1

TRNG I HC B\CH KHOA H[ NI

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V[ TRUYN THNG
TIN HC I CNG
Phn 1. Tin hc cn bn

Bi 1: Thng tin v biu din thng tin
Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
2
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Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.1.1. Thng tin v{ x l thng tin
1.1.2. M|y tnh in t (MTT) v{ ph}n loi
1.1.3. Tin hc v{ c|c ng{nh lin quan
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
3
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Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.1.1. Thng tin v{ x l thng tin
1.1.2. M|y tnh in t (MTT) v{ ph}n loi
1.1.3. Tin hc v{ c|c ng{nh lin quan
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
4
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2
a. Thng tin (Information)
5
Thng tin l{ kh|i nim tru tng,
gip chng ta hiu v{ nhn thc th gii

D b|o thi tit
Thi s
Thng tin c th truyn t ngi n{y
sang ngi khc
Thng tin l{ kt qu x l, iu khin v{
t chc d liu theo c|ch m{ n s b
sung thm tri thc cho ngi nhn
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b. D liu (Data)
6
D liu l{ vt mang thng tin

K hiu qui c (ch vit, )
Tn hiu vt l
(]m thanh, nhit , |p sut, )
S liu (bng biu)
D liu l biu din ca thng tin
c th hin bng c|c tn hiu vt
l.
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c. X l d liu (Data processing)
Thng tin nm trong d liu Ca n pha i x ly d lie u e
thu c thng tin ca n thiet, h u i ch phu c vu cho con
ng i


Qua trinh x ly d lie u

NHP
(INPUT)

X L
(PROCESSING)

XUT
(OUTPUT)

LU TR (STORAGE)
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7
Khi d lie u t, c th
lm th cng
Khi d lie u nhiu ln,
cc cng vic lp i lp
li ???

S dng my tnh
in t h tr cho
vic lu tr, chn lc
v x l d lie u.
8
c. X l d liu (2)
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8
3
Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.1.1. Thng tin v{ x l thng tin
1.1.2. M|y tnh in t (MTT) v{ ph}n loi
1.1.3. Tin hc v{ c|c ng{nh lin quan
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
9
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1.1.2. My tnh in t
Ma y tinh ie n t
(Computer): L{ thit b
in t c kh nng x l
d liu theo chng trnh
nh sn.



10
Trong m|y tnh mi thng
tin u c biu din
bng s nh ph}n.
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10
My tnh in t c mt khp ni
11
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Phn loi MTT
Theo kh nng s dng chung:
My tnh ln (Mainframe) v{ Siu ma y tinh
(Super Computer)
M|y tnh tm trung (Mini Computer)
My vi tnh ( Micro Computer)
12
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4
i. My tnh ln/Siu my tnh
Ph c ta p, co to c o rat nhanh
S dng trong c|c cng ty ln/vie n nghin c u
Gii quyt c|c cng vic ln, ph c ta p
Rt t (h{ng trm ng{n ~ h{ng triu USD).
Nhie u ng i du ng o ng th i (100 500)
13
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S
u
p
e
r

C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
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14
ii. My tnh tm trung (Mini computer)
Cng ging nh c|c m|y Mainframe
S kh|c bit chnh:
H tr t ngi dng hn (10 100)
Nh hn v{ r hn (v{i chc nghn USD)
15
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iii. My vi tnh (Micro computer)
S dng b vi x l
Nh, r, hiu nng cao,
Ph hp cho nhiu i tng ngi dng, s dng nhiu
trong cng nghip v{ gii tr:
Ma y tinh ca nhn Personal Computer (PC)
M|y tnh nhng Embedded Computer
Ca c thiet bi ca m tay nh ie n thoa i di do ng, ma y tinh bo tu i
...


