Thitsar (20)

(20) tk y f a jrmuf txl ; xk w f
awmfvSefa&; pmayr
pmayr**~Zif;
trS w f (20)azazmf 0 g&D =2009
wm0efcH t,f'w D m rsufESmzHk; yef;csD

armif p d k ; csd e f oD;[armifarmif
taxGaxG wm0efcHrsm; b$ma&; wm0efcH

OD;pdk;csdef (Edkifiw
H um) rwifE,
G 0f if;
udkzkef;jrifhoed f; (*syef)
rukuDr (*syef) EdkifiHwum jzefŒcsDa&; wm0efcHrsm;
rcifrsdK;rsdK;
owif;ESifh jyef-um;a&; wm0efcH rpENmaomif;
uk0d if;cdkifxGef; rjrydkykd
wGJbufowif;ESifh jyef-um;a&; wm0efcHrsm; tkyaf & = 1000

armifrsdK;OD;
udk0if;jrifhOD;
pdkif;avmifred f;ouf
ukdoef;ausmfaX;
rOrRmausmf
txl;azmfjycsuf =
pmtkytf zGŒJ tEGŒJ
xGef;atmif rpENmaomif;onf pnf;±H;k a&; wm0efcH
jzpfonf? odk‹aomf opPm (19) wGif pm&if;
aumuf,l&mY usef&pfcJhonhftwGuf arwWm
twGif;yef;csD/ 'DZdkif; &yfcHcsufjzihf xyfrHazmfjytyfygonf?
oD[armifarmif/ xGef;atmif/ {y&m,fpk;d
1
awmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;
.
pmayrl0g'
1? zufqpftm%m&Sifpepfukd wprusef zsufodrf;a&;/ Armjynf trsKd;om;vlxkwkdif; 'Drkd
ua&pD&&Sad &;/ 90 a&G;aumufy&JG v'ftwkid ;f tyGe;f tyJrh &Sd vlxt k pk;d &w&yf ay:xGe;f a&;
qkdonfh xkdta&;oHk;yg;yg0ifaom vlxkvrf;pOfudk ukdifpx JG m;onf?
2? vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tygt0if vlxw k u dk yf EJG iS hf awmfveS af &;w&yfv;kH ukd awmfveS f
a&;pmayjzifh axmufultm;ay;&ef/ yHhykd;jznfhpGuf&ef?
3? awmfveS af &;ukd aESmif, h u
S [
f ef@wm;zsuq
f ;D aeonfh tacsmiform;0g'ukd qef@usiw f u dk f
zsuf&ef? xkdokd@wkdufzsuf&mwGif yk*~dKvfa&;wkdufcdkufr_ukd vHk;0a&Smif=uOf&rnf?
4? jynfwiG ;f wGif tzdEydS cf aH e=u&onf ph mayESiphf ma&;q&mrsm;/ awmfveS af &;pmaytiftm;
pkrsm;ukd ukd,fpm;ðy&ef?
5? urBmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ESifh tzdESdyfcH EdkifiHwumjynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD
a&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_ pdwf"mwf/ tawG;tac: ZGo J wWdwkd@ukd azmfxkwfay;&ef?
6? wkdif;&if;om; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ukd av;pm;&ef/ nD!Gwfr_ukd OD;wnf&ef?
&? tEkynmvuf&mrsm; zefwD;=u&mwGif tEkynmt&nftaoG;aumif;rsm;ESifh awmf
vSefa&;b0/ EkdifiHa&;b0ESifh vlxkb0ukd xif[yfazmfjy&ef?
t,f'DwmtzGJ@
2
awmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;
rmwdum
t,f'Dwmh tmabmf 6
uAsm
uef@vef@umvSyfI xGufcJhyg aemif0if;csKd 8

qifawmif +idrf;csrf;ol 10
+idrf atmif+idrf; 12
rkefwdkif;óudZifa,mfawG;oHrsm; ndKpdef0if; 13
ukd,fpm; opfaumif;tdrf 15
pdwf"gwfrD;v#Hrsm; xl;wifh 16
rkefwdkif;xJrSmyGifhwJhyef; &J&ifhoufZGJ 17
pGJ+rJcdkifusnfqJ ZGJtm;rmef 0ifharmf(RTC) 18
aqmif;yg;
pma&;q&mESihf&nfrSef;csuf(jyefvnfqef;opfjcif;) aZ,s 20
ordkif;tpOftvmaumif;ukd avhvm=unhf=uygpdk@ &JabmfwifaX; 22
yHkjyifxJu tawG;wp aX;odef; 26
opPm(opPmig;ESpfjynfhtxl;aqmif;yg;) rif;rif;odef; 29
jrefrmAk'<bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf æ rsKd;jrifhcsKd 32
&efola&G;onfhvrf; vlxka&G;onfhvrf; xGef;vif;atmif(opPm) 36
wdkif;jynfzGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&; acgif;pOfatmufwGif vif;opfatmif 40
opPm txl;u¾
opP m 5 ES p f j ynh f / tk y f 20 jynh f jzwf o ef ; r_ t wG u f 44
opP m od k @ ajym=um;csuf / aumuf E k w f c suf E S i h f trS w f w &rsm;
q&mAef;armfwifatmif arG;aeŒtrSww
f &
q&mAef;armfwifatmif. trSmwcsKdŒ
qdk&S,fvpfËDum(1962 - EkdifiHa&;usrf;) twGuftrSm 54

qdk&S,fvpf tbd"gef(1963 - EkdifiHa&;usrf;) twGuf trSm 55
3
obm0ody`H(1974- usrf;) twGuf trSm 58

tdefpwdef;ESihf ol. "rRw&m;(1977 - wwd,t}udrf) twGuftrSm 61
0rf;enf;0rf;om (±kyf&Sif0wˆKZmwfvrf;) twGuf trSm 63
±dk;rwdkufyGJ(1963 - 0wˆK) twGuftrSm 65
q&mAef;armfwifatmifoŒkd trSww
f &rsm;
pdwful,OfawmfvSefa&; pma&;q&m '*kefwm&m 66

Aef;armfwifatmifuG,fvGefjcif; tESpf(20)ajrmufae@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm 72
rkefwdkif;xJuvl jroef;wifh 74
Aef;armfwifatmif. aemufqHk;c&D;tm; æ avxD;OD;tkef;armif 83
Aef;armfwifatmiftm; jyefvnfowd&jcif; jrwfEdk; 91
&Jabmfacgif;aqmif Aef;armfwifatmif armifpGrf;&nf 101
vif;,kefwifatmif 'dk@acgif;aqmif (uAsm) armifpGrf;&nf 107
ordkif;oufaowifcJh+yD; (uAsm) 0if;wifhxGef; 108
Aef;armfwifatmifESihf ol@uavmif (uAsm) zdk;eD 110
Edik if w
H umuAsm
trSm; - vifrfa'gif[Gcf- awmifukd&D;,m; oJoJ 112

rmydkjrpfeHab;rSm - vDpGefifacsmfvf - awmifudk&D;,m; oJoJ 114
v+y&f mS ;aeaom TurBm
tar&duef =oZmusvm+yDavm &Jabmf±_,Of 116
vli,fzwfpm
jcaoFhrif;/ b0ifjrifhaewJha'gif;
arsmufuav;/ usD;uef;a&aomufjcif; OD;OD;uHqifh 120
qef;ppfcsuf
(pD ; yG m ;/ ajr,m/ tawG ; tac: )
'Dae@pD;yGm;t=uyftwnf;ESihf tar&duef tifyg,m &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 123

p=um0VmxJu 'dkif,mvufwpf(2) rdk;ajropf 128
Armjynf ajr,mjy\em(4) apmrdk;atmif 132
4
*DwESifh tvSzpJG nf;r+
aus;vufyOPvuf*Dwukd cHpm;jcif; aEGOD; 137
ajymufusm;ppftawGŒtóuH
wyfwnfaqmufa&; pmrsufESmwcsKd@ +idrf;armifOD; 141
Ekid if w
H um pum;ajy
ajcyvmuav;rsm; (blvfa*;&D;,m;) at;jrrGefodef; 147

yef;rmvmrsm;ukd pdkufysKd;ðypkjcif; (w±kwf) rif;EdkifxGef; 149
0wˆK
=u,frpHkvrom jrav;ndK 152

Am&meoDqef;qef;vJhESihf cg;oufcsKdjryef;yGihfrsm; at;jrESif;&nf 162
uvdefuuspfwdk@&J@ anmifESpfyif aoG;opPm({nfhonfawmf) 172
trsKd;orD;b0 vGwaf jrmufa&;
wkEdkif;rJharwWm rapmjr 179
tcef;quf 0wˆK&Snf
{&may:±dkufcwfvmaom rSdefazsmhwydkif;wp aznGef@aqG(jrawmif) 182
Ekid if &H yfjcm; 0wˆK
cdk@vif&J@ c&pfprwfza&mif;wkdif (tdkuf,mvef) pdefxGef; 194
ordik ;f jzwfoef;jcif;xJrS ±kyyf v

kH mG
aEGOD;acsmif;u yef;avmif;avSi,f&Sif armifvS0if;(jrif;+cH) 198
5
t,f'w
D mh tmabmf
oef;a&$zufqpf ppftkyfpku jynfolvlxk qENoabmxm;ukd zDvmqef@usif+yD;/

tEkdifusifh ckwHk;vkyfum uvdrfuuspf trsKd;om;nD;vmcH/ uvdrfuuspf qENcH,lyGJwdk@ukd
ðyvkyfcJhonf? ,ck 2010 a&G;aumufyGJukd 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'fukd eif;acs+yD; vkyfay
OD;awmhrnf? ,if;wdk@onf ppftkyfpku udk,fhaowGif; udk,fwl;jcif;omjzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;
tiftm;pk/ awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf tzdESdyfcH vlxktoD;oD;ESihftwl xdkaowGif;
xJodk@ wGef;cs&rSmjzpfonf? ordkif; jzpfpOfuvnf; xdktwdkif;yif cif;usif;xm;onf?
Armjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf wdkufyGJxJwGif yg0ifae=u
ygonfqakd om Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pk}uD;/ tiftm;pki,f/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk }uD;i,fw@dk onf
}uD;rm;aom tm;enf;csufrsm; &Sdaeojzifhom/ ordkif;qDukd a&S@wdk;wif;&mY aES;auG;
av;vHonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? tzdESdyfcH vlxka=umihfr[kwfay? ,ae@umvwGif zuf
qpfppftkyfpkukd a0zefarmif;rJ jypfwif±_H@csae±Hkjzifh r+yD;yg? o0%fv$mjzef@/ pmxkwf±Hkjzifh
r+yD;ao;yg? awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;xJwGif wdk;0ifepfðryf&rnfh umvjzpfonf?
ordkif;bD; a&GŒvsm;&eftwGuf ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;ukd [pfaºuG;cJh
aomfvnf; tiftm;pk }uD;i,f acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rdrdESihf rdrdtzGJ@tpnf; &yfwnfa&;/
ygwq D ikd ;f bk'f ðzwftcsrcH&a&;twGurf #om v_y&f mS ;aecJjh cif; jzpfvmcJo h nf? wenf;tm;
jzifh trsKd;om;jynfolvlxk}uD;. vrf;pOfjzpfonfh ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;
acgif;pnf;/ r[maoe*FAsL[m tvHatmufwGif rdrdESihf rdrdtzGJ@tpnf; touf&Sif
pm;aomuf aexkdif&yfwnfa&;twGuf jzpfvmcJhonf? wcsKd@aom yk*~dKvf}uD;/ yk*~dKvfi,f
rsm;wGif vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;/ tcGihftm%mae&mrsm; &&Sdxm;onfjzpf&m aemufqHk;rSmawmh
udk,fusKd;twGufom jzpfoGm;onf? vlxktwGuf jzpfrvmcJhay? xdkvuQ%mrSm
awmfveS af &;wGif vufsm tacsmiform;rsm; v$r;f rd;k OD;aqmifvmjcif; t"dyg` ,rf v S I
JG tjcm;
rjzpfEdkif? xdkvufsmtacsmiform;. }uD;rm;onhf tm;enf;csufrSm vlxk. tcef;u¾/
vlxpk rG ;f &nfceG t f m;ESifh tzdEydS f tEkid u
f sichf x
H m;&onfh vlrb _ 0udk xnfo h iG ;f rpOf;pm;jcif;/
vHk;0 ypfy,fxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? vlxkqENoabmxm;ukd qef@usifzDvmðyaeonfh
ppftyk pf Ek iS yhf if wxyfxJ wlaeonf? Armjynfvw G af jrmuf&ef ordik ;f pGr;f tm;&Sif tzdEydS cf H
jynfolvlxk todef;toef;ESihftwl/ wb0xJ/ wom;wv$mxJ udk,fusKd;pGef@ ±kef;uef
v_yf&Sm; wdkufyGJ0if&rSmygvm;qdkonhf awmfvSefa&; tawG;tac: uif;rJhr_rsm;yifjzpfonf?
6
xdk@a=umihfvnf; a&ESifhig;yrm EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk acgif;aqmifrsm;onf vlxkxJwGif

epfòryfyg0if&ef acgif;a&SmifEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
tusKd;quf &vm'fonfum; t±kyfqdk; tusnf;wefygvdrfhrnf? olwkd@onf
ordik ;f jywku
d o
f @kd a&mufomG ;=uvdrrhf nf? od@k r[kwf vlxt
k r_u
d yf w
kH iG f ppftyk pf ak cgi;f aqmif
ae0if;. rqv ygweD nf;wl/ ae0if;enf;wl pGe@f ypfc&H ayvdrrhf nf? vlxb k 0ukd ru,fwif
Ekdifaom/ vlxka&SŒrS&yfum vlxkESihftwl wkdufyGJr0ifEdkifaom rnfonfhyk*~dKvf/ rnfonhf
ygwD/ rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf; ukdyifjzpfap/ ordkif;tr_dufyHku rsufESmomay; iJ@n‡m±dk; xHk;pH
r&Sday? wu,fu 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk/ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk/ acgif;aqmif}uD;i,frsm;onf
awmfvSefa&;orm;tjzpfrS tacsmiform;b0odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;+yDqdkv#if qHk;±Hk;r_rsm;rSm
tcsdefumvyifjzpfonf? vlxk. tcGihfta&;rsm;jzpfonf?
,ae@Armjynf. }uD;rm;aom awmfvSefa&;tcuftcJrSm awmufyxufjruf
onfh/ udk,fusKd;pGef@jrifhjrwfonfh acgif;aqmifrsm; enf;yg;vGef;jcif;yifjzpfonf? zufqpf
ppftkyfpkuvnf; xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd &SifoefcGifhraycJhay? xkd@a=umifh zdESdyfaoG;pkwfcH/
tjc,fvS,fcH/ tEkdifusifhcHae&aom vlxkonf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJodk@ qufvuf
csDwuf=u/ wkdufyGJ0if=uygvdrfhOD;rnf? xdkwkdufyGJxJwGif vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;onf xyfrH
wdk;yGm; ay:xGef;vm=uygvdrfhrnf? atmifyGJvnf; cH=u&ayvdrfhOD;rnf?
wm0ef c H t,f ' D w m
7
Asm
u
Ú urBmhxdyfOD;/ a&mifeDjrL;+yD
=uufOD;wGefoH/ r=um;avm æ wJh
armifpGrf;&nf&J@ wyk'faom uAsmrSm
“E_d;”cJhygw,f?
Ú Edk;x=uavmh
jrefrmhwcGif/ aoG;yifv,fjyif
oifrjrifavm?
Ú Edk;x=uavmh
jrefrmhwcGif
jynfol@tavmif;
axmifaomif; wa=umwjyif
oifrjrifavm?
Ú wdkif;jynfukd cspf&if
jynfolukdcspf&if
&ifemp&m
pdwfxdcdkufp&m
'ghxufqdk;wm bm&Sdao;vJ?
8
Ú tE_d;&cuf&if
wdkufyGJcGifrSm/ oifryg
awmfvSefa&;rSm oifryg
tdyfcsifa,mif raqmifeJ@
a=umifolawmf rvkyfeJ@
a&mifeDjrL;rS
t±k%fOD;ukd tvG,frzl;eJ@?
Ú urBmhxdyfOD;
a&mifeDjrL;jrL; rjrL;jrL;
=uufOD;wGefwGef rwGefwGef
oef;acgifvGefcsdefrSm
c&mwkwfvdk@ v_yfE_d;ae+yD?
Ú ±dk;rukd rarh=ueJ@
usqHk;olrsm;ukd owd&=uyg
rdk;vGefrS xGefrcseJ@
rdk;a&pdkxJ
rdk;a&csKdjr aomufvSnfh=u?
Ú Edk;x=uavmh
oifha&S@u wdrfrifcdk;uef@vef@um
oEMdXmefeJ@ z,f&Sm;
twluckef=uzdk@
&J&J vSrf;xGufvmcJhyg? ?
aemif 0 if ; csKd
9
Õ vlawG&JŒ
arhypfxm;jcif;ukd cHae&wJh
ae&ma'o awGxJrSm
'D ‘qifawmif’ vJ ygw,f?
Õ qifawmif
Armjynfajrmufbufjcrf;u pdrf;jraewJhawmif
obm0 t±dkif;wdk@&JŒ awmif
usaemfwdk@ ytdk@0f yavmif
nDaemifom;csif;wdk@&JŒ awmif?
Õ tJ'DrSm
rJarSmifeufajymifwJh u|J &Sdw,f
tJ'DrSm
tkef;cHGa&mif jrif;ayguf&Sdw,f
avt[kefpD;aewJh a&$pGefndK&Sdw,f
tJ'DrSm
ytdk@0frav;&JŒ aiGem;aÉmif;&Sdw,f
yavmifrav;&JŒ tòyH;a&$=um&Sdw,f
qefaxmif;aewJh a&armif;&Sdw,f?
Õ tJ'DrSm
tdrfaxmifpk &Spfpk ukd;pk q,fpk
pkae=uwJh
usyfcdk;r_dif;0 wJwef;&Snf}uD;&Sdw,f
ESif;pdkaewJh vufzufcif;xJu oDcsif;&Sdw,f
vuf&ufxrD
teuf teD tuGuf tpif;}uD;awG&Sdw,f
+yD;awmh aoewfukdifxm;wJh
tcGeftaumuf taptcdkif;&Sdw,f?
Õ qifawmif
ArmeJ@ acwfeJ@ tqufjywf±Hkru
tqufjzwfwmvJcHae&w,f?
10
Õ tJ'DrSm
um;vrf;aumif;aumif; r&Sdbl;
"gwfrD;r&Sdbl;/ aq;±Hkr&Sdbl;
pmoifausmif;r&Sdbl;/ avxknpfnrf;r_ r&Sdbl;
owif;pm r&Sdbl;
orD;om;ysKdawG rvHkòcHbl;?
Õ 'gayrJh tJ'DrSm
wESpfywfvHk; pdrf;vef;wJh xif;±l;awm&Sdw,f
wESpfywfvHk; pD;qif;aewJh
a&wHcGefpdrfhprf;awG&Sdw,f
±dk;om;oef@&Sif;wJh b0awG&Sdw,f?
Õ wdrfyGihfjzLjzLukd
t&cl;EdkifwJh qifawmif
pdef=u,fyGifhav;awGeJ@
ajy;vdkufwrf;upm;EkdifwJh qifawmif?
Õ usaemf&JŒ ytdk@0fyavmif
nDaemifom;&if;om
[kwfw,folwdk@om Õ vufjywfppfom;a[mif;}uD;&JŒ
om;pOfajr;quf 'Dawmifyifv,fxufrSm pum;oHawGxGufaewJh
rsKd;quf wquf+yD;wquf vufukdifa&'D,dkav;wvHk;ukdyif
'Dawmif±dkif;}uD;ay:rSm wefcdk;&Sifewfxifvdk@
aexkdif acgif;csoGm;Ekdifwm? xl;qef;tHh=ovdk@
ai;armum vuftkyfcsDuefawmhae&SmwJh
Õ ,rf;cdk;jrLESif;xJu qifawmif tdk æ yavmifr}uD;&JŒ “vG,fqef@”
tarhtypfcHae&wJh qifawmif qifawmif?
+id r f ; csrf ; ol
11
Ù ukd,fhukd,fukd,f owfvkd@rao tmZmenfawG

*loGif;aeolawGu udkvkdeD aESmif}udK; ±kdufcsdK;cJhw,f ?
,kH=unfcsufukdtusOf;cs
&Ekdifyg@rvm; Ù aqmif;[m
at;cJrmawmifh toufatmifhxm;
Ù tESpf 60 tESpfw&m wmxGufcgeD; tajy;orm;vkd
rJZmqkdwm +idrfouf ?
vuf0JokEM& uAsmpyfwJhae&m
Ù aqmif;&JŒeHeufvif;[m
Ù vDeifukd qkdufaA;&D;,m; ykd@awmh opfukdif; opf&Gufrv_yfr,Suf
bmvkyf=urvJ qkdwJ@ aus;oHiSufoH aw;oHr=um;
awmfvSefa&;usrf; ouf+idrfyef;csDum; wcsyfvkd
atmufwkdbmtwGuf vrf;cif;cJhw,f ? jzLqGwfrSdefazsmh +idrfouf
Ù *sL;vD,ufzl;cspf Ù t±k%fOD;&JŒ
}udK;pifay:u rSwfwrf; eD0gjym a&$a&mifpkHyef;rsm;
zufqpf awG&JŒusqkH;cef; v_yf&Sm;r_uif; ESif;jrLwGif;rSm
ed'gef;ygyJ ? +idrfoufwkd;wdwf wdwfqdwfv#uf
q&mpHeJ@ OD;0dpm&
Akdvfatmifausmf Akdvfatmifqef; Ù olw@dk u
reufjzefudk odrf;ykdufzkd@
wkdif;jynfukdtaygifcH
tm%meJ@avmif;a=u;xyfawmhr,f
Ù igwkd@u
tmZmenf ukdorkdif;wif
jynfolukdpnf;±kH;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd ed*kH;csKyfapr,f
Ù "rReJ@ t"rRt=um;
vlxk[m =um;raebl;
Ù wkdufyGJpawmhr,f tm;vkH;+idrf
atmif + id r f ;
9 'D Z if b m/2008
12
tmz&du
awm±kdif;jrufrnf;xJu
rkqdk;}uD; tvefuGmwmrdef; awG@cJh&wJh
pkef;r?
olu tem*wfukd jrif[ef

avukd ±SL±_duf te@HcH
vufawG a0S@,rf;
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14
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15
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16
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20
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21
b,fwkdif;jynf b,fvlrsdK;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;rS wae@/ w&uf/ wv/ wESpfeJ@

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22
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nifnifomom vkyf&wmrsdK;r[kwfbl;” qkdwJh pm; vl@tv$maygif;pHk yg0ifqifE$JwJh yxrqHk;aom
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u|efawmfwkd@ ukd,fhwkdif;jynf ukd,fh awmif qkdEkdifr,fxifygw,f? 'gu 1938 ckESpf?
awmfvSefa&;awGxJuyJ erlem ,l=u&atmifyg? 1939 =o*k w f v 15 &uf r S m awmh
1885 ckESpfrSm Armjynf[m wjynfvHk; t*Fvdyf ocifatmifqef;/ Akdvfvufsm/ ocifA[def;/ ocif
ukdvkdeDvufatmuf usa&mufcJhw,f? tJ'Dvkd Awif(*kd&S,f)eJ@ ocifpkd;wkd@[m rmhpfvDeif0g'ukd
usa&mufoGm;awmh csufcsif;yJ t*FvdyfawG[m vrf;n¸eftjzpfxm;wJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukd
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ausmif;om;oydwf ay:cJw h ,f? tJ'u
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23
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24
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25
u|efawmf wkdif;jynf&JŒjyify e,fpyf+rdK@uav;w+rdK@rSm aexkdif aewm

tESpf 20 eD;yg;&SdoGm;yg+yD? u|efawmfwkd@ e,fpyfbufrSm ukd,fa&mif;
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tckvnf; tat;&moDrkd@ at;vkdufwm cgwkdif;xufykdovkdvkd cHpm;&w,f?
ukd,fwkdifuvnf; tESpf 20 avmuf touf}uD;oGm;awmh vl}uD;ykdif;
0ifoGm;vkd@rsm;vm; awG;rdygao;&JŒ? bmyJjzpfjzpfav at;wmeJ@ tdyf&mab;
pmtkyfpOfu pmtkyfwtkyfukd qGJxkwf zwfrdvkdufygw,f?
u|efawmf zwfrdvkdufwJh pmrsufESmrSm EkdifiHjcm;yHkjyif 2 yk'fqkd+yD;
acgif;pD; wyfay;xm;w,f? wyk'fu yHkjyifukd uAsmeJ@ zGJ@xm;wmyg?
jyifopfyHkjyifwckyg? (xm;ygawmh)? u|efawmf ajymcsifwmu tJ'DyHkjyif
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26
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27
('gu|efawmf&JŒ ukd,fykdifpum; r[kwfygbl;? Arm tck u|efawmfwkd@wkdif;jynfrSm jynfol@

vlrsdK;awG&JŒ tpOftvm qkd±kd;pum;t& ckdif;E_dif; tusdK;twGuf (y&[dw) tvkyfvkyfolawG rsm;
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uef@=unfhvkdufyg? ol@aqGrsdK;/ ighaqGrsdK; b,f aeol awGtwGuf tvkyfvkyfwmrkd@) olwkd@&JŒ
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28
opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif; pwif tuG , f a y;Ek d i f o nf h tod y nm ay;Ek d i f o nf h

