H thng iu khin ng c

H thng iu khin ng c
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Lch s pht trin

Vo th k 19, mt k s ngi Php - ng Stevan - ngh ra cch phun nhin liu
cho mt my nn kh. Sau mt thi gian, mt ngi c cho phun nhin liu vo
bung chy nhng khng mang li hiu qu.[cn dn ngun] u th k 20, ngi c
p dng h thng phun nhin liu trong ng c 4 th tnh ti (nhin liu dng trn ng
c ny l du ha nn hay b kch n v hiu sut rt thp). Tuy nhin, sau sng kin
ny c ng dng thnh cng trong vic ch to h thng cung cp nhin liu cho
my bay c.[cn dn ngun] n nm 1966, hng BOSCH thnh cng trong vic
ch to h thng phun xng kiu c kh. Trong h thng phun xng ny, nhin liu c
phun lin tc vo trc supap ht nn c tn gi l K Jetronic (K- Konstant lin tc,
Jetronic phun). K Jetronic c a vo sn xut v ng dng trn cc xe ca hng
Mercedes v mt s xe khc, l nn tng cho vic pht trin h thng phun xng th h
sau nh KE Jetronic, Mono-Jetronic, L-Jetronic, Motronic[cn dn ngun]
Tn ting Anh ca K-Jetronic l CIS (continuous injection system) c trng cho cc
hng xe Chu u v c 4 loi c bn cho CIS l: K Jetronic, K Jetronic vi cm
bin oxy v KE Jetronic (c kt hp iu khin bng in t) hoc KE Motronic
(km iu khin gc nh la sm). Do h thng phun c kh cn nhiu nhc im
nn u nhng nm 80, BOSCH cho ra i h thng phun s dng kim phun iu
khin bng in. C hai loi: h thng L-Jetronic (lng nhin liu c xc nh nh
cm bin o lu lng kh np) v D-Jetronic (lng nhin liu c xc nh da vo
p sut trn ng ng np). n nm 1984, ngi Nht (mua bn quyn ca BOSCH)
ng dng h thng phun xng L-Jetronic v D-Jetronic trn cc xe ca hng Toyota
(dng vi ng c 4A ELU). n nm 1987, hng Nissan dng L Jetronic thay cho
b ch ha kh ca xe Nissan Sunny.
Song song, vi s pht trin ca h thng phun xng, h thng iu khin nh la theo
chng trnh (ESA electronic spark advance) cng c a vo s dng vo nhng
nm u thp k 80. Sau , vo u nhng nm 90, h thng nh la trc tip (DIS
direct ignition system) ra i, cho php khng s dng delco v h thng ny c mt
trn hu ht cc xe th h mi.

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H thng iu khin ng c

Ngy nay, gn nh tt c cc t u c trang b h thng iu khin ng c c xng

v diesel theo chng trnh, gip ng c p ng c cc yu cu gt gao v kh x
v tnh tit kim nhin liu. Thm vo , cng sut ng c cng c ci thin r rt.
Nhng nm gn y, mt th h mi ca ng c phun xng ra i. l ng c
phun trc tip: GDI (gasoline direct injection). Trong tng lai gn, chc chn GDI s
c s dng rng ri.

Phn loi v u nhc im

Phn loi H thng phun nhin liu c th c phn loi theo nhiu kiu.
Nu phn bit theo cu to kim phun, ta c 2 loi:
Loi CIS (continuous injection system)
y l kiu s dng kim phun c kh, gm 4 loi c bn:
H thng K Jetronic: vic phun nhin liu c iu khin hon ton bng c kh.
H thng K Jetronic c cm bin kh thi: c thm mt cm bin oxy.
H thng KE Jetronic: h thng K-Jetronic vi mch iu chnh p lc phun bng in
t.
H thng KE Motronic: kt hp vi vic iu khin nh la bng in t.
Loi AFC (air flow controlled fuel injection)
S dng kim phun iu khin bng in. H thng phun xng vi kim phun in c th
chia lm 2 loi chnh:
D-Jetronic (xut pht t ch Druck trong ting c l p sut): vi lng xng phun
c xc nh bi p sut sau cnh bm ga bng cm bin MAP (manifold absolute
pressure sensor).
L-Jetronic (xut pht t ch Luft trong ting c l khng kh): vi lng xng phun
c tnh ton da vo lu lng kh np ly t cm bin o gi loi cnh trt. Sau
c cc phin bn: LH Jetronic vi cm bin o gi dy nhit, LU Jetronic vi cm
bin gi kiu siu m
Nu phn bit theo v tr lp t kim phun, h thng phun xng AFC c chia lm 2
loi:

