8

* Ghi ch : Tr s R
tc
trong bng dng cho mng c chiu su chn mng h
1
> 2m, khi
h
1
< 2m th tr s R
tc
phi gim xung bng cch nhn vi h s K:

1
1
2h
h h
K
+
= (2.4)
i vi t , b thi cng nghip cha n nh th R
tc
nhn vi h s 0,8
Tr s R
tc
trung gian ca bo ho G th ni suy.
2.1.2. Xc nh bng cch tnh theo quy phm
Theo TCXD 45 - 70 v 45 - 78 cho php tnh ton tr s p lc tiu chun ca
nn t khi vng bin dng do pht sinh n su bng 1/4 b rng mng b.
Biu thc tnh ton R
tc
theo TCXD 45 - 70:
R
tc
= m[(Ab + Bh) + D.c
tc
] (2.5)
Biu thc tnh ton R
tc
theo TCXD 45 - 78:
] c . D Bh Ab [
K
m . m
R
tc '
tc
2 1 tc
+ + = (2.6)
Trong : R
tc
- Cng tiu chun ca nn t
m - H s iu kin lm vic ca t nn
m=0,8 Khi nn t l t ct nh, bo ho nc
m=0,6 - Khi nn t l ct bi, bo ho nc
m=1 trong cc trng hp khc
c
tc
- Lc dnh tiu chun ca t di y mng.
- Dung trong trung bnh ca t di y mng
'- Dung trong trung bnh ca t trn y mng
K
tc
- H s tin cy, nu cc ch tiu c l c xc nh bng th nghim trc
tip i vi t th K
tc
ly bng 1,0. Nu cc ch tiu ly theo bng quy phm th K
tc

ly bng 1,1.
m
1
,m
2
ln lt l h s iu kin lm vic ca nn v h s iu kin lm vic
ca cng trnh tc dng qua li vi nn, ly theo bng sau:
Bng 2- 3: Tr s ca m
1
, m
2

Loi t
H
s
H s m
2
i vi nh v cng trnh c s
kt cu cng vi t s gia chiu di
4 1,5
t hn ln c cht nht l ct v
t st, khng k t phn v bi
1,4
1,2 1,4
Ct mn : - Kh v t m
- No nc
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,1
1,3
1,3
Ct bi : - Kh v t m
- No nc
1,2
1,1
1,0
1,0
1,2
1,2
t hn ln c cht nht l st v
t st c st B 0,5
1,2 1,0 1,1
Nh trn c st B > 0,5 1,1 1,0 1,0
- A,B,D cc h s ph thuc vo tr s gc ni ma st
tc
tra bng:
Bng 2.4 : Tr s A, B v D
Tr s tiu chun
ca gc (gc ma
st trong
tc

(o)
A B D
0 0,00 1,00 3,14
2 0,03 1,12 3,32
4 0,06 1,25 3,51
6 0,10 1,39 3,71
8 0,14 1,55 3,93
10 0,18 1,73 4,17
12 0,23 1,94 4,42
14 0,29 2,17 4,69
16 0,36 2,43 5,00
18 0,43 2,72 5,31
20 0,51 3,05 5,66
22 0,61 3,44 6,04
24 0,72 3,87 6,45
26 0,84 4,37 6,90
28 0,98 4,93 7,40
30 1,15 5,59 7,95
32 1,34 6,35 8,55
34 1,55 7,21 9,21
36 1,81 8,25 9,98
38 2,11 9,44 10,80
40 2,46 10,84 11,73
42 2,87 12,50 12,77
44 3,37 14,48 13,96
45 3,66 15,64 14,64

* Nhn xt: Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim (tra bng) thng thin
v an ton, cc tr s nu ra trong bng i din cho mt dy cc tr s dao ng trong
din rng. Trong thc t th cc loi t rt phong ph v loi v trng thi nn xc
nh R
tc
t cch tra bng thng t chnh xc v khng cht ch v l thuyt. C th s
dng tr s ny trong thit k s b, hoc cho cc cng trnh nh t trn nn t tng
i ng nht, cng trnh loi IV v loi V.
Xc nh R
tc
theo TCXD 45 - 70 v 45 - 78 cng cha cht ch lm v mt l
thuyt v s pht trin ca vng bin dng do ca t cng khc vi vt th n hi.
Tuy nhin khi vng bin dng do cn nh th sai khc cng khng ln, hin nay
trong thit k ngi ta hay s dng tr s ny.
Trong mt s nghin cu gn y cho thy c th s dng cng tnh ton
ca t nn trong tnh ton kch thc mng bng cch tnh ton cng chu ti ca
t nn theo cng thc ca Terzaghi hoc Berezantev ri chia cho h s an ton (Fs = 2
- 2,5). Theo quan im ny cho rng ly cng tnh ton nh vy va m bo iu
kin bin dng, va m bo iu kin chiu ti. Tuy nhin vic ly tr s Fs chnh xc
l bao nhiu th cng cha thng nht. Do vy vic tnh cng tnh ton ca nn t
theo phng php no sao cho ph hp vi thc t ca nn t v tnh cht cng trnh
m bo ti u trong thit k xy dng cng trnh.
3.2. Xc nh din tch y mng trong trng hp mng chu ti trong ng tm
Xt mt mng n chu ti trong ng tm nh hnh v (2.14):
Trong iu kin lm vic, mng chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- Ti trng cng trnh truyn xung mng qua ct mt nh mng:
tc
O
N
- Trng lng bn thn mng:
tc
m
N
- Trng lng t p trn mng trong
phm vi kch thc mng ;
tc
N
F=axb
tc
Nd Nd
tc
tc
No
ptc
b
a
h
m
- Phn lc nn t tc dng ln y mng
p
tc
.
Biu ng sut tip xc di y mng l
ng cong, nhng i vi cu kin mng cng,
ta ly gn ng theo dng hnh ch nht.
iu kin cn bng tnh hc:
(2.7) F p N N N
tc
tc
tc
m
tc
O
. = + +
Trong : F - Din tch y mng
Trng lng ca mng v t p trn
mng c th ly bng trng lng ca khi nm
trong mt ct t y mng:
(2.8)
tb m
tc
tc
m
h F N N . . = + Hnh 2.14
Trong :
tb
- Dung trng trung bnh ca
vt liu mng v t p trn mng, ly bng 2 - 2,2 (g/cm
3
) hoc 2 - 2,2 (T/m
3
).
h
m
- su chn mng.
T (2.7) v (2.8) ta c:
F . p . h . F N
tc
tb m
tc
0
= +
Suy ra:

m tb
tc
tc
o
h p
N
F
.
= (2.9)
m bo iu kin nn bin dng tuyn tnh th p lc do ti trong tiu chun
ca cng trnh gy ra phi tho iu kin:
p
tc
R
tc
(2.10)
Do :
m tb
tc
tc
o
h R
N
F
.
(2.11)
Cng thc (2.11) cho php xc nh c din tch y mng F khi bit ti
trng ngoi tc dng , p lc tiu chun R
tc
o
N
tc
v chiu su chn mng h
m
. y cn
ch rng tr s R
tc
ly theo kinh nghim th xc nh c s b din tch y mng
F, cn nu R
tc
xc nh theo cng thc (2.6) v (2.7) th tham s b rng mng b phi
gi thit trc, sau khi c c din tch y mng F, chn t s
b
a
= tm c
cnh a v kim tra li iu kin F
*
= axb F.
* Xc nh kch thc hp l ca mng n
Vic chn kch thc hp l ca mng n y ta cn tm b rng b ca mng
v t t s a = .b tm c cnh di a v so snh vi din tch yu cu. Phng
php ny xut pht t iu kin:
(2.12)
tc tc
tb
R p =
Vi : R
tc
- Cng tiu chun ca nn t
- Cng p lc trung bnh tiu chun do ti trng cng trnh gy
ra ti y mng.
tc
tb
p

axb
G N
p
tc
o tc
tb
+
= (2.13)
G - Trng lng ca mng v t p trn mng
hoc
m tb
tc
o tc
tb
h
b
N
p .
.
2

+ = (2.14)
Trong :
b
a
=
Thay (2.6) v (2.14) vo (2.12) bin i ta c phng trnh bc ba xc nh b
rng mng nh sau:
(2.15) 0 .
2
2
1
3
= + K b K b
Trong :
m tb tc
m
h
M
c M
h M K
.
.
.
.
3
2
1 1
+ = (2.16)

. .
.
3 2
m
N
M K
tc
o
= (2.17)
Vi : M
1
, M
2
, M
3
- Cc h s ph thuc vo gc ni ma st
tc
ca t nn, tra bng
(2.5).
m - H s iu kin lm vic, ly bng 1.
- Dung trng ca t nn di y mng.
Gii phng trnh (2.15) tm c tr s b - b rng ca mng, t xc nh a da
vo iu kin a = b v c c din tch y mng.
* Xc nh kch thc hp l ca mng bng
i vi mng bng c chiu di ln hn nhiu ln so vi b rng, khi tnh ton
ngi ta ct ra 1m di tnh ton, do vy tr s p lc trung bnh tiu chun ti y
mng s l:

m tb
tc
o tc
tb
h
b
N
p . + = (2.18)
Thay (2.6) v (2.18) vo (2.12) bin i ta c phng trnh bc hai xc nh b
rng mng bng nh sau:
(2.19) 0 .
2 1
2
= + L b L b
Trong :
.
.
.
.
.
3
2
1 1
m
h
M
c M
h M L
m tb tc
m
+ =

.
.
3 2
m
N
M L
tc
o
=
M
1
, M
2
, M
3
- Cc h s ph thuc vo gc ni ma st
tc
ca t nn, tra bng
(2.5).
Gii phng trnh (2.19) tm c b rng hp l ca mng bng theo iu kin
p lc tiu chun. Vic xc nh kch thc mng t vic gii phng trnh (2.15) v
(2.19) th khng cn kim tra li iu kin (2.12).


Bng 2.5: Cc Tr s M
1
, M
2
, M
3
tc
() M
1
M
2
M
3

tc
() M
1
M
2
M
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
74,97
38,51
26,36
20,30
16,66
14,25
12,52
11,24
10,24
9,44
8,80
8,26
7,8
7,42
7,08
6,08
6,54
6,32
6,12
5,91
5,78
5,64
229,2
114,6
76,3
57,2
45,7
38,1
32,6
28,5
25,3
22,7
20,6
18,82
17,32
16,04
14,93
13,95
13,08
12,31
11,62
10,99
10,42
9,90
70,79
34,51
22,36
16,30
12,66
10,25
8,52
7,24
6,24
5,44
4,80
4,26
3,80
3,42
3,08
2,80
2,54
2,32
2,12
1,942
1,783
1,640
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
5,51
5,39
5,29
5,19
5,10
5,02
4,94
4,87
4,82
4,75
4,69
4,64
4,60
4,55
4,52
4,47
4,44
4,41
4,38
4,35
4,32
4,30
4,27
9,12
8,88
8,58
8,20
7,85
7,52
7,21
6,93
6,66
6,40
6,16
5,93
5,71
5,51
5,31
5,12
4,94
4,77
4,60
4,44
4,29
4,14
4,00

1,511
1,393
1,287
1,188
1,099
1,017
0,944
0,872
0,808
0,749
0,694
0,643
0,596
0,552
0,512
0,474
0,439
0,406
0,376
0,347
0,321
0,296
0,273

* Mt s cch gn ng xc nh din tch y mng F
+ Xc nh R
tc
theo cc bng (2.2) hoc (2.3) tu thuc vo tnh hnh c th ca
t nn hoc theo gi tr R
tc
do th nghim cung cp. Thay tr s R
tc
vo cng thc
(2.11) xc nh c din tch y mng F, t chn cc kch thc chi tit cho ph
hp.
Vi mng vng hoc ch nht: F* = axb
Vi mng hnh trn : F* = .R
2
+ Xc nh kch thc mng theo kinh nghim: Chn trc mt tr s kch
thc y mng axb no , t kt hp vi iu kin t nn tnh ra R
tc
v sau
kim tra li iu kin: , nu cha tho mn th chn li v kim tra cho n
khi t yu cu, thng thng chn kim tra n ln th hai hoc ba l t.
tc tc
tb
R p

3.3. Trng hp ti trng lch tm
Mng chu ti lch tm l mng c im
t ca tng hp lc khng i qua trng tm
din tch y mng. Thng l mng cc cng
trnh chu momen v ti trng ngang. lch
tm e c tnh nh sau:

tc
tc
N
M
e = (2.22)
min>0
max>0
O e
b
a
b
e
a
Trong : M
tc
- Gi tr momen tiu chun
ng vi trng tm din tch y mng.
N
tc
- Tng ti trng thng ng
tiu chun tc dng ln mng.
Hnh 2.15: Mng chu ti lch tm
3.3.1. Trng hp lch tm b
Trng hp ny lch tm e < a/6, biu
ng sut y mng nh hnh v (Hnh 2.15).
Vic xc nh kch thc y mng trong trng hp ny ging nh i vi
mng chu ti trong ng tm, sau tng din tch tnh ln chu mo men v lc
ngang bng cch nhn vi h s K (K= 1,0 - 1,5), khi momen v lc ngang b th ly K
b v ngc li.
F
lch tm
= K.F
ng tm
(2.23)
Sau khi chn c kch thc y mng cn kim tra li iu kin p lc:

tc tc
R 2 , 1
max

(2.24)
tc tc
tb
R
Vi:
m tb
y
tc
o
x
tc
o
tc
o tc
min max,
h .
W
M
W
M
F
N
+ = (2.25)
hay:
m tb
b a
tc
o tc
min max,
h . )
b
e 6
a
e 6
1 (
axb
N
+ = (2.26)

m tb
tc
o
tc
min
tc
max tc
tb
h .
axb
N
2
+ =
+
=

3.3.2. Trng hp mng chu ti trng lch tm ln
Dng biu ng sut trong trng
hp ny nh hnh v v 0 , 0
min max
< > ,
trng hp ny sau khi chn din tch y
mng cn kim tra li theo iu kin lch
tm.
L>0,25a
Ntc
min<0
max>0
Lu : Tng ti trng tiu chun t
cch mp mng mt on L 0,25a
phn cnh mng khng b tch khi mt
nn qu 25%.
Hnh 2.16: Mng chu ti lch tm ln

3.4. Mt s bin php lm gim hoc trit tiu phn biu ng sut m di y
mng
+ Thay i kch thc, hnh dng mng
2N1 2N2
max>0
min<0
N2 >>N1
2N2 2N1
max>0
min>0

Hnh 2.17
.
+ Thay i trng tm mng

b
a
max>0
min<0
a
b
r
min>0
max>0
Tm ct trung tm mong
Dch tm ct v pha min
max Hoc m rng ay mong v pha

Hnh 2.18

+ Cu to h thng dm, ging mng chu momen.