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cJhav+yD æ pwifcJhpOfu Armjynf e,fpyfwae&m tkypf ;kd ol tm%m&Sit f qufquf tm%mwnf+rJ
wGif ArmvufESdyfpufav; wvHk;jzifhpcJhaom a&;twGuf æ 0g'jzef@pmayavmufom jynfwiG ;f
vlEpS Of ;D æ wpfO;D uawmh olcspaf om Edik if t H wGuf Y ouf q d k ; &S n f o nf ? jynf o l v l x k Ek d i f i H a &;
olcspfaom vlxktwGuf olcspfaom jynfol@ todtjrif wkd;wufjrifhrm;a&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;
pmay tEkynmtwGuf &efoludk pdefac: txl;ðy pmayrsm;onf pmaypdppfa&;
&if; wGef;wGef;wkdufwkduf awmfvSef wnf;[laom wHwidk ;f rS ausmv f m$ ;
&if; xdkae&mav;rSmyif usqHk; Ekid jf cif;r&S?d tm;vH;k udk tm%m
cJhol æ opPmtay: opPm &Sirf sm;u csKyu f ikd x
f m;onf?
&SdpGmjzifh usqHk;oGm;onfh u|Ekfyfwkd@ zwf±_ae&aom
tcsd e f x d opP m &S d & S d &yf Ek d i f i H a &;pmayrsm;onf
wnfoGm;cJhol æ zqyvacwf u yH k E S d y f
“a=omf opPm&Sif q&m xkwaf 0cJah oma=umifo h m
Ekdif0if;aqG æ ” ,ae@ jrifawG@ &jcif;
aemufwOD;uawmh jzpf o nf ? 'D r k d
,ae@tcsdefxd ua&pDqw d o f ek ;f
opPmudk opPm&Sd&Sd onf E S i f h t r#
ayG@zufxm;ol æ pmayvGwv f yfciG h f
awmfvSefa&;}uD; rsm;vnf; wdrfzHk;
twGif; usqHk;oGm; onfrmS txl; ajym
aom &Jabmf&Jbuf p&mrvk d o nf h t m
wkd@. opPmw&m;udk %m&S i f pepf q d k ; .
tav;xm;v#uf jy,k'frsm;yif jzpfonf?
,ae@tcsed t f xd tcuf vlxkpmayrsm; rzGH@òzd;
tcJtrsdK;rsdK; =um;rS rdrd onfhtcg vlxk. tawG;
. cH , l c suf u d k pG J p G J + rJ + rJ tac: rsm;onfvnf; rzG@H òz;d
vufudkifxm;ol æ vlxk Ek d i f / tawG ; tac: rzG H @ òzd ; or#
wd k u f y G J a wG vl x k v rf ; pOf a wG u d k wd k ; wuf r _ qd k o nf v nf ; r&S d E k d i f ?
jrwfEdk;ol æ b,fae&m b,fa'oa&mufa&muf Ek d i f i H a &; tm%mmwck w nf ; ud k o m =unf h I
rdrd. EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsufudk b,fvkdta=umif; wyfrufaom tm%maZm&rRufjzifh pmayudk
w&m;eJ@rS ,drf;,kdif awGa0roGm;ol æ q&m xdrf;csKyf vkdufjcif;onf tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;ESifh
armifp;kd csed æ f “a=omf opPm&Sif q&marmifp;kd csed f æ ” tkyfcsKyfcH vlwef;pm;ESpfck. vlwef;pm; tuGm
pmaywifhrS vlrsdK;jrifhrnf æ [kwfyg. ta0;udk ydkrdk }uD;rm;ap+yD; yËdyuQrsm;udk ajz&Sif;
æ ,ae@ tzdESdyfcH jynfolvlxkbufrS tum &ef cuf c J v S a yonf ? jynf o l v l x k taejzif h
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tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;udk a0zefydkifcGifhr&Sd æ a0zef opPmawmfvSefa&; pmaywGif &ef æ ig vHk;0

a&; pmayr&S d ? tk y f c sKyf o l r sm;uom ol w k d @ jywfaeonfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@Ekdifonf?
oabmtwkdif; 0g'jzef@ pmayrsm;udk oabm&Sd xdktcg xkwfa0a&;twGuf tukeftus
aygaygavmavm xkwfoHk;vmonf? Oyrmjy& tm;vH;k onf tdwpf u dk jf zpfvmonf? vlxk pmay
aomf ,ae@ArmjynfwGif;xkwf ae@pOf owif;pm rsm;. &yfwnfr_onf qif;&Jonf? ,ckrSr[kwf
rsm;onf oufaojzpfonf? [kwfonfjzpfap/ ±k&Sm;jynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;ESifh ywfowfI
r[kwfonfjzpfap jyefvnf acsyajymqdk a0zef tarvlxka':trm a&;xm;onfrsm;udk jyef
ydkifcGifhr&Sd æ xkwfazmf a&;om;cGifhvnf; r&Sd? vnf &SmazGzwf±y_ gu ydrk edk m;vnfvmygvrd rhf nf?
xd k t usd K ;quf u tzd E S d y f c H j ynf v l x k o nf vuf0JESifh vuf,m owif;pmrsm;udk tarrmu
tm%m&Sifrsm;. vufckyftwGif;u a&uJhodk@ Ed_if;,SOfjyxm;yHkrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;onf?
rwnfr+idrfjzifh xdkacwfxdkumvukd jzwfoef; opPmawmfvSefa&;pmayonf vuf0J
=u&onf? wenf;tm;jzifh vljzpf±H_;onf[k qdk& pmayjzpfonf? awmf vSefa&;w&yfudk qifE$J
rnf jzpfonf? aecsdefwGif vuf0Jpmay
jynfwGif;pmay vGwf ,aeŒ Armjynfwi G ;f xkwf onf r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyf
vyf c G i f h r sm; r&S d o nf h onf? t&if;&Sifaygufp
tcg vGwfajrmufe,f
ae‹ p Of owif ; pm rsm;onf vl w ef ; pm; pd w f " gwf
ajrrsm;wGif pmaytrsm; oufaojzpfonf? [kwf rsm;udk armif;xkwEf ikd zf @kd
tjym;ay:xGuf vmonf? onf jzpfap/ r[kwo f nf vuf0pJ may &Srd jS zpfrnf?
xdt k xJrS opPm awmfveS f vuf 0 J p mayrsm;ud k
a&; pmayonf wrlxl;
jzpf a p jyef v nf acsyajym avhvmrSvx l ak wmfveS f
jcm; aejyefygonf? t qd k a0zef yd i
k c
f i
G r
h f &S
x
d w
k a
f zmf a&;rsm;udk ykdrdkem;vnf
a=umif;uawmh t&if; a&;om;cGiv hf nf; r&S?d Edik o
f nf? tacsmiform;
&Sifpepfudk udk,fpm;ðy pdwfudk armif;xkwf Edkif
onfh a=umfjimrsm; ryg rnf?
0ifjcif;yif jzpfonf? EkdifiHwumodk@ jzef@csdaeonfh Ü vl x k p mayrsm; rzG H @ òzd ; onf h t cg
opPmwGif EkdifiHwumrS a=umfjimrsdK;pHkudk &&Sd vlxk. tawG;tac: rsm;onfvnf; rzGH@òzd;Edkif?
Ek d i f a omf v nf ; rxnf h o G i f ; jcif ; onf opP m . tawG;tac: rzGH@òzd;or# wdk;wufr_ qdkonfrSm
toG i f t jyif xl ; jcm;r_ y if j zpf o nf ? tzd E S d y f c H vnf; r&SdEdkif? Ü
vlxb k ufu rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfxm;a=umif; trdArmjynfwGif zufqpf*syefwkd@ tajc
udk txl;wvnf &Sif;jyp&m rvkday? tcsdK@aom csrd a omtcg jyef v nf a rmif ; xk w f z d k @ vd k t yf
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf tm%m&Sifrsm;. a'gufwkdif vmonf? tifrwef qdk;&Gm; ,kwfrm &ufpuf
rsm; jzpfaewwf=u+yD; xkdvkyfief;rsm; us,fus,f vGef;onfh zufqpfrsm;udk jyefvnf wkdufxkwfzdk@
jyef@jyef@ tusdK;jzpfxGef; Ekdifa&;twGuf a=umfjim twGuf vlxkESifhppfwyfudk pnf;±Hk;zdk@ 0g'rsm;
rsm;udk xdkawmfvSefa&; pmayrsm;wGif xnfhoGif; vk d t yf o nf ? xd k t cg awmf v S e f a &;w&yf
=ujyefavonf? &efigrjywfonfh oabmyif? atmifjrifzdk@twGuf vuf0Jpmay t,l0g'rsm;udk
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vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmf&if; tm;vH;k pnf;

pnf;vHk;vHk;jzifh trdajray:rS zufqpf*syefrsm;udk
wkdufxkwfEkdifcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh zufqpfrsm;udk
wG e f ; vS e f p Of u mvonf Armjynf o rk d i f ; wG i f
xl;jcm;onfh nD!Gwfr_t&SdqHk; umvjzpfonf[k
orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awG@&onf? xdka=umifh
vlxp k mayrsm;
opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;onf vuf0J
pmayrsm;jzifh vlxkawmfvSefa&;udk yHkazmf+yD; rzG@H òz;d onfh tcg
tm%m&Sifzufqpf vufopfwpkudk ajcr_ef;vdk
onfh oabmw&m;rsm; jynfhv#Haeonfudk opPm
zwfzl;olwkdif; odEdkifonf?
vlx. k tawG;
aemufqHk;taejzifh opPmig;ESpfjynfhwGif
trS w f w & rS w f w rf ; wif v k d o nf r S m opP m tac: rsm;onf
awmfvSefa&;pmayonf trdArmjynf tzdESdyfcH
jynfolvlxk vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf 'kwd,
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfh pmaytrsdK;
vnf; rzG@H òzd;Edi k ?f
tpm;rsdK; jzpfonf? azsmfajza&;ryg? okd@twGuf
pmzwfolrsm;taejzifh ysif;&daumif; ysif;&dygvdrfh tawG ; tac:
rnf? odk@aomf opPmonf æ
awmf v S e f a &;pmay twk r [k w f æ
awmf v S e f a &;pmay ppf p pf j zpf o nf ?
rzG@H òzd;or# wd;k
opP m ud k (od k @ r[k w f ) opP m rS
arG ; zG m ; oef @ pif o l r sm;onf v nf ; wufr_ qdo k nf
awmf v S e f a &;orm; twk r [k w f
jzpf & rnf ?

awmf v S e f a &;orm; ppf p pf r sm;om rSmvnf; r&SE d i
kd ?f
T b'NurBmwGif
opPmw&m; qdkonfrSm
twkr&Sd?
xdk@a=umifh opPmawmfvSefa&; pmay}uD;
onf tzdESdyfcH jynfolvlxk}uD;. b0rsm; vGwf
ajrmufonftxd Edkif&mwm0efudk opPm&Sd&Sd xrf;
aqmifEkdifygapa=umif; opPmig;ESpfajrmufwGif rif;rif;odef;
xyfavmif;I rSwfwrf; wifvkduf&ayonf?
Luminary Magazine
31
u|Ekfyfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHonf Ak'<bmom0if trsm;pkaexdkifonfh

EdkifiHjzpfonf? &[ef;awmf OD;a&rSmvnf; odef;ESifhcsDI &Sdonf?
bk&m;apwDykxdk; ausmif;uefrsm;rSmvnf; vuf!dSK;xdk; rvGJatmifyif
jzpfayonf? tjcm;aom Ak'<bmom0if rsm;enf;wl &wemoHk;yg;udk
=unfndKudk;uG,f&mwGifvnf; jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@onf udkif;±_dif;vSayonf?
vSLa&;wef;a&; udpPrsm;qdkv#ifvnf; wyJ&vdk@ wjym;vSL qdkonfh
aqmifyk'fxJuvdkyif xdkodk@aom EdkifiHwGif &[ef;ESifh'um wenf;qdkaomf
oHCmESifh jynfolwkd@. tjyeftvSef cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_/ tjyeftvSef
tusdK;pD;yGm; aqmif&Gufay;r_wdk@ &Sd&rnfrSm "rRwmyif jzpf&vdrfhrnf?
32
u|ef a wmf w k d @ Ed k i f i H . tcsKyf t jcm &awmhonf? &or#av;jzifh òcd;+cHae&awmhonf?

tm%mudk ppfwyfrS rw&m;odr;f ydu k I
f vufeuf &[ef;oHCmwkd@vnf; jynfoljynfom;wkd@ b0udk
jzifh Adv
k u f sp;kd rk;d tkycf sKyf vmcJo h nfrmS ,ckqv kd #if =unfhum ESvHk;pdwf0rf; rcsrf;ajrhEkdifawmh? omo
tESpfav;q,fyif ausmfcJh+yDjzpfonf? tajc emawmftwGuf odyfraumif;vS? xdktcgrsdK;wGif
tjrpf r &S d / r[k w f r S e f o nf h ta=umif ; rsm;ud k jynfolwkd@ta&;onf oHCmwkd@ta&;? omoem
uvdrfaphjirf;qifum tm%mwnf+rJa&; wck awmf. ta&;jzpfvmawmhonf?
wnf;twGuf vkyfaqmifvmcJhjcif;. &v'fum; tm%m vuf0,f&o dS w l @dk u oHCmawmf
urBmhtqif;&JqHk; EdkifiHrsm;pm&if; oGwfoGif;cH,l wkd@tm; EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif;
vd k u f j cif ; yif jzpf a wmh r&Sdap&ef rnfodk@yif wm;
onf? jynfolwkd@b0rsm; jrpf uef@owf apumrl
qif ; &J w G i f ; euf o xuf &[ef ; awmf w k d @ wG i f ol @ jrefrmEkid if w H iG f jynfow l @dk
eufvmcsdef0,f ppfacgif; toufrowf& [lonfh . ta&;t&m ud p P r sm;
aqmifrsm;ESihf ,if;wk@d EiS hf wGif oHCmawmfwkd@ yg0if
eD;pyfonfh t0ef;0dik ;f rsm; rS (yg%mwdygwm)uHudk cJ=h uonfrmS yxrqH;k t
yk*~dKvfrsm;um; wkdif;jynf apmifh xdef;&onfhtwGuf }udrfr[kwfygacs? or%d
bÀmrsm;/ o,HZmw &Snfvsm;vSonfh orkdif;
rsm;udk xkwfiifoHk;pGJ&if; vuf e uf u d k i f awmf v S e f a &; a=umif ; aemuf c H r sm;
xm;p&m r&Sdatmifyif ykefuefrnfqdkvsif vl0wf txift&Sm; &Sdygonf?
usdusdwuf csrf;omae wwd, t*Fvdy f jrefrm
=uonfrmS vlwidk ;f tod vJ + yD ; rS o m ppf y G J t +yD ; pvif ; e,f r S
yifjzpfonf? aqmif&Guf=u& ygonf? OD;OwWrqdok nfh &[ef; vl
jynfoljynfom;wkd@ xGuf yk*Kd~ vw f OD;u aemuf
pD;yGm; acsmifvnfv#if vd k u f v l (3000)cef @ pk
&[ef;oHCmwkd@ qGrf;uGrf; zlv±kH rkH #ru r&Sq d if;&J aqmif;+yD; e,fcsJŒwdk@tm; awmfvSef ykefuef&ef
om;wk@d uykd if jyefvnf ay;urf;pGef@}uJ wwf=u rE aW v;od@k csw D ufchJonf? od@k aomf xdyk ek u f efr_rSm
onfrSmvnf; =unfndKzG,f tpOftvm w&yf ta&;edrfhcJh&+yD; OD;OwWrvnf; óud;ay; uGyfrsuf
yif jzpfayonf? oHCmawmfrsm; at;csrf;pGm jcif; cHcJh&onf? &[ef;awmfwkd@wGif ol@touf
w&m;"rR&SmazG usifh}uH tm;xkwf Edkifojzifhvnf; rowf&[lonfh (yg%mwdygwm) uHudk apmifh
bmom/ omoemtwGuf }uD;pGmaom tusdK; xdef;&onfhtwGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;
jzpfxGef;r_rsm; &&Sd=uayonf? odk@aomf jynfol ykefuefrnfqdkv#if vl0wfvJ+yD;rSom aqmif&Guf
jynfom;rsm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;vm+yDqdkygrl vSLcsif =u&ygonf? jrefrmEdik if H e,fcsŒJ orm;vufatmuf
wef ; csif y gvsuf u pd w f & S d o avmuf rvS L Ed k i f wGi&f pdS Of +Adwo d #w@dk tm; jrefrmwk@d tav;tjrwf
rwef ; Ed k i f a wmh o jzif h 'um/ 'umrwk d @ rS m ðy&m t&yfrsm;jzpfonfh bk&m;apwD/ ausmif;uefrsm;
}uD;pGmaom pdwfqif;&Jr_rsdK;ESifh }uHK&awmhonf? od@k 0ifa&mufonft h cg zdeyfrc|wyf J wufa&mufjcif;
&[ef;oHCmwkd@vnf; qGrf;uGrf;yg &Sm;yg; EGrf;yg; udk uef@uu G q
f ef@usifr_rsm; jzpfcJh=u.?
33
1919 ckESpfwGif rE Wav;òrd@ bk&m;ay: odk@ oGi;f tusO;f cs cHc&hJ jyefonf? q&mawmfu xdpk Of
zdeyfrc|wfbJ wufvm=uonfh +Adwdo#vlrsdK; u jrefrmEdkifiHbk&ifcH qm&uf*sDe,f u&ufa'guf
wcsdK@tm; oHCmawmfwkd@u armif;ESifxkwf&ef tm; “qm&uf*sDe,fu&ufa'guf jyefoGm;”[k
óud;pm;&mrS ±kef;&if;qefcwfr_ wckjzpfcJh.? xdk &J&Jawmuf rdef@cGef;ajymum bk&ifcHtm; armif;
oHCmpk. acgif;aqmifrSm aemifwGif tmZmenf xkwf0hHcJhol jzpfonf?
q&mawmf OD;0dpm&tjzpf wdik ;f jynfu todtrSwf Ad k v f O wW r / OD ; 0d p m&/ OD ; OwW r ponf h
ðy&rnfh yk*d~Kvfjzpfonf? q&mawmftm; +Adwdo# q&mawmfrsm;uJhokd@yif tjcm;aom oHCmawmf
u zrf;qD;+yD;aemuf vlowf&ef }uHpnfonf[k rsm;pGmwkd@onf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ zufqpf
qk d u m axmif ' %f awmf v S e f a &;/ trsd K ;
woufwu|ef; csypf avmu"gwfausmif; (tpdk;& om;vGwfajrmufa&;
vkduf.? xdkjzpf&yfudk wk d u f y G J tquf q uf
ta=umif;ðyI jrefrm pmoifausmif;)rsm; ray: cif wGif jynfolwkd@bufrS
jynfw0Sr;f vlxk tpnf; uwnf;u jrefrm bkef}uD; rm;rm;rwf r wf &yf
ta0;yGJ}uD;rsm; jzpfcJh wnfwu kd yf 0JG ifc=hJuonf?
onf? vlxk. EkdifiHa&; ausmif ; rsm;rS m ajym&rnf qdkv#if xdk
tjrifudk Ed_;qGay;vkduf jrefrmwkd@twGuf avmuD/ oHCmawmfwkd@ESifh pyf
ouJ h jzpf o G m ;ap.? vsO;f I tao;pdwf a&;
axmifoiG ;f tusO;f us avmuk w W & m pmay y&d , wW d p&m ta=umif;t&m
cHvu k d &f onfh q&mawmf avhvmqnf;yl;&m ae&m tcsuf t vuf a ygif ;
tm; axmif w G i f ; Y ajrmuf r sm;pG m &S d r nf
ouF e f ; 0wf c G i f h r ðy? jzpf c J h o nf r S m ajymp&myif jzpf y gonf ? xk d @ twl
xkd@a=umifh q&mawmf vdkrnfrxifyg? 1988 ck E S p f wygwD
onfouFe;f 0wfciG &hf a&; tm%m&Sif pepf ðzwfcs
twGuf (116) &uf =um a&;/ 'D r d k u a&pD a &;
wOD;wnf; tpmiwfcH qENjycJh+yD;aemuf 1929 vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGifvnf; oHCmawmfaygif;
ckEpS w f iG f tmZmenfyo D pGm oufawmfukd pGe@f vw $ f rsm;pGm OD;aqmif yg0ifcJh=uonfrSm txift&Sm;
cJhonf? vGwfvyf a&;&+yD;aemuf tmZmenf jzpfonf? aoG;ajruscHI oufawmf pGef@cJh &onfh
q&mawmf. *k%faus;Zl;udk aESmif;vlwkd@ owd& oHCmawmfrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;vSonf? xdkv_yf
ap&ef &nf&G,fI ausmufwkdifay:wGif ±kyfxkudk &Sm;r_xJwGif yg0ifcJhojzifh ,ckwdkif axmifoGif; t
xGif;xkum xdkausmufwkdif&Sd&m vrf;udkvnf; usOf;usaeqJ oHCmawmf OD;a&rSm renf;vSacs?
OD;0dpm&vrf;[k ac:wGifapcJh.? tvm;wlyif avmu"gwf a usmif ; (tpd k ; & pmoif
&cdkifjynfe,frS vltrsm; =unfndKudk;uG,fonfh ausmif;)rsm; ray:cifuwnf;u jrefrmbkef}uD;
Edik if w H um tawG@tóuHrsm;pGm&So d nfh q&mawmf ausmif ; rsm;rS m jref r mwk d @ twG u f avmuD
OD ; OwW r ud k , f a wmf r S m vnf ; ol . ud k v d k e D avmukwW&m pmayy&d,wWd avhvmqnf;yl;&m
qef@usiaf &; &J&aJ wmuf rde@f ceG ;f rsm;a=umifh axmif ae&mjzpfcJhonfrSm ajymp&myif vdkrnfrxifyg?
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ppftpdk;&u zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh trdef@trsdK;rsdK; xkd&[ef;awmfwkd@um; orkdif;udk aoG;

oHk;um tcsdK@tcsdK@aom EkdifiHa&; tzGJ@tpnf; jzifha&;cJh=uav+yD? xkd&[ef;tmZmenfwkd@.
wdk@tm; Oya'abmifwGif;rS vGifhxGufoGm;atmif ol&Jaumif; pdwf"gwfum; jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;ESifh
vkyfypfcJhonfhtcg Oya'abmifwGif; EdkifiHa&; jrefrmEdkifiHomoem ordkif;wGif rnfonfhtcgrS
vkyfcGifh r&&Sm=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wkd@onf rv$J arhaysmufazsmufzsuf r&rnfh orkdif;yifjzpfawmh
ra&Smifom v#dK@0SufEdkifiHa&; (ajratmufvkyfief;) onf? omoem@&[ef; tmZmenf taygif;wkd@
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ausmif;tcsdK@rSm ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;/ vl@tcGifh rsd K ;jrif h c sd K
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35
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2007 a&$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;t_yD;/ 2008 uvdefusaom qENcH,lyGJt_yD;wGif zufqpf
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36
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37
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vky&f rnfh vkyif ef;rsm;rSm NLD acgi;f aqmifrsm; qufvufqGJudkifxm;&rSm jzpfonf? xkdvlxk.
rvkyfEkdifcJhonfh orkdif;wGif ysufuGufaeonfh/ ol&Jaumif;pdwf"gwfESifh ZGJowWdrsm;udk enf;enf;
vpf[if;aeonfh vkyfief;rsm;yifjzpfonf? xkd uav;awmif avsmyh g;roGm;yg (roGm;yge@J ) apESihf
vkyfief;rsm;udk 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;/ EdkifiHa&; OD;? a&SŒodk@wvSrf;jcif; wdk;uyf vmae-uonfh
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±kef;uef&rSmjzpfonf? vlxkrsm;rSm vlxkwyfOD; pdw"f gwu f dk vufqifu h rf;& ayvdrrhf nf?
ygwDjzpfonfh NLD ygwDudk tm;udk; ,Hkpm;cJh xkjd yif urBmah wmfveS af &;rsm;rS ajratmuf
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38
rsm;/ wkd@Arm tpnf;t±Hk;. ajr atmufvkyfief;/ rsm;onf Ed k i f i H a &;tH w k r + E S i f h t wl wyf O D ; rsm;