16
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5
My tnh c nhn (Personal Computer PC)
M|y tnh b{n Desktop Computer
My tnh di o ng Portable Computer
Ma y tinh xa ch tay (Laptop Computer)
M|y tnh b ti (PDA - Personal Digital Assistant)
Ma y tinh ba ng Tablet Computer
My tnh bn
Laptop
My tnh bng
PDA
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17
My tnh nhng (Embedded computer)
La ma y tinh chuyn du ng
(special-purpose computer)
Gn trong c|c thit b gia dng,
m|y cng nghip
Gip con ngi dng s dng
thit b hiu qu hn
18
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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh
S ph|t trin v cng ngh S ph|t trin
v m|y tnh
19
Vacuum tubes Transistor
Intergrated Circuit
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i. Th h u (1950 1958)
1930s: Bng n chn khng c s dng lm cc
bng mch tn hiu iu khin (electric circuits or
switches)
iu khin bng tay, kch thc rt ln
20
Bng n ch}n khng
(vacumm tube)
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6
ENIAC
My tinh ie n t u tin (1946) vi cng ngh bng chn
khng:
Decimal (not binary)
18,000 vacuum tubes, 30 tons, 15,000 square feet
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second
21
ENIAC -
Electronic
Numerical
Integrator
and Calculator
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UNIVAC I (1947), UNIVAC II (1950s)
L my tnh thng mi u tin
Thc hin 30000 php ton / 1 giy
22
UNIVAC I -
UNIVersal
Automatic
Computer
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ii. Th h th hai (1958 1964)
1947: Bng bn dn (Transistors) c pht minh ti
Bell Laboratories
Vt liu Silicon (t ct)
Bng bn dn c s dng thay bng n chn khng
Nh hn, r hn
23
Cng ngh b|n dn
(diodes, transistors)
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My tnh s dng transistor
24
My tnh u tin s dng
hon ton bng bn dn:
8000 transistors
Nhanh hn
Nh hn
R hn.
TRADIC - TRAnsistorized
Airborne DIgital Computer
My tnh th h th 2
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7
My tnh s dng transistor
25
IBM 7030 (M, 1961) MINSK (Lin X, 1961)
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iii. Th h th ba (1965 1974)
26
1959 thit k ra vi mch u tin da trn cng ngh
silicon (silicon chip or microchip)
Trn 1 vi mch tch hp hng triu transitor
Cng ngh mch tch hp
(IC integrated circuit)
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Vi mch Integrated Circuit
27
Nh hn,
R hn,
Hiu qu hn
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IBM 360 System
28
My mainframe
ca IBM (1964)
Thit k trn cng
ngh mch tch hp
(IC)
Tc tnh ton
cao (c MIPS)
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8
iv. Th h th t (1974 nay)
29
Microprocessor = Central Processing Unit (CPU) thit k
trong 1 vi mch n
1971 : Intel 4004
Vi x l (Microprocessor)
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Vi x l (Microprocessor)
30
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1975 Altair 8800
31
My tnh c nhn u
tin Altair 8800
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1981 IBM PC
32
Th h my tnh c
nhn mi vi kin trc
m IBM
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9
1984 Apple Macintosh
33
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1990 - Personal Computers
34
Tc vi x l tng nhanh:
CPU 1 li,
CPU a li
Kin trc t thay i
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Th h th t (tip)

L
a
p
t
o
p
Ma y
tinh
e
ba n
Pocket
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35
Pentium
Th h th t (tip)
36
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10
More Pentium
Pro
III
IV
37
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Itanium

64-bit Intel
Microprocessors
38
Th h th t (tip)
38
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Th h th t (tip)

N
e
t
w
o
r
k
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39
v. Th h 5 (1990 - nay)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Cng ngh vi in t vi
tc tnh to|n cao v{ x
l song song.
M phng c|c hot ng
ca n~o b v{ h{nh vi con
ngi
C tr khn nh}n to vi
kh nng t suy din ph|t
trin c|c tnh hung nhn
c
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40
11
Xu hng ngy nay
Nhanh hn
Nh hn
R hn
D s dng
hn
41
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Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.1.1. Thng tin v{ x l thng tin
1.1.2. M|y tnh in t (MTT) v{ ph}n loi
1.1.3. Tin hc v{ c|c ng{nh lin quan
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
42
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1.1.3. Tin hc v cc ngnh lin quan
Tin hc (Computer Science/Informatics)
Cng ngh thng tin (Information Technology - IT)
Cng ngh thng tin v{ truyn thng (Information
and Communication Technology ICT).
Copyright by SOICT
43
1957, Karl Steinbuch ngi c xng
trong 1 b{i b|o c thut ng "Informatik "
1962, Philippe Dreyfus ngi Ph|p gi l{
informatique "
Phn ln c|c nc T}y ]u, tr Anh u chp
nhn. Anh ngi ta s dng thut ng
computer science, hay computing science,
1966, Nga cng s dng tn informatika