Dm ging doc
Dm ging ngang

Hnh 2.19: Dm v ging mng trit tiu ng sut do lch tm gy ra

3.5. V d mu:
V d II-1: Xc nh s b kch thc y mng di ct hnh ch nht kch thc
30x40cm vi t hp ti trng chnh ti mt mng l: N=90,0T, M=2,40Tm, Q=1,20T.
Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch tiu c l c bn nh sau:
Lp trn: st do cng c: =1.95T/m
3
, = 20
0
, c=1,8 T/m
2
Lp di: ct do c: =1.95T/m
3
, = 22
0
, c=2,0 T/m
2
Gii :
+ Xc nh ti trng tiu chun ca t hp ti trng chnh :
T Q Q T M M T N N
tc
o
tc
o
tc
o
0 , 1 2 , 1 / , 0 , 2 2 , 1 / , 0 , 75 2 , 1 / = = = = = =
+ Vt liu lm mng c chn l Btng ct thp.
+ Chn chiu su chn mng l h
m
= 2m.
+ Xc nh kch thc y mng :
Do mng chu ti trng lch tm nn kch thc y mng phi tha mn hai
iu kin sau y:
- ng sut trung bnh ti y mng phi nh hn hoc bng cng p lc
tiu chun ca nn t.
- Tr s ng sut ln nht ti y mng phi nh hn hoc bng 1,2 ln cng
p lc tiu chun ca nn t.

) 2 ( R 2 , 1
) 1 ( R
tc d
max
tc d
TB

Kch thc hp l nht ca y mng c xc nh t iu kin (1) trong
trng hp xy ra phng trnh.
T ta c phng trnh xc nh b rng mng nh sau:
b
3
+ K
1
.b
2
- K
2
= 0
Trong : K
1
= M
1
.h + M
2
.
h .
. M
c
tb
3

K
2
= M
3
.
. . m
N
tc
o

- Vi
tc
= 20
0

tra bng (2.5) ta c:
M
1
= 5,91; M
2
= 10,99; M
3
= 1,942
- H s iu kin lm vic, m = 1
- Chiu su chn mng h
m
= 2m
- c

= 0,18 kG/cm
2
= 1,8 T/m
2
-
tb
l dung trng trung bnh ca t ngay y mng v vt liu lm mng,
ly
tb
= 2,2 (T/m
3
)
- : l dung trng ca lp 1, =1,95 (T/m
3
)
- Chn = 1,4 =
b
a

K
1
= 5,91 . 2 + 10,99.
95 , 1
8 , 1
- 1,942.
95 , 1
2 . 2 , 2
= 17,58
K
2
= 1,942.
4 , 1 . 95 , 1 . 1
0 , 75
= 53,35
Thay vo phng trnh trn ta c phng trnh sau:
b
3
+ 17,58.b
2
- 53,35 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny bng phng php th dn nghim
b 1,663 (m), chn b = 1,7 (m)
Do t s = 1,4 =
b
a
a = 1,4.1,7 = 2,38, chn a = 2,4 (m)
Vy kch thc s b y mng c chn l : b = 1,7m, a = 2,4 m
+ Tnh Cng tiu chun R
tc
ca nn t
Cng tiu chun R
tc
ca nn t c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
R
tc
= m. [(A.b + B.h
m
). + D.c ]
Vi: m=1 ; b=1,7m ; h
m
=2m ; =1,95(T/m
3
) ; c

= 0,18 KG/cm
2
= 1,8 T/m
2
, = 20
0
Tra
bng (2.4) ta c: A = 0,51, B = 3,06, D = 5,66.
Suy ra:
R
tc
= (0,51.1,7 + 3,06.2 ) 1,95 + 5,66.1,8 = 23,8 (T/m
2
)
+ Xc nh ng sut di y mng :
=
b
e 6
a
e 6
1
b . a
N
b a
tc
d tc
Min , Max

Trong : ) ( 952 , 92 2 . 4 , 2 . 7 , 1 . 2 , 2 0 , 75 . . T h F N N
tb
tc
o
tc
d
= + = + =
e
b
= 0; 0533 , 0
0 , 75
2 . 0 , 1 0 , 2 .
=
+
=
+
=
tc
m
tc
o
tc
o
a
N
h Q M
e m

) / ( 75 , 19
) / ( 82 , 25
4 , 2
0533 , 0 . 6
1
4 , 2 . 7 , 1
952 , 92
2
2
,
m T
m T
tc
Min Max
=
=
) / ( 78 , 22
4 , 2 . 7 , 1
0 , 75
2 . 2 , 2 .
2
m T
F
N
h
tc
o
tb
tc
tb
= + = + =
Kim tra iu kin

= = < =
= < =
) / ( 56 , 28 8 , 23 . 2 , 1 . 2 , 1 82 , 25
) / ( 8 , 23 ) / ( 78 , 22
2
max
2 2
m T R
m T R m T
tc tc
tc tc
tb
Hai iu kin (1) v (2) c tha mn, vy kch thc y mng chn
trn l chp nhn c.
V d II-2: Xc nh s b kch thc y mng di ct hnh ch nht kch thc
30x40cm vi ti trng ca t hp ti trng chnh (TH c bn) ti mt mng l:
N
tt
o
=80,15T, M
tt
=2,25Tm, Q =1,4T. Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch tiu c l c bn
nh sau:
o
tt
o
Lp trn: t lp dy 0,8m, =1.8T/m
3
Lp di: ct do c: =1.94T/m
3
, = 22
0
, c=1,9 T/m
2
Gii :
+ Chn vt liu : mng b tng ct thp
+ Chn su chn mng : h
m
= 1,5m
+ Chn kch thc ban u: b rng mng b=1,6m
+ Xc nh R
tc
theo TCXD 45-78:
] c . D Bh Ab [
K
m . m
R
tc '
tc
2 1 tc
+ + =
Vi = 22
0
tra bng (2.4) ta c : A=0,61 ; B=3,44 ; D=6,04
m
1
= 1,0 ; m
1
= 1,4; K
tc
= 1,1 ;
3
m / T 87 , 1 2 / ) 94 , 1 8 , 1 ( ' = + =
Thay vo c:
2 tc
m / T 3 , 29 ] 9 , 1 . 04 , 6 87 , 1 . 5 , 1 . 44 , 3 94 , 1 . 6 , 1 . 61 , 0 [
1 , 1
4 , 1 . 1
R = + + =
+ Din tch y mng yu cu:

2
54 , 2
5 , 1 . 2 3 , 29
2 , 1 / 15 , 80
.
m
h R
N
F
m tb
tc
tc
o
=

Mng chu ti trng lch tm, ta tng kch thc mng ln bng cch nhn vi h s
K=1,2

2 *
05 , 3 54 , 2 . 2 , 1 . m F K F = = =
Vy cnh di ca mng l: a=F*/b=3,05/1,6=1,905m; ta chn a=2m
+ Xc nh ng sut di y mng :

m tb
b a
tc
o tc
min max,
h . )
b
e 6
a
e 6
1 (
axb
N
+ =
Vi : m
N
h Q M
e
tc
o
m
tc
o
tc
o
a
054 , 0
2 , 1 / 15 , 80
2 , 1 / 4 , 1 . 5 , 1 2 , 1 / 25 , 2 .
=
+
=
+
= , e
b
=0
Vy :
2
max
/ 27 , 27 5 , 1 . 2 )
2
054 , 0 . 6
1 (
6 , 1 . 2
2 , 1 / 15 , 80
. )
6
1 ( m T h
a
e
axb
N
m tb
a
tc
o tc
= + + = + + =

2
min
/ 47 , 20 5 , 1 . 2 )
2
054 , 0 . 6
1 (
6 , 1 . 2
2 , 1 / 15 , 80
. )
6
1 ( m T h
a
e
axb
N
m tb
a
tc
o tc
= + = + =

2
/ 87 , 23 5 , 1 . 2
6 , 1 . 2
2 , 1 / 15 , 80
. m T h
axb
N
m tb
tc
o tc
tb
= + = + =
Kim tra iu kin:

2 2
max
/ 16 , 35 3 , 29 . 2 , 1 2 , 1 / 27 , 27 m T R m T
tc tc
= = =

2 2
/ 3 , 29 / 87 , 23 m T R m T
tc tc
tb
= =
t yu cu, vy kch thc mng chn F=axb = 2x1,6m l hp l.
V d II-3: Xc nh s b kch thc mng bng di tng dy 20cm vi t hp ti
trng chnh ti mt mng l: N=30T/m, M=2,5Tm/m. Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch
tiu c l nh v d 2.
Gii:
+ Chn vt liu : mng b tng ct thp
+ Chn su chn mng : h
m
= 1,2m
+ Chn kch thc ban u: b rng mng b=1,5m
+ Xc nh ng sut di y mng (vi mng bng ta ct ra 1m di tnh
ton):

m tb
b
tc
o tc
min max,
h . )
b
e 6
1 (
xb 1
N
+ =
Vi : m
N
M
e
tc
o
tc
o
b
083 , 0
2 , 1 / 30
2 , 1 / 5 , 2
= = = , e
a
=0
Vy :
2
max
/ 22 , 25 5 , 1 . 2 )
5 . 1
083 , 0 . 6
1 (
5 , 1 . 1
2 , 1 / 30
. )
6
1 (
1
m T h
b
e
xb
N
m tb
b
tc
o tc
= + + = + + =

2
min
/ 13 , 14 5 , 1 . 2 )
5 , 1
083 , 0 . 6
1 (
5 , 1 . 1
2 , 1 / 30
. )
6
1 (
1
m T h
b
e
xb
N
m tb
b
tc
o tc
= + = + =

2
/ 67 , 19 5 , 1 . 2
5 , 1 . 1
2 , 1 / 30
. m T h
axb
N
m tb
tc
o tc
tb
= + = + =
+ Xc nh R
tc
theo TCXD 45-78 nh v d 2 ta c: R
tc
= 29,15T/m
2
+ Kim tra iu kin:

2 2
max
/ 98 , 34 15 , 29 . 2 , 1 2 , 1 / 22 , 25 m T R m T
tc tc
= = =

2 2
/ 15 , 29 / 2 , 67 , 19 m T R m T
tc tc
tb
= =
t yu cu, vy b rng mng bng chn b = 1,5m l hp l.

4 TNH TON NN THEO TRNG THI GII HN V BIN DNG
(TTGH II)
4.1. Khi nim:
Sau khi xc nh c kch thc y mng theo iu kin p lc tiu chun,
ta phi kim tra li nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng, hay cn gi l TTGH II.
Ni dung ca phn tnh ton ny nhm khng ch bin dng ca nn, khng
cho bin dng ca nn ln ti mc lm nt n, h hng cng trnh bn trn hoc lm
cho cng trnh bn trn nghing lch ln, khng tho mn iu kin s dng. m
bo yu cu trn th ln ca nn phi tho iu kin:
S
tt
[S
gh
] (2.27)
Trong : S
tt
- ln tnh ton ca cng trnh thit k
[S
gh
] - Tr s gii hn v bin dng ca cng trnh, tr s ny ph thuc
vo:
+ c tnh ca cng trnh bn trn: Vt liu, hnh thc kt cu, cng khng
gian v tnh nhy cm vi bin dng ca nn...
+ Ph thuc vo c tnh ca nn: Loi t, trng thi v tnh bin dng ca t,
phn b cc lp t trong nn...
+ Ph thuc vo phng php thi cng.
Tr s ln gii hn [S
gh
] theo TCXD quy nh tu thuc vo tnh hnh c th
ca cng trnh, ly theo bng sau:

Bng 2.6 Tr s gii hn v ln ca mng
Tr s [S
gh
] (cm) Kt cu nh v kiu mng
Trung bnh Tuyt i
1. Nh Panen ln, nh Blc khng c khung
2. Nh bng tng gch, tng Blc ln, mng n
c:
L:H 2,5 ( L chiu di tng, H chiu cao
L:H 1,5
3. Nh tng gch, tng Blc ln c ging BTCT
hoc gch, ct thp.
5. Nh khung trn ton b s
5. Mng BTCT kn khp ca l nung, ng khi,
thp nc.
6. Mng nh cng nghip mt tng v nh c kt
cu tng t khi bc ct l:
6m
12m
8

8
10

15
10
30

-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

8
10
Ngoi ra ta cn c bit ch n chnh lch ln hay ln khng u ca cc
mng trong cng mt cng trnh. Nu tr s ny ln s gy ra s phn b li ni lc
trong kt cu bn trn, lm nt gy kt cu. chnh lch ln c nh gi qua cc
i lng:
- ln lch tuyt i:
S = S
2
S
1
[S
gh
] (2.28)
- nghing ca mng hoc cng trnh: L t s gia ln ca cc im bn
ngoi ca mng ( hoc cng trnh) vi kch thc (chiu di, chiu rng) qua im y:

L
S S
tg
1 2

= (2.29)
L
S1
S2
Gc nghing:
L
S S
arctg
1 2

= (2.30)
Tr s gc nghing ny phi b hn tr s gc
nghing gii hn, quy nh theo quy trnh.
Hnh 2.20
4.2. Tnh ton ln ca mng
Hin nay c nhiu phng php khc nhau tnh ton ln ca nn mng,
mt s phng php c trnh by k trong gio trnh C hc t. Trong ni dung
ny ch gii thiu nhng bc c bn ca phng php cng ln tng lp. y l mt
trong nhng phng php c ch nht v cho kt qu gn st vi thc t nht.
Ni dung ca phng php cng ln tng lp:
1. Chia nn t di y mng thnh nhiu lp c chiu dy h
i
(0,2 - 0,4)b
hoc h
i
1/10 Ha, vi b l b rng mng, Ha l chiu su vng nn p.
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut do trng lng bn thn t:
(2.31)
i i
bt
zi
h =
3. Xc nh p lc gy ln:
gl
(2.32)
m
tb
h
gl
. =
Trong : - p lc trung bnh ti y mng do ti trng cng trnh v trng
lng mng, t p trn mng gy ra:
tb


axb
G N
tc
o
tb
+
= (2.33)
- Dung trng ca lp t t mng
h
m
- Chiu su chn mng
4. Tnh v v biu ng sut do ng sut gy ln gy ra:
(3.34)
gl
oi zi
K . =
Vi K
oi
=f(a/b,2z/b) tra bng trong sch C hc t.
5. Xc nh chiu su vng nh hng Ha, theo TCXD 45-70, Xc nh Ha da
vo iu kin ni c :
gl
zi
bt
zi
. 2 , 0 =
6.Tnh ton ln ca cc lp t phn t S
i
theo cc cng thc:

i i
oi
i
i i oi i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
h p
E
S
h p a S
h p
e
a
S
h
e
e e
S
. .
. .
. .
1
.
1
1
1
2 1
=
=
+
=
+
=
(2.35)
7. Tnh ton ln cui cng ca mng:
(2.36)
=
=
n
i
i
S S
1
Xc nh e
1i
v e
2i
tng ng vi cc tr s p
1i
v p
2i
vi

2
1
1
zi
bt
zi
bt
i
p
+
=

(2.37)

2
1
1 2
zi
gl
zi
gl
i i
p p
+
+ =

(2.38)

H
a
p1i
bt
z
p(kG/cm)
z
O p2i p1i
2
p2i
b
h
m
i
ng cong nen lun
e1i
h
i
e2i
p(kG/cm)
2
e

5. TNH TON NN THEO TRNG THI GII HN V CNG
Hnh 2.21: S chia lp t v ng cong nn ln
(TTGH I)
5.1. Khi nim
Khi ti trng ngoi vt qu kh nng chu lc ca nn t, nn b ph hng v
mt cng , n nh, lc ny nn c xem l t n trng thi gii hn th
nht.
i vi nn , khi t n TTGH1 th nn khng cn kh nng chu ti na
v nn b ph hoi.
i vi nn t, khi t n TTGH1 th xy ra hin tng ln t ngt, lm ph
hng cng trnh bn trn.
Phm vi s dng tnh ton nn theo TTGH1:
+ Nn .
+ Nn st rt cng, ct rt cht, t na .
+ Nn st yu, bo ha nc v t than bn.
+ Nn t mng thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang.
+ Nn ca cng trnh trn mi dc.
Ti trng tnh ton: Dng ti trng tnh ton v t hp b sung.
iu kin kim tra: Mun cho nn t khng b ph hng, mt n nh (trt,
tri) th ti trng truyn ln mng cng trnh tc dng ln nn t phi c cng nh
hn cng gii hn ca nn t y.

at
K
N

(2.39)
Pgh
S(mm)
p(kG/cm)
2
Pgh
Nn t mm yu
Nn t cng
Trong :
N - Ti trong cng trnh tc dng ln mng
- Kh nng chu ti ca nn theo phng
tc dng ca ti trng
K
at
- H s an ton, do c quan thit k quy
nh, h s ny ph thuc vo cp nh, cp cng
trnh, ngha v hu qu ca vic nn mt kh nng
chu ti, mc nghin cu cc iu kin ca nn
t, thng chn >1.
Khi tnh ton nn theo TTGH1, lc ny ti
trng khi gn t n TTGH1 l rt ln, ti nhiu
vng trong nn t quan h ng sut bin dng
khng cn bc nht na, lc ny khng th gii quyt
bi ton theo kt qu ca l thuyt n hi na m
phi gii quyt theo hai hng s trnh by cc
mc sau.
5.2. Sc chu ti ca nn
i vi nn , tnh nn ln ca n rt b,
khng ng k, moun bin dng ca c th ln
hn moun bin dng ca t hng ngn ln. C khi
ng sut tc dng ln nn gn t n tr s ph
hoi m bin dng ca n cn rt b. V vy ngi ta
khng cn kim tra bin dng ca nn m ch cn tnh ton v kim tra nn theo
TTGH1 v cng .
Hnh 2.22: Quan h P-S
Nn a
Nn t
2
p(kG/cm)
S(mm)
Hnh 2.23
Sc chu ti tnh ton R ca nn c xc nh theo biu thc:
R = k.m.R
n
(2.40)
Trong :
R
n
- Cng ph hoi ca mu khi b nn mt trc trng thi bo ho
nc.
k - H s ng nht
m - H s iu kin lm vic
i vi cc trng hp c th, cn tin hnh th nghim xc nh cc tr s
cn thit. Khi khng c s liu, ngi ta thng ly k.m = 0,5.
5.3. Sc chu ti ca nn t
5.3.1. Phng php gii tch
Vic tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn t c gii thiu k trong C hc t . y
ch gii thiu li mt s biu thc tnh ton sc
chu ti c bn:
q=.h
p
pgh
z
b Y
5.3.1.1. Phng php ca Xocolovski
a: nn t chu ti trng thng ng, lch
tm (Hnh 2 - 24)
Ti trng gii hn trong trng hp ny
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
p
gh
= p
T
.(c + q.tg)+ q (2.41)
Trong :
p
T
: h s khng th nguyn ph thuc
vo Y
T
v , tra bng (2-7)
Hnh 2.24
Y
T
=
c tg q + .

. y Vi: 0 y b (2.42)
T cng thc (2-41), ta suy ra cc trng hp c bit sau:
+ Khi mng t trn mt t dnh ( h=0, c0) th:
p
gh
= p
t .
c (2.43)
Trong : p
T
ph thuc vo Y
T
= y
c
.

Khi mng t trn t ct ( c=0, q 0, h/b< 0.5)
p
gh
=q(p
T
.tg+ 1) (2.44)
Trong : p
T
=
tg q.
. y

Bng 2- 7: Tr s ca p
T.
()
Y
T
5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 40
0 6,49 8,34 11,0 14,8 20,7 30,1 46,1 75,3
0,5 7,73 0,02 12,5 17,9 27,0 43,0 73,8 139
1,0 6,95 9,64 13,8 20,6 32,3 53,9 97,1 193
1,5 7,17 10,20 15,1 20,1 37,3 64,0 119 243
2,0 7,38 10,80 16,2 25,4 41,9 73,6 140 292
2,5 7,56 11,30 17,3 27,7 46,4 82,9 160 339
9,0 7,77 11,80 18,4 29,8 50,8 91,8 179 386
3,5 7,96 12,30 19,4 31,9 55,0 101,0 199 432
4,0 8,15 12,80 20,5 34,0 59,2 109 218 478
4,5 8,33 13,20 21,4 36,0 63,8 118 237 523
5,0 8,50 13,70 22,4 38,0 67,3 127 256 568
5,5 8,67 14,10 23,3 39,9 71,3 135 275 613
6,0 8,84 14,50 24,3 41,8 75,3 143 293 658
b. Nn t chu ti trng nghing, lch tm (hnh 2 - 25):
Thnh phn thng ng ca ti trng gii hn (p
gh
) trong trng hp ny c
xc nh nh sau:
p
gh
= N
..y + N
q
..h + N
c
.c (2.45)
Trong : N
, N
q
, N
c
- cc h s sc chu
ti ca t ph thuc vo gc ma st trong
ca t v gc nghing ca ti trng, ly
theo bng (2.8).
Thnh phn nm ngang
gh
ca ti trng
gii hn xc nh theo cng thc:

gh
= p
gh
. tg (2 .46)
Biu ti trng tnh theo cng thc
(2.45) c dng hnh thang, cc tr s ca p
gh
ti
im y = 0 v y = b c tnh nh sau (b: chiu rng ca mng hnh bng)
Pgh
gh
q=.h
b
Z
Y
P
Hnh 2-25
p = N
( ) 0 = y
gh
q
..h + N
c
.c
(2.47)
p = p + N
( ) b y
gh
= ( ) 0 = y
gh

..b
Hai thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang ca tng hp lc ti trng gii hn
xc nh theo cc cng thc sau y:
p
gh
=
2
1
.(p
gh(y=0)
+ p
gh(y=b)
).b

gh
= p
gh
.tg
i vi trng hp ti trng lch tm nh trn (c hai trng hp a v b) thc
ra nu mun tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn cho cht ch th khng nhng ch kim tra
tr s p
gh
v p, m cn phi kim tra c im t ca ti trng na (im t ca p
gh

phi trng vi im t ca p do ti trng ngoi tc dng. Nhng theo li gii ca
V.V.Xcolovxki th ti trng gii hn p
gh
ch c mt im t nht nh vi lch
tm e
gh
:
e
gh
=
3
b
.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+
+
= =
= =
2
3
p p
p p . 2
0 y gh b y gh
0 y gh b y gh
(2.49)
Bng 2-8: Tr s ca N
q
, N
c
v N

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
N
q
N
c
N
1,57
6,49
0,17
2,47
8,34
0,56
3,94
11,0
1,4
6,40
14,90
3,16
10,70
20,7
6,92
18,4
30,2
15,32
33,30
46,20
35,16
64,20
75,30
86,46
134,50
133,50
236,30
5
N
q
N
c
N
1,24
2,72
0,09
2,46
6,56
0,38
3,44
9,12
0,99
5,56
12,52
2,31
9,17
17,50
5,02
15,60
25,40
11,10
27,90
38,40
24,38
52,70
61,60
61,38
96,40
95,40
163,30
10
N
q
N
c
N

1,50
2,84
0,17
2,84
6,88
0,62
4,65
10,00
1,51
7,65
14,30
3,42
12,90
20,60
7,64
22,80
31,10
17,40
42,40
49,30
41,78
85,10
84,10
109,50
15
N
q
N
c
N

1,77
2,94
0,25
3,64
7,27
0,89
6,13
11,00
2,15
10,40
16,20
4,93
18,10
24,50
11,34
33,30
38,50
27,61
65,40
64,40
70,58
20
N
q
N
c
N

2,09
3,00
0,32
4,58
7,68
1,19
7,97
21,10
2,92
13,90
18,50
6,91
25,40
29,10
16,41
49,20
48,20
43,00
25
N
q
N
c
N

2,41
3,03
0,38
5,67
8,09
1,50
10,20
13,20
3,84
18,70
21,10
9,58
26,75
35,75
24,86
30
N
q
N
c
N

2,75
3,02
0,43
8,94
8,49
1,84
13,10
14,40
4,96
25,40
24,40
13,31
35
N
q
N
c
N

3,08
2,97
0,47
8,43
8,86
2,21
16,72
15,72
6,41
40
N
q
N
c
N

3,42
2,88
0,49
10,15
9,15
2,60
45 N
q
3,78
(2.48)
N
c
N
2,70
0,50

5.3.1.2. Phng php ca Terzaghi
K.Terzaghi a ra
cng thc tnh ti trng gii
hn trng hp bi ton
phng nh sau:

c . N h . . N
2
b .
. N p
c q gh
+ +
=

(2.50)
Z
b
p
q=.h
/4/2
/4/2
q=.h
/4/2 /4/2
Trong : N
, N
q
v N
c

- Cc h s sc chu ti, ph
thuc vo gc ma st v
tnh theo biu (hnh 2.27).
N
Hnh 2-26: S tnh ton i vi bi ton
phng ca K.Terzaghi
goi ra K.Terzaghi cn a ra cc h s kinh nghim vo cng thc (2-50)
(2.51)
(2.52)
4 0
o
3 0
o
2 0
Nq
c N
N
Nc , q N N
tnh ti trng gii hn trong trng hp bi ton khng gian.

- i vi mng vung c cnh l b:
p
gh
= 0,4.N
..b + N
q
..h + 1,3N
c
.c

- i vi mng trn c bn knh R:
p
gh
= 0,6.N
..R + N
q
.h + 1,3.N
c
.c

o

o
6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
0
o
o
1 0

.3.2. Phng php gi xc nh kh nng chu ti ca t
c nh kh nng chu
ti
n t khng ng nht, gm hai hoc ba lp t c ch tiu c l khc nhau
ng t trn mt tng t phn
b rt dc.
Hnh 2-27: Biu tra N
, N
q
v N
c

5
Trong trng hp khng th dng phng php gii tch x
ca nn c, lc ny ta phi s dng phng php gii. Mt s trng hp hay
gp l:
- N
- Ph ti hai bn mng chnh lch nhau qu 25%
- Mng t trn mi dc, mt di mi dc hoc m
Trong nhng trng hp trn ta
phng ph dng p gii vi gi
thi

(2.53)
Tro
t mt trt l mt tr trn. Theo
phng php ny, ngi ta tnh theo
s bi ton phng: Ct ra mt
on di 1 n v tnh ton. Vi
nhng mng bng, tng chn t,
nn ng c chiu di ln mi ph
hp vi bi ton phng. Nhng vi
mng hnh ch nht ngi ta vn
tnh theo s bi ton phng
thun tin v thin v an ton.
Ni dungca phng php nh sau:
+ Gi thit mt trt l mt cung
trn i qua mp mng tm O1, bn
knh R1. Chia lng th trt thnh nhi
+ Ta xt mnh th i:
- Tng cc lc tc dng ln mnh i:
u mnh bng cc mt ct thng ng (Hnh2.28)
G
i
= p
i
+ q
i

ng : .
i i
F q =

- Din tch mnh th i
ti y mng.
i
i v khng c p
i

i i
b p = . p
Vi
i
F
- Dun a g trng c t
p C ng ng sut tnh ton
b
i
b rng mnh th
i nhng mnh nm ngoi phm vi y mng th
Lc gy trt mnh th i:
i i
g sin .
Lc gi mnh th i: Lc ma st:
i i i
tg g . cos .
Lc dnh:
i i
l c .
Trong : gc nghin bn knh v
i
g ca I tm trt i
on cung trt th i
:
l
i
Chiu di cung trt
c
i
,
i
tr s lc dnh v gc ni ma st trong
H s n nh K
i
cho mnh trt i

i i
i i i i i
gtri
i
g R M
K
sin .
= =
gi
l c tg g R
M
) cos ( +
(2.54)
Xt ton b lng th trt gm n mnh, ta c h s n nh:

=
+
= =
i
i i i i i
g
l c tg g R
M
K
1
) cos (
(
=
n
i
i i
n
gtr
i
g R
M
1
sin .
2.55)
Trong : M
g
, M
gtr
l mo men gi v momen gy trt ca lng th trt
i
i
O
gi.cosi gi
bi
C
B
A D
pgh
gi.sini
li
c
.li
R
b
p
Hnh 2.28
Sau khi xc nh c cc tr s K i vi mi cung trt, ta chn tr s nh nht K
min

xt n nh ca nn. Mun nn n nh phi tha mn iu kin sau:
K K
min
> (2.56)
rong T K - h
c, nu di y
mng
nh lt c tin hnh
so vi
u kin kim tra:
s n nh cho php, ly t 1,2-1,5.
5.4. Kim tra lt v trt cho mng
5.4.1. Kim tra n nh lt
Trong qu trnh chu l
xut hin biu ng sut m, tc
min
< 0
th mng c kh nng b lt, do vy cn phi kim
tra n nh lt ca mng.
Vic kim tra n
trc i qua mp ngoi ca y mng (im
O) di tc dng ca t hp ti trng tnh ton bt
li nht.
i
[ ]
gi
K
M
K =
l
gl
M
(2.56)
Trong : - Tng momen gi mng
y vi
en gy lt cho mng, ly vi mp mng.

khng nm
ng ngang Q s lm
cho m
m bo mng khng b trt th phi
tha m

rong : - T th
h ti y

h F.
h
m
No
max>0
min<0
Mo Qo
O
a
Hnh 2.29

gi
M
khng b lt, l mp mng.

gl
M - Tng mom
- H s n nh lt cho php, thng thng ly 1,5. [ ]
l
K
Nu cng trnh c thit k nm trn nhiu mng v tng hp lc
ngoi li ca din tch y mng c lin kt cng vi nhau bng cc kt cu chu lc
th cng trnh c th khng b lt .
5.4.2. Kim tra n nh trt
Di tc dng ca ti tr
ng c xu hng b trt mt phng y
mng.
n iu kin sau:
Q n n f N
o
tt
. . .
(2.57)
O
Qo
Mo
No
h
m
G
T
Hnh 2.30
T ng ti trng ng ng
tt
N
tnh ton tn mng
N N
tt
o
tt
+ =
G
vi:
tb
G . =
m

n
o
h s v t ti ca ti trng thng ng (ly < 1).
o nhm ca y mng v loi
t. Tr

n H s vt ti ca ti trng ngang (ly >1).
Q tng ti trng ngang tc dng ln mng.
f H s ma sat gia t v nn ph thuc v
s f ca hoc b tng vi cc loi t khc nhau ly theo bng sau:
Bng 2.9: Tr s ca f
Loi t di y mng Tr s f
1. t st v nham thch c b mt b bo mn 0,25
2. t st trng thi cng 0,3
3. t st trng thi do 0,2
4. Ct m t 0,55
5. Ct m 0,45
6. st trng thi cng 0,45
7. st trng thi do 0,25
8. ct trng thi cng 0,5
9. ct trng thi do 0,35
10. t 0,75

Trong thc t i vi cc mng ca cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng v cng
nghip
6. TNH TON MNG THEO TRNG THI GII HN I
tn
hu lc ca mt mng n nh hnh v. B qua lc ngang v ma
st
ti trng cng trnh tc dng
trn
din tch y
m
c nh vy, mng c kh
t ct trc
2. ca ng
thng
3. ca momen un. Trong phm vi chn ct hoc
Tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii hn I, hay ni cch khc l tnh ton bn ca
m
o ca mng, bc mng.
No
Mo
Qo
max
min

1
, cc iu kin lt v trt u tha mn. iu kin ny cn c kim tra cht
ch i vi cc cng trnh c din tch y mng hp, chiu cao ln, chu ti trng
ngang, ti trng nh ln nh thp ngten, thp nc, tr in

6.1. S h ton
Ta xt trng thi c
trn mt bn ca mng. Vt th mng chu tc
dng ca cc lc sau:
- Lc tc dng do
2
Vt nt
tt
tt
Hnh 2.31: Cc hnh thc ph
hoi ca mng khi chu ti
ton din tch y mng trn mt din tch hp
(chn ct hoc chn tng chu lc).
- Phn lc nn tc dng trn ton
ng, c chiu ngc li.
Trong iu kin chu l
nng b ph hng theo cc kiu sau:
1. Mng b chc thng bi ng su
tip trn tit din xung quanh chn ct hoc
chn tng (ng 1 trn hnh v).
Mng b chc thng do tc dng
sut ko chnh, lc ny mt ph hng l mt
ng. (ng 2 trn hnh v).
Mng b nt gy do tc dng
nghing 45
o
so vi phng
chn tng, cng ca kt cu mng rt ln, nn c th xem mng b ngm ti
, phn mng cha ra ngoi chn ct (hoc chn tng) b un nh dm cng
xn.
ng. Ni dung chnh l xc nh kch thc ca mng v cu to cho hp l, m
bo cho mng khng b ph hng theo nhng kiu nu trn. Vic tnh ton gm hai
ni dung chnh sau y:
- Tnh ton chiu ca
- Tnh ton v b tr ct thp i vi mng b tng ct thp
Kh n sung.
o iu kin ct trc tip
i t h ton mng theo TTGH I dng ti trng tnh ton, t hp b
6.2. Xc nh chiu cao ca mng cng
6.2.1. Xc nh chiu cao mng cng the
Xt s mng cng chu tc dng ca ti trng nh hnh v:
iu kin bn ca mng:

c
c
tt
o
R
N
=
h u.
(2.58)
Trong : - ng sut ct do ti trng cng trnh gy ra
cng trnh
t
ln m
chiu cao ca mng tnh theo iu kin
bn ch
n bn ta c:
tt
o
N -tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ca
tc dng ln mng ti mt nh mng.
u- chu vi tit din ngang ca ct hay tng
ng
h
c

ng ct
T iu ki
c
tt
o
N
h
c
R u.
(2.59)
Theo kinh nghim cho thy nu mng c cu to
p l
hiu cao mng theo iu kin
ng chu un nh hnh v (2.33). Khi
iu kin bn:

h th iu kin ph hoi ny lun tha mn. Trong
thit k mng c th tnh ton chiu cao mng t cng
thc (2.59) hoc chn mt gi tr ri kim tra li theo
cng thc (2.58).
6.2.2. Xc nh c
bn chng un
Xt mt m
chu tc dng ca ti trng ngoi (N,M,Q), di y
mng pht sinh phn lc nn, phn lc ny gy ra
momen un phn cha ra ca mng (phn ny lm
vic nh dm cng xn) nn c th gy ra nt gy
mng.

ku
R
M

W
(2.60)
men un do phn lc nn gy ra ti tit din tnh ton (I-I) v (II-II)
Trong :
M mo

2 max max
) .( . 125 , 0 . . .
c c I I
a a b
a a a a
b M =
4 2
c tt tt

=

2 max max
) .( . 125 , 0
4
.
2
. .
c tt
c c
tt
II II
b b a
b b b b
a M =

=

(Lu : y thin v an ton ta s dng tnh ton momnen ti tit din)
tn
No
Qo Mo
Mt pha hoai
h
c
Hnh 2.32: Dng
ph hoi th nht
h
u
No
Mo
Qo
min
max
tt
a
b
I
I
II II
b
c
ac
Hnh 2.33
max
tt
W momen chng un ca tit din h ton:


6
.
2
u I I
h b
W =

6
.
2
u II II
h a
W =

R
ku
cng chu ko khi un ca vt liu mng
T thay vo (2.60) ta tnh c chiu cao ca mng theo iu in bn chu
momen un nh sau:

ku
tt
c
I
u
R
a a h
max
) ( 87 , 0

(2.61)

ku
tt
c
I
u
R
b b h
max
) ( 87 , 0

(2.62)
Chiu cao mng chn: ) , max(
II
u
I
u u
h h h =
Lu : khi tnh ton mng b tng chu un, dng iu kin (2.60) khi xc nh
momnen chng un W, c k n tnh khng n hi ca vt liu. Theo TCXD 41-70
cho php tnh gn ng nh sau:
5 , 3
.
2
u
h b
W =
T kt hp vi iu kin (2.60) ta rt ra:

ku
tt
c
I
u
R
a a h
max
) ( 66 , 0

(2.63)

ku
tt
c
I
u
R
b b h
max
) ( 66 , 0

(2.64)
6.2.3. Xc nh chiu cao mng theo iu kin chng chc thng trn mt phng
nghing
Theo iu kin ny ngi ta cho rng nu mng b chc thng th s chc thng
xy ra theo b mt hnh chp ct c cc mt bn xut pht t chn ct, v nghing mt
gc 45
o
so vi phng thng ng.
mng khng b chc thng th sc chng chc thng ca thn mng phi ln
hn lc gy ra chc thng.
iu kin bn:
(2.65)
n tb k
tt
ct
h U R P . . . 75 , 0
Trong :
tt
- Lc chc thng tnh ton,
c tnh bng hiu s gia lc dc tnh ton
v phn lc nn trong phm vi y thp chc thng.

ct
P
tt
o
N
ct
tt
tb
tt
o
tt
ct
F N P . =
vi:
b . a
N
2
tt
o
tt
min
tt
max tt
tb
F din tch
=
+
=
ct
y thp chc th ng
ac
b
c
b
a
tt
max
min
Qo Mo
o
h
n
=45
o
b
c
t
act
Hnh 2. 34
F
ct
= a
ct
.b
ct
, vi : tg h a a
n c ct
2 + = , tg h b b
n c ct
2 + = ; a
c
, b
c
cnh di v rng ca ct.
0,75 h s thc nghim, k n s gim cng chc thng ca b tng so vi
cng chu ko.
U
tb
Chu vi trung bnh ca thp chc thng

2
d t
tb
U U
U
+
=
Vi U
t
= 2(a
c
+ b
c
), U
d
= 2(a
ct
+ b
ct
)= 2(a
c
+ b
c
+4h
n
tg)
U
tb
= 2(a
c
+ b
c
+2h
n
) (vi =45
o
, tg = 1)
h
n
chiu cao mng tnh theo iu kin chng chc thng
R
k
cng chu ko tnh ton ca b tng
Thay cc gi tr tm c vo (2.65) v gii phng trnh bc hai, tm c gi tr ca
h
n
, hoc c th chn trc gi tr ca h
n
ri thay vo (2.65) kim tra cho tha iu
kin bn.
Chiu cao mng chn cui cng h=max(h
c
, h
u
, h
n
)
V d II-4: Xc nh chiu cao mng ca mng la chn kch thc trong v d 1
Gii:
Cc thng s s b: axb= 2,4x1,7m, h
m
=2m, N
tt
= 120,3T, M
tt
=3,2Tm
Vt liu mng: B tng ti ch mac 200, cng tnh ton: R
n
=900T/m
2
,
R
ku
=65T/m
2
ng sut tnh ton ti y mng: , ,
.
2 tt
max
m / T 68 , 33 =
2 tt
min
m / T 28 , 25 =
2 tt
tb
m / T 48 , 29 r = =
+ Chiu cao mng xc nh theo iu kin bn chng un:
) m ( 77 , 0
65
48 , 29
) 65 , 0 4 , 2 ( 66 , 0
R
r
) a a .( 66 , 0 h
K
c
I I
m
= =

) m ( 62 , 0
65
48 , 29
) 30 , 0 7 , 1 ( 66 , 0
R
r
) b b .( 66 , 0 h
K
c
II II
m
= =

V mng thit k l mng B tng ct thp, ton b ng sut ko do momen un gy ra
do ct thp tip thu nn ta chn chiu cao mng h
m
= 0,7m.
+ Chiu cao mng bo m bn chng chc thng
iu kin bn:
n tb k
tt
ct
h U R P . . . 75 , 0
Vi: - P
ct
= N
TT
- r (a
c
+ 2h
n
) . (b
c
+ 2h
n
)
P
ct
= 120,3 - 29,48. (0,65 + 2h
n
) . (0,30 + 2h
n
)
- U
t
= 2(a
c
+ b
c
), U
d
= 2(a
ct
+ b
ct
)= 2(a
c
+ b
c
+4h
n
tg)
U
tb
= 2(a
c
+ b
c
+2h
n
)=2(0,95+2h
n
)
h
n
= h
o

Chiu cao lm vic ca mng
Thay vo iu kin bn, ta c bt phng trnh sau:
120,3 - 29,48 (0,65 + 2h
o
) . (0,30 + 2h
o
) 0,75.65. 2 . (0,95 + 2h
o
).h
o
Gi s chn h
o
= 0,65 (m), thay vo bt phng trinh ta c:
120,3 - 29,48 (0,65 + 2.0,65) . (0,30 + 2. 0,65) 0,75. 65. 2 . (0,95 + 2.0,65).0,65
28,32 < 142,6 tha mn

Vy ta chn chiu cao mng h
m
= h
o
+ 0,05=0,65+0,05 = 0,7 (m)
S tnh ton chu un v chc thng nh hnh v:
act
b
c
t
o
=45
h
o
No
Mo Qo
min
max
tt
2400
1
7
0
0
b
c
ac ac
b
c
II II
I
I
1
7
0
0
2400
tt
max
min
Qo Mo
No
h
u

Hnh 2.35
6.3. Tnh bn ca mng b tng ct thp
6.3.1. Xc nh chiu cao ca mng Btng ct thp
Chiu cao ca mng btng ct thp phi c
tnh ton v kim tra theo iu kin chc thng (2.65)
v ch thay chiu cao h
n
bng chiu cao h
o
. S d
vy l v mc d l mng btng ct thp nhng
ngi ta vn t ra yu cu l mng bn chng
chc thng m khng c ct thp.
o
=45
h
o
No
Mo
Qo
min
max
tt
6.3.2. Tnh bn chu un ca mng BTCT
Tnh bn chu un ca mng BTCT tc l tnh
ton xc nh hm lng ct thp cn t trong mng
chu momen un. Khi tnh ton ct thp trong
mng ngi ta da vo hai gi thit sau:
Hnh 2.36
- Ton b ng sut ko do ct thp tip thu.
- Cnh tay n ngu lc ly bng 0,9h
o
vi h
o
l chiu cao lm vic ca mng:
h
o
= h-c, vi c l chiu dy lp btng bo v.
Din tch ct thp trong mng tnh theo biu thc:
a a o
tt
td
a
R m h
M
F
. . . 9 , 0
= (2.66)
Trong : R
a
Cng chu ko tnh ton ca ct thp
m
a
H s iu kin lm vic ca ct thp trong mng ly t 0,85-0,95.
tt
td
M - Momen ti cc tit din tnh ton (M
I-I
, M
II-II
).
Sau khi xc nh c hm lng ct thp, chn ng knh ct thp, tnh
ton s thanh v b tr ct thp cho mng.
II
ac
b
c
b
a
100 100
I
I
II
2
1
1
2
3
4
1
0
0
3
0
d
Ct thep s 1: Chu lc do mo men tai mt ngam I-I
Ct thep s 2: Chu lc do mo men tai mt ngam II-II
Y cu: Ct thep co >10 mm, khoang cach a = 10-25cm
Ct thep 3- Ct thep chu lc cua ct, b tr oan ch trn cot
mt oan L = 30d (d - ng knh ct thep)
Ct thep 4 - Ct thep ai, 6 8 , a = 20cm