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,ae@xd&&Sdxm;cJhonfh ajr atmufawmfvSefa&; ±kef;um vlxkESifhtwl wkdufyGJ0if&rSm jzpfonf?
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toef; &Sdae-uqJyg? vkyfvufp ajratmuf
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39
(u)
wkdif;jynfzGH@òzd; wdk;wufa&;twGuf jzpf&rnf = [laom yJhwifoHrsm;onf
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40
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(c) oa,mif tb,fr#yif [efaqmifaumif;cJah pumrl

,ckwavm(2008)wGif &efolppftkyfpk xdk(ausmf0if;/ wifarmifoef;) tkyfpkonf vlxk
ESifh ol.vufyg;aprsm;/ aemufvkdufacG;rsm;u tr+dufyHkwGif usa&mufcJh-uonf? rdrdwkd@bmom
wkdif;jynfzGH@òzd; wkd;wufa&;twGuf vufwGJvkyf vlxktrd+ufyHkxJ wdk;0ifqif;oGm;cJhyHkrSm rSwfom;
-updk@[kqkdum pnf;±Hk;v+H@aqmfaeonfudk -um; avmufayonf? wu,fu ordik ;f tqifq h ifw
h iG f
odawG@jrif&onf? wdkif;jynf zGH@òzd;wkd;wufap&ef xdkazmufjyefa&; yHkysufyef;ysufrsm;rSm rjrifcsifh
ppfzGJ@pnf;yHktwkdif; a&G;aumufyGJvmawmhrnf? tqHk;ygyJ?
ygwDawG xlaxmif-u/ a&G;aumufyGJ0if-u? 'g[m
wkdif;jynfzGH@òzd; wdk;wufa&;twGuf jzpf&rnf[k
0g'jzef@vdkufonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif &efol@
wcsKd ‹ pma&;q&m/ t,f'w D m
tóuduf a&G;cs,fxm;onfh &efol.vrf;twkdif; qdok rl sm;rSm ppftyk pf .
k acG;ckew
f uf
vkdufrnfholrsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf?
ppftkyfpk. uvdefusonfh nDvmcH/ zGJ@
udk wuf&eftwGuf rdrdwdk‹.r&SdrJh/
pnf;yHkwkd@ a&;qGJpOfrSm ppftkyfpk. vufukdifwkwf &SdrJh oduQmudkvJ xdrf;odrf;&ao;
rsm; ay:xGufvmcJh_yD; jzpfonf? ppfzdeyfudk aq;
a-um yGwo f yfay;&onf r[kwv f m;? wzufwiG f
onf? xdk‹a-umifh acG;ckefwufrS
vlxu k kd eif;acsvu kd &f onf? [dw
k ek ;f u ppftm%m (tda¹EN&apzkd‹twGuf) jyefqif;
&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;vkycf o
hJ r# rdr,d -kH unfcsuu f kd
eif;acsypfvu dk &f onf? &efo@l vufuidk w f w k f jzpfvm
vm_yD ;
zdk@ vlxkudk opPmazmufum avmufaumif vkyf
vkduf&onf? ,ck v nf ; ppf t k y f p k a&G ; aumuf y G J u d k
wcsdK@ pma&;q&m/ t,f'Dwmqdkolrsm; uvdefuuspfvkyfzdk@twGuf jyifqifcsdef ,ckESpf
rSm ppftkyfpk. acG;ckefwufudk wuf&eftwGuf 2008 wGif jynfyY tzGJ@wzGJ@ xyfrHay:xGuf vm
rdrdwdk@.r&SdrJh/ &SdrJh oduQmudkvJ xdrf;odrf;&ao; cJhjyefav_yD? UDP [kac:onfh tzGJ@tpnf;?
onf? xdk@a-umifh acG;ckefwufrS (tda¹EN&apzkd@ uae'gwGif vma&muf tajccscJhjcif; jzpfonf?
twGuf) jyefqif;vm_yD; wwd,tkyfpk xlaxmif uae'ga&muf 'kuQonfrsm;xJrS wcsdK@ (wcsdK@)
&ef óud;pm;&onf? wwd,tkyfpk xlaxmifa&;. vly*k Kd~ vrf sm;onf vufeufuidk f awmwGi;f tiftm;
t"du &nfreS ;f csurf mS vlxak cgi;f aqmifEiS hf vlxk pkrsm;/ awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkwGif yg0ifcJh=uol
wyfOD; NLD ygwDudk wkdufckduf&ef jzpfonf? rsm; jzpfonf? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; cif!Gef@ tzrf;
wzufwGif vlxka&SŒrSm ppftkyfpkudk a0zefa&; rcH&rSDu cif!Gef@xH opPmcHum jynfwGif;odk@
vkyfay;&onf? bma0zefa&;vJ? -uufarG;ESifh 0ifxGufcJh-u/ ppftkyfpkudk yHhydk; axmufulcJholrsm;
yGwfoyf a0zefa&;? a&$csa&; jzpfonf? igwkd@ jzpfonf? opPmazmuf avmufaumifrsm;tjzpf
ynmwwfawGvkyfwJh enf;y&d,m,fudk b,folrS ppftkyfpk. vufudkifwkwftjzpf vkyfudkifcJh=u
odrmS r[kwb f ;l [lI tajcmufwu dk f b0ifjrifah eyHk onf? ,ck UDP nDnGwfaom 'Drdku&ufwpf
&onf? okd@aomf &efol@tvkdustwGuf rvkyf ygwD? uae'gwGif tajccsvkdufonf? yxrOD;qHk;
41
zufqpf ppftkyfpk. ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf acgif; yHkESifh uvdefòcH a&G;aumufyGJ? vlxkqEN oabm

axmifjycJo h rl mS oHawmfqifh jrifah qG? ,ck UDP rygyJ vlxx k rH S rJawG&oa,mif/ rJvrd rf sm; rJtwk
ygwD? rsm; t"rR &,lzdk@twGuf t}uHtzef vkyf-u&
“UDP ygwDonf jrefrmjynfvlxk. awmhrnf? xkd@a-umifh ,ckxJu ppftkyfpkonf
vlaer+/ pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ EkdifiHa&; tajc aumufuspo f nfh t}uHtzefrsm; vkyaf e&av_yD?
taersm;udk wk;d wuf ajymif;vJvmatmif yl;aygi;f
aqmif&u G af &;rl (Engagement) udv k ufc_H yD;/
us,fjyef@onfh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk wcktjzpf
emrnfuom opPmazmuf
&yfwnfEdkif&ef wdk;csJŒvkyfudkif pnf;±Hk;aeygonf?” avmuf a umif / tacsmif o rm;
[kqdkxm;onf? EdkifiHESifh wdkif;jynf. tusdK;pD;yGm;
twGuf rnfonfh tiftm;pkESifhrqdk wlnDaom
azmufjyefa&;orm; ork d i f ; wG i f
vkyfief;awGrSm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSmjzpf_yD; udk,fh cJhonf ? um;ES if h wk d u f t d rf ES if h /
ajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGuf vlr+
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfie;fawGukd OD;pm;ay; wnfaqmuf
pnf;pdrfESifh? olwkd‹twGuf T
aevsuf &Sdygonf = [lIvnf; azmfjyxm;onf? ±kyf0wˆK"ersm;rSm rufarmp&m?
UDP . xkdoabmxm; ,Hk-unfcsuf
rsm;wGif ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;ESifh 90
vlxktwGuf ppftm%m&Sifpepf
a&G;aumufyGJ &v'ftwdkif; vlxktpkd;& ay:xGef; zsuf o d r f ; jcif ; / rzsuf o d r f ; jcif ;
a&; [laomtcsufudk &SmazGrawG@&Sdjcif;yJ jzpf
onf? vGwv f yfa&;wduk yf t
JG wGuf wku d yf eJG nf;em
onf olwkd‹tvkyfr[kwf
rsm;udk rawG@&ay?“EkdifiHa&; tajctaeudk wkd;
wufajymif;vJvmatmif yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;” tjcm;wzuf&Sd awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pk/
[k qdkxm;aomfvnf; wduscdkifrmonfh EdkifiHa&; Ekid if aH &; tiftm;pkrsm;wGif tcGit
hf a&;orm;rsm;/
tajctaeudk azmfjyrxm;ay? a&mausmf vkyf tacsmiform;rsm;uvnf; &S_d y;D om;? ppftm%m
xm;jcif;jzpfonf? &efolppftkyfpk. vkyfaeus &Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;/ 90 a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'f
jzm;a&mif; odrf;oGif;r+? uvdefusr+yifjzpfonf? t& vlxktpkd;& ay:xGef;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pD vGwf
ajrmufr+&&Sda&; vlxkvrf;pOfjzifh v+yf&Sm;±kef;uef
(*) ae-uonfh awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif
RFA 2008 'DZifbm 18 owif;wGif ta-umif;a-umif;a-umifh vma&mufckduyfae-u
-um;vku d &f onf? ppftyk pf uk olw@dk . a&G;aumuf onfh xdkxdkaom vlyk*~dKvf/ vltkyfpkuav;rsm;
yGw
J iG f yg0if-ua&;twGuf ppftyk pf k vufuikd w f wk f onf wae@ae@ wcsdefcsdefwGif &efolzufqpfESifh
ygwDrsm;/ ygwD0ifrsm; (ygwD trnfemrtrsdK;rsdK; yl;aygif;oGm;rnfh tpDtpOfu &Sd_yD;om;? tacsmif
jzifh ygwDrsm;) jzpfay:vmap&ef jynfe,fwcsdK@wGif orm;/ tcGifhta&;orm;/ ukd,fusdK;-unfh t"du
v#dK@0Sufpnf;±Hk;aeonf qdkonfhowif;? zufqpf 0g'Drsm;udk &efolu &efol@tusdK;twGuf toHk;cs
ppftyk pf k oufq;kd &Snaf &;twGuf uvdeòf cH zG@J pnf; zdk@ tawmf pOf;pm;cJh-uonf? a'gufwmZmenf
42
qdo k u l kd -unfah yawmh? vlxo k pPmazmuf avmuf (101) aZmfOD;OuUX}uD; jzpfcJhpOfu &efolu ol@
aumif jzpfojzifh tvG,fwulawmh &efolu tm; tao&&/ t&Sif&& xkwfjyefxm;onf?
vufcrH mS r[kw?f ok@d aomf uk, d uf sKd ;orm; azmuf odk@aomf olu Om%ftar#mftjrif }uD;ol?
jyefa&;orm;u &efolu rzdwfac:onfh wkdif “&Jabmfwkd@ rif;wkd@vufxJu aoewf
atmif 'l;axmuftnHhcH oGm;a&mufa&;twGuf awGeJ@ e0wwyfudk taotvJ wkdufrae-ue@J/
toifhjyifxm;_yD;om;? wu,fu xdkuJhodk@aom wkdufyGJudk a&Smif-u/ aoewf[m udk,fhtoufudk
&ef o l @ xH yl ; aygif ; oG m ;-uonf h opP m azmuf umuG,fzdk@avmufyJ jzpfw,f? wae@ e0wu
avmufaumif Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf igwkd@udk ae&may;zkd@ ac:&awmhr,f/ rwdkufeJ@/
yif jzpfonf? e0wwyfudkawG@&if a&Smif-u”
Tok@d jzifh a[mwa,muf a[mwa,muf xkdtcg wyf&if;rS ausmif;om;&Jabmf
&efol@xH 'l;axmuftnHhcH 0ifoGm;-uonf? 14 awmfveS af &; wyfom;rsm;u a'guw f mEkid af tmif
= 5 ESpt f wGi;f rdru d ,kd u
f sKd ;twGuf awmfveS af &;/ ESifh aZmfOD;wdk@2 OD;tm; wyfrS ESifxkwfcJhonf?
Edik if aH &;udk ta-umif;ðyum vkyu f idk f pm;aomufchJ Ekdifatmifu wyf&if;wGif ayuyfusef&pfcJhonf?
-uIvnf; ±kyf0wˆK taqmifta,mifrsm; ºuG,f aZmfOD;onf NCGUB odk@ a&mufoGm;cJhjcif;
0cJh-uonf? xkd ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;rsm; tenf;qHk; jzpfonf? q,fhudk;ESpf (19ESpf) -umaomtcg
av#myh g;roGm;atmif yHrk eS w f ;kd yGm;zd@k uvnf; vky&f aZmfOD;onf ppftkyfpk. acG;ckefwufodk@ apG@ueJ
rnf r[kwfvm;? emrnfuom opPmazmuf a&muf o G m ;cJ h a vonf ? ,cif x J u ar#mf j rif
avmufaumif/ tacsmiform; azmufjyefa&;orm; pdwful;xm;cJhonfh twkdif;yif jzpfonf?
orkdif;wGifcJhonf? um;ESifh wkduftdrfESifh/ pnf;pdrf
ESifh? olwkd@twGuf T±kyf0wˆK"ersm;rSm rufarm (C)
p&m? vlxktwGuf ppftm%m&Sif pepfzsufodrf; usaemfwkd@onf EkdifiHa&;/ awmfvSefa&;
jcif;/ rzsufodrf;jcif;onf olwkd@tvkyfr[kwf? tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;ESifh vufwGJ vkyfae-u&onf?
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; cif!Gef@ 0ef}uD;csKyf ±kef;uefv+yf&Sm; wdkufyGJ 0ifae-u&onf? tenf;
vkyfpOfu xdkuJhokd@aom tnHhcH 'l;axmufvmol qH k ; td r f u ZeD ; onf E S i f h vuf w G J x m;&onf ?
udk óudqadk EG;axG;cJo h nf[k qko d nf? taumif}uD; usaemfwkd@onf ntarSmifxJwGif nDtudk rod
}uD;awGeJ@ pum;ajym&/ ESD;aESm&onf[k qdkonf? wod/ &efolrdwfaqG rcGJjcm;EdkifyJ vufwGJ±kef;uef
NCGUB rS aZmfO;D onf ppftyk pf x k H 'l;axmuf v+yf&Sm;-u&onfvnf; &Sdonf? &efolrdwfaqG
&ef oGm;pOf wyf-uyfwa,mufESifhom awG@cJh& cGJjcm;& cufaewwfonf? &efol@xH opPmazmuf
onf? awmfvSefa&; opPmazmufukd eHESdrfvkdufyHk tjzpf tnHhcHoGm;awmhrS [,fueJ usef&pfcJh
&onf? &efol@xHrS jyefa&mufvmpOf &efol. onfvnf; &So d nf? tacsmiform; tjzpfrS opPm
aiGpm&if;acgif;pOftwkdif; [pfaºuG;vkdufonf? azmufjzpfvmolonf uk, d u f sKd ;twGuf &efoEl iS hf
“wkdif;jynf zGH@òzd;a&;twGuf ppftpdk;&ESifh twl yl;aygif;oGm;aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;orm;url
wuG aygi;f vky&f r,f” [k xkwjf yef ajym-um;vku d f vlxkESifh yl;aygif;csDwuf_rJ/ csDwufqJyif?
onf? ol[meJ@olawmh t[kwfom;? 1988 = vif;opfatmif
89 bk&m;oHk;ql ausmif;om;wyfrawmf/ wyf&if; 'DZifbm 19 /2008
43
odk hajym-um;csuf
aumufESKwfcsufESihf trSwfw&rsm;
opPmawmfveS af &;pmayr*~Zif; (5)ESpaf jrmuftcrf;tem;odk h

tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;rsm;rS ay;ydk o
h nfo
h 0%fvm$
“opPmawmfveS af &;pmayr*~Zif;”ESihf usaemfw@kd “tm[m&” 0dik ;f awmfom;rsm; xdawG@

aygif;zufcJh=uonfrSm “opPmawmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;”pwifuwnf;uyif jzpfonf?
“tm[m& 0dkif;awmfom;tcsdK@yif opPm. wmxGuftapmydkif; umvrsm;wGif 0dkif;0ef;ulnD
yHhydk;olrsm;tjzpf yg0ifchJ=uzl;onf? wc&D;xJ av#mufvSrf;ae=uaom pmaynDtudkrsm;[kyif
qd k & rnf ? “opP m awmf v S e f a &;pmayr*~ Z if ; ”. av#muf v S r f ; cJ h a om c&D ; vrf ; xJ w G i f
“tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;rsm;”ESifh yl;wGJ+yD;aomfvnf;aumif;/ opPmwOD;wnf;av#mufcJhaom
vrf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; &Sdch=J uonf? yl;wHk@ cGmwkH@&Sdch=J uaomfvnf; “opPm”. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
“tm[m&”. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tjyeftvSef ,dkif;yif;ulnD yl;wGJcJh=uonf? opPmonf
usaemfwdk@. pmay&Jabmf &Jbuf/ vufwGaJ zmf vufwGzJ ufyif jzpfonf?
“opPm”qdkonfhtrnfuyif ±dk;±dk;av;jzifh qef;opfaeayonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh
“opPm”udk trSew f &m;[k qd=k uaomfvnf; t"dyg` ,rf mS us,0f ef;euf±i_d ;f vSonf? usaemfw@kd .
em;vnfcpH m;rdoavmuf zGiq hf =kd unfrh o
d nfrmS “opPm”qdo k nfrmS “razmufrjyef r,dr;f r,dik f
bJ ajzmifhrwf wnf=unfpGm &yfwnfaewJh w&m;”vdk@ ,Hk=unfem;vnf rd=uygw,f?
opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;&JŒ rl0g'awGrSmvnf; opPmw&m;&JŒ vSyr$ef;xHkr_awGe@J &pfywf
aer,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfrd=uygw,f? awmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;yDyD jynfol@bufu jynfol@a&SŒu
&J&J&ifh&ifh &yfwnfjywJh cGeftm;&Sdonfh &J&ifhwufºuonfh eDapG;aom awmfvSefpmayrsm;udk
tav;xm;azmfxkwfonfudk awG@jrif&onf? opPmwdk@. pmayrl0g'ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
*k%, f al v;pm;rdovdk opPmqdo k nfth wdik ;f r,dr;f r,dik b
f J ajzmifrh wfwnf=unfpmG eJ@ trdjrefrm
Edik if aH wmf}uD;ESihf jynfojl ynfom;wd@k . tusKd ;udk qxufxrf;yd;k }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G Ef ikd =f uygapvd@k
qENjyK,if; (5)ESpf c&D;xd av#mufvSrf;EdkifchJ=uonfh “opPm awmfvSef a&;pmayr*~Zif;”tm;
*k%fjyK rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;rsm;
44
awmfveS af &;&JŒ yef;opPm wjzpfvJ

q&m cifAsm; æ
opPmyef; wcuf[m "g;xufxuf tckvkd txl;wvnf zdwf=um;
jzpfaejyefw,f wJhtwGuf 0rf;omrdygw,f? aus;Zl;vJ
wifygw,f? usaemfa&;wwfovkd a&;ay;
awmfveS af &;eJ oh pPm vku d yf gw,f? tqifajyovkd tok;H ðyEkid f
opPmeJ h awmfveS af &; ygonf? opPmr*~Zif; vufc&H &Srd t
_ ay: q&mh
. *±kpkdufr_tm; txl;yif aus;Zl;wifyg
tif;ææ w,f? &wJhtcgrsm;&Sdovkd r&onfrsm;vJ
usaemfh &ifxrJ mS &Sdygonf?
b,fvjdk zpfaevJvdk h ar;&if av;pm;pG m jzif h

ol u
h dk usaemf cspfaewm-umjyD? aZmfaZmfEkdif (tvif;tdrf)
45
opPmodŒk trSww
f & *k%jf yKjcif;
opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;&JŒ tcrJhxkwfa0jzef@jzL;r_ c&D; (5) ESpfjynfhajrmuf+yD;jzpfI
usaemhftaejzifh Todk@ ZGJeyJ vHk@vwdk@jzifh jzwfoef;vmcJh=uaom opPmwm0efcH t,f'Dwmrsm;eJ@
wuG tzGJ@om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk txl;av;pm;*k%f,lv#uf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGmjzifh rSwfwrf;wif
*k%fjyKvdkuf& ygawmhonf?
opP m onf wd k i f ; jynf t usd K ;o,f y d k ; aqmif & G u f E d k i f a p&m æ

opP m onf trS e f w &m;rsm;ud k a&;om;az:xk w f E d k i f a p&m æ
opP m onf vl o m;tm;vH k ; &J Œ cH p m;r_ r sm;ud k y H k a z:Ed k i f a p&m æ
opP m onf ,H k = unf r _ cH , l c suf r sm;ud k jzpf x G e f ; Ed k i f a p&m æ
opP m onf 'D r d k u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &;c&D ; twG u f r&S d r jzpf vd k t yf E d k i f a p&m æ
onfhtwGuf&,fa=umifh
‘opP m &S d r S urB m wnf r nf
urBmwnfoa&G@ opPm&SdEdkifygapaomf’ææ
av;av;tdk(O\majr)
(awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfa[mif;wOD;)
b,ftzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ axmufyHhr_ukdrS r&,lcJhyJ opPmtiftm;pk tzGJ@0ifawGjzpf=uwJh

xkwfa0olawG[m rdrdwkd@&JŒ vkyftm;c ac|;eJpmeJ@ opPmudkpkpnf;xkwfa0=ujcif;jzpfw,f?
=um&S n f r &yf w nf y J xG u f o G m ;=uwJ h opP m tzG J @ 0if a [mif ; tcG i h f a &;orm;rsm;uvG J & if
acwf w m0ef u k d xrf ; vd k w J h opP m tzG J @ 0if a wG [ m ol w d k @ &J Œ awmf v S e f a &;vk y f i ef ; awG u k d
qufvufo,faqmifae=urSmygyJ?
rdk;ESif;yGifh
(opPmbufawmfom;wOD;)
46
opPmodk hajym-um;csuf
trSwfw&rsm; æ
(1)
opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif; xkwfa0jzef@csdr+ 5 ESpfwmc&D;&JJŒ txdrf;trSwfyGJrSm

,ckvkdajymcGifh&zkd@ zefwD;ay;wJh t,f'Dwm udkpkd;csdefeJ@rZifZifwkd@ opPmtiftm;pkukd aus;Zl;
wifygw,f?
opPmawmfvSefa&; r*~Zif;[m wrlxl;jcm;_yD; yHko¾efa&m tESpfom&yg udkufnDwJh
twGuf aumif;rGefvSywmawG awG@&ygw,f? 'ga-umifh tm;remwrf; ajym&&if tcuftcJ
awGudk ausmfv$m;jzwfoef;&if; opPmr*~Zif;udk 'Dtwkdif;yJ quf_yD;óud;pm; xkwfa0-uapvkd
ygw,f? jynfwGif;uvnf; óudqdk-urSmygyJ? opPmrSmazmfjywJh uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ 0wˆKwkd/
0wˆK&Snf/ &o/ pmwrf;/ jyZmwf/ umwGef; EkdifiHjcm;0wˆKwdkawG[m tEkynmtqifhtwef;
rSDygw,f? tqifhtwef;&SdwJh vlxk tusdK;ðypmayjzpfwJhtwGuf 0rf;omtm;& jzpf&ygw,f?
wcsK@d 0wˆKawG/ wcsKd @aqmif;yg;awG tifrwefaumif;ygw,f? jynfoal wGbufu awmufav#muf
&yfwnfwmudk awG@&w,f? 'DtwGuf csD;usL;w,f? *k%f,lw,f? qufvufóud;pm;-uzkd@
wkdufwGef;csifw,f?
'Daqmif;yg; 0wˆKawGudk zwf±+cHpm;_yD; ArmjynfolawGtwGuf/ Armjynf awmfvSefa&;
twGuf tiftm;opfawG jzpfrdygw,f?
Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf a [mif ; ausmf a Zm