44
a. Tin hc (Informatics)
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12
a. Tin hc (2)
Tin hc c xem l{ ng{nh khoa hc nghin
cu c|c phng ph|p, cng ngh v{ k thut x
l thng tin mt c|ch t ng.
Cng c ch yu s dng trong tin hc l{ m|y
tnh in t v{ mt s thit b truyn tin kh|c.
Ni dung nghin cu ca tin hc ch yu gm 2
phn:
K thut phn cng (Hardware engineering)
K thut phn mm (Software engineering)
45
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Information Technology (IT)
Xut hin Vit nam v{o nhng nm 90 ca
th k 20.
CNTT x l vi cc my tnh in t v cc phn
mm my tnh nhm chuyn i, lu tr, bo v,
truyn tin v trch rt thng tin mt cch an ton.
(Information Technology Association of America)
46
b. Cng ngh thng tin
Copyright by SOICT
Mo t nga nh s du ng he tho ng ca c thiet bi va ma y
tinh, bao go m pha n c ng va pha n me m e cung
cap mo t gia i pha p x ly thng tin cho ca c ca nhn,
to ch c co yu ca u
Co a nh h ng va c ng du ng trong nhie u
nga nh nghe kha c nhau cu a xa ho i
C|c ng dng ng{y nay ca IT:
Qun tr d liu
Qun l h thng thng tin
Thit k sn phm
ng dng khoa hc
47
b. Cng ngh thng tin (2)
Copyright by SOICT
Information and Communication Technology
Truyn thng m|y tnh l{ s kt ni mt s lng m|y
tnh vi nhau
L{ thut ng mi, nhn mnh s khng th t|ch
ri hin nay ca CNTT vi cng ngh truyn thng
trong thi i tt c u ni mng
Internet - Mng my tnh ton cu



48
c. Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (ICT)
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13
Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.2.1. H m
1.2.2. Chuyn i c s
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
49
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Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.2.1. H m
1.2.2. Chuyn i c s
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
50
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51
L{ tp hp c|c k hiu v{ qui tc biu
din v{ x|c nh gi| tr c|c s.
Mi h m c mt s k t/s (k s) hu
hn. Tng s k s ca mi h m c gi
l c s (base hay radix), k hiu l{ b.
V d: Trong h m c s 10, dng 10 k t
l{: c|c ch s t 0 n 9.
1.2.1. H m
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52
V mt to|n hc, ta c th biu din 1 s
theo h m c s bt k.
Khi nghin cu v m|y tnh, ta quan t}m n
c|c h m sau }y:
H thp ph}n (Decimal System) con ngi s
dng
H nh ph}n (Binary System) m|y tnh s
dng
H m b|t ph}n (Octal System)
H mi s|u (Hexadecimal System) dng
vit gn s nh ph}n

1.2.1. H m (2)
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14
53
H m thp ph}n hay h m c s 10 bao
gm 10 k s theo k hiu sau:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Dng n ch s thp ph}n c th biu din
c 10
n
gi| tr kh|c nhau:
00...000 = 0
....
99...999 = 10
n
-1

a. H m thp phn (Decimal System)
Copyright by SOICT
54
Gi s mt s A c biu din di dng:
A = a
n
a
n-1
a
1
a
0
. a
-1
a
-2
a
-m
Gi| tr ca A c hiu nh sau:
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
10 10 ... 10 10 10 ... 10
10
n n m
n n m
n
i
i
i m
A a a a a a a
A a


=
= + + + + + + +
=

a. H m thp phn (2)
55
V d: S 5246 c gi| tr c tnh nh sau:
5246 = 5 x 10
3
+ 2 x 10
2
+ 4 x 10
1
+ 6 x 10
0
V d: S 254.68 c gi| tr c tnh nh
sau:

254.68 = 2 x 10
2
+ 5 x 10
1
+ 4 x 10
0
+ 6 x 10
-1
+ 8 x
10
-2



a. H m thp phn (3)
Copyright by SOICT
56
C b k t th hin gi| tr s. K s
nh nht l{ 0 v{ ln nht l{ b-1.
S A
(b)
trong h m c s (b) c
biu din bi:
A
(b)
=a
n
a
n-1
a
n-2
a
1
a
0
.a
-1
a
-2
a
-m
Gi| tr ca A (trong h 10) l:
=

+ +

+ +

b. H m c s b (vi b 2, nguyn)
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15
57
S dng 2 ch s: 0,1 (b=2)
Ch s nh ph}n gi l{ bit (binary digit)
V d: Bit 0, bit 1
Bit l{ n v thng tin nh nht
c. H m nh phn (Binary System)
Copyright by SOICT
58
Gi s c s A c biu din theo h
nh ph}n nh sau:
A = a
n
a
n-1
a
1
a
0
. a
-1
a
-2
a
-m
Vi a
i
l{ c|c ch s nh ph}n, khi
gi| tr ca A l{:
1 1 0 1 2
1 1 0 1 2
2 2 ... 2 2 2 2 ... 2
2
n n m
n n m
n
i
i
i m
A a a a a a a a
A a


=
= + + + + + + + +
=

c. H m nh phn (3)
59
V d 1: S 11101.11
(2)
s tng ng vi
gi| tr thp ph}n l{ :

c. H m nh phn (4)
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60
V d 2:
S nh phn 1101001.1011 c gi tr:
1101001.1011
(2)
= 2
6
+ 2
5
+ 2
3
+ 2
0
+ 2
-1
+
2
-3
+ 2
-4

= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 =
105.6875
(10)

c. H m nh phn (4)
Copyright by SOICT
16
61
S dng c|c ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Gi s c s A c biu din theo h nh
ph}n nh sau:
A = a
n
a
n-1
a
1
a
0
. a
-1
a
-2
a
-m
Vi a
i
l{ c|c ch s trong h b|t ph}n, khi
gi| tr ca A l{:


d. H m bt phn (2)
1 1 0 1 2
1 1 0 1 2
8 8 ... 8 8 8 8 ... 8
8
n n m
n n m
n
i
i
i m
A a a a a a a a
A a


=
= + + + + + + + +
=

62
V d:
235 . 64
(8)
c gi| tr nh sau:
235 . 64
(8)
= 2x8
2
+ 3x8
1
+ 5x8
0
+ 6x8
-1

+ 4x8
-2

= 157. 8125
(10)
d. H m bt phn (3)
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63
S dng 16 k s:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,
B,C,D,E,F
C|c ch in:
A, B, C, D, E, F
biu din c|c gi| tr
s tng ng (trong
h 10) l 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15
e. H m 16, Hexadecimal, b=16
64
Gi s c s A c biu din theo h thp
lc ph}n nh sau:
A = a
n
a
n-1
a
1
a
0
. a
-1
a
-2
a
-m
Vi a
i
l{ c|c ch s trong h thp lc ph}n,
khi gi| tr ca A l{:

1 1 0 1 2
1 1 0 1 2
16 16 ... 16 16 16 16 ... 16
16
n n m
n n m
n
i
i
i m
A a a a a a a a
A a


=
= + + + + + + + +
=

e. H m 16 (2)
17
65
V d: 34F5C.12D
(16)
c gi| tr nh sau:

34F5C.12D
(16)

= 3x16
4
+ 4x16
3
+ 15x16
2
+ 5x16
1

+ 12x16
0
+?
= 216294
(10)
+ ?

e. H m 16 (3)
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Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.2.1. H m
1.2.2. Chuyn i c s
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
66
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67
1.2.2. Chuyn i c s
Trng hp tng qu|t, mt s N trong h
thp ph}n (N
(10)
) gm phn nguyn v{ phn
thp ph}n.
Chuyn 1 s t h thp ph}n sang 1 s h
c s b bt k gm 2 bc:
i phn nguyn (ca s ) t h thp phn
sang h b
i phn thp phn (ca s ) t h thp phn
sang h c s b
Copyright by SOICT
68
a. Chuyn i phn nguyn
Bc 1:Ly phn nguyn ca N
(10)
chia cho b, ta c
thng l{ T
1
s d d
1.

Bc 2: Nu T
1
khc 0, Ly T
1
chia tip cho b, ta c
thng s l{ T
2
, s d l d
2
(C lm nh vy cho ti bc th n, khi ta c T
n
=0)
Bc n: Nu T
n-1
khc 0, ly T
n-1
chia cho b, ta c
thng s l{ T
n
=0, s d l d
n

Kt qu ta c s N
(b)
l{ s to bi c|c s d (c
vit theo th t ngc li) trong c|c bc trn
Phn nguyn ca N
(10)
= d
n
d
n-1
d
1 (b)
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18
69
a. Chuyn i phn nguyn (2)
V d: C|ch chuyn phn nguyn ca s
12.6875
(10)
sang s trong h nh ph}n:
Dng php chia cho 2 lin tip, ta c mt lot
c|c s d nh sau
Copyright by SOICT
70
b. Chuyn i phn thp phn
Bc1: Ly phn thp phn ca N
(10)
nhn
vi b, ta c mt s c dng x
1
.y
1
(x l phn
nguyn, y l phn thp phn)
Bc 2: Nu y
1
khc 0, tip tc ly 0.y
1
nhn
vi b, ta c mt s c dng x
2
.y
2

(c lm nh vy cho n khi y
n
=0)
Bc n: Nu y
n-1
khc 0, nhn 0.y
n-1
vi b, ta
c x
n
.0
Kt qu ta c s sau khi chuyn i l{:
Phn thp phn ca N
(10)
= 0.x
1
x
2
x
n (b)
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71
b. Chuyn i phn thp phn (2)
V d: C|ch chuyn phn thp ph}n ca s
12.6875
(10)
sang h nh ph}n:
Copyright by SOICT
72
V d: Chuyn t thp phn sang nh phn
12.6875
(10)
= 1100.1011
(2)








69.25
(10)
= ?
(2)

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19
Cch 2: Tnh nhm
Phn tch s thnh tng cc ly tha ca
2, sau da vo cc s m xc nh
dng biu din nh phn
Nhanh hn.
V d: 69.25
(10)
= 64 + 4 + 1+
= 2
6
+ 2
2
+ 2
0
+ 2
-2