V d II-5: Tnh ton v b tr ct thp cho mng xc nh kch thc nh v d
II-4:
Hnh 2.37: B tr ct thp cho mng
Gii:
Chn s dng thp mng loi AII c R
a
=26000T/m
2
Tnh mmen un ln nht
- Theo phng cnh di

) ( 19 , 19 ) 65 , 0 4 , 2 ( . 7 , 1 . 48 , 29 . 125 , 0 ) ( . . . 125 , 0
2 2
Tm a a b r M
c
I I
Max
= = =

- Theo phng cnh ngn

) ( 33 , 17 ) 3 , 0 7 , 1 ( . 4 , 2 . 48 , 29 . 125 , 0 ) ( . . . 125 , 0
2 2
Tm b b a r M
c
II II
Max
= = =

Tnh v b tr ct thp
Theo phng cnh di
2
5
ct 0
I I
Max I
a
cm 6 , 12
26000 . 65 , 0 . 9 , 0
10 . 19 , 19
R . h . 9 , 0
M
F = = =

Chn 13 12 c F
a
= 14,69 cm
2
Bc ct thp theo phng cnh di
l:
cm 58 , 13
12
5 , 3 . 2 170
a =
=
5
4
0
1
0
0
4
3
2
1
1
2
II
I
I
100 100
2400
1
7
0
0
3
0
0
400
II
418
8a200
1212
a210
1312
a135
1212
a210
1312
a135
350
Hnh 2.38
chn a = 13,5cm=135mm
Theo phng cnh ngn
2
ct 0
II II
Max II
a
cm 39 , 11
26000 . 65 , 0 . 9 , 0
33 , 17
R . h . 9 , 0
M
F = = =

Chn 12 12 c F
a
= 13,56 cm
2
Bc ct thp theo phng cnh ngn l:
cm 18 , 21
11
5 , 3 . 2 240
a =
=
chn a = 21cm=210mm
B tr ct thp nh hnh v bn.

7. TNH TON MNG MM
7.1. Khi nim v mng mm v m hnh nn
7.1.1. Khi nim
Tnh ton mng mm thuc phn Tnh ton dm trn nn n hi mt b phn
ca c hc cng trnh. B phn c hc ny xt n vic tnh ton cc loai kt cu nh:
mng bng, mng bng giao thoa, mng bn, mng hp, mng p thy in, tm trn
ng t, tm sn bay
Hin nay, cc cng trnh nh cao tng, ti trng ln c xy dng ngy cng
nhiu, nhiu khi phi xy dng trn nn t yu. Do vy cc loi mng bng, mng
bng giao thoa, mng b, mmg hp c s dng nhiu. Do vy vic nghin cu tnh
ton lai mng ny l cng vic ht sc cn thit phc v cng tc thit k nn
mng. m bo nn mng cng trnh iu kin chu lc v bin dng.
Khc vi mng cng, mng mm c kh nng b un ng k di tc dng ca
ti trng cng trnh, Bin dng un ny c nh hng nhiu n s phn b li ng
sut tip xc (phn lc nn) di y mng. Do vy khi tnh ton ta khng th b qua
bin dng un ca bn thn kt cu mng, hay ni cch khc l cn phi xt n
cng ca mng. Tuy nhin n gin trong tnh ton, ngi ta ch xt n cng
ca mng trong nhng trng hp mng c bin dng un ln n mt mc no .
Theo QP 20-64 nhng mng tha iu kin sau:
10 . 10
3
3
0
> =
h
l
E
E
t (2.67)
th cn xt ti cng ca mng. Trong : E
o
Moun bin dng ca t nn, E
Moun n hi ca vt liu lm mng, h chiu dy ca mng, mng c t 10 c
xem l mng mm, mng c t s hai cnh l/b 7 coi nh mng dm, l/b<7 coi nh
mng bn.
Trong phm vi phn ny, ta nghin cu vic xc nh phn lc nn v ln (
vng) ca mng. Khi bit c ti trng ngoi v biu phn b phn lc nn th c
th tnh ton kt cu mng theo cc phng php tnh dm v bn thng thng.
t vn ta xt mt mng dm t trn nn t nh sau:

p(x)
q(x)
x
w
x
w
(
x
)

Hnh 2.39: S tnh dm trn nn n hi

Di tc dng ca ngoi lc q(x) v phn lc nn p(x), mng dm b un, trc
vng ca dm c xc nh theo phng trnh vi phn sau:
b x p x q
dx
x w d
EJ )]. ( ) ( [
) (
4
4
= (2.68)
Trong : b b rng dm
W(x) chuyn v ng ( vng) ca mng
EJ cng chu un ca mng
Di tc dng ca p lc y mng (bng nhng ngc chiu vi phn lc nn
p(x)) mt nn b ln xung. Gi S(x) l ln ca nn th iu kin tip xc gia
mng v nn sau khi ln l:
W(x) = S(x) (2.69)
Nh vy ta c hai i lng cha bit l W(x) hay S(x) v p(x) m ch c mt
phng trnh (2.68) gi th cha . Do vy d gi c bi ton cn phi thit lp
thm mt phng trnh th hai th hin quan h gia ln ca nn v p lc y
mng, ngha l:
S(x) = F
1
[p(x)] (2.70)
Hoc p(x) = F
2
[S(x)] (2.71)
Mi quan h ny th hin c ch lm vic ca nn di tc dng ca ngoi lc
m ngi ta cn gi l m hnh nn. Ngha l nn t c m hnh sao cho gn st vi
thc t nht m bo s lm vic ca mng trong nn t gn ging vi m hnh.
7.1.2. Cc loi m hnh nn
7.1.2.1. M hnh nn bin dng cc b (Winkler)
M hnh ny cho rng ln ca nn, mng ch xy ra trong phm vi gia ti.
Gi thit ca loi m hnh nn ny l mi quan h bc nht gia p lc v
ln (m hnh ny do gio s ngi c Winkler xut nm 1867)
C ch ca m hnh ny c biu din bng quan h:
P(x) = C.S(x) (2.72)
Trong : C l h s t l, cn gi l h s nn, th nguyn l lc/th tch (T/m
3
,
kN/m
3
, N/cm
3
) v c coi l khng thay i cho tng loi t, c th tra bng theo
cc ti liu tham kho hoc tnh ton t kt qu th nghim.
S(x) ln ca t trong phm vi gia ti
Quan h (2.72) ngha l cng phn lc ca t nn ti mi im t l bc nht vi
ln n hi ti im .
M hnh nn Winkler c biu
din bng mt h thng l xo t thng
ng, di bng nhau v lm vic c lp
vi nhau (Hnh 2.40). Bin dng ca l xo
(c trng cho ln ca nn) t l bc
nht vi p lc tc dng ln l xo. Theo
m hnh ny ch nhng l xo nm trong
phm vi phn b ca ti trng mi c bin
dng. Do vy m hnh ny cn gi l m
hnh nn bin dng cc b.
P
Lo xo
Lo xo
chu nen
Hnh 2.40: C ch m hnh nn Winkler
M hnh ny c nhc im nh sau: Quan nim cho rng ln ch xy ra
trong phm vi din gia ti cha ph hp vi thc t, di tc dng ca ti trng bin
dng xy ra c trong v ngoi phm vi gia ti.
Tuy nhin phng php ny tnh ton n gin, khi mng c kch thc ln, cng nh
khi mng trn nn t yu cho kt qu kh ph hp vi thc t nn c s dng
nhiu.
7.1.2.2. M hnh na khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh
Theo m hnh ny nn t c xem nh
mt na khng gian n hi vi nhng c trng
l moun bin dng E
o
v h s poisson
o
. V t
khng phi l vt th n hi tuyt i nn thay
cho moun n hi, ngi ta dng moun bin
dng E
o
l t s gia ng sut v bin dng
ton phn ca t (bao gm c bin dng n hi
v bin dng d).
P
s
(
x
)
d
Hnh 2.41a
Dng kt qu ca l thuyt n hi, ta c
phng trnh lin h gia ti trng P v ln
S(x) ca nn nh sau:
Trng hp bi ton khng gian (Hnh 2.41), theo li gii ca J.Bossinesq ta c:

d . E .
) 1 ( P
) x ( S
o
2
0

= (2.73a)
Trong : E
o
,
o
Moun bin dng v h s poisson ca nn
P ti trng tc dng
d khong cch t im ang xt n im
t lc tc dng
S(x) ln ca nn.
Trng hp bi ton phng, theo li gii
ca Flamant, ln ca im A so vi im B l:

d
D
ln
E .
) 1 .( 2
P y
o
2
0

= (2.73b)
d
P
D
y
A
B
Trong : A, B hai im ang xt (h.2.41b)
Nhn xt: M hnh nn na khng gian bin dng
n hi xt n tnh phn phi ca t (tc
Hnh 2.41b
bin dng ca nn xy ra c ngoi im t ti) v vy m hnh ny cn gi l m
hnh nn n hi bin dng tng qut.
Tuy nhin m hnh ny nh gi qu cao tnh phn phi ca t. Theo m hnh ny
nhng im nm xa v cng mi ht ln. Trong thc t t khng phi l vt liu n
hi nn tnh phn phica n km. Kt qu
th nghim cho thy l tuy ngoi phm vi
t ti c ln nhng ch trong phm vi nh
m thi.
P
1
2
3
Hnh v bn so snh kt qu bin
dng ca hai m hnh va nu v kt qu
th nghim thc t.
Hnh 2.42: 1 Theo m hnh nn
Winkler; 2- Theo m hnh na khng
gian bin dng tng th; 3 Theo th
nghim thc t.

M hnh ny nh gi qu cao tnh
phn phi ca t nn tr s ni lc trong
kt cu rt ln, thiu chnh xc.
7.2. Xc nh kch thc y mng v kch thc s b ca mng mm
Kch thc s b ca mng c xc nh theo mc 2.2, sau khi chn kch
thc cn kim tra li theo iu theo iu kin bin dng v n nh, sc chu ti (nu
cn) m bo s lm vic hp l ca mng theo iu kin bin dng.
Khi tnh ton mng ta cn bit cng EJ
ca tit din dm, di hoc cng tr D ca bn,
bi cng ny tham gia vo cc biu thc tnh
ton. Mun bit cng ta phi xc nh cc kch
thc ca tit din. Kch thc mng ta xc nh
nh trn, cn cc kch thc ca tit din nh chiu
rng, cao ca dm, cnh, sn th ngi thit k c
th t chon theo iu kin cu to ca kt cu
BTCT, sau kim tra li.
P1
P1
P
M
2
b
2l
Cch khc: Kch thc s b ca tit din tnh ton
da theo gi thit s b l phn lc t nn phn b
theo quy lut ng thng. Ta xt dm trn nn n
hi nh hnh v:
Hnh 2.43
Vi gi thit trn th ta xc nh ng sut di y
mng nh sau:

2 2
2 , 1
6 6
bl
M
lb
p
q
bl
M
F
N
p
o o
+ = =

(2.74)
Trong : b, l l chiu rng v chiu di ca dm;
N tng cc lc thng ng tc dng ln dm;
M momen ca tt c cc lc ng vi trng tm y dm;
F Din tch y dm;
Vi mt tit din bt k, ta xc nh tr s momen v lc ct. Theo tr s M
max
,
ta xc nh momen chng un ca dm theo iu kin bn:

max
Mx
Wx = (2.75)
Vi - ng sut cho php ca vt liu lm dm.
7.3. Phng php xc nh h s nn
tnh ton kt cu dm, bn trn nn n hi theo m hnh nn Winkler, vic
xc nh h s nn C l ht sc quan trng. y ta xt mt s cch xc nh sau
7.3.1. Phng php th nghim
Trong nhiu phng php xc nh h s nn,
phng php th nghim ngoi hin trng cho kt
qu chnh xc nht.
2
(kG/cm)
S(mm)
min
Smin
Dng mt bn nn vung kch thc 1mx1m,
cht ti trng nn v tm quan h gia ng sut v
ln ca nn.
H s nn xc nh bng cng thc:
) cm / kG (
S
C
3
min
min
= (2.76)
Trong :
min
- ng sut gy ln giai on
nn n hi (kG/cm
2
) ng vi ln bng 1/4 - 1/5
ln cho php.
Hnh 2.44
S
min
- ln trong giai on nn n hi, ng vi ng sut
min.
7.3.2. Phng php tra bng
a. Da vo phn loi t v cht ca lp t di y mng
Bng 2.10
c tnh chung nn Tn t C (kG/cm
3
)
1. t t cht
2. t cht va
3. t cht
4. t rt cht
5. t cng
6. t
7. Nn nhn to
t chy, ct mi lp, st t
Ct p, si p, st m
Ct p cht, si p cht, cui, st t m
Ct, st c nn cht, st cng
mm, nt n, vi, sa thch
cng, tt
Nn cc
0,1-0,5
0,5-5
5-10
10-20
20-100
100-1500
5-15

b. Da vo phn loi t, thnh phn ht, h s rng, st
Bng 2.11
c tnh ca nn Tn t, trng thi C (kG/cm
3
)
1. t khng cng
2. t t cng

3. t cng va

4. t cng
- St v st chy do
- St v st do mm (0,5<B<0,75)
- ct do (0,5<B<0,1)
- Ct bi no nc, xp, cht D>0,8
- St v st do qunh (0,25<B<0,5)
- ct do (0,25<B0,5)
- Ct bi cht va D<0,8
- Ct nh, th va v th, khng ph
thuc D,W
- St v st cng B<0
0,6-0,7
0,8
1,0
1,2
2,0
1,6
1,4
1,8

3,0
- t ct cng B<0
- dm, si, sn
2,2
2,6

c. Phng php thc hnh xc nh h s nn.
Phng php tra bng c nhiu ngi cp n, tuy nhin, kt quae ca n
khng c chnh xc, bi v ch da vo phn loi t v mt s ch tiu c l ca t
t mng l cha hp l, mt khc phm vi tra bng li rt rng nn kh chn lc ng
tr s C. Do vy ta c th s dng phng php thc hnh sau xc nh h s nn.
* C s l thuyt:
Da v cch tnh ln theo phng php:
(2.77)
t o
h . . a S =
Trong : S- ln ca mng (cm);
- ng sut gy ln (kG/cm
2
);
h
t
Chiu dy ca lp tng ng;
a
o
H s nn ln tng i (cm
2
/kG);

0
0
E
a

= (2.78)
h
1
h
2
h
i
z
i
z
2
z
1
2
h
t
Hnh 2.45

=
1
. 2
1
2
(2.79)
Vi - H s n hng ca t, ph thuc vo loi t, tra bng.
Bng 2.12: Bng tr s , , A ca cc loi t
Loi t

A
1. t bn
2. t ct
3. t ct, st
4. St
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,42
0,83
0,74
0,62
0,39
1,125
1,225
1,408
2,103

E Moun bin dng tiu chun (kG/cm
2
), c xc nh theo s liu th
nghim, nu khng c s liu th nghim th cn c vo loi t trng thi tra bng.