ES i f h
a'guf w m vS a usmf a Zm
Zl v k d i f 6/ 2008
47
(2)
jynfya&muf jrefrmawG[m jrefrmbmomeJ@ pmapmifawG/ r*~Zif;awG trsKd ;rsKd ;xkwaf e
-uygw,f? tifwmeufawGxrJ mS xkwaf e-uygw,f? wwfprG ;f or#tpGr;f ukef xkwaf e-uygw,f?
'gawG[m wu,fawmh jrefrmpmayavmutwGuf tawmftwef ta&;yg t&ma&mufyg
vdrfhr,f? uAsmq&m}uD; '*kefwm&mu jrefrmpmay yifra&pD;qkd_yD; oHk;pGJcJhzl;ygw,f? ,cktcg
jynfyrSm jrefrmpmay jyifya&pD;qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk trSwfrxif oHk;pGJvm-uwm awG@&ygw,f?
'D@jyif yifra&pD;xJrS opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;[m vSyoyf&yf_yD;/ pmayrsdK;pHk yg0ifwm
awG@&ygw,f? pma[mif;/ aya[mif;awGxJu txl;ta&;}uD;wJh pmayrsm;udkvnf; jyefvnf
azmfxw k af ewmudk awG@ygw,f? txl;ojzifh awmfveS af &;pmay r*~Zif;qdw k thJ wkid ;f awmfveS af &;udk
txl;ðy_yD; xkwfa0aewmvJ awG@&ygw,f? usaemf jynfya&mufpxJu 5 ESpfavmuf umv
twGi;f rSm yHrk eS x
f w
k Ef idk w
f t hJ jyif tjyiftqif tcsKyftvkyu f p_yD; vSyaooyfpmG wpf}udrx f uf
w}udrf wd;k wufaumif;rGev f mwm awG@&wmudv k nf; txl;0rf;omtm;& jzpfygw,f? jynfyrSm
xkwfvkyfa0ae-uwJh (Oyrm = aiGa&;a-u;a&; ryl&wJh BMA ac: jrefrmowif;pmor*~u
xkwfa0aewJh O'gef;r*~Zif;xuf t}udrfrSef_yD; aumif;rGefwmukd awG@&ygw,f?) taumif;qHk;
r*~Zif;wpfck jzpfw,fqw kd mvJ b,forl S jiif;Ekid rf ,f rxifygb;l ? 'Dwm0efukd opPmtiftm;pku
qufvuf_yD; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ vkyfaqmifoGm;Ekdif-uzkd@ txl;wkdufwGef;
vkdygw,f? usaemfhudkvJ tm;remyg;rem wm0efay;-uygvdk@ awmif;cHvdkufygw,f?
opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif; awmufajymifpGm t"Gef@&Snfygap?
armif p G r ;f & nf
Zl v d k i f 1 / 2008
(3)
opP m 0d k i f ; awmf o m;rsm;cif A sm æ
opPmvdpk mapmifwapmifudk b,ftife*f st D /kd b,ftaxmuftyHrh rS ygyJ tckvkd ig;ESpw f w
d d
qufvuf wufvSrf;aeEkdifwJhtwGuf u|efawmfav;pm;pGmeJ@ csD;usL;*k%fðytyfygw,f? 'Dvdk
jynfot l ay:opPm&Swd hJ tiftm;pkawG&adS evd@k om usaemfw@kd &ŒJ =urf;wrf;cufcv J w S hJ ta&;awmfykH
ukd t&Sdefrysuf o,faqmifaeEkdif=uwm jzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@jynfolawG[m tzdESdyfcHb0rSmyJ&Sdae/ qif;&JaemufusaeqJvnf; jzpfae
ygao;w,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ 'Djynfoltay:rSm opPm&Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; qif;&Jyifyrf;/ tE W&m,f
&Sv
d yS gw,f? jynfojl rihrf S opPmqdw
k =hJ umyGi}fh u;D vnf; wifo
h xuf wifvh rd rhf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
&J a bmf o zG , f æ
zd k ; oH (vl x k )
48
(4)
opPmtiftm;pk usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzpfzkd@ usrqkawmif;ygw,f? opPm

tiftm;pkudk rawG@&ayr,fh usr ta0;uae av;pm;v#ufyg? opPmudk tqufrjywf xkwfa0
aewJh ZGJowWd pdwf"gwfudk txl;yJav;pm;w,f? 'ga-umifhvnf;yJ usr[m touft&G,f
}uD;&if_h yD; use;f rma&; tcuftcJa-umifh pmra&;awmhyJ xkid _f yD; aeoifyh gw,f? pmzwfz@kd / pma&;zk@d
odyf_yD;cufcJayr,fh opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;twGuf tpGrf;ukef óud;pm;tm;xkwf_yD;
pma&;ygw,f? bma-umifhvJqkd opPmtiftm;pk&JŒ tzdESdyfcH vlxktay:xm;&SdwJh pdwf"gwfeJ@
&yfwnfcsuaf -umifh b,favmufycJ ufcyJ gap pma&;&r,fq_kd y;D pma&;_y;D opPmtwGuf ay;yd@k cyhJ gw,f?
wm0efct H ,f'w D m q&marmifp;kd csed w
f @kd q&mr a':ZifZifw@dk todq;kH ygav? usr txl;yJ ajymcsif
wmu opPmtiftm;pkuvJ b,fvkdyJ tcuftcJawG awG@awG@/ b,fvkdyJ t-uyftwJawGeJ@
&ifqkdif-u&ygap opPmpdwf"gwfeJ@ opPmudk qufvufxkwfa0-uzdk@ txl;yJ wkdufwGef;ygw,f?
usrwkd@ pnf;pnf;±Hk;±Hk; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ qufvuf csDwuf -u&atmif?
av;pm;pGmjzifh æ
&JabmfaiG (ac: ) jrav;!dk
Zl v d k i f 1/ 2008
(5)
opPmawmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;[m urBmtES@H tjym;udk a&muf&adS ewmudk awG@&w,f?

'DtwGuf tm;&*k%f,lrdovkd ,ckvkd awmfvSefa&;pmayudk ysHŒESH@atmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwf-uwJh
twGuf opPmtiftm;pkudk txl; aus;Zl;wifygw,f? jynfya&muf awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;
twGuf 'DopPmr*~Zif;[m taxmuftul jzpfapcJw h mawmh trSeyf ?J jynfya&muf awmfveS af &;
&JabmfawG ajymcsifwm/ wifjycsifwm/ &ifzGifhcsifwmawGudk &ifzGifhwifjycGifh &cJhygw,f? 'DtwGuf
odyfaumif;ygw,f? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? opPm 5 ESpfajrmuf xkwfa0jzef@csdr+ txdrf;trSwfyGJrSm
usr 'Dvakd jymcsiyf gw,f? opPmtiftm;pku t,f'w D mtzG@J e@J wuG opPmtiftm;pk &JabmfawG&ŒJ
tyifyrf;cHr/+ óud;pm;tm;xkwrf + pdw"f gwaf wGukd av;pm;*k%, f yl gw,f? 'ga-umifh opPmr*~Zif;udk
&moufyefxkwfa0zkd@ óud;pm;-u&ygvdrfhr,f? óud;pm;-uyg? usrwkd@bufuvJ wwfpGrf;or#
pmrlawG a&;om;ay;ykd@_yD; tm;ay;ulnDyghr,f? opPmudk apmifha&Smufyghr,f?
wm0efcH t,f'DwmawGvJjzpf/ opPmtiftm;pk&JŒ acgif;aqmifawGvJ jzpf-uwJh q&m
OD;pd;k csed ef @J q&mra':ZifZifw@kd u opPmtiftm;pk&ŒJ aiGa-u;tcuftcJa-umifh pmrlc ray;Ekid wf mudk
pdwfraumif;jzpfa-umif; w,fvDzkef;xJuae r-umc% awmif;yefcJhbl;ygw,f? usrwkd@ oabm
49
ayguf em;vnfygw,f? usrwdk@ pma&;wm[m aiGa-u;a-umifh r[kwfyg? wkdif;jynfeJ@ vlxkw&yf

vHk; zdESdyf!‡if;yrf; owfjzwfr+atmufu vGwfajrmufzkd@twGuf xkwfa0wJh opPmtiftm;pk&JŒ
Ekid if aH &;pdw"f gw/f awmfveS af &;pdw"f gwu
f kd av;pm;wJt
h wGu/f usrwd@k e@J &nfreS ;f csuf yef;wkid jf cif;vJ
wlwJhtwGuf usrwdk@ opPmr*~Zif;rSm yifwkdif a&;ay;aejcif; jzpfygw,f?
b,fvkdyJjzpfap opPmtiftm;pk&JŒ trSwfw&vufaqmiftjzpf ydk@ay;cJhwJh vufywfem&D
av;awGudk pma&;q&mawG vufcH&&Sd_yD;/ tjrwfwEkd;eJ@ 0wfqifxm;-uygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf
wm0efcH t,f'DwmtzGJ@eJ@ opPmtiftm;pkudk aus;Zl;wifa-umif; tm;vHk;&JŒudk,fpm; ajymjy
yg&ap&Sifh?
-umOD ; jzL
Zlvkdif 6/ 2008
(6)
opPmtiftm;pkeJ@ t,f'DwmtzGJ@udk w,fvDzkef;xJuae tav;teuf E+wfcGef;quf

ygw,fAsm? opPmawmfveS af &;pmayudk xkwaf 0ae-uwJh opPmtiftm;pk[m ArmjynfawmfveS af &;rSm
wcef;wu¾ yg0ifvy+ &f mS ;aewmjzpfw,f? orkid ;f &JŒ awmif;qkrd u + vJ vlx[k m olw@dk u, kd wf idk f
vGwv f yfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf ±ke;f uefvy+ &f mS ;zk@d awmif;qkwd mjzpfw,f? wm0eft&jzpfap/
ork d i f ; &J Œ wmif ; qk d r + t &yJ j zpf a p opP m tif t m;pk [ m Armjynf vG w f v yf a &;twG u f
pmaywm0efukd xrf;aqmifae-ujcif; jzpfw,fv@kd em;vnfw,f? opPmtiftm;pk&ŒJ vky&f yft&
rGejf rwf-uolawG jzpfw,fv@dk ajymvd@k &ygw,f? vlxt k ay: ,kwrf mr+/ aumufusprf /+ yufpufrw+ @kd ukd
wGifwGifvkyfae-uwJhvlawGeJ@ Ed+if;,SOf-unfhwJhtcg/ opPmtiftm;pk[m ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf
awmufyolawG jzpfygw,f? 'DoduQm*k%fyk'fudk qufvufxdef;odrf;_yD; opPmudktqufrjywf
xkwfa0jzef@csD Ekdifygapownf;?
tav;teuf j zif h æ
aemif0if;csdK (odk@r[kwf) armifvS0if; (jrif;_cH)
50
(7)
&JabmfopPm æ
opPm&Jabmfrsm;okd@ æ
1? ? usaemfw@dk [myifpnfyifr}u;D eJ@ uGma0;tvSr;f a0;ae&wJh opf&u G w
f &Guyf gy?J 'gayrJh awmrD;
udk qD;óudtm;ay;wJh 'grSr[kwf pwifavmifòrdufwJh aºuG&Gufw&Guf jzpfEdkifw,f?
2? ? opfwyif[m rkd;wdrfqDta&muf xdk;azmufysHoef; pdef;vef;csif&if ol@tjrpf[m yx0D
ajr}uD;&JŒ tedrfhqHk;/ teufqHk;t&yfrSm wG,fukwfae&r,f? usaemf 'Dtwdkif;yJ ,Hk-unf
aew,f? tvm;wl ajyjypfacsmifcsdwJh ajrrsm;om/ opf}uD;0g;}uD;udk &Sifoefjzpfwnf
apw,fvkd@ usaemfem;vnf vufcHxm;ygw,f?
3? ? cspfcifpGm/ opfvGefpGm/ opPm[m ppftm%mudkxkd;zsufwJh rdk;óud;wvuf jzpfygap?
cif r if a v;pm;pG m jzif h æ
oif w k d @ &J Œ æ
_idrf;csrf;ol (14 = 7 = 2008)
(8)
‘ opP m [m awmf v S e f a &;pmayr*~ Z if ; vd k @ az: jyxm;wmeJ @ tnD / trd A rmjynf & J Œ

'D r d k u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &;twG u f opP m &S d & S d ajzmif h r wf r S e f u ef & J & if h p G m eJ @ a&muf & mae&m/
us&mae&muae pGrf;aqmifEkdifor# xrf;aqmifo,fydk;oGm;Ekdifygap æ vdk@ qENjyKygw,f? 'grSvJ
*k%feJ@ j'yfeJ@/ aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ vufawG@ ukdnDygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umihf usaemfwdk@vJ tkwfwcsyf
oJ w yG i f h t jzpf yg0if j znf h q nf ; ae=uwmjzpf y gw,f ? pmaywm0ef ord k i f ; wm0ef
b,favmufa=ura=uukdawmh ordkif;uyJ tajzay;rSm jzpfygw,f?’
0if ; wif h x G e f ;
51
(9)
‘opP m ’ awmf v S e f a &; pmayr*~ Z if ;
*k%ef @J j'yfuu
dk n
f w
D hJ r*~Zif;wapmifjzpfatmif tm;óud;rmefwwf óud;pm;=uwmawG@&vd@k
0rf;omw,f? awmfveS af &;ukd opPmESw H ,fqw kd m vlxt k ay:opPm&Sjd cif;vd@k em;vnfw,f? 'g[m
‘opPm’&JŒpmay&yfwnfcsufjzpfw,f? ,ae@vdk ppfat;vGef;urBmr_acwf tawG;tac: ±_wfaxG;
wJu h mvrSm &yfwnfcsuf &Si;f &Si;f xm;&Sw d hJ pmayr*~Zif;wapmif ay:xGe;f vmwmukd tm;&auseyfw,f?
wckyJ qENðycsiyf gw,f? ,ae@ ArmjynfawmfveS af &;[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f
+yD; 'Dru
kd a&pD ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyjf cif;jzpfw,fv@kd em;vnfw,f? vufawG@vyk if ef;u vlxu k dk
pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfjcif;jzpfw,f? “opPm” [mpmay,Ofaus;r_ rsufESmpmrS 'DvufawG@vkyfief;ukd
wwyfwtm; xrf;aqmifaew,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfw,f? awmfvSefa&; jynfol@'Drdkua&pDa&;
vufawG@vkyfief;rSm wqufwpyfxJyJvdk@ jrifw,f? awmfvSefa&;ukd rqef@usifolrSefor#udk
pnf;±H;k zd@k / awmfveS af &;ukd axmufco H rl eS o
f r#e@J nDnw
G zf @kd / awmfveS af &;udk qef@usio
f rl eS o
f r#udk
wkdufyGJqifzdk@qdkwm ,Ofaus;r_ rsufESmpm&JŒ odrfarG@wJh vkyfief;wm0efw&yfvdk@ jrifygw,f?
‘opPm’ tiftm;pk ‘jynfol’qdkwJh a&cHajrcHaumif;rSm xm0pOfyGihfvef;aernf[k
v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
atmif + id r f ;
3 {+yD 2007
(10)
q&mOD;pdk;csdefeJ@ rZifZifwkd@ OD;pnf;OD;aqmifwJh opPmtiftm;pk&JŒ awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwf/
tzdESdyfcH vlxktay:xm;&SdwJh pdwfapwemawG[m opPmr*~Zif;rSm txift&Sm; xif[yfxm;
wmudak wG@&w,f? 'DtwGuf 0rf;om-unfE;l vd@k rqH;k bl;Asm? 'ga-umifh usaemfw@kd awGuvJ opPmr*~Zif;
rSm 0ifa&mufa&;om;_yD; opPmtiftm;pkudk csD;jr‡ifhaewmjzpfw,f? awmfvSefa&;&xm;[m ckwf
armif;aewmyg? usefcJholvJ usefcJh? opPmtiftm;pk[m awmfvSefa&;&xm;ay:rSm c&D;-urf;ESifzkd@
yg0ifvm-uolawGyg? usefcJholawGudk csefcJh&awmhrSmaygh? b,fwwfEkdifrvJav? udk,fom rusefcJh
zkd@vkyf&rSm? awmfvSefa&; wm0efqdkwmvJ ukd,fwkdif&,lxm;wJh wm0efr[kwfvm;? b,folu
wkdufwGef;vdk@ twif;t-uyf,lckdif;vdk@ ,lcJh&wmrS r[kwfyJ? 'Dawmh opPmtiftm;pk[m awmfvSef
a&;&xm;ay:rSm wtifwtm; wcef;wu¾ yg0ifaecJw h mudk awG@&wJt h wGuf 0rf;om-unfE;l vk@d
rqHk;awmhyg? opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;[m trSwfpOf (1)uae ,ae@ 19 txd xkwfa0
cJw
h mudo k ;kH oyf&if 'dik ,
f mvufwpfenf;t& tqifq h ifh wk;d wufjzpfxeG ;f vmwmudk xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
yJawG@&w,f? qufvuf_y;D awmh nD!w G rf w
+ nfaqmuf/ ZGo J wWw
d nfaqmuf_y;D opPmawmfveS af &;
pmayr*~Zif;udk xkwfa0oGm;-uygvdk@ wdkufwGef;E+d;aqmfyg&ap? awmfvSefa&;orkdif;rSm opPm[m
xGef;ajymifaerSmygvdk@ ajymyg&ap?
wif a X; (ac: ) wif o d e f ; 0if ;
52
(11)
“opP m ” yef ; cuf

vef;,Sufa0qm?
“opPm” yef;rsdK;
r!d k ; EG r f ; &S n f = um ?
pk d ; jrif h j rwf
21-12-08
(12)
opPmóud;
&Sifoefr+wkdif;rSm pmemjcif;awG&SdaewJh opPmóud;
pmemjcif;rSm rGefjrwfjcif;awGuGef;cdkwJh opPmóud;
&ifxrJ mS æ æ opPmóud;
Om%fxrJ mS æ æ opPmóud;
*k%x f rJ mS æ æ opPmóud;
tjzLa&mifóud;uav;rsm;eJ@ csnfaESmif-ur,f æ æ opPmóud;
oef@pifjcif;awG vif;vufaewJh tjzLa&mifoufwH æ æ óud;
vlxt k wGuf opPmóud; æ æ?
a'gif ; rav; (rE W a v;)
opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif; 5 ESpfjynfhajrmuf tkyf20 jynfh trSwfw& *k%fðyuAsm

jzpfygw,f? opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;}uD; t"Gef@&Snfygap?
53
q&mAef;armfwifatmif A ef ; a r mf w if a t m if
arG;ae‹trSwfw&
qdk&S,fvpfËDum
(1962-Ed k i f i H a &;usrf ; )
twGuf trSm
Tpmtkyo f nf azmfjyyg&adS om ta=umif;
t&mrsm;udk ,ckuJhokd@ pmtkyfpmwrf; wapmif
tjzpfjzifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; ðy&eftwGuf pma&;
olY pdwful;xm;jcif;aomf vnf;aumif;/ jyifqif
xm;jcif;aomf vnf;aumif;/ tvsOf;r&SdcJhacs?
Tpmtky. f ta=umif;t&monf &efuek t f usO;f
axmif twGi;f Y 1952 - ckEpS rf S 1957 - ckEpS t f xd
5 ESpfcef@r#w}udrf/ 1959 - ckESpfrS 1960 - ckESpf txd 2 ESpfcef@r# w}udrf/ 7 ESpfeD;yg;cef@r# oGm;a&muf
aexdkifjcif;ðycJhonfh umvrsm;twGif;u qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh oufqkdifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk
zwf±_avhvmjcif;ðyckduf/ trSwfwrJh xkwfxm;cJhrdaom rSwfpkESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;omv#if jzpfavonf?
ok@d &mwGif ,ae@Twkid ;f jynfY trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzk kH tjiif;yGm;ae=uaom ‘qd&k , S v
f pf 0g'’ jy\em
rsm;ESifh ywfoufI yif;, pmayxkwfa0olrsm;u &Sif;vif;Edkifor# &Sif;vif;oGm;ap&eftwGuf ,if;
rSwfpkESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;udk pmwrf;wapmiftjzpfjzifh xkwfa0Edkif&ef wdkufwGef;jcif; ðy=uaoma=umifh
ar#mfvifhjyifqifxm;jcif;r&SdbJESifh TaxmifwGif;rSwfwrf;ESifh rSwfpkrsm;onf pmwrf;pmapmif
jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfavonf? jrefrmhorkid ;f wGif xif&mS ;cJo h nfh rif;aejynfjzpfcb
hJ ;l aom ‘yif;,òrdŒawmf’udk
pGJvef;ESpfouf=u[ef&Sdaom ,if; xkwfa0olrsm;udk,fwkdifu txufazmfjyyg axmifwGif;rSwfpkESifh
rSwfwrf;rsm;udk ‘qdk&S,fvpfËDum’ trnfjzifh xkwfa0vdka=umif; ajymqdkvmonfhtwGuf uef@uGuf
p&m axGaxGxl;xl;r&SdI oabmwlvkdufjcif;vnf; jzpfayonf?
tusOf;axmiftwGif;Y aexdkifcJh&pOfu qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh oufqkdif&m pmtkyf pmwrf;ESifh
pHawmf0ifusrf;tapmifapmifwkd@udk tjyiftyrS 0kdif;0ef;ulnD &SmazGay;cJh=uaom Tpma&;ol.
vufaxmuft,f'w D m jzpf=uaom OD;b0if;ESihf OD;armifarmif/ pma&;q&m armifae0if;/ '*kew f m&mESihf
jroef;wif/h *smr%Djyef OD;wif(Avp)/ 0wfvakH wmf&rsm; jzpf=uaom OD;xGe;f wif/ OD;vSwifEiS hf OD;bausm/f
OD;tke;f jrifh (ausmv
f if;) ESihf OD;aumif;('*ke)f wd@k tm;vnf;aumif;/ twGi;f rSjzpf=uaom ociftek ;f armif/
ocifazaX;/ ocifbvd_if/ AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;/ ocifausmfpdef (jynfol@pmay)ESifh vlxkOD;vSwdk@tm;
vnf;aumif;/ aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjytyfvdrfhrnf xifayonf?
Aef a rmif w if a tmif