= 1000101.01
(2)

73
Copyright by SOICT
74
Mt s v d
Nh ph}n Hexa: 11 1011 1110 0110
(2)
= ?
11 1011 1110 0110
(2)
= 3BE6
(16)
Hexa Nh ph}n: AB7
(16)
= ?
AB7
(16)
= 1010 1011 0111
(2)
Hexa Thp ph}n: 3A8C ?
3A8C
(16)
= 3 x 16
3
+ 10 x 16
2
+ 8 x 16
1

+12 x 16
0

= 12288 + 2560 + 128 + 12
= 14988
(10)

Copyright by SOICT
75
Mt s v d (tip)
Thp ph}n Hexa: 14988 ?
14988 : 16 = 936 d 12 tc l{ C
936 : 16 = 58 d 8
58 : 16 = 3 d 10 tc l{ A
3 : 16 = 0 d 3
Nh vy, ta c: 14988
(10)
= 3A8C
(16)
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Bi tp
Chuyn sang h nh ph}n
124.75
65.125
76
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20
Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
1.3.1. Nguyn l chung
1.3.2. Biu din s nguyn
1.3.3. Biu din s thc
1.3.4. Biu din k t
77
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Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
1.3.1. Nguyn l chung
1.3.2. Biu din s nguyn
1.3.3. Biu din s thc
1.3.4. Biu din k t
78
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1.3.1. Nguyn l chung
Mi d liu khi a vo my tnh u phi
c m ha thnh s nh phn
Cc loi d liu:
D liu nhn to: Do con ngi quy c
D liu t nhin:
Tn ti khch quan vi con ngi.
Ph bin l cc tn hiu vt l nh m thanh, hnh
nh,
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80
a. Nguyn tc m ha d liu
M ha d liu nhn to:
D liu s: M ha theo cc chun quy c
D liu k t: M ha theo b m k t
M ha d liu t nhin:
Cc d liu cn phi s ha trc khi a vo
my tnh
Theo s m ha v ti to tn hiu vt l
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81
S m ha v ti to tn hiu vt l
V d: MODEM: MOdulator and DEModulator
(iu ch v Gii iu ch)
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82
b. Cc dng d liu trong my tnh
Dng c bn
S nguyn: M nh phn thng thng (khng
du) v m b hai (c du)
S thc: S du chm ng
K t: B m k t
Dng c cu trc
L tp hp cc loi d liu c bn c cu
thnh theo mt cch no .
V d: Kiu d liu mng, xu k t, tp hp, bn
ghi,
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c. n v thng tin
83
n v nh nht biu din thng tin l{
BIT (Binary DigIT)
C|c n v biu din ln hn
Tn gi K hiu Gi tr
Byte
KiloByte
MegaByte
GigaByte
TeraByte
Petabyte
Exabyte
B
KB
MB
GB
TB
PB
EB
8 bit
2
10
B = 1024 Byte
2
20
B = 1024 KB
2
30
B = 1024 MB
2
40
B = 1024 GB
2
50
B = 1024 TB
2
60
B = 1024 PB
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Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
1.3.1. Nguyn l chung
1.3.2. Biu din s nguyn
1.3.3. Biu din s thc
1.3.4. Biu din k t
84
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85
1.3.2. Biu din s nguyn
Dng 1 chui bit biu din.
2 trng hp:
S nguyn khng du
S nguyn c du
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86
a. S nguyn khng du
Dng tng qu|t: gi s dng n bit biu din
cho mt s nguyn khng du A:
a
n-1
a
n-2
...a
3
a
2
a
1
a
0
Gi| tr ca A c tnh nh sau:




Di biu din ca A: [0, 2
n
-1]
1 2 1 0
1 2 1 0
1
0
2 2 ... 2 2
2
n n
n n
n
i
i
i
A a a a a
A a

=
= + + + +
=

V d 1
Biu din c|c s nguyn khng du sau }y
bng 8 bit:
A = 45 B = 156
Gii:
A = 45 = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 2
5
+ 2
3
+ 2
2
+ 2
0
A = 0010 1101
(2)

B = 156 = 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 2
7
+ 2
4
+ 2
3
+ 2
2
B = 1001 1100
(2)
87
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V d 2
Cho c|c s nguyn khng du X, Y c biu
din bng 8 bit nh sau:
X = 0010 1011
Y = 1001 0110
Gii:
X = 0010 1011 = 2
5
+ 2
3
+ 2
1
+ 2
0

= 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 43

Y = 1001 0110 = 2
7
+ 2
4
+ 2
2
+ 2
1
= 128 + 16 + 4 + 2 = 150
88
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23
89
Trng hp c th: vi n = 8 bit
Di biu din l{ [0, 255]
0000 0000 = 0
0000 0001 = 1
0000 0010 = 2
0000 0011 = 3
.....
1111 1111 = 255
Trc s hc:

0
1
2
3
255
254
Trc s hc m|y tnh:
0 1 2 255
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Vi n = 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit
n = 16 bit:
Di biu din l{ [0, 65535]
n = 32 bit:
Di biu din l{ [0, 2
32
-1]
n = 64 bit:
Di biu din l{ [0, 2
64
-1]
90
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91
b. Biu din s nguyn c du
S nguyn c du gm: s }m, s
dng
S dng bit u tin l{m bit du:
0 cho s dng
1 cho s }m
Biu din s }m bng s b 2
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i. S b mt v s b hai (h nh phn)
Gi s c 1 s nguyn nh ph}n c biu
din bi n bit. Ta c:
S b mt ca A = (2
n
- 1) A
S b hai ca A = 2
n
A
NX: S b hai = S b mt + 1
V d
Xt n = 4 bit, A = 0110
S b mt ca A = (2
4
- 1) - 0110 = 1001
S b hai ca A = 2
4
- 0110 = 1010
92
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93
Nhn xt
V d (trc)
Xt n = 4 bit, A = 0110
S b mt ca A = (2
4
- 1) - 0110 = 1001
S b hai ca A = 2
4
- 0110 = 1010
C th tm s b mt ca A bng c|ch o
ngc tt c c|c bit
S b hai = S b mt + 1
A + S b hai ca A = 0 nu b qua bit nh
ra khi bit cao nht
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94
ii. Biu din s nguyn c du
Biu din s }m bng s b 2
V d: Biu din s nguyn c du sau }y (bng 8
bit): A = - 70
(10)

Biu din 70 = 0100 0110
B 1: 1011 1001 (nghch o c|c bit)
+ 1
B 2: 1011 1010
Vy: A = 1011 1010
(2)

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95
Dng tng qu|t ca s nguyn c du A:
A = a
n-1
a
n-2
...a
2
a
1
a
0
Gi| tr ca A c x|c nh nh sau:


Di biu din: [-2
n-1
, 2
n-1
-1]
10000000
.
01111111
Nhn xt: Vi s dng, s }m?
2
1
1
0
2 2
n
n i
n i
i
A a a

=
= +

ii. Biu din s nguyn c du (tip)

96
V d
X|c nh gi| tr ca c|c s nguyn c du 8
bit sau }y:
A = 0101 0110
B = 1101 0010
Gii:
A = 2
6
+ 2
4
+ 2
2
+ 2
1
= 64 + 16 + 4 + 2 = +86
B = -2
7
+ 2
6
+ 2
4
+ 2
1
=
= -128 + 64 + 16 + 2 = -46

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25
Trng hp c th: vi n = 8 bit
Di biu din l{ [-128, 127]
0000 0000 = 0
0000 0001 = +1
0000 0010 = +2
.......
01111111 = +127
10000000 = -128
10000001 = -127
.......
1111 1110 = -2
1111 1111 = -1
Trc s hc m|y tnh
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97
c. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn
Php cng/tr s nguyn (khng du/c
du)
Ph}n nh}n, php chia s nguyn
98
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99
Php cng:
1+0=0+1=1;
0+0=0;
1+1=10;
Php tr:
0-1=1; (vay 1)
1-1=0;
0-0=0;
1-0=1
Tnh ton trong h nh phn
110
+ 111
---------
1101
1101
- 111
---------
110
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100
c. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn (2)
Cng/ tr s nguyn khng du:
Tin h{nh cng/tr ln lt tng bt t phi
qua tri.
Khi cng/tr hai s nguyn khng du n bit ta
thu c mt s nguyn khng du n bit.
Nu tng ca hai s ln hn 2
n-1
th khi s tr{n
s v{ kt qu s l{ sai.
Tr s khng du th ta ch tr c s ln cho s
nh. Trng hp ngc li s sai
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101
V d: Cng tr s nguyn khng du
Dng 8 bit biu din s nguyn khng
du
Trng hp khng xy ra tr{n s (carry-
out):
X = 1001 0110 = 150
Y = 0001 0011 = 19
S = 1010 1001 = 169
Cout = 0
Trng hp c xy ra tr{n s (carry-out):
X = 1100 0101 = 197
Y = 0100 0110 = 70
S = 0000 1011 = 267
Cout = 1 carry-out
(KQ sai = 23 + 21 + 20 = 11)
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102
c. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn (3)
Cng s nguyn c du
Cng ln lt c|c cp bit t phi qua tr|i,
b qua bit nh (nu c).
Cng hai s kh|c du: kt qu lun ng
Cng hai s cng du:
Nu tng nhn c cng du vi 2 s hng
th kt qu l{ ng
Nu tng nhn c kh|c du vi 2 s hng
th ~ xy ra hin tng trn s hc
(overflow) v{ kt qu nhn c l{ sai