Bng 2.13: Tr s E
tc
ca nn t ri
E
tc
(kG/cm
2
) ng vi H s rng e Loi t
0,41-0,5 0,51-0,6 0,61-0,7 0,71-0,8
1. Si ct to, cht va
2. Ct nh
3. Ct bi
500
480
390
400
380
280
300
280
180
-
180
110

Bng 2.14: Tr s E
tc
ca nn t st
E
tc
(kG/cm
2
) ng vi H s rng e Loi t B
0,41-0,51 0,51-0,6 0,61-0,7 0,71-0,8 0,81-0,9 0,91-1,0 1,01-1,1
1. ct

2. st
0-1
0-0,25
0,25-0,5
320
340
320
240
270
250
160
220
190
100
170
140
70
140
110
-
110
80
-
-
-

3. St
0,5-0,1
0-0,25
0,25-0,5
0,5-1
-
-
-
-
-
280
-
-
170
240
210
-
120
210
180
150
80
180
150
120
60
150
120
90
50
120
90
70

Nu trong phm vi 2h
t
c nhiu lp t, cng thc (2.77) c vit:
(2.80)
t
tb
o
h . . a S =
Trong :
2
t
i i oi tb
o
h 2
h z a
a

= (2.81)
Vi h
i
Chiu dy ca lp t th i (cm);
Z
i
Khong cch t trng tm lp t thi n nh tam gic ng sut gy ln
su 2h
t
.
* Phng php xc nh h s nn C
Theo phng php lp tng ng:
(2.82) b A h
t
=
Trong :

=
2 1
) 1 (
A
2
(2.83)
- h s ng vi ln trung bnh, ph thuc vo t s hai cnh ca mng, vi mng
hnh vung, cnh b, ta c = 0,95, lc ny cng thc (2.82) tr thnh:
(2.84) Ab 95 , 0 h
t
=
2
b
z
1
z
2
z
i
h
i
h
2
h
1
Thay (2.78), (2.84) vo (2.77) ta c:
b . . A
E
95 , 0 S
= (2.85)
Thay tr s v A trong bng (2.11) vo (2.85) ta c:
- Vi t bn: b . .
E
89 , 0
S = (2.86)
- Vi t ct: b . .
E
863 , 0
S = (2.87)
- Vi t ct, st: b . .
E
83 , 0
S = (2.88)
Hnh 2.46
- Vi t st: b . .
E
782 , 0
S = (2.89)
T (2.86) (2.89) c th tnh ln ca mng vung cc loi t xp x bng:

E
b .
S

= (2.90)
T cng thc (2.76) ta c cng thc xc nh h s nn C vi
min
=
2
, v S
min
= S/4
Ta c:
b
E 2
C = (2.91)
Nu trong phm vi chiu su 2b (3b vi t st pha, 4b vi t st) c nhiu lp t th:

b
E 2
C
tb
= (2.92)
Vi
2
i i i
tb
b 2
z h E
E

= (2.93)
7.4. Tnh ton mng mm theo phng php h s nn
7.4.1. Phng trnh c bn
Xt mt dm t trn nn
n hi nh hnh v (Hnh 2.47).
Dm c chiu di 2l>> b rng b v
chiu cao h. Gi thit rng tit din
ngang ca dm lun phng v c
cng chng un EJ. Gi ti trng
ngoi tc dng ln dm (quy v
ng trc dm) l q(x), P
o
, M
o
v
phn lc nn tng ng (quy v
ng trc dm) l r(x).
x
y
q(x)
p(x)
w
(
x
)
x
P
Hnh 2.47: S tnh dm trn nn n hi
Theo m hnh nn Winkler phn lc nn ti mi im t l thun vi ln n
hi ti im , ngha l:
r(x) = c.b.w(x) (2.94)
Vi: c H s nn ca nn t
Phn lc nn r(x) c th coi l ti trng lin tc, khng ng u v hng ln
trn, trong khi w(x) hng xung di.
dm khng b tch khi nn th vng ca dm ti im xt phi bng
ln ca nn ti im , ngha l w(x) = y(x).
Phng trnh vi phn ca trc dm b un:
) ( . . ) (
) (
4
4
x y b c x q
dx
x y d
EJ = (2.95)
hay ) ( ) ( . .
) (
4
4
x q x y b c
dx
x y d
EJ = + (2.96)
t
4
4
.
EJ
b c
a = (1/m) (2.97)
a - c trng ca dm trn nn n hi, ph thuc vo cng ca dm v tnh cht
n hi ca nn.
chia phng trnh (2.96) cho EJ ta c:

EJ
x q
x y a
dx
x y d ) (
) ( 4
) (
4
4
4
= + (2.98)
Phng trnh (2.98) l phng trnh vi phn c bn tnh ton dm trn nn n hi.
* Trng hp ti trng ngoi q(x)=0
Nu dm khng chu tc dng ca lc phn b tc q(x)=0 th ta c phng
trnh thun nht:
0 ) ( 4
) (
4
4
4
= + x y a
dx
x y d
(2.99)
Phng trnh c trng:
K
4
+ 4a
4
= 0
Gii ra c: K = a v K= ia
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2.99) c dng:
(2.100) ax e C ax e C ax e C ax e C x y
ax ax ax ax
sin cos sin cos ) (
4 3 2 1

+ + + =
Trong : C
i
l cc hng s xc nh t iu kin bin c th ca tng bi ton.
7.4.2. Trng hp dm di v hn chu ti trng tp trung thng ng ti mt
im.
Chn gc ta im t ti trng, bi ton i xng qua gc ta . Cc iu kin
bin sau nghim ng:
* Ti x = , y=0
Thay x = vo (2.100) ta c:
0 sin cos ) (
2 1
= + = ax e C ax e C x y
ax ax
hay C
1
=C
2
= 0, nghim tng qut (2.100) vit li
thnh:
(2.101) ax e C ax e C x y
ax ax
sin cos ) (
4 3

+ =
Phng trnh (2.101) biu din vng ca dm di v hn.
* Ti x = 0, gc xoay = y = 0
Ta c:
} cos sin { )} sin ( cos { ) ( '
4 3
ax ae ax ae C ax ae ax ae C x y
ax ax ax ax
+ + + =
) cos sin ( ) sin (cos ) ( '
4 3
ax ax C ae ax ax C ae x y
ax ax
+ + + =

thay x = 0, ta c:
y(x=0) = a(C
4
C
3
) = 0 C
3
= C
4
= C
Phng trnh (2.101) tr thnh:
(2.102) ) sin (cos ) ( ax ax C e x y
ax
+ =

* Ti x = 0
+
, lc ct
2
) ( ' ' ' ) (
0
P
x EJy x Q = =
) cos sin ( ) sin (cos ) ( ' ax ax C ae ax ax C ae x y
ax ax
+ + + =

ax C ae x y
ax
sin 2 ) ( '

=
)] cos ( 2 [ sin 2 ) ( ' '
2
ax a C ae ax C e a x y
ax ax
+ =
] cos [sin 2 ) ( ' '
2
ax ax C e a x y
ax
=

] sin cos [ 2 ] cos [sin 2 ) ( ' ' '
2 3
ax a ax a C e a ax ax C e a x y
ax ax
+ + =

ax C e a x y
ax
cos 4 ) ( ' ' '
3
=
EJ a
P
C
EJ
P
C a x y
3
0 0 3
8 2
4 ) 0 ( ' ' ' = = = =
Vy vng ca dm di v hn chu ti trng tp trung thng ng ti mt im c
phng trnh:
) sin (cos
8
) (
3
ax ax e
EJ a
P
x y
ax o
+ =

(2.103)
Do : ) sin (cos
2
) ( . . ) ( ax ax e
a P
x y c b x r
ax o
+ = =

(2.104)
ax cos e
2
P
) x ( Q
ax o
= (2.105)
) ax sin ax (cos e
a 4
P
) x ( M
ax o
=

(2.106)
t : ) ax sin ax (cos e
ax
1
+ =

) ax sin ax (cos e
ax
2
=

ax e
ax
cos
3

=
Ta c:

1
3
.
8
) (
EJ a
P
x y
o
= (2.107)

1
2
) (
a P
x r
o
= (2.108)

3
.
2
) (
a P
x Q
o
= (2.109)

2
o
.
a 4
P
) x ( M = (2.110)
Cc h s
3 2 1
, , - ph thuc v h s ax, c th tnh ton hoc tra bng (bng
3.15) (hc vin c th lp hm trong exel lp bng tra v ni suy).
Kho st bin thin cc hm ni lc dm theo x ta thy th hm s c dng
song tt dn vi bc al = 2, c bin gim nhanh (xem hnh v). Cch im t lc
khong 2/a vng ca dm xp x 0,2% vng ti im t lc (al = 0). Do vy
dm c coi l di v hn nu u mt cch im t lc ln hn mt khong l
m

2/a .
x
P
y
P
8a EJ
3
3/4a /a
/a
/4a /a
4a
P
/2a
P
4a
Y
M
Q

Hnh 2.48: Cc biu chuyn v, gc xoay, momen, lc ct ca
dm trn nn n hi chu ti trng tp trung

7.4.3. Dm di v hn chu momen tp trung ti mt im.
Gc ta chn nh hnh v, chuyn v trc dm phn i xng
y
x
Mo
O o o oo

Hnh 2.49: S dm trn nn n hi chu momen tp trung

* Ti x = 0, y = 0, thay x = 0 vo (2.101) ta c:
y(x=0) = C
3
= 0 hay
ax e C x y
ax
sin ) (
4

= (2.111)
* Ti x = 0, momen
2
) ( ' ' M(x)
o
M
x EJy = =
) sin (cos cos sin ) ( '
4 4 4
ax ax C ae ax C ae ax C ae x y
ax ax ax
= + =

ax C e a ax ax C e a ax ax C e a x y
ax ax ax
cos 2 ) cos (sin ) sin (cos ) ( ' '
4
2
4
2
4
2
= + + =
EJ a
M
C EJ C a x M
2
0
4 4
2
4
2 ) 0 ( = = =
Vy ng trc vng dm c phng trnh:
ax e
EJ a
M
x y
ax
sin . .
4
) (
2
0
= (2.112)
Tng t ta c:
(2.113) ax e M a x r
ax
sin . . ) (
0
2
=
) sin (cos .
2
) (
0
ax ax e
aM
x Q
ax
+ =

(2.114)
ax e
M
x M
ax
cos .
2
) (
0
= (2.115)
t (2.116) ax sin . e
ax
4

=
Ta c:
4
2
0
.
4
) (
EJ a
M
x y = (2.117)
(2.118)
4 0
2
. ) ( M a x r =

1
0
.
2
) (
aM
x Q = (2.119)

3
0
.
2
) (
M
x M = (2.120)
Cc h s - Ph thuc v h s ax, tra bng (2.15)
4 3 2 1
, , ,
Cc biu phn lc nn r, momen M, lc ct Q ca dm di v hn chu tc dng ca
momen tp trung th hin nh hnh v sau:
y
x
Mo
O o o oo
M
Q
r

Hnh 2.50: Cc
biu momen,
lc ct v phn lc
nn ca dm trn
nn n hi chu
tc dng ca
momen tp trung