54
q&mAef;armfwifatmif A ef ; a r mf w if a t m if
arG;ae‹trSwfw&
Ed k i f i H w um ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;rsm;.
vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJtm;
}uD ; }uD ; rm;rm; tE W & m,f ò yvsuf & S d a eaom
acwf o pf jyef v nf j yif f q if a &;0g'
ESifh
vuf 0 J / vuf s m
tacsmif o rm; 0g'trsKd ; rsKd ; uk d
rm;rm;rwf r wf E S i h f jywf j ywf o m;om;
wkdufcdkufvsuf&Sdae-uaom
&Jabmfrsm;
od@k
qdk&S,fvpf tbd"gef (1963 = EkdifiHa&;usrf;)
twG u f pma&;ol . trS m æ
(1)
“ol@acgif;rSmvnf; oajy!dK/ ighacgif;rSmvnf; oajy!dK/ oajy!dKqdkwJh yef;&,fu æ”
jrefrm uAsmq&m}uD; rif;ok0%f. “oajy!dK” trnf&Sdaom uAsmwyk'frS txufyg
uAsmpkuJhodk@/ ypPuQ urBm avmu}uD;wGif vlwkdif;vlwdkif;yif qdk&S,fvpf [lIvnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepf
[lIvnf;aumif;/ rdrw d @dk u,
kd u
f kd qdik ;f bkwwf ifvsu/f qd&k ,
S v
f pf uGejf rLepf tp&Sad om a0g[m&rsm;udk
ol@xufig tvkt,ufESifh us,fus,favmifavmif jiif;ckH ajymqdkvsuf &Sdae-uav_yD? ,if;tr+wGif
aumif;onfvnf; &Sday.? qdk;onfvnf; &Sdayonf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf TurBmavmuY
&Sd&Sdor#aom t&m0wˆKwdk@wGif tqdk;ESifhtaumif;/ taygif;ESifh tEkwfwdk@onf 'GefwGJ aewwf-uaom
a-umifh yifwnf;?
(2)
vl@tEG,f}uD;. ypPuQordkif;onf qdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfvlaer+ pepfrsm;odk@ awmfvSef
ajymif;vJaeaom acwfumv jzpfavonf? rsufarSmufðyae-u&aom xdkvlr+a&; awmfvSefr+ESifh
tajymif;tvGJudk rnfolr# jiif;Ir&awmhacs? ,ae@ vl@tEG,f}uD;xJrS oHk;yHkwyHkr#aom vl@tEG,f0if
rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpf/ uGefjrLepf vlaer+pHepfrsm;udk rsuf0g;xifxif wnfaqmufvsuf &Sdae-uav_yD?
usef vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;uvnf; ,if;pepfudk rdrdwdk@oufqdkif&m tpnf;t±Hk;ESifh or*~rsm;tvdkuf
55
xlaxmif&ef wdkufyGJ0ifvsuf &Sdae-uayonf? rdkufrJaom iSufukvm;tkyfuJhodk@ rdrd. OD;acgif;udk

oJtwGif;odk@ pkdufoGif; ykef;v#dK;jcif;ðy&ef tm;xkwf ae-uolrsm;onfomv#if xdkr# xif&Sm;}uD;rm;
vSaom vlr+a&; aygufuGJr+}uD;udk rodEdkifrjrifEkdif&Sd=uayvdrfhrnf?
vl@tEG,f}uD; wckvHk;tm; emusifyifyef;apcJhaom/ uyfoHk;yg; qdkufuyfapcJhaom vlwef;pm;
vl@or*~trsdK;rsdK;udk vlom;rsm;onf ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;ausmfv$m; vmcJh-u&_yD;av_yD?
um,'kuQ/ pdwW'kuQ/ ESpfyg;pvHk;ESifh ¹yGef;wD;jynfhusyfaeaom vlaer+pepfrsm;udkvnf; idk}uD;csufrESifh
jzpfoef;ausmfv$m; cJh-u&_yD;av_yD? avmb/ a'go/ arm[ESifh rmefrmew&m;rsm; }uD;pdk;&m vlwef;pm;/
vlaer+pepfrsm;udkvnf; vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;onf rsuf&nfESifh rsufcGuf/ jzpfoef;vmcJh=u&av_yD? xdk@
a-umifh vlom;rsm;onf vlra+ &;'kuQ t00udk zGm;jrifjcif;ðycJah om vlwef;pm; or*~EiS hf vlaer+ pepfrsm;
udk vHk;0 tvdkr&Sd-uawmhacs? xdkvlwef;pm; or*~rsm; ta-umif;udkvnf; em;rSyif r-um;vdk-u
awmhacs? atmha=umvefvsuf &Sdae=uay+yD?
ypPuQ vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. bkd;ab;rsm; vufxufrSpI ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm
qif;&J 'kuQ t00wkd@udk zGm;jrifay;cJhaom vlwef;pm; or*~rsm;ukd t_yD;tydkif zsufodrf;&Sif;vif;um
vl@ tEG,f0ifrsm; tm;vHk;. um,okc/ pdwWokc ESpfyg;wdk@udk ay;pGrf;Ekdifaom vlwef;pm;rJhor*~/
odk@r[kwf qdk&S,fvpf/ uGefjrLepf vlaer+pepfrsm;udk xlaxmifwnfaqmuf&ef ol&owWd&Sd&SdESifh
wdkufyGJ0ifvsuf vnf; &Sdae-uav_yD? xdk@a-umifh vl@tEG,f}uD;. ypPuQorkdif;onf qdk&S,fvpfESifh
uGefjrLepf vlaer+ pepfrsm;wdk@ awmfvSefajymif;vJaeaom umv[kqkdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf?
(3)
,if;odk@ vl@tEG,f}uD;wckvHk;u vlwef;pm;or*~rsm;udk t_yD;tydkif zsufodrf;&Sif;vif;a&;ESifh
vlwef;pm;rJh qkd&S,fvpf = uGefjrLepf vl@or*~rsm;udk xlaxmifwnfaqmufa&; taxGaxG wkdufyGJ}uD;
ukd tHkºuGqifE$Jae-uaom ypPuQorkdif; umvwGif vlwkdif;vlwdkif;uyif qkd&S,fvpf[lI vnf;aumif;/
uGefjrLepf[lI vnf;aumif;/ rdrdwdk@udk,fudk qdkif;bkwfwifvsuf/ qdk&S,fvpf = uGefjrLepf tp&Sdaom
a0g[m&rsm;udk ol@xufig tvkt,ufESifh us,fus,favmifavmif jiif;cHkajymqkd ae-ujcif;onf
tqef;r[kwfawmhacs?
okd@&mwGif wckawmh &Sdavonf?
xdkuJhokd@ rdrdwdk@udk,fudk qdk&S,fvpf/ odk@r[kwf uGefjrLepfrsm; jzpf-uygonf[lI qdkif;bkwfcsdwf
um ajymqkdae=uolrsm;xJwGif rdrdwkd@wkdif;jynfESifh rdrdwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;udkyifv#if urBmhvuf0g;}uD;
tkyf t&if;&Sif EkdifiH}uD;rsm;xH “a':vmaiG tultnD”ESifh vJvS,fjcif;ðyum/ vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;.
vlwef;pm;rJh vl@or*~ &mZ0ifa&;wkdufyGJudk zsufqD;aeaom wDwkd; tr+;ðyonfh acwfopf jyefvnf
jyifqifa&; 0g'orm;rsm;ESifh tdENd, vl@or*~rS or*~0if oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vlom;rsm;tm;
zdESdyfaoG;pkwfvsuf&Sdaom wmwmESifh bmvmwkd@uJhodk@ t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;yif xl;qef;pGm yg0ifvsuf
&Sad e=uayonf? ‚if;wk@d r#omv#if r[kwaf o;/ Edik if w H umrS t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;. tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk
aumif;pGm xdrf;odrf; apmifha&Smufae-uaom qkd&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;uvnf; ‚if;wkd@onfomv#if
qdk&S,fvpf 0g'orm; ppfppfrsm; jzpf=uygonf[kvnf; qlqlnHnH vkyfae-uayonf?
56
xkdr#omv#if ruao;acs? vmao;onf?

ypPuQ urBmhvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf. tajccH csufr}uD;jzpfaom tar&duef vl@or*~rS
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Si}f uD;rsm; ud, k w f idk u
f vnf;/ ‚if;wk@d . t&if;&Sipf epfonf ,cif twdwu f mv
rsm;wkef;uuJhodk@ qdk;oGrf;jcif; r&Sdawmhyg? “jynfol@ t&if;&Sifpepf” (Peoples’Capitalism)
jzpfvmyg_yD[k oHao;oHa-umifESifh atmf[pfajymqkd ae=uayonf?
wu,fqdkawmh wDwdk;tr+;ðyaom acwfopf jyefvnfjyifqifa&; 0g'orm;rsm;utp/
Ekid if w
H umrS vusmf qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;ESihf wmwm = bmvmwd@k tygt0if urBmv h uf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif
rsm;onf rnfuJhodk@v#if qdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfrsm; jzpfEkdif-uygrnfenf;?
(4)
vl@tEG,f}uD; wckvHk;onf ypPuQorkdif;wGif vlwef;pm;or*~ zsufodrf;&Sif;vif;a&;ESifh
qd&k ,
S vf pf uGejf rLepf vlaer+pepfrsm; xlaxmifa&;twGuf tHºk uGwu dk yf 0JG ifae-ucdu
k f wDw;kd tr+;ðyaom
acwfopf jyefvnfjyifqifa&; 0g'orm;rsm;utp jynfol@t&if;&Sif 0g'Drsm;tqHk; rdrdwdk@udk,fudk
qkd&S,fvpf = uGefjrLepf qkdif;bkwf}uD;rsm; wyfqifum/ qkd&S,fvpf = uGefjrLepf a0g[m&rsm;udk
ol@xufigtvkt,ufESifh us,fus,favmifavmif jiif;cHkajymqdkae-ujcif;onf tb,ft"dy`m,fESifh
tb,f &nf&G,fcsufrsm; &SdEkdifoenf;?
iSufukvm;tkyfuJhokd@ rkdufrJaomowW0g r[kwfolrsm;twGuf &Sif;aeayonf?
rdrdwdkif;jynfESifhwuG rdrdvGwfvyfa&;udkyg a&mif;pm;±HkESifhr# r_yD;ao;bJ EkdifiHwum ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;rsm;. vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJudk vkyf}uH *dk%f;cGJaeaom wDwdk;tr+;ðyaom acwfopf
jyefvnfjyifqifa&; 0g'orm;rsm;onf rnfuJhodk@v#if ody`Henf;us qkd&S,fvpf=uGefjrLepfrsm; jzpfEkdifygh
rnfenf;?
xkdenf;twl EdkifiHwumrS t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udkomv#if xdef;odrf;
umuG,fvsuf/ tvkyform; vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfòzdzsufaeaom vusfm
qk&d ,S vf pfrsm;onf trnftm;jzifo h m qd&k ,
S v
f pf jzpfEidk af yawmhrnf? Ekid if w H um tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf
jynfolrsm;tay: &uf&ufpufpuf aoG;pkwfaeaom jynfol@t&if;&Sif 0g'D}uD;rsm;udkum; tb,f
qdkbG,f&m &SdawmhtHhenf;?
T “qkd&S,fvpf tbd"mef” [k trnfay;xm;aom EdkifiHa&;pmwrf;tm; ody`Henf;us
qdk&S,fvpf = uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh tjcm; trsKd;trnfrsm;jym;vSaom qdk&S,fvpf0g' trsdK;rsdK;udk jywfjywf
om;om; &Si;f vif;cGjJ cm;jcif; ðyEdik &f ef wckwnf;aom &nf&, G cf sujf zifh rdrb d mom &SmazGpak qmif; xm;cJh
aom avhvm&&Scd surf sm;rS xkwEf w k af &;om;&jcif;r#om jzpfayonf? TEkid if aH &; pmwrf;onf txuf
azmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsufudk ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifEkdifcJhrnfqkdv#if/ pma&;olonf ‚if;ESifhoufqkdif&m
vl@or*~. qdk&S,fvpf=uGefjrLepfpepfodk@ ulajymif;a&; taxGaxG awmfvSefa&;}uD;wGif ‚if;ESifh
oufqkdifaom wm0efw&yfudk xrf;aqmifjcif; ðy&eftwGuf tm;xkwfjcif;r#omv#if jzpfEkdifayonf?
Aef;armfwiftmif
16 = 7 = 1963?
57
q&mAef;armfwifatmif
arG;ae‹trSwfw&
obm0ody`H
(1974 - obm0od y ` H u srf ; )
twGuf
pma&;ol. trSm
(1)
20pkESpfrsm;twGif; acwfopf
obm0ody`H ynm&yfrsm;onf tzufzuf
wGif &ifoyf±_arm&avmufatmif zGH@òzd;
wdk;wufvsuf&Sd.? txl;ojzifh 1939 -
45 ckESpfrsm;twGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom 'kwd,
urBmppfyGJ}uD;t+yD; vlwqufcef@twGif;
t&Sed t
f [kejf yif;jyif;ESihf ckeyf sH wd;k wufvsuf
&Sd.? aZmif;rS v$wfvkdufaom jrif;okd;}uD; waumiftvm; uqkefayguf ajy;v$m; vsuf&Sd.?
,if;ajccsrdaom e,fy,fwkdif;wGif ,if;. vufawG@ykdif;jzpfaom pufr_ody`H twwfynm &yfrsm;.
taxmuftuljzifh tEkpdwfonfxuf pdwfvsuf&Sd.? ,if;odk@ tEkpdwfvsuf&Sdaom e,fopf/
y,fopfrsm;wGif eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufjcif;ðy.? vufwqHk; Ed_uf.? xdkr#ESifhyif a&mifh&J
wif;wdrjf cif; r&SEd ikd af o;ojzifh vufimS ;rsm;ESiyhf if vufuek Ef u
_d =f unf&h ef tm;opfvsuf &Sad e=u+yDjzpf.?
,cktcg obm0ody`Hynm&yfrsm; usufpm;jcif;rðyaom e,fy,fqdkI bmrsm;&Sdao;oenf;?
,if;vufvSrf; rrSDaom t&yfae&mqdkI bmrsm; usefao;oenf;? obm0 avmu"mwftwGif;
tao;i,fqHk; ±kyfEkuav;rsm;jzpf=uonfh tEkjrLESifh tajccHtr_ef@rsm;rS r[mp=u0Vmtxdvnf;
aumif;/ Adkif;&yfydk;rS vlom;tygt0if a0vig;txdvnf;aumif;/ obm0ody`Hynm&yfonf vufukef
Ed_ufvsuf&Sdonf r[kwfoavm? xkd@a=umifh ,if;usufrpm;aom e,fyg,fESifh vufvSrf;rSDaom t&yf
ae&m bmrsm;usef&Sd ao;oenf;[k ar;vkduf&jcif; jzpf.?
(2)
w&Ha&mtcgu vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;onf obm0t±dkif;. ðyor# EkcJh=u&aom owW0grsm;om
jzpf.? obm0t±dkif;. tppfaq; ta&G;cs,fcHb0/ ta=umifhuscHb0jzifh touf&Sifaexkdifjcif;
ðycJh=u&aom owW0grsm;jzpf.? okd@&mwGif ,cktcg xkdokd@r[kwfawmhay? odyH̀ twwfynm&yfrsm;jzifh
58
obm0 t±dkif;}uD;tay: vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;onf wxpf+yD;wxpf ausmfv$m;vsuf &Sd=u+yD? wqifh+yD;

wqifh vGeaf jrmuf atmifEikd v f suf &S=d u+yD? tcsKd @aom t&yfae&mESihf e,fy,frsm;wGif odyt H` wwfynm
&yfrsm; wefcdk;tmedoifa=umifh twkdif;tqr&Sd[k qdk=uaom obm0t±dkif;xufyif vl@tEG,f0if
rsm;u vufapmif;xufvsuf &Sdae=u+yDjzpfonf r[kwfoavm? xkd@a=umifh tzxuf om; wv}uD;
oGm;av+yD[k qdk&ajym&awmhrnfavmufyif jzpfaeav+yD?
vG e f a v+yD ; aom tES p f w aomif ; cef @ avmuf u vl @ tEG , f 0 if w d k @ . bk d ; ab;rsm;onf
obm0t±dkif;jyif}uD;wGif ,if;uay;rS urf;rSom r0a&pm pm;aomufcJh=u&olrsm; jzpf.? ,if;u
pdwfvuf r=unfvifI ay;urf;jcif; rðyaom tcg umvrsm;wGif 'kAdBuE W&uyfrsm; qdkufcg
aoausysuq f ;D cJ=h u&.? ok@d &mwGif ,ckacwf om;ajr;rsm; vufxufwiG u f m; xdok @kd r[kwaf wmhay?
pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh arG;jrLa&;ody`H twwfynm&yfrsm;jzifh obm0 t±dkif;jyif}uD;rS rdrdwdk@tvdk&Sdovdk zefwD;
xkwfvkyfvsuf &Sdae=u+yDjzpfonf r[kwfavm? tvm;wlyif a&S;vGefav+yD;aom tcgumvrsm;u
a&m*gb, vufeuf}uD; rsm;jzifh obm0t±dik ;f u zdp;D xk;d ESuv f maom tcgrsm;wkid ;f vl@tEG,0f ifw@kd .
bk;d ab;rsm;onf ckcw H eG ;f vSef Edik pf rG ;f r&S=d uojzifh a&m*guE &W uyfrsm;qku d uf m aoausysupf ;D cJ=h u&.?
od k @ &mwG i f ,ck a cwf o m;ajr;rsm; vuf x uf w G i f u m; xd k u J h o d k @ r[k w f awmh a y? aq;od y ` H
twwfynm&yfrsm;jzifh obm0t±dik ;f . zdp;D xd;k ESucf surf sm;udk aumif;pGm a&Smifwrd ;f Ekid pf rG ;f / wGe;f vSef
ckcHEdkifpGrf;rsm; &Sdvm=u+yDjzpfonf r[kwfoavm? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;200 cef@avmuftxd rdrdwdk@.
touf&iS f wnfwef@ Edik af &;twGuf pm;0wfaer_qidk &f m t&yf&yf jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f jcif;ðyvky&f mY
vl@tEG,f0ifwkd@. bdk;ab;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ºuGufom;rsm;udk zspfzspfjrnfvm&avmufatmif
zspf!SpfcJh=u&.? ezl;uac|; ajcrokd@ pD;usonfqdkaom pum;rsm;yif &SdvmcJh.? odk@&mwGif ,ckacwf
om;ajr;rsm; vufxufwGifrlum; xdkodk@ r[kwfawmhay? pufr_ody`H twwfynm&yfrsm;jzifh axGxl;
qef;jym;aom puf,E W&m;rsm; wnfaqmufcg apyg;vsuf &Sdae+yDjzpfonf r[kwfoavm?
xdkr#omv#if r[kwfao;? ,cktcg obm0ody`H ynm&yfrsm;jzifh vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;onf
obm0t±dik ;f }uD;. twm;tqD; tcsKyftcs,Ef iS hf v#K@d 0u S cf surf sm;udyk if ausmvf m$ ; vGeaf jrmufvsuf
&Sdae=u+yDjzpfonf r[kwfoavm? uyfurBm OD; wnfpavmufuwnf;u tEkjrL. 0wfqHrsm;twGif;
cdkykef;0yfv#dK; aecJh=uaom {&mr pGrf;tifbDvl;}uD;rsm;udk xkaxmif; xkwfv$wf EkdifcJhonfomru
urBmò*d[f. qGJiiftm; taESmiftzGJ@ pufuGif;rsm;rS ±kef;xGufvGwfu|wfum vurBmxufokd@
wufa&mufajccsvsuf &Sdae=u+yDjzpf.? ajra=um a&a=umESifh ava=umrsm;udkvnf; ±H_@EdkifcJh=u+yDjzpf.?
ajrv#dK;Ekdif±Hkr#om r[kwf rkd;vnf; ysHEkdifcJh=u+yDjzpfonf r[kwfavm?
w&Ha&mtcgu vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;onf obm0t±dkif;. ðyor#EkcJh=u&aom owW0grsm;om
jzpf+yD; ,if;. tppftaq; ta&G;cs,cf b H 0/ ta=umifu h scH b0jzifh touf&iS f aexkid jf cif; ðycJ=h u&aom
ouf&±dS yk rf sm;avmufom jzpfc=hJ uonf r[kwo f avm? od@k &mwGif ,cktcg obm0 odyyH` nm&yfrsm;.
taxmuftuljzifh ,if;b0tajcudk vl@tEG,f0ifrsm;onf arSmufvSefvSnfhajymif; vkduf=uay+yD?
59
(3)
20 &mpk ESpfrsm;twGif; wdkif;EdkifiH toD;oD;ESifh vl@tpnf;t±Hk;rsm; toD;oD;wGif acwfopf
obm0odyH` ynm&yf rsm;ESihf yufoufI txl;tav;xm; vm=u.? rsm;pGm ta&;w,l ðyvm=u.?
,if;ynm&yfrsm; wdk;wufzGH@òzd;a&;twGuf aiGukefa=u;uscHum ody`Hausmif;wkduf}uD;rsm;/ okawoe
Xmersm;ESifh "mwfcGJcef;rsm;udk tvkt,uf tòydiftqkdif wnfaqmufvsuf&Sd=u.? ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;
udkvnf; av;av;pm;pm; ae&may;.? "eOpPm csrf;omºuG,f0I pufr_ ukefxkwfvkyfief; }uD;rsm;
zGH@òzd;wdk;wufvsuf&Sdaom EkdifiH}uD;rsm;wGif wESpfwESpfv#if axmifESifhaomif;ESifhcsDI ody`HbGJ@& ynm&Sif
rsm;udk ukefypPnf;rsm; tpkvkduftòyHvdkuf xGufvmatmif xkwfvkyfovkd arG;jrLxkwfvkyfvsuf
&Sd=u.? xdkr#ESifhyif tm;&auseyfjcif; r&Sdao;Ivm;awmh rajymwwf? ody`Hausmif;odk@ wufa&muf
oif=um;jcif; ròyEkdif=uaom jynfolvlxkrsm;udk wdk;wuf+yD;&if; wkd;wufvsuf&Sdaom ody`Hynm&yf
rsm;ESifh u|rf;0if&if;ESD;jcif;&Sdatmif enf;vrf;&SmazG }uHqvsuf&Sd=uonf? prf;oyf =unfh±_vsuf &Sd=u.?
,if;okd@ prf;oyf =unfh±_ae=uaom enf;rsm;teuf pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m aumif;aom enf;wenf;rSm
jynfolvlxkrsm; zwf±_Ekdifaom vlxkody`Hpmay pmwrf;rsm;/ pmpOfrsm;ESifh pmapmifrsm; xkwfa0jcif;
ðyaom enf;yifjzpf.?
xdkenf;jzifh EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif rsm;pGmatmifjrifvsuf &Sdonfqdk.? vlxkody`Hpmwrf;rsm;
yvlysHatmif xkwfa0vsuf &Sd=uonfvnf; qdk.? tcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif jynfolvlxkrsm; zwf±_
avhvm&ef cufcJyifyrf;vdrfhrnf xifp&m&Sdaom ruf(pf)yvifhESifh tdefpwdkif; tp&Sdaom obm0ody`H
ynm&Sifrsm;. oabmw&m;rsm;udkyif vlxkpmaytjzpfjzifh xkwfa0vsuf &Sdae=u+yD jzpf.?
(4)
vGwfvyfa&; a=ujim=ucJhaom 1940 ckESpf. q,fpkESpfrsm; tukefykdif;avmufrS pwifum

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif obm0 ody`Hynm&yfrsm;udk wESpfxufwESpf pdwf0ifpm;vmolrsm; wdk;wuf
rsm;jym;vm.? wuUodkvf ausmif;wkdufrsm;ESifh txufwef; ausmif;rsm;wGif ody`Hbmom&yf,laom
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; wpxufwp wkd;wuf rsm;jym;vmovkd jynfolvlxkrsm; taeESifhvnf;
‚if;wd@k vufvrS ;f rS&D m odyb
H` mom&yfqikd &f m pmaypmwrf;rsm;/ pmpOfrsm;ESihf pmapmifrsm;udk pdw0f ifpm;
udkifwG,fvm=u.? obm0 avmu"mwf}uD;.ta=umif; avhvmzGifhqdk=uaom ody`Hpmayrsm;udk
av;av;pm;pm; zwf±_ vm=u.? jynfolvlxkrsm;onf nLuvD,m pGrf;tifta=umif;udk od&Sdvkd=u
ovkd tmumoody`HESifh uGefjyLwm pufOD;aESmuf rsm;ta=umif; a,bk,staeESifhavmufawmh
em;vnfcsif=u.? tvm;wlyif ‚if;wkd@. vlr_a&;b0rsm;ESifh qufpyfaESmifzGJ@ vsuf&Sdaom oufrJh
ouf&SdESifh vlr_a&; ody`Hynm&yfrsm; ta=umif;vnf; =um;bl;em;0 &Sdvdk=u.?
T“obm0ody`H” pmtkyfonf acwfopfobm0 ody`Hynm&yfrsm;ta=umif; pdwf0ifpm;
od&Sdvdk=uaom/ zwf±_ em;vnf vkd=uaom jynfolvlxkrsm; twGufomjzpfyg.?
wif a tmif
4/ 1/ 1974?
60
q&mAef;armfwifatmif
arG;ae‹trSwfw&
td e f p wd e f ; ES i f h ol .
"rR w &m;pmtk y f t wG u f
q&ma&;onf h trS m pmxJ r S
aumuf E k w f c suf
tdefpwdef; ESifh ol. "rRw&m;