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103
V d: Cng/tr s nguyn c du
VD: khng tr{n s
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104
V d: Cng/tr s nguyn c du
C xy ra tr{n s:
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27
c. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn (4)
Tr s nguyn c du
tr hai s nguyn c du X v{ Y, cn ly b
hai ca Y tc Y, sau cng X vi Y tc l{: X
Y = X + (-Y).
Cng ln lt c|c cp bit t phi qua tr|i, b qua
bit nh (nu c).
V d:

105
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106
c. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn (4)
Nh}n/chia s nguyn khng du
C|c bc thc hin nh trong h 10
VD: Php nhn
1011 (11 c s 10)
x
1101 (13 c s 10)
-------------
1011
0000
1011
1011
--------------
10001111 (143 c s 10)
Nhn
xt
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c. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn (5)
Php chia s nguyn khng du
107
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c. Tnh ton s hc vi s nguyn (6)
Nhn/chia s nguyn c du:
Bc 1: Chuyn i th{nh s dng tng ng
Bc 2: Thc hin nh}n/chia vi s nguyn
Bc 3: Hiu chnh du ca kt qu.
108
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28
Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
1.3.1. Nguyn l chung
1.3.2. Biu din s nguyn
1.3.3. Biu din s thc
1.3.4. Biu din k t
109
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110
a. Nguyn tc chung
biu din s thc, trong m|y tnh ngi
ta thng dng k ph|p du chm ng
(Floating Point Number)
V d: 12.3 = 12.3 * 10
0
= 1.23 * 10
1
= 123 * 10
-1
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111
a. Nguyn tc chung (2)
Mt s thc X c biu din theo kiu s
du chm ng nh sau:
X = M * R
E
Trong :
M l{ phn nh tr (Mantissa)
R l{ c s (Radix) thng l{ 2 hoc 10.
E l{ phn m (Exponent)
Vi R c nh th lu tr X ta ch cn lu
tr M v{ E (di dng s nguyn)
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112
V d - Biu din s thc
Vi c s R = 10, gi s 2 s thc N1 v N2
c lu tr theo phn nh tr v{ s m
nh sau:
M1 = -15 v E1 = +12
M2 = +314 v E2 = -9
C ngha l{
N1 = M1 x 10
E1
= -15x10
12

= -15 000 000 000 000
v
N2 = M2 x 10 E2 = 314 x 10
-9

= 0.000 000 314
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29
113
b. Php ton vi s thc
Khi thc hin php to|n vi s du chm
ng s c tin h{nh trn c s c|c gi| tr
ca phn nh tr v{ phn m.
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114
c. Php ton vi s thc (2)
Gi s c 2 s du phy ng sau:
N1 = M1 x R
E1
v N2 = M2 x R
E2

Khi , vic thc hin c|c php to|n s hc
s c tin h{nh:
N1 N2 = (M1 x R
E1-E2
M2) x R
E2
,
(gi thit E1 E2)
N1 x N2 = (M1x M2) x R
E1+E2

N1 /N2 = (M1 / M2) x R
E1-E2
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115
c. Chun IEEE 754/85
L{ chun m~ ha s du chm ng
C s R = 2
C c|c dng c bn:
Dng c chnh x|c n, 32-bit
Dng c chnh x|c kp, 64-bit
Dng c chnh x|c kp m rng, 80-bit
116
c. Chun IEEE 754/85 (2)
Khun dng m~ ha:
S e m
S e m
S e m
31 30 23 22 0
63 62 52 51 0
79 78 64 63
0
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117
c. Chun IEEE 754/85 (3)
S l{ bit du, S=0 l{ s dng, S=1 l{ s
m.
e l{ m~ lch (excess) ca phn m E, tc l{:
E = e b
Trong b l{ lch (bias):
Dng 32-bit : b = 127, hay E = e - 127
Dng 64-bit : b = 1023, hay E = e - 1023
Dng 80-bit : b = 16383, hay E = e - 16383
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118
c. Chun IEEE 754/85 (4)
m l{ c|c bit phn l ca phn nh tr M,
phn nh tr c ngm nh nh sau: M =
1.m
Cng thc x|c nh gi| tr ca s thc tng
ng l{:
X = (-1)
S
x 1.m x 2
e-b