Bng 2.15: Tr s tnh dm mng di v hn
ax
1

2

3

4
ax
1

2

3

4
0 1 1 1 0 3.6 -0.0366 -0.0124 -0.0245 -0.0121
0.1 0.9907 0.81 0.9003 0.0903 3.7 -0.0341 -0.0079 -0.021 -0.0131
0.2 0.9651 0.6398 0.8024 0.1627 3.8 -0.0314 -0.004 -0.0177 -0.0137
0.3 0.9267 0.4888 0.7077 0.2189 3.9 -0.0286 -0.0008 -0.0147 -0.0139
0.4 0.8784 0.3564 0.6174 0.261 4 -0.0258 0.0019 -0.012 -0.0139
0.5 0.8231 0.2415 0.5323 0.2908 4.1 -0.0231 0.004 -0.0095 -0.0136
0.6 0.7628 0.1431 0.453 0.3099 4.2 -0.0204 0.0057 -0.0074 -0.0131
0.7 0.6997 0.0599 0.3798 0.3199 4.3 -0.0179 0.007 -0.0054 -0.0124
0.8 0.6354 -0.0093 0.3131 0.3223 4.4 -0.0155 0.0079 -0.0038 -0.0117
0.9 0.5712 -0.0657 0.2527 0.3185 4.5 -0.0132 0.0085 -0.0023 -0.0109
1 0.5083 -0.1108 0.1988 0.3096 4.6 -0.0111 0.0089 -0.0011 -0.01
1.1 0.4476 -0.1457 0.151 0.2967 4.7 -0.0092 0.009 -0.0001 -0.0091
1.2 0.3899 -0.1716 0.1091 0.2807 4.8 -0.0075 0.0089 0.0007 -0.0082
1.3 0.3355 -0.1897 0.0729 0.2626 4.9 -0.0059 0.0087 0.0014 -0.0073
1.4 0.2849 -0.2011 0.0419 0.243 5 -0.0045 0.0084 0.0019 -0.0065
1.5 0.2384 -0.2068 0.0158 0.2226 5.1 -0.0033 0.0079 0.0023 -0.0056
1.6 0.1959 -0.2077 -0.0059 0.2018 5.2 -0.0023 0.0075 0.0026 -0.0049
1.7 0.1576 -0.2047 -0.0235 0.1812 5.3 -0.0014 0.0069 0.0028 -0.0042
1.8 0.1234 -0.1985 -0.0376 0.161 5.4 -0.0006 0.0064 0.0029 -0.0035
1.9 0.0932 -0.1899 -0.0484 0.1415 5.5 0 0.0058 0.0029 -0.0029
2 0.0667 -0.1794 -0.0563 0.1231 5.6 0.0005 0.0052 0.0029 -0.0023
2.1 0.0439 -0.1675 -0.0618 0.1057 5.7 0.001 0.0046 0.0028 -0.0018
2.2 0.0244 -0.1548 -0.0652 0.0896 5.8 0.0013 0.0041 0.0027 -0.0014
2.3 0.008 -0.1416 -0.0668 0.0748 5.9 0.0015 0.0036 0.0025 -0.001
2.4 -0.0056 -0.1282 -0.0669 0.0613 6 0.0017 0.0031 0.0024 -0.0007
2.5 -0.0166 -0.1149 -0.0658 0.0491 6.1 0.0018 0.0026 0.0022 -0.0004
2.6 -0.0254 -0.1019 -0.0636 0.0383 6.2 0.0019 0.0022 0.002 -0.0002
2.7 -0.032 -0.0895 -0.0608 0.0287 6.3 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0
2.8 -0.0369 -0.0777 -0.0573 0.0204 6.4 0.0018 0.0015 0.0017 0.0002
2.9 -0.0403 -0.0666 -0.0534 0.0132 6.5 0.0018 0.0011 0.0015 0.0003
3 -0.0423 -0.0563 -0.0493 0.007 6.6 0.0017 0.0009 0.0013 0.0004
3.1 -0.0431 -0.0469 -0.045 0.0019 6.7 0.0016 0.0006 0.0011 0.0005
3.2 -0.0431 -0.0383 -0.0407 -0.0024 6.8 0.0015 0.0004 0.001 0.0006
3.3 -0.0422 -0.0306 -0.0364 -0.0058 6.9 0.0014 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006
3.4 -0.0408 -0.0237 -0.0323 -0.0085 7 0.0013 0.0001 0.0007 0.0006
3.5 -0.0389 -0.0177 -0.0283 -0.0106
7.4.4. Dm ng thi chu nhiu ti trng tp trung
Trng hp dm chu ng thi nhiu ti trng tp trung, ni lc trong dm
c xc nh theo nguyn l cng tc dng, tc l ni lc ti mt tit din bt k do
tt c cc ti trng gy ra bng tng ni lc ti tit din do cc ti trng ring r gy
ra.
Mi
Oi
Pi
O
K
y
xi
xk
x

Hnh 2.51: S dm di v hn chu tc dng ng thi ca nhiu ti trng
Gc ta chn nh hnh v, ta tit din cn xc nh ni lc K l x
k
, ta
im t lc th i l x
i
.
Chuyn v ng ti K l y
ki
do ti trng t ti x
i
xc nh theo cng thc:

i
a
2
i
i i
a
3
i
ki
a sin . e .
EJ a 4
M
] a sin a [cos e .
EJ a 8
P
y
i i
+ + =

(2.121)
Trong : ) x x (
k i ki
=
Chuyn v ng ti K do tt c cc ti trng gy ra l:
(2.122)
=
=
n
1 i
ki k
y ) x ( y
Hay:

=

=

+ + =
n
1 i
i
a
2
i
n
1 i
i i
a
3
i
k
a sin . e .
EJ a 4
M
] a sin a [cos e .
EJ a 8
P
) x ( y
i i
(2.123)
Lc ct v mo men:
] a sin a .[cos e .
2
aM
a cos e .
2
P
) x ( Q
i
n
1 i
i
a i
n
1 i
i
a i
k
i i
+ =

=

=

(2.124)

=

=

+ =
n
1 i
i
a i
n
1 i
i i
a i
k
a cos . e .
2
M
] a sin a [cos e .
a 4
P
) x ( M
i i
(2.125)
7.4.5. Dm di na v hn trn nn n hi chu lc tp trung P v mo men M
o
.
Xt mt dm trn nn n hi chu tc dng ca lc P
o
v momen M
o
ti u
mt tri, cn u kia di v hn (hnh 2.50). Dm nh trn gi l dm di na v hn.
Ly gc ta ti O
im t ti trng. Dng cc
iu kin bin:
Po
o o
O
Mo
x
y
M
x=0
= M
o
Q
x=0
= -P
o
Ta tm c:

2
o
4
2EJa
M
C =
Hnh 2.52: Dm di na v hn chu lc tp trung v
momen

3
o o
3
2EJa
aM - P
C =
Do ta tm c:
) aM P (
EJa 2
1
y
2 o 3
3
= (3.126)
) aM P (
a
1
M
1 o 4
+ = (3.127)
(2.128) ) aM 2 P ( Q
4 o 1
+ =
Cc h s
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
ph thuc ax Tra bng (2.12).
V d II-6: Tnh dm di 20m, rng 1m, cao 0,3m, chu hai lc P
1
= 80kN v P
2
=
100kN. Lc P
1
t ti gia dm, lc P
2
t cch P
1
mt khong 1,0m. Dm t trn nn
t c h s nn C=50000kN/m
3
.

x
P1 = 80kN
P2 = 100kN
0
,
3
m
8m 1m 7m
16m

Hnh 2.53: S bi ton

Gii:
Momen qun tnh ca tit din dm:

4
3 3
m 00225 , 0
12
3 , 0 . 1
12
h . b
J = = =
Chn b tng mc 200 c R
n
= 9000kN/m
2
; thp AII, cng tnh ton R
a
= 260000
kN/m
2
; F
a
= 10cm
2
=10
-3
m
2
, moun n hi b tng E
b
=21000000 kN/m
2
.
E
b
.J=21000000.0,00225=47250 kN/m
2
K=c.b=50000.1=50000 kN/m
2
717 , 0
47250 . 4
50000
J . E 4
K
a
4
4
b
= = =
Xt iu kin: 76 , 8
717 , 0
14 , 3 . 2
a
. 2
l = =
m
y P
1
t cch u dm 10m, P
2
t cch u dm 9m u ln hn 8,76m
nn dm c coi nh di v hn.
Mo men gia dm do P
1
v P
2
gy ra:
M = M
1
+ M
2
Ta c:
2
i
.
a 4
P
) x ( M =
i vi lc P
1
th x=0, ax=0,
2
= 1
kNm 894 , 27 1 .
717 , 0 . 4
80
.
a 4
P
M
2
1
1
= = =
i vi lc P
2
th x=1m, ax=0,717.1=0,717,
2
= 0,0472
kNm 64 , 1 0472 , 0 .
717 , 0 . 4
100
.
a 4
P
M
2
2
2
= = =
M = M
1
+ M
2
= 27,894+1,64=29,534kNm
Kim tra tit din:
iu kin: ) x h ( x . b . R M
o b

m 029 , 0
1 . 9000
001 , 0 . 260000
b . R
F . R
x
b
a a
= = =
h
o
= 0,3-0,029=0,271m
kNm 534 , 29 M kNm 95 , 66 ) 029 , 0 . 5 , 0 271 , 0 ( 029 , 0 . 1 . 9000 ) x h ( x . b . R
o b
= > = =
Nh vy dm m bo iu kin bn khi chu momen do lc P
1
v P
2
gy ra.
7.4.6. Dm chu ti trng gn u mt Phng php b ti trng.
Xt dm chu ti trng tp trung (P
o
, M
o
) ti im A cch u mt mt on v
bn tri v khng vt ra ngoi yu cu dm di v hn: ax /2 nh hnh v. Chuyn
v v ni lc trong dm c xc nh theo phng php b ti trng nh sau:
Ta bit rng, vi ti trng ang xt, ti u mt tri dm c chuyn v, ni lc
trong dm bng khng. Gi s ta ko dm v pha tri tr thnh dm v hn, ni lc
ti O tn ti khc khng. Chn mt dm di v hn c cc c trng tng t, chu ti
trng (P*, M*) ti O sao cho tng ni lc ti O trong hai trng hp trit tiu th ti
trng (P*, M*) c gi l ti trng b ca (P
o
, M
o
) v ni lc bi ton ban u l tng
ca hai bi ton dm di v hn chu ti trng (P
o
, M
o
) ti A v (P*, M*) ti O.
y
O
Po
A
Mo
x
x
x
Mo
A
Po
O
y
x
M*
P*
O
a)
b)
c)

Hnh 2.54: a) S bi ton dm bn v hn chu ti trng gn u mt; b) S bi ton
1: dm di v hn chu ti trng ban u; c) S bi ton 2: dm bn v hn chu ti
trng b.
Xc nh gi tr ca P* v M*:
- Gi momen v lc ct ti O do bi ton 1 gy ra l Q
1
v M
1
:
] ax sin ax .[cos e .
2
aM
ax cos e .
2
P
Q
ax o ax o
1
+ =

(2.129)
ax cos . e .
2
M
] ax sin ax [cos e .
a 4
P
M
ax o ax o
1

+ = (2.130)
- Mo men v lc ct ti O do bi ton 2 gy ra:

2
* aM
2
* P
Q
2
= (2.131)

2
* M
a 4
* P
M
2
+ = (2.132)
Tng ni lc ti O phi bng 0:
Q
1
+ Q
2
= 0
M
1
+ M
2
= 0
- Gii ra ta c ti trng b P* v M*:

1
1 1 1
M 4
a
Q 2
a
aM 4 Q 2
* M =

= (2.133)

1 1
aM 4 Q 4 * P + = (2.134)
- Ni lc do ring ti trng b gy ra xc nh theo biu thc:

1 3 b
.
2
* aM
.
2
* P
Q = (2.135)

3 2 b
.
2
* M
.
a 4
* P
M + = (2.136)
- Tng momen ti mt tit din bt k xc nh theo cng thc:
2
n
1 i
i
b x
.
4a
N
M M + =

=
(2.137)
V d II-7: Tnh ton ni lc trong mng bng di dy ct, kch thc mng bng v
ti trng cho nh hnh v 2.55, cho h s nn c=0,5kG/cm
3
.

0
,
6
m
0,35m
P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T
1,5m 3,5m 3,5m 3,5m 3,5m
1,2m
0
,
3
m

Hnh 2.55: S bi ton ca v d 2.7
Gii:
Xc nh h s bin dng a ca mng:
4
EJ 4
c . b
a =
Vi: b = 1,2m, c=0,5kG/cm
2
= 500000kG/m
3
= 500T/m
3
b.c = 600T/m
2
E = 2,1.10
6
T/m
2
J
4 2
3 3
m 10 . 08 , 1
12
6 , 0 . 2 , 1
. 5 , 0
12
bh
.
2
1

= =
EJ = 2,268.10
4
Tm
2
1
4
4
m 285 , 0
10 . 268 , 2 . 4
600
a

= =
Chiu di ti hn: m 01 , 11
285 , 0
14 , 3
a
L
th
= =
= nn ba ti trng u tin phi xt n nh

hng khng v hn bng ti trng b, cc ti trng cn li xem nh ti trng ln dm
v hn, s phn tch a v s tng ng nh sau:

P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T
P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T P=35T P1
M1

Hnh 2.56
Xc nh ti trng b:
Ta chn gc ta mt tri dm, ta cc im t lc l x
i
= 1,5+3,5(i-1); ta
tng i: ax = 0,4275+0,998(i-1).
Mo men v lc ct do cc ti trng gy ra mt tri (theo s v hn) ln lt l:

= =
= =
n
1 i
i 2 i 2
n
1 i
i
1
7 , 30 .
a 4
N
M

= =
= =
n
1 i
i 3 i 3
n
1 i
i
1
5 , 17 .
2
N
Q
Vi n=3, ta c:
M
1
= 30,7.(0,3231-0,2031-0,1252)=-0,2Tm
Q
1
= -17,5.(0,5934+0,0348-0,0668)=-9,82T
Ti trng b ti mt tri :
Tm 71 , 69 ) 2 , 0 .( 4
285 , 0
) 82 , 9 .( 2
M 4
a
Q 2
* M
1
1
=
= =
T 508 , 39 ) 2 , 0 .( 285 , 0 . 4 ) 82 , 9 .( 4 aM 4 Q 4 * P
1 1
= + = + =
Biu thc momen do ring ti trng b gy ra xc nh theo biu thc :
) ax ( . 85 , 34 ) ax ( . 66 , 34 ) ax ( .
2
71 , 69
) ax ( .
285 , 0 . 4
508 , 39
.
2
* M
.
a 4
* P
M
3 2 3 2 3 2 b
+ = +
= + =
Tng momen ti tit din bt k xc nh theo cng thc:
=
+ =
n
1 i
i 2 b
. 7 , 30 M M
Trong : ) x x ( a (
i 2 i 2
=
* Ti x=0: ax = 0,
2
(0)=1,
3
(0)=1
Momen b: M
b
= -34,66+34,85=0,195Tm

NG II TRANG 66
x
i
1,5 5,0 8,5 12,0
a(x
i
x) 0,4275 1,425 2,4225 3,42
2i
0,3231 -0,2031 -0,1252 -0,0225
30,7.
2i
9,92 -6,235 -3,844 -0,691
Tng momen: M=0,195+9,92-6,235-3,884-0,691=-0,695Tm
* Ti x = 1,65: ax =0,4275;
2
(0,4275)=0,3231,
3
(0,4275)=0,5934
Momen b: M
b
= -34,66.0,3231 + 34,85.0,5934 = 9,48Tm
x
i
1,5 5,0 8,5 12,0
a(x
i
x) 0 0,9975 1,995 2,9925
2i
1 -0,11 -0,18 -0,057
30,7.
2i
30,7 -3,377 -5,526 -1,75
Tng momen: M = 9,48 + 30,7 -3,377 5,526 1,75 = 29,53Tm.
* Ch : Nhng dng bi ton tnh dm trn nn n hi theo phng php h s nn,
tnh ton nhanh v cho kt qu chnh xc, hc vin c th lp chng trnh trn my
tnh trn c s cc cng thc trn. Ngoi ra c th s dng chng trnh tnh ton kt
cu Sap2000 m hnh ha dm lin kt vi nn bng cc l xo c cng K = c.b.l
i

ri tnh ton.