(1977 - wwd , t}ud r f )
a'guf w m td e f p wd e f ; onf 20&mpk

ESpfrsm;qkdif&m vl@todtvdrRmw&m; tvSnfhtajymif;}uD; wacwfudk OD;pD;a&SŒaqmifcJhaom obm0
tbd"rRmESifh obm0ody`H ynm&yfrsm;qdkif&m ynm&Sif}uD; wqljzpf.? vlwdk@. todtvdrRm
w&m;tqifha[mif;rS tqihfopfodk@ vSnhfajymif;&jcif;jzpf&um; ol. "rRw&m;opfwGif obm0
tbd"rRmESihf obm0odyyH` nm. orkid ;f a=umif;ESihf tqifjh rifh ocsmF ynm&yfrsm;ESihf ,Of;yg;jcif; r&S=d u
ao;aom vlxkrsm;twGuf ±kwfw&ufem;rvnfEdkifI todcufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
&ifqkdif&vdrfhrnfom jzpf.?
tmumo/ tcsdefESifhj'yf paom"rRw&m;rsm;onf vltrsm; xifjrif,lqxm;=uovdk
wnf+rJaom "rRw&m;rsm; r[kwf=u? ±H_@csDESyfcsDESifh Aavmif;AvJ vkyfwwfaom oabmobm0/
trltusifhESifh *k%fowWdrsm; &Sdwwf=uonfqdkaom a0g[m&rsm;/ 0gusrsm;ESifh ±kwfw&uf awG@xd
vkud vf #if OD;acgi;f ukwf &vdrrhf nfxif.? tmumoESihf tcsed w
f @kd onf woD;wjcm;pD &yfwnfEidk =f uaom
"rRw&m;rsm;rsm; r[kw=f u/ ESpcf ak ygi;f rS "rRw&m;wyg;r#om jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif rsO;f ajzmifrh sO;f òydif
rsm;ESifh ,Ofyg; }uD;jyif;vmcJh=uolrsm;onf tdefpwdef;. "rRw&m;qdkif&m rsOf;!GwfrsOf;auG;rsm;ESifh
bGm;ueJ wkd;vkdufaomtcgrsm;wGif rsufarSmifñuwfrd =uvdrfhrnfjzpf.? odk@&mwGif tedrfhrS tjrifhodk@
vnf;aumif;/ ta[mif;rS topfo@dk vnf;aumif; vlw@dk . todtvdrmR w&m; wqpfcsKd ; vSnahf jymif;
jcif; ðy&aomtcgrsm;wkdif;/ ,if;uJhodk@ tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rsm;udkyif yifyifyef;yef; jzwfoef;
ausmfv$m;=u&±kd;om jzpfonf r[kwfoavm?
61
=unfhyg æ
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; oHk;av;&mcef@ rwkdifrDtxd urBmajr}uD;udk A[kdcsufrðyum/ tmumo
0wˆKypPn;f rsm; jzpf=uaom ae/ v/ ò*[ d Ef iS hf =u,frsm;u +c&H v
H n
S yhf wf ae=uonfqakd om t&dpw P w
dk ,f/
wkdavrDwkd@. euQwWaA'ESifh p=u0VmaA'rsm;ukd aumif;pGmvufcHxm;=uonf r[kwfoavm? vlwdk@
onf ,if;"rRw&m;ESihfygwfowfI tvGefw&m b0ifusv#uf&SdaecJh=u.? odk@&mwGif ,if;p=u0Vm
aA'ESifh "rRw&m;rsm;onf r[kwfrrSef=u/ ae0ef;udkom A[kdcsufrðyum urBmajr}uD; tygt0if
ò*d[f}uD;/ ò*d[fi,frsm;u +cH&HvSnfhywfae&jcif;r#om jzpfa=umif; ta=umif;,kwWd tcdkiftcHhESifh
udkyg;eD;uyfu euQwWaA'a[mif;ESifh p=u0VmaAa' a[mif;wkd@udk wpfqpfcsKd; vSnfhajymif; vkdufaom
tcgu/ vlwkd@onf tb,fr# uarmufurjzpfum 'kuQrsm;cJh=u&oenf;? odk@&mwGif ,cktcg ae0ef;
A[dkðy p=u0VmaA'udk vlwkd@onf aumif;pGmvufcH xm;=u+yDjzpfonf r[kwfoavm?
,if;tvm;wlyif 20 &mpkESpfrsm;twGif; vlwkd@. todtvdrRmw&m;udk wpfqpfcsdK;
vSnfhajymif;jcif; jzpfaom tdefpwdef;. "rRw&m;rsm;onf vnf;udkygeD;uyf "rRw&m; jzpfoef;
ausmv f m$ ;jcif; ðycJ&h aom orkid ;f umvESihf tawG@tóuHrsm;udk jzwfoef;ausmv f m$ ; ae&jcif;r#om jzpf.?
p=u0Vmpepf. csufrA[dkudk urBmajr}uD;rS ae0ef;odk@ udkyg;eD;uyf vSnfhajymif;vkdufaom tvSnfh
tajymif;udk vlwkd@onf tawG@tóuHopfrsm;t& wjznf;jznf; b0ifusvufcH vmcJh=u&onfhenf;wl
±kyf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;. a&G@vsm;r_ tvsOfay:wGif trSDo[Jðyum tmumo/ tcsdefESifh j'yfxkwdk@onf
±_H@csnfESyfcsnf vkyfwwfonfqkdaom a'gufwmtdefpwdef;. "rRw&m;opfudkvnf; tawG@tóuHrsm;
t& vlwkd@onf wjznf;jznf; vufcHvm=uvdrfhrnfom jzpf.?
odk@&mwGif a'gufwmtdefpwdef;. "rRw&m;uJhokd@aom obm0ody`H ynm&yfrsm;qkdif&m
ta=umif; a&;om;jcif; ðy&mY/ pma&;olrsm;wGif tusyftwnf; tcuftcJrsm;&Sd.? ,if; tusyf
twnf;ESifh tcuftcJrsm;rSm tjcm;awmhr[kwf/ tpGef;ESpfpGef;udk vGwfatmif a&Smif&=uOf&aom
udpyP ifjzpf.? yxrtpGe;f rSm ,if;"rRw&m;rsm;udk wdwu d susEiS hf ckid cf idk cf chH hH azmfjyEkid &f eftwGuf tao;
pdwf óud;yrf;&if; obm0ody`H ynm&yfrsm;ESifh ,Ofyg; &if;ESD;jcif; r&Sd=uao;aom vlxkrsm;twGuf
bmwpfckr# em;rvnfEdkifatmif a&;om;rd=ujcif;jzpf.? useftpGef;wpGef;rSm vlxkrsm; oabmayguf
em;vnf vG,fulap&ef apwemjzifh t±dk;qHk;ESifh t&Sif;vif;qHk; a&;om;azmfjyEkdif&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwf
&if;/ "rRw&m;ta=umif;ESihf ywfoufI bmwckr# [kww f yd wfwd a&;om;azmfjyEkid pf rG ;f r&Sw d wfjcif;yif
jzpf.? pma&;olonf ,if;tpGef;ESpfpGef;rS twwfEkdifqHk;vGwfatmif óud;pm;a&SmifuGif;&ef tm;xkwf
&.? ,if;odk@ tm;xkwfonfht=um;rS wpGef;ESifhr+id/ wpGef;ESifh+idaev#ifvnf; onf;nnf;cH cGifhv$wf
vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhvkd.?
tdefpwdef;ESifh ol. "rRw&m;pmtkyfudk ,ckuJhokd@ a&;om;jzpfatmif vkdtyfaom tcsuf
tvuf/ ta=umif;t&mESifh pmtkyfpmwef;rsm; ulnD&SmazG ay;cJh=uaom pma&;q&m '*kefwm&m/
armiftkef;jr/ yg&*lESifh armifndKjr polwkd@udkvnf;aumif;/ OD;aiGodef; (xm;0,f)/ udkatmif ({&m0wD)/
udw k ifat; (oH;k q,f) wd@k uv kd nf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif&adS =umif; azmfjy&ef use&f adS evdrOhf ;D rnf xifyg.?
wif a tmif
62
q&mAef;armfwifatmif
Aef;armifwifatmif
arG;ae‹trSwfw&
pDpOfol - ukd,OfEkdif
xk w f a 0onf h v - 1993/ puf w bF m v
tkyfa& - 500
rsuf E S m zH k ; yef ; csD - armif a rmif o d k u f
xk w f a 0ol - OD ; ausmf a v; (a&$jynfawmfpmay)
v;(a&$
wtk y f - oH k ; q,f u syf
taygif;vuQ%mpmay
trSwf 195§3(u) / 33 - vrf;/ &efukefòrd@
0rf;enf;0rf;om zkef; - 81460
pma&;q&m. 0efcHcsuf trSm

T ‘0rf;enf;0rf;om’ 0wˆKonf pma&;ol. 0wˆKr[kwfa=umif; a&S;OD;pGm 0efcHjcif;ðy&ef
wm0ef&Sdvdrfhrnf xifavonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf T ‘0rf;enf;0rf;om’ 0wˆKonf pma&;olu
±kyf&Sif±dkuful;&ef &nf&G,fjyifqifxm;aom Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk 0wˆKtjzpf jyefvnfa&;om;jcif;
ðy&aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
T ‘0rf;enf;0rf;om’ Zmwf!$ef;udk ‘a±$[oFm ±kyf&Sifukr`%D’rS ±kyf&Sif ±dkuful;ae+yDvnf;
jzpfavonf? rlv Zmwfn$ef;a&;olrSm ‘wuUodkvf jrwfav;’ udk,fwdkifjzpfI 'g±kdufwm ‘OD;cspfcif’u
±kduful;aejcif;r#om jzpfavonf?
,if;odk@ ±kyf&Sif±dkuful;ae+yDjzpfaom Zmwfn$ef;wyk'fudk tb,fha=umifh pma&;olu 0wˆKa&;&
oenf;? xkdar;cGef;onf ay:xGufvmavonf? xdkokd@ ay:xGufvmaom ar;cGef;udkvnf; pma&;ol
udk,fwkdif ajz=um;zkd@ wm0ef&Sdavonf?
a&$[oFm ±kyf&Sifukr`%DrSm ukr`%Dopf jzpfavonf? xdkukr`%Dudk xlaxmif=uolrsm;onf
acwfynmwwfrsm;vnf; jzpfonf? olw@dk vo l u
dk o
f nf ±ky&f iS v
f yk if ef;udk wd;k jr‡iv
hf adk om vlou
dk v
f nf;
jzpf=uonf?
od@k &mwGif xkvd ol udk o
f nf olw@dk bmom at;at;vkyrf aebJ &if;ES;D aom rdwaf qGwOD;taeESihf
pma&;oltm; vma&mufI Zmwfvrf;aumif;wyk'fudk t&Smcdkif;=uonf? tEkynmonfwOD;.
b0ESifhywfoufaom Zmwfvrf;udk ydkI ±kdufcsifonf[kvnf; acs;rsm;=uao;onf? xdk@a=umifh pma&;
63
olu udk,fvGwf±kef;onfhtaeESifh jyifopfpma&;q&m}uD; ‘±dkrif*kdvif’ a&;aom ‘*sif;c&pfpwdkzm’

0wˆKudk vuf!d‡K;xdk; jyvdkufonf?
xkduJhodk@aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk a&;EdkifpGrf;olrSmvnf; tjcm;oludk rjrifrdbJ ‘'*kefwm&m’udk
vuf!‡Kd;xdk; jyvdkufrdonf?
od@k &mwGif xdu
k pd o
P nf Tr#EiS hf r+yD;vdu k jf yefacs? wpfae@oY a&$[oFm ±ky&f iS u
f rk %
` D ydik &f iS rf sm;
onf pma&;q&m '*kew f m&m/ rif;&Si/f ausmaf tmif/ aomfwmaqGEiS hf wuUov dk jf rwfav;wk@d vlou dk uf kd
pma&;ol. aetdrfodk@ twif;r˜cs vmonf? *sif;c&pfpwkdzm ±dkufI rvG,fao;ojzifh wuUodkvf
jrwfav;Y tqifoifh a&;om;xm;aom Zmwfn$ef;wyk'fudk ±kyf&Sif±dkuf&ef ajymqdkvm=ujyefonf?
xkd@a=umifh wuUodkvfjrwfav;. Zmwfn$ef;udk 0kdif;Izwf=ujyefonf? tm;enf;csufrsm;udk 0kdif;I
&Sm=ujyefonf? odk@&mwGif ol.Zmwfn$ef;rSm cdkifcHh+yD;om;jzpfI bmr#tm;jznfhay;&ef rvkdoavmuf
jzpfaeonf?
odk@&mwGif a&$[oFm ±kyf&Sifukr`%DrS wm0efcHwOD;jzpfaom OD;oef;wif(pmayopf)u xdk
Zmwfn$ef;ukd ,cka&;I pmzwfy&dwfowftm; ay;&v#if ydkIaumif;vdrfhrnfxifa=umif; ajymqkdvm
onf? ok@d &mwGif xkZd mwfne$ ;f udk 0wˆKtjzpf jyefvnf a&;om;&eftwGuf pma&;q&m '*kew f m&monf
vnf;aumif;/ rif;&SifESihf ausmfatmifwdk@onfvnf;aumif;/ aomfwmaqGonfvnf;aumif; pdwftm;
xufoefr_ r&S=d uacs? xko d @dk r&S±d rkH #omv#if r[kwaf o;? olwpfyg;ukyd if acsmufweG ;f vkud =f ujyefonf?
aemufqHk;Y pma&;oltay:odk@ 0kdif;I yHkcs=uavonf? 0kdif;I tusyfudkif=uavonf?
0rf;a&;ta=umif; 0wˆKrsm;udk ta&;&/ tom;& cufcJaecsdefwGif ‘vGrf;’a&;ta=umif;
0wˆ K rsm;uk d a&;om;&ef pOf ; pm;ae&aom pma&;ol t aeES i f h xd k Z mwf n $ e f ; ud k 0wˆ K tjzpf
jyefvnfa&;om;&ef aemufqHk;Y acgif;ndwfvkduf&jcif;r#om jzpfawmhonf?
wif a tmif
64
q&mAef;armfwifatmif
arG;ae‹trSwfw&
±k;d rwku
d yf JG (1963 = 0wˆK)
twGuf
pma&;ol . trS m
'kwd, urBmppf}uD;. umvjzpfaom ouU&mZf 1942 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpfrsm;twGif; oHk;ESpf
omomcef@r# *syef vufeufukdifwyfrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; odrf;ykduftkyfpkd;vsuf jrefrm
wrsdK;om;vHk;ukd ±kdif;±kdif;pkdif;pdkif; !‡if;yef;ESdyfpufum jyif;jyif;xefxef u|efðycJh=uavonf? ,if;odk@
*syefvufeufudkifwyfrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkuftkyfpdk;vsuf jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;udk u|efðyaom
tcsdefumvtm; jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;. “arSmifusaomumv” [lI rSwfwrf;wif ac:a0:=u&vdrfhrnf
xifayonf?
“tm&Swkduf omwlnDr#a&;”[laom aºuG;a=umfoH vdrfvnfcsufa=umifh *syefwkd@ukd tm;udk;
,Hkpm;cJh=uaom jrefrmtrsdK;om; trsm;tjym;onf ausmtcscH&awmhrSyif *syefwkd@udk "m;jyrsm;
tjzpfjzifh em;vnf odjrif=uaomtcsed w f iG f *syefzufqpfrsm;ESihf uifaywkid af c: ppftm%mykid rf sm;onf
jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;tm; aumif;pGm ezm;xdk;+yD;av+yD? ,m;Ir#yif rvl;0Hhrv_yfEkdifaom b0tajc
taewGif jzpfaeav+yD?
rnfuohJ @kd yifjzpfapumrl Om%ftajrmftjrifEiS hf jynfph v kH suf ol&owWv d nf; &S=d uaom zufqpf
qef@usifa&; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u rvl;0Hhrv_yfEdkifavmufatmif qdk;&Gm;usyfwnf;vSaom *syef
ppfzdeyfatmufrS jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;udk a&G;Ekwfu,fwif&ef v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk; cJh=uavonf? oufpGef@
qHjzm; aqmif&GufcJh=uavonf? ,if;a=umifh jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;onf *syefvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk
&J&J&ifh&ifh xºuGwkdufckdufvsuf rdrdwdk@udk,fudk arSmifusaeaom orkdif;umvrS vGwfajrmuf
apcJh=uavonf?
,if;okd@ jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;u zufqpf*syefwdk@udk wkdufcdkufcJh=uaom ta=umif;t&mESifh
tjzpftysufrsm;udkvnf; tuQ&mwifolrsm;uwifvsuf armfuGef;xkd;olrsm;uvnf; xdk;cJh=u
avonf? okd@&mwGif T“±kd;rwdkufyGJ”ta=umif;onf vlodtifrwef enf;yg;vSaom oifwdkif;0wf
awmifay:u&if trsdK;om;rsm;. *syefqef@usifa&; ppfyGJuav;wyGJ. ta=umif;t&m tjzpftysuf
r#om jzpfavonf? xdktjzpftysuf ta=umif;t&mESifh ppfyGJta=umif;udk armfuGef;a&;xkd;jcif; rðy=u
ao;onfhtwGuf 18 ESpfcef@r# =umjrifhcJh+yD;rS pma&;olu armfuGef;a&;xdk;&ef tm;xkwfwifjyvkdufjcif;
r#om jzpfygownf;?
Aef ; armf w if a tmif
65
q & m A ef ; a r mf w if a t m if od k ‹ t rS wf w & rsm;
(u)
u|efawmf ±kyfyHkv$mtzGJ@tEGJ@ a&;cJhonfrSm tESpf (40)

eD;yg;&Sd_yD[k qdkEdkifonf? ay;pm vufrSwfxdk;_yD;rS ajymp&m
arhusefI atmufem;u jznfh&onfh oabmrsdK;qefqef?
aemufjznfh?a&;csifvmojzifh jyefvnfazmfjyaejcif;vnf; ygonf?
odk@aomf pmjyefzwf-unfhaomfvnf; u|efawmfa&;zGJ@cJhaom yk*~dKvfrsm;
tay: cHpm;csuf rajymif;? xifjrifcsuf rajymif;? a&;_yD;rS atmufem;u
xyfjznfh&onfh oabmrsdK;oufoufr[kwf? u|efawmf. pmayrsm;udk
jyefvnf oH;k oyf-unfo h nfh oabmjzpfonf? ,if;±kyyf vkH m$ tzG@J tEG@J rsKd ;
b,fyHka&; jzpfvmonfudk jyefvnf awG@&Sdcsuf oabmvnf;ygonf?
olwdk@ta-umif; jyefa&;aeaomtcg cHpm;csuftopfrsm; ay:vmwwfonf?
pa&;zG@J pOfuvnf; cHpm;r+jzifah &;cJoh nf? udkatmifqef;/ ukdA[def;/ udkAaqG
ponfjzifh tpOfvkdufazmfjyjcif;rSm cHpm;r+csif; qufpyf aeaoma-umifhjzpfonf?
olwkd@oHk;a,mufpvHk;rSm touft&G,fu rwdrf;r,drf;? uGmvS (1)ESpf/ (2)ESpf
avmufomuGm-urnfxifonf?
rsufarSmufacwf jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; orkdif; wGif arhcsefz,fypfIr&aom qdk&S,fvpf0g'tay:
tajccHaom EkdifiHa&; ygwD}uD;ESpfckudk wnfaxmif cJh-uonfh Adokum acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf-uonfukd
jiif;I &rnfrxifay?
olwkd@ESifh odonfrSm tESpf(50)cef@ &Sd_yD? wkdif;jynfuvnf; odaeolrsm; jzpf-uonf?
ausmif;om; b0uwnf;u cifrifcJholrsm; jzpfI vnf; olwkd@udk u|efawmfcHpm;ovkd a&;jc,fjycJh
jcif;jzpfonf? xk@d a-umifyh if rlvu“vlukd avhvmjcif;”[k acgif;pOfu¾ owfrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
66
olwkd@onf EkdifiHa&; orm;rsm;jzpfI olwkd@ESifh pmEka&;ol/ EkdifiHa&; pdwf"mwf&Sdol wpfa,muf

xdawG@cHpm;r+rsm;udk jc,fa&;onfhtcg EdkifiHa&; tjzpfod&if; udkwifatmifESifh &if;ESD;vmonf?
aemufcu H m;uav;rsm; rawmfwq ygomG ;wwf odk@aomf i,faygif; ausmif;aezufwa,mufvdk
onf? u|eaf wmf olw@dk ukd Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;tjzpf wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnfvmcJh-uonf?
tuJrjzwf? ol pmayavmu0if&ef opfawmvkyfief;udk pGef@
u|efawmf ±kyfyHkv$mtzGJ@tEGJ@ a&;aom um jynfrq S if;vm_yD; u|eaf wmfEiS hf awG@aomtcg
tcg cifrifolrsm;xJrS acwfESifh ,SOfòydifay:xGef; wm&mtwGuf aiGawGoHk;yg[k u|efawmfhudk aiGyHk
vmcsed w f iG f pdwv
f y+ &f mS ;vmum a&;jzpfomG ;wwf tyfuwnf;u olu|efawmfhtay: ,Hk-unfr+udk
onf? u|efawmf pdwf0ifpm;aomoludk a&G;jc,f tHh-o&onf? u|efawmfu aiGvufrcHaom tcg
wwfonf? vcay;p&m rvkdbl;/ oufouf,Hk-unfcsufeJ@
pmay tEkynm&Sifrsm;vnf; ygonf? ulnDrSm[k oluajymonf? xdkpOfu wm&m
Aef;armfwifatmif ±kyfyHkv$mudk 1952 u a&;zGJ@ r*~ Z if ; ud k ±+ r 0yH k E S d y f p uf w G i f ±k d u f o nf ?
cJhonf? xdktcgu olonf tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; udkwifatmifu naebufqkd a&mufvmwwf
Y &Sad epOfujzpfonf? acgi;f pOfukd “Aef;armfwifatmif onf? cifAsm; jyef/ usefwmawG u|efawmf -unfh
odk@r[kwf e&odefaxmifrS olykeftusOf;om;”[k ay;r,f/ cifAsm; yifyef;aer,f[k ajymonf?
wyfcJhonf? nbufwiG f usa&mufvmwwfaom y±kzwfjcif;/
azmifyw d jf cif; paom tvkyrf sm;udk olu vkyaf y;
(c) onf? xdktcgu wm&macgif;pnf;wGif wGJzuf
“y'krRm-umyGifh tòyH;&Sif” ocifA[def; t,f'Dwm Aef;armfwifatmif[lI wyfcJhonf?
ta-umif; jyefvnf azmfjyaomtcg “u|efawmf ol@t&ifu wGzJ uft,f'w D mtjzpf ulnaD qmif&u G f
ESifh tcifrifqHk;/ t&if;ESD;qHk;/ em;tvnfqHk;/ ay;olrsm;rSm armifpnfoEl iS hf rif;&Siw f @dk jzpf-uonf?
tvk d v m;qH k ; rd w f a qG r sm;teuf ” [l a om aemufwpfa,muf &Sdao;onf? olu
0daooudk oHk;cJhonf? ,ck Aef;armfwifatmif ocifjroef;? Adkvfvif;,kefu ocifjroef;udk
udkvnf; ,if; 0daoojzifhyif oHk;&ayrnf? ac:vmum rdwq f ufay;_y;D wm&mwGif t,f'w D m
trSet f m;jzifh udw
k ifatmifEiS hf u|eaf wmf cef@ay;zkd@ ajymonf? ocifjroef;udk yxrqHk;
rSm i,faygi;f r[kw?f ausmif;aezufr[kw?f 1946 awG@&jcif;yif? u|efawmf. r*~Zif;rSm t,f'Dwm
w&mr*~Zif;xkw&f ef jyifqifaepOf ol@xrH S pmcsi;f tzG@J 0ifrsm; cef@xm;Ekid af vmufatmif tajctae
qufoG,fI od&jcif;jzpfonf? ol &efukefodk@ rsm; r&Sad o;a-umif;/ ±H;+ aeao;a-umif;/ u|eaf wmf
jynfrS qif;vmaomtcg vlcsif; awG@&zl;onf? wpfa,mufwnf; tukefvkyfI&aom vkyfief;r#
xdkrSpI cifrifoGm;jyefonf? xkd@aemuf xdawG@r+ omjzpfa-umif; ajymjy&onf? ocifjroef;rSm
rsm;vmonfhtavsmuf cifrif &if;ESD;oGm;awmh axmifrSxGufvmcgp pmaybuf vkyfcsifae[ef
onf? u|efawmfhxH pmjzifh qufoG,fpOfuyif &Sdonf? aemif ocifjroef;onf “rrdk;aqG”
olonf u|efawmf.pmrsm;udk zwfzl;aeonfudk 0wˆKjzihf emrnf&um pmayavmuod@k a&mufvm
awG@&onf? u|efawmfESifhrawG@rD ol@twdwfudk onf? oHvdkuf"mwfuJhodk@ pmayt,ltq wlol
u|efawmf rod? u|efawmfuvnf; rpyfpk? ol@udk rsm; vma&muf pka0;wwf-uonfh oabmyif?
67
udwk ifatmif “wm&m” t,f'w D m pm;yGJ -urf;aoma-umifh jzpfrnfxifonf? EkdifiHa&;