S e m
119
V d 1
V d 1: C mt s thc X c dng biu din nh
ph}n theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32 bit nh sau:
1100 0001 0101 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000
X|c nh gi| tr thp ph}n ca s thc .
Gii:
S = 1 X l{ s }m
e = 1000 0010 = 130
m = 10101100...00
Vy X = (-1)
1
x 1.10101100...00 x 2
130-127
= -1.101011 x 2
3
= -1101.011 = -13.375
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120
V d 2
X|c nh gi| tr thp ph}n ca s thc X c dng
biu din theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32 bit nh
sau:
0011 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Gii:
S = 0 X l{ s dng
e = 0111 1111= 127
m = 000000...00
Vy X = (-1)
0
x 1.0000...00 x 2
127-127
= 1.0 x 2
0
= 1
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31
121
V d 3
Biu din s thc X = 9.6875 v dng s du chm
ng theo chun IEEE 754 dng 32 bit
Gii:
X = 9.6875
(10)
= 1001.1011
(2)
= 1.0011011 x 2
3
Ta c:
S = 0 v }y l{ s dng
E = e 127 nn e = 127 + 3 = 130
(10)

= 1000 0010
(2)
m = 001101100...00 (23 bit)
X = 0100 0001 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000
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122
Cc quy c c bit
Nu tt c c|c bit ca e u bng 0, cc bit
ca m u bng 0, th X = 0
Nu tt c c|c bit ca e u bng 1, cc bit
ca m u bng 0, th X =
Nu tt c c|c bit ca e u bng 1, m c t
nht mt bit bng 1, th X khng phi l{ s
(not a number - NaN)
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123
Trc s biu din
Dng 32 bit: a = 2
-127
10
-38
b = 2
+127
10
+38

Dng 64 bit: a = 2
-1023
10
-308
b = 2
+1023
10
+308

Dng 80 bit: a = 2
-16383
10
-4932
b = 2
+16383
10
+4932
-0 +0 -a b -b a
underflow
overflow overflow
+
X = (-1)
S
x 1.m x 2
e-127

Ni dung
1.1. Thng tin v{ Tin hc
1.2. Biu din s trong h m
1.3. Biu din d liu trong m|y tnh
1.3.1. Nguyn l chung
1.3.2. Biu din s nguyn
1.3.3. Biu din s thc
1.3.4. Biu din k t
124
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32
125
a. Nguyn tc chung
C|c k t cng cn c chuyn i th{nh
chui bit nh ph}n gi l{ m k t.
S bit dng cho mi k t theo c|c m~ kh|c
nhau l khc nhau.
VD: B m~ ASCII dng 8 bit cho 1 k t.
B m Unicode dng 16 bit.
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126
a. B m ASCII
Do ANSI (American National Standard
Institute) thit k
ASCII l{ b m~ c dng trao i thng
tin chun ca M. Lc u ch dng 7 bit
(128 k t) sau m rng cho 8 bit v c
th biu din 256 k t kh|c nhau trong
my tnh
B m~ 8 bit m~ ha c cho 2
8
= 256 k
t, c m~ t 00
(16)
FF
(16)
, bao gm:
128 k t chun c m~ t 00
(16)
7F
(16)
128 k t m rng c m~ t 80
(16)
FF
(16)
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127
i. K t chun B m ASCII
95 k t hin th c: C m~ t 20
(16)
7E
(16)
26 ch c|i hoa Latin 'A' 'Z' c m~ t 41
(16)
5A
(16)
26 ch c|i thng Latin 'a' 'z' c m~ t 61
(16)
7A
(16)
10 ch s thp ph}n '0' '9' c m~ t 30
(16)
39
(16)
C|c du c}u: . , ? ! : ;
C|c du php to|n: + - * /
Mt s k t thng dng: #, $, &, @, ...
Du c|ch (m~ l{ 20
(16)
)
33 m~ iu khin: m~ t 00
16
1F
16
v 7F
16
dng
m~ ha cho c|c chc nng iu khin
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128

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129
Cc k t iu khin
K t iu khin nh dng: BackSpace, HT,
VT, LF, CR,
C|c k t iu khin truyn thng
K t iu khin ph}n c|ch thng tin
C|c k t iu khin kh|c
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130
b. K t m rng
128 k t na sau (80-FF)
c nh ngha bi:
Nh{ ch to m|y tnh
Ngi ph|t trin phn mm
V d:
B m~ k t m rng ca IBM: c dng trn m|y tnh
IBM-PC.
B m~ k t m rng ca Apple: c dng trn m|y
tnh Macintosh.
C|c nh{ ph|t trin phn mm ting Vit cng ~ thay
i phn n{y m~ ho| cho c|c k t ring ca ch
Vit, v d nh b m~ TCVN 5712.
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131
c. B m Unicode
Do cc nhiu cng ty m|y tnh h{ng u
thit k
L{ b m~ 16-bit, Vy s k t c th biu
din (m~ ho|) l{ 2
16

c thit ke cho a ngn ng, trong c
ting Vit
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