7.5. Tnh ton mng bng theo phng php ca B.N. Jemoskin
7.5.1. C s v s tnh ton
Phng php da trn gi thit
nn l na khng gian bin dng tuyn
tnh trnh by mc (7.1.2.2).
Ta chia dm thnh n on bng
nhau v bng l
i
sao cho phn lc nn
trong mi on phn b u.
S tip xc gia dm v nn
trn din tch l
i
.b (b b rng dm)
c thay th bng cc lin kt gi ta
trn nhng thanh cng, nhng thanh
cng t ti gia mi on v chu
ti trng do dm truyn xung ri
ruyn
i
l
P P P
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
li
P P P
li
b
P P P
li li li li
Hnh 2.57
t ti trng ln nn.
h khng bin hnh ta t
thm thanh ngang chng chuyn v
a1
a2
y
o
ak
ngang.
H tm c gm dm chu ti
t trn a c cc gi t ng (Hnh 2.57).
iu kin thit lp phng
trnh l: vng ca dm y
i
v ln
ca nn W
i
ti im t thanh ta bng
nhau: y
i
= W
i
. H trn hnh (2.57) l h
siu tnh thng thng, gi ta s
nng 9/2006 CH
Hnh 2.58
dng phng php hn hp. Ta chn h c bn bng cch a ngm quy c vo u
dm, loi b cc thanh ta v thay vo bng cc phn lc thng ng.
Gi X1, X2, X3, ln lt l ni lc trong cc thanh ng ta c h c bn
nh hnh (2.58).
n s ca h ny gm X1, X2, X3,, y
0
v
0
.
Trong : y
0
vng ca dm ti tit din t ngm quy c;

0
gc xoay ti tit din .
Phng trnh chnh tc nh sau:
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + +
p i i 3 3 2 2 1 1
i i 3 2 1
np o n o i ni 3 3 n 2 2 n 1 1 n
p 2 o 2 o i i 2 3 23 2 22 1 21
p 1 o 1 o i i 1 3 13 2 12 1 11
M ... X a ... X a X a X a
P ... X ... X X X
0 a y ... X ... X X X
..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
0 a y ... X ... X X X
0 a y ... X ... X X X
(2.138)
Trong :
kp
chuyn v ti im k do cc ngoi lc P gy ra, l s hng t do ca k

ki
chuyn v ti k khi cho lc X
i
=1 t ti i gy ra
a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
n
khong cch t ngm quy c n cc thanh ta
+ Xc nh chuyn v n v
ki
:
ki
gm hai thnh phn: vng ca dm y
ki
v
ln ca nn W
i
.

ki
= y
ki
+ W
i
(2.139)
- vng ca dm y
ki
c xc nh theo
cng thc ca Maxwell Mohr
dx
EJ
M . M
y
k i
ki

= (2.140)
ak
Xi = 1
yki
wki
ai
K
a
k
a
i
Xi = 1
ak-ai/3
ai/3
Mk
Mi
Xi = 1
n gin, xem cc lc tc dng
ln dm khng phi l phn b u m l
lc tp trung. V cc biu M
i
v M
k
do
cc lc n v gy ra nh hnh v (2.59).
Nu a
k
> a
i
:

EJ 6
) a a 3 ( a
EJ
1
).
3
a
a (
2
a
y
i k
2
i i
k
2
i
ik

= =
Nu a
i
> a
k
th hon v a
k
v a
i

trong cng thc trn
Hnh 2.59
t: )
l
a
l
a 3
.( )
l
a
( y
i
i
i
k 2
i
i *
ki
=
Ta c:
*
ki
b
3
i
ik
y .
J E 6
l
y = (2.141)
*
ki
y - ph thuc a
i
/ v a
i
l
k
/ tra bng (2.17).
i
l
- ln ca nn W
ki
c xc nh nh sau:
+ Trng hp bi ton khng gian:

ki
i o
2
o
ki
F .
l E
1
W

= (2.142)
Trong : F
ki
l hm ph thuc vo b/ v x/ tra bng (2.16).
i
l
i
l
Vi x- khong cch t k n i
Vy chuyn v n v
ki
c xc nh theo cng thc:
(2.143)
*
ki kz ki ki
y . F + =
Vi:
) 1 ( J E 6
l E
2
o b
4
i 0
kz

= (2.144)
+ Trng hp bi ton phng:
(2.145)
*
ki f ki ki
y . F + =
Vi:
) 1 (
) 1 (
J E 6
l E
2
o
2
b
b
3
i 0
f

= (2.146)
+ Ch : chiu di mi on chia nn ly b 2 l
2
b
i

7.5.2. Trnh t tnh ton
1. Thit lp s tnh ton;
2. Lp h c bn, tnh h s ;
3. Tnh cc h s
ki
,
ki
v lp phng trnh chnh tc;
4. Gii phng trnh chnh tc;
5. Tnh ni lc;
6. V cc biu ni lc.
Bng 2.16. Tr s F
ki
theo khong cch t k ti i theo b/
i
l
x/
i
l 0,5 0,7 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
0 5 4,27 3,53 2,9 2,42 2,08 1,87 1,7 1,54 1,43 1,32
1 1,077 1,062 1,032 0,986 0,94 0,894 0,848 0,802 0,756 0,71 0,664
2 0,519 0,515 0,508 0,498 0,488 0,477 0,467 0,456 0,446 0,436 0,425
3 0,342 0,34 0,338 0,335 0,331 0,328 0,324 0,321 0,317 0,314 0,31
4 0,253 0,252 0,251 0,25 0,249 0,248 0,246 0,245 0,244 0,242 0,241
5 0,202 0,202 0,201 0,2 0,199 0,199 0,198 0,197 0,196 0,195 0,194
6 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,165 0,165 0,165 0,165
7 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,14
8 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12
9 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11
10 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Bng 2.17. Tr s - ph thuc a
*
ki
y
i
/ v a
i
l
k
/
i
l
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
0.5 0.25 0.63 1 1.38 1.75 2.125 2.5 2.875 3.25 3.625 4 4.375 4.75 5.125 5.5 5.875 6.25 6.625 7 7.375
1 2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5 11 12.5 14 15.5 17 18.5 20 21.5 23 24.5 26 27.5 29
1.5 6.75 10.1 13.5 16.88 20.25 23.63 27 30.38 33.75 37.13 40.5 43.875 47.25 50.63 54 57.375 60.75 64.125
2 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 88 94 100 106 112
2.5 31.3 40.63 50 59.38 68.75 78.13 87.5 96.88 106.3 115.63 125 134.4 143.75 153.13 162.5 171.88
3 54 67.5 81 94.5 108 121.5 135 148.5 162 175.5 189 202.5 216 229.5 243
3.5 85.75 104.1 122.5 140.9 159.3 177.6 196 214.38 232.8 251.1 269.5 287.88 306.25 324.63
4 128 152 176 200 224 248 272 296 320 344 368 392 416
4.5 182.3 212.6 243 273.4 303.8 334.13 364.5 394.9 425.25 455.63 486 516.38
5 250 287.5 325 362.5 400 437.5 475 512.5 550 587.5 625
5.5 332.8 378.1 423.5 468.88 514.3 559.6 605 650.38 695.75 741.13
6 432 486 540 594 648 702 756 810 864
6.5 549.3 612.63 676 739.4 802.75 866.13 929.5 992.88
7 686 759.5 833 906.5 980 1053.5 1127
7.5 843.8 928.1 1012.5 1096.9 1181.3 1265.6
8 1024 1120 1216 1312 1408
8.5 1228.3 1336.6 1445 1553.4
9 1458 1579.5 1701
9.5 1714.8 1850.1
10 2000

7.6.Tnh ton mng b
7.6.1. Phng php mng tuyt i cng
Do mng b c kch thc ln theo b ngang cng nh chiu dy, do vy c th
xem l mng tuyt i cng.
Xc nh cng ca bn t mnh theo cng thc ca Hetenyi (1946) :
4
c
m
I E 4
B . c
= (2.147)
Trong : c - H s nn
B
m
B rng ca mng b
E
c
- Moun n hi ca vt liu mng
I Momen qun tnh ca tit din mng
Trnh t tnh ton:
1. Tnh tng cc lc thng ng
N do cc ct truyn xung

i 3 2 1
N ... N N N N + + + + =
2. Xc nh v tr trng tm ca cc lc, tc l v tr ca tng lc
N
3. La chn kch thc L
m
v B
m
ca mng b, xc nh lch tm e
B
, e
L
.
4. Tnh phn lc nn theo cng thc ca Sc bn vt liu:

x
y
y
x
m m
J
x . M
J
y . M
L . B
N
=

(148)
Trong :
12
L . B
J
3
m m
y
= - momen qun tnh ca tit din mng vi trc x
NG II TRANG 70
12
L . B
J
m
3
m
x
= - qun tnh ca tit din
mng vi trc y
Lm
B
m
B
i
B
BiL
y
x
=
L x
e . N M - momen quanh trc x
=
B y
e . N M - momen quanh trc y
+ Kim tra sc chu ti ca nn t
di y mng b
5. Chia mng b thnh tng di theo
phng x hay phng y bng cc
ng trung bnh gia cc ct
6. Tnh p lc truyn xung mt di
mng i :

m iB tb i
L . B . N =
Hay : (2.149)
m iB tb i
L . B . p =
Vi :
m m
tb
L . B
N
= (2.150)
7. Hiu chnh p lc :
Tng p lc ly trc tip t cc ct trn di i s khng bng vi , do cc
lc ct bn hng di khng c a vo tnh ton. Do vy phn lc ny phi c
hiu chnh bng tng lc bnh qun :

N
i
N

2
N N
N
i
tb

+
= (2.151)
p lc trung bnh c hiu chnh :

m iL
tb *
tb
m iB
tb *
tb
B . B
N
hay
L . B
N

= = (2.152)
H s p lc c hiu chnh :

=
i
tb
N
N
F (2.153)
H s ny nhn cho cc lc N
i
tc dng trn di i (F.N
i
) v dng tr s ny tnh ton.
8. Tnh ton ni lc M, Q trong mng
9. Tnh bn ca mng :
- Kim tra iu kin chc thng trn mt phng nghing ti v tr chn ct :
iu kin bn :
0 tb k max
h . u . R 75 , 0 N (2.154)
Vi N
max
- Lc chc thng ln nht;
R
k
- Cng chu ko ca B tng;
h
o
- Chiu cao lm vic ca
mng ;
u
tb
Chu vi trung bnh ca
thp chc thng, ty vo v tr ca
ct u
tb
s khc nhau :
nng 9/2006 CH
Hnh 2.60: S chia di tnh mng b
ac
b
c
ac+2ho
b
c
+
2
h
o
b
c
ac
ac+2ho
b
c
+
h
o
b
c
ac
ac+ho
b
c
+
h
o
Hnh 2.61
Ct gia : u
tb
= u
c
+ 4h
o
Ct cnh : u
tb
= u
c
+ 3h
o
Ct gc : u
tb
= u
c
+ 2h
o
- Tnh ct thp chu un : Ct thp c tnh t cc gi tr ni lc trong bi ton
tnh mng bng.
7.6.2 Phng php tnh nh tm trn nn n hi
Phng php ny tnh ton ni lc trong mng b theo cch gn ng, xem
mng b nh tm trn nn n hi.
Ni dung phng php gm cc bc sau :
1. Xc nh cc kch thc c bn ca mng v chiu dy h ca mng b
2. Xc nh h s nn c ca nn t
3. Tnh cng D ca mng :

) 1 ( 12
h . E
D
2
3

= (2.154)
Trong : E moun n hi ca btng
- h s poisson ca vt liu btng
4. Xc nh bn knh cng hu hiu L

4
c
D
L = (2.155)
Bn knh nh hng ca mi ct l 4L
5. Xc nh momen theo ta cc (r,):
Gm momen hng tm M
r
v momen
tip tuyn M
t
(trn mt n v b rng
bn) v bin dng w ti im bt k :
=
)
L
r
(
)
L
r
( Z
) 1 ( )
L
r
( Z M
'
3
4 r
(2.156)
+ =
)
L
r
(
)
L
r
( Z
) 1 ( )
L
r
( Z M
'
3
4 t
(2.157)

)
L
r
( Z
D 4
PL
w
3
2
= (2.158)
y
x
r
Mr
Mt
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Z'3(r/L)
Z4(r/L)
Z3(r/L)
Z'4(r/L)
Trong : P ti trng trn ct, r khong
cch t ct tc dng ti trng n im
ang xt, Z
3
, , Z
'
3
Z
4
l cc h s xc nh
t cc hm hyperolic (Hetenyi, 1946)
c thit lp thnh ton tra theo t s
L
r
x = nh hnh (2.62).
6. Chuyn momen hng tm v momen
Hnh 2.62
tip tuyn quan h ta vung gc:
(2.159) + =
2
t
2
r x
sin M cos M M
y
x
r
Mr
Mt
(2.160) + =
2
t
2
r y
cos M sin M M
7. Vi gc c nh ngha nh hnh v (2.63).
Tnh lc ct Q cho mi n v b rng bn
)
L
r
( Z
L 4
P
Q
'
4
= (2.161)
'
4
Z - tra ton (2.62).
8. Tnh ton bn ca mng.
Hnh 2.63


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B GIO DC V O TO

+ = (khi h > 2m) (2.3)

nng 9/2006 CHNG II TRANG 34

tnh ti trng gii hn trong trng hp bi ton khng gian.

W momen chng un ca tit din h ton:

= nn ba ti trng u tin phi xt n nh

2. Xc nh v tr trng tm ca cc lc, tc l v tr ca tng lc

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