wGif&SdpOf olESifhwcgyJ tzktxpfuav;ESifh óuHzl; a0zefpma&;v#if oluenf;enf; -urf;wwfonf?
onf? wpfnae u|efawmf apmapmjyefoGm;&m ol@udk xrif;zdwfau|;rnfh oluvnf;
aemufae@reuftapm ±dkuf_yD;om;rsm;udk -unfh renf;? rsm;vSbdjcif;? zdwfwkdif; u|efawmfhudk ac:
aomtcg u|efawmf róudufaom uAsmwyk'f onf? rac:onf r&Sd? u|efawmfESifh yg&*l wGJae
ygvmonf? onfudkodI u|efawmfhudkzdwfwkdif; yg&*ludkyg ac:
“tm;emwmeJ@ xnfv h u
dk wf m/ vlu,kd wf idk f aponf? olESifh u|efawmfhae&m a0;aomfvnf;
vmay;wm” wul;wu vmzdwfwwfonf? xrif;aumif;
‘[if æ’ [if;aumif;udk olwa,mufwnf; rpm;csifonfh
onf u pI wa,muf E S i h f w a,muf oabm? u|eaf wmfu h kd !Smonfh ae&mwGif ol@ tjyif
em;vnfoGm;-uonf? ESpaf ,mufr&S?d naebuf òrŒd xJrS tdrjf yef-uv#if
udkwifatmifrSm tifrwef tm;emwwf u|eaf wmf@ukd tdrt f a&mufjyefy@kd _y;D rS c&D; taxmuf
onfhol/ olum; cspfzG,f&maumif;onfhol/ qef@ cHI ol@tdrfjyefonf? ajymr&? bwfpfum; vl-uyf
usifbufajym&rSm 0efav;ol? vk@d rsm; xdik cf w
kH pfae&m&Sv d #if u|eaf wmfu h o
kd m twif;
vl y H k u ±k y f a csmacsm? t&yf t armif ; xkid af ponf? b,fawmhrS ol@xikd cf idk ;f Ir&? ol@t&yf
aumif; aumif;? awmifah wmifh wif;wif;? i,fpOf ESihf uke;f uke;f uGuG rwfwyf&yfvu dk of nf? b,fvrdk S
upI tm;upm;orm;? vufa0S@yifxkd;onf[k ajymIr&? olEiS h f oGm;v#if !‡mvGe;f I pdwn f pf&onf?
ol@pum;&dyfxJrS od&onf? r[maqG 0wˆKxJu 1976 ckEpS u f &Sr;f jynfe,f twlomG ;-u&m
Zmwfvu dk yf tkH wkid ;f ? ol 0wfpm;qif,ifykH [efyef atmifyef;òrd@odk@ ntcsdefrawmf &xm;qdkuf
ut*Fvyd af cwfu yHt k wkid ;f [k qd&k rnf? bavZm onf? &xm;u -um-umr&yf? qif;aomtcg vl
ukwf teuf0wfv#if acgufxm;aomem;ywfudk -uyfI tayguf0wGif ydwfqdk@ae&m udkwifatmif
vSef0wfwwfonf? acwfay: t0wftpm;udk u u|eaf wmfu h kd a&S@uqif;aponf? olu aemuf
olr0wf? &Syftusôvufwkd tuGuf0wfv#ifyif u ausmfv$m;qif;&m &xm;a&GŒpOfwGif renf;
a&S;qiftuGufukdom 0wfonf? pwD&D,kdaw; qif;&onf? yvufazmif;ay: ,kdifwd,kdifwkdifESifh
olem;raxmif? a&S;oDcsi;f om óuu d of nf? u|eaf wmf u|efawmfwkd@ ajccsrdawmh udkwifatmif ygrvm?
ESifhawG@v#if a&S;oDcsif;udkom wD;ckdif;aeonf? ‘vlwa,muf jywif;aygufu ckefcswm
olu *E W0ifpmay tEkynmrsm;udk jrwfEkd;onf? &dycf eJ jrifvu dk w f ,f? tefu,f OD;wifatmifvm;
t*Fvdyf±kyf&Sif-unfhv#if *E W0if0wˆKrsm;udk ±kduf rodbl;’[k twlvkdufygvmol wlruav;u
ul;onfhum;udk -unfhwwfonf? pkd;&drfoHESifh ajymonf?
vlcspfvlcifuvnf; aygygbdjcif;? olESifh u|eaf wmfw@dk wxdwx f w d ?f &xm;wGJ vGef
twl vrf;av#mufoGm;v#if wae&m awmfawmf oGm;rS wzufro S v H rf;udk jzwfausmI f vm aeaom
ESifhra&muf? E+wfquf_yD; &yfpum;ajymae&onf udkwifatmifudk va&mifatmufwGif awG@vkduf&
ESifh c&D;rwGif? olum; cspfpzG,f&m vlwa,muf? awmhonf? r[maqG 0wˆKxu J Zmwfvu dk t
f wkid ;f
zqyv tpdk;&uawmh ol@udk rsufrkef;usdK;yHk & yif? onfawmhrS &ifat;oGm;-uonf? u|eaf wmf
onf? vif;,kef*sme,f/ owif;pmwkd@wGif ta&; omqdkv#if a&$anmifygoGm;rSm aocsmonf?
68
u|eaf wmf OuUX rjzpfapvkjd cif;a-umifh jzpfonf[k

em;vnfonf? udkwifatmifvnf; odonf?
u|eaf wmfvnf; odonf? u|eaf wmfu udw k ifatmif
udk vkyf&efajymonf? olu jiif;onf? aemufqHk;
wG i f u|ef a wmf u cif A sm; OuU X vk y f w m[m
u|efawmfvkyfwmeJ@ twlwlygyJ[k ajymrS ol
vuf c H o nf ? wu,f v nf ; ES p f u d k , f h w pd w f ?
pma&;q&mor*~. a-unmcsuf pmwrf;rl-urf;
udk u|efawmfua&;onf? olu ol@vufa&;ESifh
ul;um ol@a&;[efav;xnfh_yD;wifjy&m vufcH
twnfðy-uonf? u|efawmfh vufa&;jrifv#if
ol w k d @ vuf c H - urnf r[k w f r S m aocsmonf ?
u|ef a wmf w k d @ ES p f a ,muf òyH ; -unf h r d - uonf ?
ud k w if a tmif OuU X vk y f w m[m u|ef a wmf
vk y f w meJ @ twl w l y gyJ [ k em;vnf c J h - uonf
r[kwfygvm;?
1962 æ
‘b,femoGm;ao;vJ’ urBmat; pmaynDvmcH}u;D wGif u|eaf wmf
‘bmrS rjzpfygbl;’ wkd@ twGif;Y uGJvGJr+/ tjiif;yGm;r+ ay:cJhonf?
oltm;emI rajymwmjzpfrnf? &xm; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif udkwifatmifonf
xGufaepOf jywif;rS ckefcs&onfrSm rembJ &Sdygh u|efawmfhbufucsnf; aeonf? wcsdK@u raus
rvm;? u|efawmfhtay:wGif Tr# !‡monf? vl eyf-u? u|efawmfhtay: yk*~dKvfudk;uG,fr+ &Sdae
wzufom;tay:wGif !‡monfo h ?l udw k ifatmif onf[k ol@crsm a0zefc&H onf? wu,fu yk*Kd~ vf
ES i f h t wl u|ef a wmf anmif w k e f ; / ysOf ; rem;/ ud k ; uG , f r + r [k w f ? ud k w if a tmif o nf vl n h H
atmifyef;/ uavm/ awmif}uD;/ [kdyHk;/ tif;av; r[kwf? u|efawmfuvnf; bmaumifrSr[kwf?
paomae&mrsm;okd@ c&D;twloGm;cJhzl;&m oln‡m ol u|efawmfhudk em;vnfonf? wa,mufudk
wmyHkukd ydkod&onf? wa,muf em;vnf - uonf ? u|ef a wmf h u k d
em;vnf o jzif h ,H k - unf o nf ? u|ef a wmf w k d @
(*) ESpfa,muf yg0ifaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif
1963? olyg0ifpum;ajym&efajym&m olu “u|efawmf
pma&;q&m or*~z@JG pnf;pOf u|eaf wmfu h kd ajymcsiw f mawG cifAsm;u ajymaewmyJ/ bmajym
udkwifatmifu OuUX vkyfapcsifonf? tajc zdk@ vkdrSmvJ/ _yD;a&maygh”[k ajymonf?
taeray;? u|ef a wmf h u d k qef @ usif o l w pk u EkdifiHa&;&m/ pmaya&;&mESifh ywfoufI
uef@uuG of nf? olw@dk u udw k ifatmifukd OuUX u|efawmfwkd@ wkdifyif-uonfu rsm;onf? 1960
wifonf? udwk ifatmifudk OuUX jzpfapjcif;xuf avmufu atmifvif;. “t±dkif;pHy,f”ESifh ol.
69
“rr}uD;” 0wˆKwkd@ pmayAdrmef 0wˆKqk yl;wGJ&cJh awmfvSefa&; pma&;q&mb0wGif u|efawmfESifh

-uonf? udw k ifatmifu r,l? jiif;onf? u|eaf wmf pawG@-uonf? ”
ESifhwkdifyif&m oljiif;vkdjcif;ukd u|efawmfvufcHcJh ol@pmzwf_yD; olESifh xdawG@pu ol@udk
onf? pmayqk,&l ef jiif;a-umif; owif;pmwku d f pdwful;,Of awmfvSefa&;orm; pma&;q&m[k
rsm;okd@ xkwfjyef a-ujimcsufukd u|efawmfha&;ckdif; jrifcJhonf? pdwful;,Of[laom pum;vHk;ukd
I u|efawmfa&;ay;cJh&onf? `Romantist' [laom t*Fvyd pf mvH;k t"dym` ,f
r*~Zif;wapmifwGif wcgu u|efawmf jzifh ,lIa&;jcif;jzpf.? pdwful;xJwGif rdrdjzpfcsif
bmrSra&;? ukdwifatmif vGwfvmaomtcg aom awmfveS af &;orm;b0udk qdv k o
dk nf? olEiS hf
zwf-unfh_yD; olvnf;ra&;? pmzwf_yD; oabm odp 1947 ckESpfwGif ol. “bkef;armif wa,muf
aygufoGm;[ef wlonf? ol@udk u|efawmfu wnf;&,f” 0wˆKudk wm&m r*~Zif;wGif a0zefcsuf
bmr#ajymonfr[kw?f pmaycspf vli,ft,f'w D m a&;&mwGif pdwful;,Ofbuf ,drf;onfhoabm
opfrsm; ,if;r*~Zif;od@k a&mufvmrS olEiS u hf |eaf wmf a&;cJhonf?
wkdifyifrxm;bJ twla&;oGm; jzpfoGm;-uonf? pdwful;,Ofonfh pum;vHk;rSm t"dy`m,f
udw k ifatmifEiS hf u|eaf wmfw@dk xdawG@ru + kd raumif; r[kwf? pmayoabmw&m; a&;&mwGif
jc,fa&;&mwGif udkA[def;enf;wl em;tvnfqHk;/ pdwu f ;l ,Ofpmay[k u¾&So d nf? bmomjyef a0g
tvkdvm;qHk;[laom 0daooudk cHpm;r+jzifh a&; [m&jzpfI rl&if;pum;vHk;uJhodk@awmh rwdus?
vkdufjcif; jzpfonf? udak tmifqef;u udkA[def;udk Romance [k
u|eaf wmf udw k ifatmifEiS hf odu|r;f vmcJh
onfrSm uG,fvGefonftxd ESpfaygif; (30) &Sday oHk;cJhonf?
_yD? tcifrysu/f &if;ES;D r+ rysu/f oabm wku d q
f ikd rf + ol o nf awmf v S e f a &;orm;/ e&od r f
rysuf/ aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd ,Hk-unfcsufcsif; axmifrS tusOf;om;/ ygarmuQ ponfh b0rsm;
uGJvGJonf[lI r&SdcJh? pcef; tqifhqifhwkdif; vuf udk EkysdKpOfu pdwful;,OfcJhrnf? olonf wufºuG
wGrJ ðzwfcb hJ ;l ? olwpfa,mufom&So d nf? ol tkwf aom pdwful;,Oform;jzpfI olpdwful; ,OfcJh
eH&-H um; a&mufomG ;onft h cgom aysmufomG ;onf? onft h wkid ;f wu,fjzpfvmonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif
olonf orkdif;usrf;/ '\eaA'usrf;/ ody`Husrf;
(C) rsm;òypk o nf ? ta&;tom; tzG J @ tEG J @ vnf ;
1952 ckESpfu ol e&odrfaxmifwGif &SdpOf *E W0if[ef ygvmonf? ordkif;usrf;rsm;a&;&if;
ol@±kyfyHkv$mudk onfvdk a&;zGJ@cJhonf? rSefeef;&mZ0ifa&;[ef pGJvmovm; rod?
“oHwkdif tkwfeH&Hcef;um; ol. 0wˆKxJrS ol uG,fvGefaomtcg u|efawmfonf
‘e&odrfaxmif’r[kwf? ykvdyf±Hk;}uD;. tcsKyfcef; rar#mv f ifah om tvkyw f pfck vkyaf y;&onf? ,if;
jzpf.? olum; zqyv tpkd;&. tusOf;om; onfum; tjcm;r[kw?f ol. *lypkH u H kd a&;qGaJ y;&
jzpfaeav_yD? 0wˆKxJ&Sd ‘e&odrfaxmif’wGif;rS jcif;yif? txyf av;xyf?
olykef tusOf;om; r[kwfawmh_yD? }uD;pOfi,fvkduf qifhxm;onf? tcsdK;us
e&odrfaxmifwGif;rS olykef 0wˆKZmwf qifx h yfxm;onf? atmufq;kH xyfu teufa&mif
vrf ; ud k pd w f u l ; vsuf & S d p Of (0g) pd w f u l ; ,Of ausmufjym;/ q&m}uD; ocifukd,fawmfrd+if; *l
70
Adrmef. vufusefausmufjym;udk oHk;cGifh&onf? i,frsm;u &Gwfqdk-uonf? tar&duef omoem

txyf xyfqifhrsm;rSm teDa&mif/ yxr ausmuf a&; wuUov kd w
f pfcrk S bmoma&;bG@J &cJo h l odumQ
jym; teDudk&Smonf? udktkef;u t}uHay;I *0H awmf& "rRq&mwpfOD;u a[majymonf? reuf
ausmufudkoHk;onf?udktkef;rSm pdef@*sdef;eef;awmf bufwGif tdrfwGif qGrf;au|;cJhonf? "rRq&mu
ESifh u&ifrvifeef;awmf. jrefrmoHtrwf}uD; udkwifatmifudk “wkdif;ðy/ jynfòy pma&;q&m”[k
a[mif;jzpfonf? wae@v,f udt k ek ;f u u|eaf wmf ac:onf? vli,frsm;u ol. t±k;d tk;d udk vufqifh
wkd@ESpfa,mufudk yef;qkd;wef;vrff; [dkw,fwpfckY urf;*lodk@ o,faqmifcJh-uonf? ok\efajrwGif
xrif;au|;onf? ol um;ay: t&ifa&mufaepOf yef;acGrSyef;rsm; jyef@usJvsuf&SdcJhonf? trsdK;orD;
udktkef;ESifh u|efawmf wkdifyifjzpf-uonf? wdk@.&ifbwfwGif yef;acGrsm;rSyef;rsm; tjrwf
‘udkwifatmif -unfh&wm wrsdK;yJ’ wEk;d xd;k xm;-uonf? onfwcgyJ awG@&zl;onf?
‘[kwfw,f u|efawmfhaqGrsdK; q&m0ef *lay:wGif pHy,fyef;rsm; vmcswwfonf[k -um;&
&Sdw,f’ onf? udkwifatmifudk cspfcifol aygonf?
[dkw,frSwef;_yD; orm;awmf}uD;xH wef; u|efawmfonf udkwifatmif. *lay:odk@
armif;oGm;onf? aemufwae@ udkwifatmif eDjref;aom aomfuyef;wcufudk wifvkduo f nf?
tcef;eHygwf (1)odk@ a&mufoGm;awmhonf? om;trd r sm; tv,f r S ol . ZeD ; onf o nf
ukdwifatmif*ludk }uD;-uyfay;&rnfh Adok u|ef a wmf . vuf a rmif ; ud k u k d i f & if ; rsuf & nf
umq&m udo k *d Eô iS hf om;jzpfol A[de;f atmifw@dk oxHk awGawG usaeonf? u|efawmfonf *ltxuf
bufomG ;um *0Hausmufukd wl;,l o,faqmifchJ qif&h dS a&$0ga&mifxufrS -u,feu D kd -unfv h udk o
f nf?
-uonf? -u,feDonf aea&mifatmifwGif 0if;yvsuf?
*0HausmufrSm rkd;'%f/ av'%f/ ae'%f
cH&av oH"gwfrsm;ygI rmausm odyfonf; eD&J
vmonfukd awG@&I auseyfrdonf? tay:qHk; '*k e f w m&m
txyfwGif a&$0ga&mif atmufcHay:wGif -u,feD (pHy,fjzL r*~Zif;/ -o*kwfv/ 1985)
tyGihf qifovku d o f nf? odyyH` nm/ jrefrmr+pmay/
tEkynm/ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfaom vlxktiftm;
[laom ol. ±kyyf v kH m$ udk uk,
d pf m;ðyonfh oauFw
jzifh *ludk azmfjcif;jzpfonf?
tkwf*l tacsmowf_yD;aomtcg oGm;
-unfh-uonf? cspfrdwfaqGrsm;ESifh rdom;pkwdk@
ygonf? ukdtkef;u u|efawmfhudk vmac:onf?
udktkef;u aomfu}uD;yef;wpfcuf ,lvmay;
onf? *lay:wGif u|efawmfwif&eftwGuf ,lvm
ay;jcif; jzpfonf? yef;cufu teD&ifh?
tokb csonfah e@u olajrae&mab;rSm
"rRaw;oH xGufay:vmcJhonf? u&if trsdK;orD;
71

(1) 23 - 10 - 98 ae@onf jrefrmjynf jynfcspfpmqkdawmf
}uD;ESifh awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif}uD; Aef;armfwifatmif uG,fvGefwm
tESpf (20) ajrmuf &SdoGm;+yDjzpfonf?
(2) olonf ppf+yD;acwf jrefrmjynf trsdK;om;jynfcspfEdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmif yk*~dKvf}uD;wOD; jzpfonf? xdk@jyif xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom
pmayynm&Sif pma&;q&m}uD;ESifh orkdif;ynm&Sif wOD;vnf;jzpfonf?
‚if;onf onf;cHpdwfESifh ZGJvHk@v owWd}uD;rm;olvnf; jzpfonf?
(3) usaemf 1957 Zlvdkifv ppfwyfrS xGuf&+yD;

aemuf “Armjynf w±kwfjzL qef@usifa&;ESifh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;
aumfrwD” OuUXtjzpf aqmif&GufpOf ‚if;onf 'kOuUX tjzpfESifh
vnf;aumif;/ aemuf 1960 usaemf q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmf
r_dif;ESifh jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&; aqmif&GufpOf usaemfwkd@.
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@ twGif;a&;rSL;rsm; tzGJ@0ifrsm;
tjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0if aqmif&Guf cJh&mYvnf;aumif;
twlwuG pnf;a0;yGJrsm; xdkifjcif;ESifh e,frsm;odk@twl w&m;
a[m xGufjcif;wdk@jzifh awG@óuHxdawG@&if;ESD;cifrifcJhygonf?
(4) ,if;wGif u|efawmf owdðycsufrSm ‚if;onf
wdkif;jynfESifh jynfolwkd@udk rsm;pGm cspfjrwfEkd;wwf+yD; ol@
aqmifyk'fjzpfwJh rdrdacwfrSm rdrdykcHk;ay:usvmwJh wm0efawGudk
ausyGefatmif vkyfaqmifa&;udk rsm;pGmtav;xm;+yD; tr_udpP
wm0efawGudk óud;óud;pm;pm; ausyGefatmif aqmif&GufyHkukd
awG@&onf?
(5) ‚if;onf ukd,fa&;udk,fwmt&/ pD;yGm;a&;
=uyfwnf; qif;&Jr_awG awG@óuH cHpm;ae&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;
wm0efwdk@udk rysufruGuf OD;vnfroHk aqmif&GufcJhonf
udkvnf; owdðyrdonf?
72
(6) aemuf usaemf owdðyrdonfrSm }uD;vnf; jzpf+yD;/ vuf0o J rm;wOD;u a&;om;&m/

tpdk;&u ‚if;. awmfvSefa&; ZGJowWdudk csdK;ESdrf wpHkw&m xl;jcm;onfh EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:awG
zsufqD;&eftwGuf axmift}udrf}udrf cscJhaomf ygEidk o
f jzif/h ordik ;f ynmyd+k y;D ºu,
G 0f Ekid v
f @kd wpHw
k &m
vnf; ‚if;vkyfoifh vkyfxdkufaom awmfvSefa&; aumif;rGefEkdifonfom jzpfonf[k usaemfh tjrif
wm0efrSefor#udk rwGef@rqkwf ZGJowWd}uD;rm; udk wifjyawmhrS pdwo f ufom&m &oGm;yHk &onf?
pGmjzifh rqkwfrepf vHk;yrf;tm;xkwf vkyfaqmif (9) aemuf t"du xl;jcm;csufwckrSm
oGm;cJhol jzpfonf? ‚if;onf awmfvSefa&;. raumif;qkd;0g; &efol
(7) ‚if;onf wm0efodpdwf }uD;rm; wkd@tay:wGif jywfjywfom;om; wif;wif;rmrm
onf? wpfcgu 1960 avmufwGif tv,fydkif; oabmxm;+yD;/ a0zefwdkufckdufwwfaomfvnf;
Armjynf a&eH a csmif ; avmuf w G i f usaemf E S i f h rdrd.awmfvSefa&; bufawmfom; &Jabmf&Jbuf
OD;wifatmifwdk@ nw&m;yGJwckwGif w&m;a[m wkd@tay:wGif vGefpGmpdwf&Snf+yD; El;nHhaysmhaysmif;
ae=uonf? OD;wifatmif+yD;I usaemfa[maepOf pGm qufqHwwfjcif; jzpfonf?
usaemf w pH k w &mrod b J vl w pk wa,muf (10)acgi;f aqmif}u;D Aef;armfwifatmif
ESpfa,mufu ppft0wftpm;ESifh yg0if+yD; w&m; rSm 1978 ckESpf atmufwkdbm (23) &ufae@wGif
yGaJ ESmuf,u S &f ef 0ifvm&m/ OD;wifatmifu w&m; ol@touf(60)eD;yg;wGif tqkwfuifqm a&m*g
pifjrifhu qif;oGm;+yD; xdkvlpkudk w&m;yGJ }uD;=uyf jzifh &efukefòrdŒwGif uG,fvGefoGm;&av+yD?
olrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I wae&modk@ qGJac:vmum (11) olonf ol@0g'twdkif; ol@acwfwGif
‚if;wdk@ vkdvm;csufudk ar;jref;+yD; twef=um rdrdykcHk;ay: usa&mufvmaom wm0efudk ausyGef
jiif;cHkajz&Sif;cJh+yD; ‚if;vlpkudk jyefoGm;apcJhonf? atmif xrf ; aqmif o G m ;cJ h a om wk d i f ; jynf .
xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfhudkvnf;aumif;/ w&m;yGJudk awmfvSefa&;orm;}uD; jzpfayonf?
vnf ; aumif ; wpH k w &mrxd c d k u f b J w&m;yG J
acsmarmpGm +yD;qH;k oGm;cJo h nf? xdu k pd P aemufae@rS av;pm;pG m jzif h æ
usaemf od & avonf ? wk d u f y G J E S i f h yËd y uQ u d k
usaemfESifhw&m;yGJ rxdcdkuf&atmif OD;wifatmif
Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf a [mif ; ausmf a Zm
u =um;0ifaqmif&GufcJhayonf? aESmifh,Sufol
rsm;rSm qdk&S,fvpfawGjzpfa=umif; od&onf? (17 - 8 - 98/ uGefrif;òrdŒ)
(8) ‚if;onf onf;cHpw d v f nf; }uD;rm;
onf? OD;wifatmifonf “udv k ekd aD cwf jrefrmEkid if H
orkdif;” pmtkyfudk a&;om;&m tcsdK@olrsm;u T
udpPrSm orkdif;udpPjzpfonf? ol. pmaye,fy,f
r[kwfbJ ru|rf;usifvSbJ orkdif;a&;udpPudk 0if
a&;&rvm;[k jypfwifa0zef=uonf? xdkudpPwGif
‚if;onf jyefracsy? onf;cH+yD; rtDrom jzpfaeyHk
&onf? usaemfu =um;0if+yD; orkdif;ynm&yf
jzpfaomfvnf; xdkudpP Armjynf EkdifiHa&;orm;
73
ajr0ok e f a & æ
*k % f ð ytyf w J h {nf h o nf w pf a ,muf u d k
qD ; óud a yawmh æ
0D v sH , d w f p f u d k
em;ae vJ a vsmif ; apaygh æ ?
atmf ' if
(1)
tkwf*lrS t*Fawrsm;u aumif;aumif; rajcmufwwfao;? wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif
ukuUdK&Guf 0g0guav;rsm;onf t*Fawom;xJwGif ðryfae =u.? tcsdK‹ ae&mrsm;
wGif vufacsmif;&mwdk@ usdK;wdk; usJwJ? t*Faw ajcmufrajcmuf vufjzifh udkifwG,f
prf;oyf xm;onfh[ef?tkwf*lu jyifnDtqifhav;qifh wifxm;onfh yHkpH? bmr# rqef;?
cyf±kd;±dk;r#om? udkwifatmifu olaov#if rD;±_dŒzdk@ rSmcJhonf? taygif;toif;rsm;u txdrf;
trSwfuav;wpfckawmh usef&pfzdk@ aumif;onf[k ,lq=uonf? okd@jzifh ol@rdwfaqGrsm;onf
ol@ qENtwdkif; tavmif;udk rD;±d_@+yD; ol@wdk@qENtwdkif; t±kd;jymudk *loGif;zdk@ pDpOf=ujcif;jzpf.?
74
t±dk;jymukd *loGif;zdk@ pOf;pm;=uonfhtcgwGif '*kef pGm ESpfa,mufwnf; tdyfcJh=ubl;onf? ,ckawmh