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Loi TBI (Throttle Body Injection) - phun n im

H thng ny cn c cc tn gi khc nh: SPI (single point injection), CI (central
injection), Mono Jetronic. y l loi phun trung tm. Kim phun c b tr pha trn
cnh bm ga v nhin liu c phun bng mt hay hai kim phun. Nhc im ca h
thng ny l tc dch chuyn ca ha kh tng i thp do nhin liu c phun
v tr xa supap ht v kh nng tht thot trn ng ng np.
Loi MPI (Multi Point Fuel Injection) - phun a im y l h thng phun nhin liu
a im, vi mi kim phun cho tng xylanh c b tr gn supap ht (cch khong 10
15 mm). ng gp ht c thit k sao cho ng i ca khng kh t bm ga n
xylanh kh di, nh vy, nhin liu phun ra c ha trn tt vi khng kh nh xoy
lc. Nhin liu cng khng cn tht thot trn ng ng np. H thng phun xng a
im ra i khc phc c cc nhc im c bn ca h thng phun xng n
im. Ty theo cch iu khin kim phun, h thng ny c th chia lm 3 loi chnh:
phun c lp hay phun tng kim (independent injection), phun nhm (group injection)
hoc phun ng lot (simultaneous injection).
Nu cn c vo i tng iu khin theo chng trnh, ngi ta chia h thng iu
khin ng c ra 3 loi chnh: ch iu khin phun xng (EFI - electronic fuel injection
theo ting Anh hoc Jetronic theo ting c), ch iu khin nh la (ESA - electronic
spark advance) v loi tch hp tc iu khin c phun xng v nh la (h thng ny
c nhiu tn gi khc nhau: Bosch t tn l Motronic, Toyota c tn (TCCS - Toyota
Computer Control System), Nissan gi tn l (ECCS - Electronic Concentrated Control
System) Nh tc x l ca CPU kh cao, cc hp iu khin ng c t trong
ngy nay thng gm c chc nng iu khin hp s t ng v qut lm mt ng c.
Nu phn bit theo k thut iu khin ta c th chia h thng iu khin ng c lm
2 loi: analog v digital. nhng th h u tin xut hin t 1979 n 1986, k thut
iu khin ch yu da trn cc mch tng t (analog). cc h thng ny, tn hiu
nh la ly t m bobine c a v hp iu khin , t , hnh thnh xung iu
khin kim phun. Sau , a s cc h thng iu khin ng c u c thit k, ch
to trn nn tng ca cc b vi x l (digital).
u im ca h thng phun xng
- C th cp hn hp kh nhin liu ng u n tng xylanh.
- C th t c t l kh nhin liu chnh xc vi tt c cc di tc ng c.
- p ng kp thi vi s thay i gc m bm ga.

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- Kh nng hiu chnh hn hp kh nhin liu d dng: c th lm m hn hp khi nhit

thp hoc ct nhin liu khi gim tc. Hiu sut np hn hp khng kh nhin liu
cao.
- Do kim phun c b tr gn supap ht nn dng kh np trn ng gp ht c khi
lng thp (cha trn vi nhin liu) s t tc xoy lc cao, nh vy, nhin liu s
khng cn tht thot trn ng ng np v ha kh s c trn tt hn.

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