wm&mu olyq kH rJG nfqu kd m yH=k urf;xkwaf y;onf? udkwifatmifonf u|efawmfwkd@udk t+yD;tydkif
Adou k mynm ajrmufonf rajrmufonfuakd wmh cGcJ mG oGm;+yD?
rod? ol@&ifxJu cHpm;csuftwkdif; qGJvdkufjcif; 0Dvsb H wfwvm ,dwpf f qdw
k hJ uAsmq&m
jzpfonf[k qdkonf? uG,fvGefonfhtcgwGif ol@rdwfaqG uAsmq&m
tkwf*lay:wGif yef;jcif;oHk;av;jcif; wif atmf'ifu uAsmwyk'f a&;bl;onf? u|eaf wmf onf
xm;onf? wpfjcif;u ESif;qD/ wpfjcif;u opPm atmf'if. uAsmav;udk trSwf&ae avonf?
yef;? jcif;wpfjcif;xJwGifrl bvl;Aif'g opfcGyef; ‘ajr0okefa&/ *k%fðytyfwJh {nfhonf
wcsdK@? r&rf;a&mif vJhvJhajy;vsuf? wa,mufudk qD;óudayawmh æ’
tk w f * l a y:wG i f t±d k ; jymtk d ; xnf h & ef [kwfonf? vlawG terw*~ aoa=u
taygufwayguf &Sdonf? r=umcif ol@t±dk;jymudk onfhteuf aorif;wdkif;jynfvkd ae&mrsdK;rSmyif
*laygux f o
J @kd xnfI h ydwv f u
dk =f uawmhrnf? onf vufcHzdk@raumif;onfh vlawGwyHkwyif? udkwif
vk d E S i f h ud k w if a tmif w a,muf vl @ avmurS atmifurl/ a&muf&mae&mwGif *k%fðytyf onfh
t+yD;tydkif xGufoGm;awmhrnf? {nfhfonf?
,ckyifv#if r&Sdawmh? ol@±kyfuvmyfudk
rD;oò*õv&f m pufacgi;f wkid rf S rD;cd;k rsm;onf wvlvl (2)
vGifhae=u.? u|efawmfESifhol yxrqHk; podonfrSm
u|eaf wmfonf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f tkw*f w l pfv;kH 1948 ckEpS ?f
ay:wGifxkdifum udkwifatmif. aemufqHk;c&D;udk onfwek ;f uolonf‘bke;f armif wa,muf
=unfhaerdonf? *lw0dkufqDrS oduQm& q&m xJ&,f’udak &;+yD;I atmifjrifonfh pma&;q&m w
OD;bjr‡if. atmifjrifcef@nm;onfh qkawmif; a,mufjzpfcgp &Sad o;onf? &efuek u f kd ra&mufao;?
ywˆ e mt+yD ; wG i f ay:xG u f v mwwf o nf h "rR jynfwGif opfvkyfief; vkyfae+yD; wcgw&HwGifrS
aw;oHu qGwfysHŒ vGrf;armbG,f? &efukefodk@ qif;vmwwfonf? u|efawmfwkd@u
u|efawmfESifh ukdwifatmifodonfrSm wuU o d k v f a &muf p ? pm±l ; / ay±l ; ? pmwk d a yp
ESpfaygif; 30 &Sd+yD? pmayv_yf&Sm;r_/ +idrf;csrf;a&; uav;awG rawmufwacguf a&;p?
v_yf&Sm;r_/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ pifppf udw
k ifatmifonf u|eaf wmfw@dk EiS hf
twl&SdcJh=uonf? b0wuUodkvf wckwnf;wGif acwfòydifjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmfhxuf 10 ESpf
wwef;wnf; wufI/ pmoifcef; wcef;wnf;wGif avmuf}uD;+yD; pma&;oufvnf; (10)ESpfavmuf
twloifwef; wufc=hJ ubl;onf? b0wuUov kd f apmonf ? ppf r jzpf r D u ‘*sme,f a usmf ’ wG i f
u aemufq;kH xGuv f mcJ=h uawmhvnf; wae@wnf; r[matmif trnfjzifh ola&;onfh 0wˆKESpfyk'fudk
xGufvmcJh=uonf? pkpkaygif; ausmif; oufwGifrl u|efawmf aumif;aumif; rSwfrdaeonf? wcku
oluu|eaf wmhx f uf oH;k ESpaf vmuf yd}k u;D vdrrhf nf? ‘uy`wdef jrifharmif’qkdonfh 0wˆKwdkuav;?
olESifh u|efawmfonf em&Daxmifaygif; aemufwcku ‘qdv k pfwm &d&yd g;’ qdo k nfh t*Fvyd f
rsm;pGm pum;ajymcJh=ubl;onf? &uf&maygif; uAsmwdu k av;udk rS;D xm;onfh ‘wvkid ;f ruav;
rsm;pGm twlaecJh=ubl;onf? vq,faygif; rsm; apmyk’qdkonfh 0wˆKwkd?
75
ppf + yD ; awmh ol @ 0wˆ K wk d u av;rsm;ud k cifu rDvD&Smudk;ac:onfh t*FvdyfwyfxJodk@ c%

‘*sme,fausm’f wGif r=umc% zwf&onf? bke;f }u;D 0ifzl;ol? pwD;b&m;om; opfvkyfief;wGif vkyfzl;
ausmif;om;}uD; udka&csrf;ESifh txufwef;v$m ol? c&pf,mefbmom tqHk;tratmufwGif
orD;ysdKuav;wdk@ Zmwfvrf;? aemuf ppfom; }uD;jyif;vmcJhol?
uav;wa,mufEiS hf ujym;rav; wa,muf t u|eaf wmfEiS hf pawG@onfh 1948 ck aqmif;
a=umif;udk a&;xm;onfh ‘cspyf ge@J armifu h ’kd ponfh OD ; ayguf Y ol o nf jynf b uf u tk d ; v,f q G J
0wˆKwdkuav;rsm;udk zwfvm&onf? vGrf;p&m opfawmóud;0dkif;udk *&efcHum udk,fydkifopfvkyf
0wˆK vSvSuav;awG? ief; vkyfaeonf?
onfwkef;u ol@pmuav;awGu EkEk u|efawmfwkd@ ESpfa,mufonf (45)vrff;
vSvSuav;awG/ oludk,fwkdifu pmEkpm,Of ESifh armif*dkrm&Dvrf; (,ck AdkvfcsKyfvrf;) axmifh&Sd
orm;? u|efawmfwkd@uvnf; touf(18)ESpf umum vufzuf&nfqdkifwGif wnaevHk;xdkifI
(19)ES p f a vmuf ? ol @ pm Ek E k u av;rsm;onf pum;awG ajym=uonf? pum;ajym=unfhvkduf
u|efawmfwkd@ &ifxJwGif pGJI usef&pfcJh=uonf? awmhrS xifxm;onfxuf pmzwfE@HS ol jzpfa=umif;
ol@udk (45)vrf;&Sd aoG;aomuf r*~Zif;
wdkufwGif yxrqHk; awG@&jcif;jzpfonf? u|efawmf
wkd@u ausmif;wuf&if; twdktxGmuav;awG
rawmufwacguf a&;aeonfh vufoif pma&;
q&maygupf ? olu ‘bke;f armifwa,mufx&J ,f’
jzifh ausmf=um;pðyaeonfh pma&;q&m? odk@&m
wGif pmayavmuxJodk@ ajcpHkypfI r0ifao;?
jynfwGif opfvkyfief;vkyf&if; taysmfwrf; pma&;
aeonf? onfwek ;f u ol@ukd =unf&h onfrmS ajymif
ajymifa&mifa&mif?
u|eaf wmf yxrqH;k awG@z;l aom udw k if ol E S i f h u|ef a wmf o nf
atmif. ±kyfyHkv$mudk jrifa,mifaeonf? t&yfu em&Daxmifaygif; rsm;pGm
ig;ayq,fvufr/ um,Av aumif;aumif;/
±kyu
f vnf; ±kyaf csm? tar&duef Zmwfvu dk rf if;om; pum;ajymcJ=h ubl;onf?
a&mcf[wfqefEiS hf wlovkv d ?dk eH@oma&mif ydk;aysmh &uf & maygif ; rsm;pG m
pyd@k &yS t
f usô eufjyma&mif ouUvwf abmif;bDwkd
teufa&mif *|e0f u _d f ±SL;zdeyfw@kd jzifh om;em;aeonf? twl a ecJ h = ubl ; onf ?
yg;pyfwiG f t*Fvyd v f yk f 'ef;[D;vf aq;wHuckd v J su?f vq,faygif;rsm;pGm ESpf
t*FvdyfawGaqmif;onfh awmfyDac: umuDa&mif
azmhO;D xkyu f dk vufuudik x f m;wwfonf? t*Fvyd f a,mufwnf; tdyc f =hJ u
pum;udk vSy oGufvufpGm ajymEkdifonf? bl;onf? ,ckawmh - -
aemufrS od&onfrSm olonf ppfrjzpf
76
awG@vm&onf? *E W0ifpmayudk ESpfoufol? t xdktcsdeftxd olrEGrf;yg;ao;? opfvkyfief;udk

aemufwidk ;f tbd"rRmudk oif±;dk ukeaf tmif zwf xm; qufvkyfaewkef;? ol@udk,fu ajymifajymif vuf
ol? orkid ;f avhvmol? odyyH` nmudk pdw0f ifpf m;ol? vuf? ajrmufjyifvHkcsnf ESpfeHpyfuef@vef@pif;/
ajymvkduf=uonfh pum;awGuvnf; ig;axmifhig;&m ydk;wdkufyHk tusôtjzLa&mifwkd@udk
tpHk? bm;ewfa&Sm. jyZmwf/ ya'o&mZm wsm 0wfwwfonf? wcgw&HwGif orifa&mif pydk@&Syf
csif ; rsm;/ td k i f ; pwk d i f ; . &D a vwD A wD o D 0 &D / jzifh/ cg;ao;ao;/ &yftkyfum;um;/ vufarmif;
A&if*sD0wfwufoHESifh jr0wDrif;}uD;. txl;xl; ºuGufom;rsm;u awmifhwif;vsuf?
i,fESifh ywfysdK;/ q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmrdSKif; b0wuUodkvfwGif u|efawmfESifh twl
r[muAsm av;csdK;}uD;rsm;/ 'kwd, jrefrmEdkifiH aecJhpOf wreufwGif wukef;ukef;jzifh acsmifóud
awmf}uD; ysufqD;jcif;/ Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyf? acsmif=um;wGif wpHkw&m vdkuf&Smaeonfudk
u|efawmfESifh pum;ajym&if; vufzuf jrifojzifh u|efawmfu æ
&nfusus wcGuf+yD;wcGuf rSmaomufaeonf? “udkwifatmif bmaysmufvkd@vJ”
‘u|efawmfhrSm ydkufqHav; eJeJ&Sdw,fAs? [k vSrf;ar;onf? olu awmfawmfESifh
opfvyk if ef;u &wmav;awG qdyk gawmh? u|eaf wmf rajz? twef=umawmhrS -
vk y f c sif w mu pmayvk y f i ef ; / pmvJ a &;r,f ? “u|efawmfh tHuyfaysmufoGm;vdk@”
udk,fydkif*sme,fav; r*~Zif;av;vJ xkwfjzpf&if u|efawmf ±kwfw&uf em;rvnf? udk
xkwrf ,f? ck avmavmq,frmS awmh ‘wm&m’udk wifatmifu ol@yg;apmifESpfzufudk vufjzifh xdk;
0dkif;&rSmbJ? ‘wm&m’rSm udkaX;òrdif wa,mufxJ jyonf? onfawmhrS ol@tHESpfzufwGif tHoGm;wk
r[k w f v m;? cif A sm;wd k @ u wuU o d k v f u 0k d i f ; / wyfxm;rSef; u|efawmfod&onf? tHuyfudk &SmI
u|efawmfwkd@u tjyifu0dkif;r,f? ydk+yD; odkufòrduf rawG@awmh? ntdycf ge;D wGicf |w+f yD; yef;uefjym;xJ
vmwmayghAsm’ [k pdwfygvufyg ajymonf? xnfhxm;pOf ajrºuGufawG csDoGm;jcif; jzpfonf?
udw
k ifatmif pum;ajymv#if &if;&if;ES;D ES;D xdktcsdefrSpI b0wuUodkvfrS jyefvmonftxd
ajymwwfonf? ,Of,Ofaus;aus; odrfodrfarG@ tpmpm;v#if a&SŒoGm;jzifh 0g;ae&onf?
arG@? pmtkyfrsm;xJwGif awG@&wwfonfh t*Fvdyf “tHoGm;awGu b,fwkef;u usdK;wmvJ/
vl } uD ; vl a umif ; .[ef ? wcgawG @ zl ; ±H k j zif h y if u|efawmfu cifAsm;oGm;awG awmfawmfaumif;
zrf;pm;xm;Ekdifonfh !dk@"mwf&dSol? ESpfvkdbG,f w,fvkd@ atmufarhaewm”
aumif;ol? “=umvS+yD/ ausmif;om;b0eJ@ ppfwyfxJ
rSm vufa0S@xdk;wkef;u usdK;wm? [dkwkef;uawmh
(3) ta&;r}uD;bl;/ }uD;awmh cH&+yDav”
onf a emuf a wmh ud k w if a tmif E S i f h ukw
d ifatmif vufa0S@x;kd wwfreS ;f onf
u|ef a wmf w d k @ r=umr=umawG @ =uonf ? ol awmhrS u|efawmfodawmhonf? tcef;xJwGif
&efukefqif;vmwdkif; aoG;aomuf/ wm&m/ ±_r0 avhusifhcef;tjzpf t&dyfvufa0S@ xdk;wwfonf?
ponfh r*~Zif;wdkufrsm;odk@ vmwwfonf? wcg odk@&mwGif =um=um avhusifhjcif;rðyEdkif? c%=um
w&H u|ef a wmf w k d @ &S d & m OwW & ausmif ; aqmif awmh arm+yD; ajcypfvufypf jzpfaeavonf?
(a&$bdkaqmif) odk@vmI tdyfoGm;wwfonf? “odyfrupm; Ekdifawmhbl;As? touf}uD;
77
wJh '%fa&m/ b0'%fa&m cH&mwm rsm;vS+yDudk;” (Oyrm- om"k/ bkef;jrifh/ a'0/ jynfhpHk) u|efawmf
[k u|efawmfhudk ajymwwfonf? wdk@vkd pma&;q&maygufp uav;awGvnf; &Sd
vufa0S@rmS omr[kw?f av;wdik f wef;bm; onf? xdkr#ru udkpef;vGif/ A*sDatmifpkd; ponfh
udv k nf; vSypGm upm;Edik o f nf? vlu tm;upm; yef;csDq&mawGvnf; r=umc% vmwwf=u
orm;? odk@&mwGif taetxdkif uspfvpfojzifh onf? udkwifatmifum; tm;vHk;ESifh &if;ESD;ol?
oltm;upm;orm;jzpfrSef; u|efawmfwkd@wawG w0dkif;+yD;w0dkif; qufum vufzuf&nfususudk
rod=u? aomuf&if; pum; aumif;aewwfonf? ruf
wpfcgwGif armifudkudku pEN,m;wD;I o'pfuzD;rS tbOD;cifurl udkwifatmifqdkv#if
wifwifjrqkdxm;onfh yef;òrdifv,fudk olESifh vufzuf&nfzdk; b,fawmhr#r,l? ol@wa,muf
u|efawmf twlem;axmif+yD; aemuf udk wae@ b,fESpfcGufaomufaomuf tvum;
“aumif;vdkufwJh *DwAsm/ oDcsif;vJqHk; wdkufwwfonf?
a&m 0dnmOfudk E_wfoGm;vdkufovkd cHpm;&w,f” 1950 ck ESpf0ufydkif;avmufa&mufawmh
[k rSwfcsufcsbl;onf? olESifh u|efawmf wm&mr*~Zif;vnf; &yfoGm;onf? pmayopf
onf *Dwta=umif;udkvnf; aqG;aEG;jzpf=u r*~Zif;vnf; ydwv f ukd &f onf? udw
k ifatmifonf
onf? olonf *Dwudkvnf; wD;rdacgufrdonf? pmayavmuodk@ ajcpHkypf0ifvmum vif;,kef
1950 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfwkd@wodkuf *sme,fudkxkwfonf? u|efawmf pawG@pwkef;u
pmayopfr*~Zif;udk xkw=f uonf? wm&m r*~Zif; vkd ajymifajymifa&mifa&mif r[kwaf wmh? 'ef;[D;vfukd
ESihf pmayopfr*~Zif; ±H;k cef;udk (51)vrf; yHEk ydS w
f u
dk f rcJEdkifawmh? ig;axmifhig;&m ydk;wkdufyHktusôukd
wwku d w
f iG f zGixhf m;.? u|eaf wmfw@dk u pmayopf r0wfEdkifawmh? cyfEGrf;EGrf; bavZmukwf teuf
rS m vk y f ? ud k w if a tmif u wm&mrS m wG J z uf uav;ESifh cyfEGrf;EGrf; yavuyfvHkcsnfuav;
t,f'Dwm? wxnfukd 'H;k cH0wfaeonf? 1950 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f
r*~Zif;xGufcgeD;onfh &ufrsm;wGif u|ef pmayavmuodk@ ajcpHkypf0ifonfh aemufrSpI
awmfwkd@onf ausmif;odk@rjyefawmh? yHkESdyfwdkufu udkwifatmif aumif;aumif;rGefrGef ae&onfudk
puULyHak y:rSmyif tdy=f u onf? udw k ifatmifonf wcgr# rawG@&awmh?
reufvif;v#if u|eaf wmfw@dk qo D @kd a&mufvmum 0wˆ K a&;I &or#aiG u av;ud k ol @
onfrSmyif pma&;onf? onfrSmyif tvkyfvkyf vif;,kef*sme,fxJodk@ xnfhae&onf? vif;,kef
onf? {nfonfvmwkdif; u|efawmfwkd@wawG t *sme,fuvnf; tjrwf&Sd[efrwl? taºuG;us
jyifxGufI vufzuf&nfaomuf=u/ pma=umif; onfEiS /hf tmrcH wif&onfEiS /hf *sme,f oufwrf;
aya=umif; ajym=u? om &Snfaomfvnf; awmufav#muf xGufEdkif
u&pfvrf;ESifh armif*dkrm&D vrf;axmifh&Sd onf r [k w f ? ol @ *sme,f u &yf o G m ;vk d u f ?
ruf o 'pf u zD ; um; u|ef a wmf w k d @ pm;usuf ? jyefxkwfvkduf? vluvnf; axmifxJodk@ 0ifoGm;
onfw0du k w
f iG f a&S;acwfu pma&; q&m}uD;awG vkduf? jyefxGufvmvkduf? tacguf}uD; oHk;acguf?
vnf; &So d nf? (Oyrm - r[maqG/ Z0e/ a&$p=um/ pkpkaygif; (13)ESpfcef@ &Sdvdrfhrnf?
òrd@rtkef;/ &Jordef/ a&$t/ ocF gponf) ppf+yD;acwf ol@wiG f ydu
k qf u H av; &Sv
d mv#if u|eaf wmf
rS ay:vmonfh pma&;q&mawGvnf; &Sdonf? wk@d udk ac:au|;wwfonf? wcgw&H abmufaxmf
78
rSm? wcgw&H ouFef;u|ef;rSm? wcgw&H yJcl;rSm? udkwifatmifonf pma&;zkd@ touf&Sifvmol?

yJcl;rSm ol@Zmwdjzpfonf? &if;ESD;olrsm; ,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf b0udkyHkoGm;ol?
tygt0if vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ol@ukd Aef;armf a&;vkdufonfh pmawGuvnf; renf;?
om;[kxif=uonf? od@k &mwGif Aef;armfom;r[kw?f pmuvnf; tvGefa&;Edkifonf? yHkESdyfpufawG
w*sHK;*sHK; jrnfaeonfh=um;rSvnf; a&;Edkifonf?
u|efawmfrh mS ydu
k q
f aH v; eJe&J S w
d ,fAs? {nfo h nfawG w±ke;f ±ke;f vmaeonfh =um;rSvnf;
a&;Edkifonf? {nfhonfvmv#if uavmifwHudk cs
opfvyk if ef;u &wmav;awG qdyk gawmh? I {nfo h nfawGEiS hf pum;ajym? {nfo h nfawG jyef
u|efawmf vkycf sifwmu pmayvkyif ef;/ oG m ;onf E S i f h uavmif u d k aumuf u d k i f u m
oGifoGifa&;awmhonf? ta&;w}uD; a&;p&m
pmvJa&;r,f? udk,fydkif*sme,fav; ay:vmv#ifrl
r*~Zif;av;vJ xkwjf zpf&if xkwrf ,f? “aeOD;AsdK@/ c%av;/ 'gav;+yD;atmif
a&;vkduftHk;r,f”
ck avmavmq,frmS awmh ‘wm&m’udk [k qkdum pum;ajym&if; a&;onfh tcg
0dik f;&rSmbJ? ‘wm&m’rSm ud, k faX;òrdif vnf; a&;onf?
wcsdK@u olESifht,ltq wlcsifrSwl=u
wa,mufxJ r[kwv f m;? cifAsm;wd@k u rnf? b0tjrifcsif; wlcsifrSwl=urnf? odk@&mwGif
wuUodkvfu0kdif;/ u|efawmfwkd@u ol@uakd wmh csp=f uonf? onfwek ;f u ol@vif;,kef
*sme,frSm (38)vrf;/ (39)vrf; ponfh ukvm;
tjyifu0dkif;r,f? ydk+yD; odkufòrduf awGcsn;f aeonfv h rf;rsKd ;/ ppf+yD;prk@d wdu
k wf mawG
vmwmayghAsm’ [k pdwfygvufyg r&S d a o;? wJ u k y f u av;awG c snf ; jzpf o nf ?
wzufu =uufawmifyH±dk;/ =uufajcaxmuf±dk;
ajymonf? ponfw@kd ukd a&mif;onfh aumf&ef*sD ukvm;rawG?
wzufu rqvmaxmif;onfh aumf&if*sD ukvm;
udkwifatmifonf b,favmufyJ &if;ESD; rawG? rsufESmcsif;qdkifwGif ukvm;av;awG aqmh
&if;ES;D ol@u,
kd af &;ud,
k w
f mudk b,fawmhr# rajym aevkduf=uonfrSm w0kef;0kef; w±kef;±kef;ESifh?
wwf? ajymavhr&Sd? ol@tjrifwGif ol@udk,fa&; onfvkd ywf0ef;usifrsdK;wGifae&if; vif;,kef
udk,fwmudpPonf bmr# ta&;r}uD;[k xifyHk& twGuf acgif;}uD;awG a&;onf? 0wˆK&Snf}uD;
onf? olESifhawG@v#if pma=umif;aya=umif;ESifh awGudkvnf; a&;vdkufao;onf? udkwifatmif
udk,fa&;udk,fwm r[kwfonfh ta=umif;awG onf ysm;waumifvkd t+rw J rf; tvkyv f yk af eol?
udkom ajymavh&Sdonf? u|efawmfwkd@ESifh aygif; ukvm;av;awG/ ukvm;rav;awG u
oif;vmonfh umvwav#mufwGif ol@aexdkif vnf; olESifhusawmh tqifajyonf? ukvm;r
a&;/ om;a&; orD;a&;udpPudk wcgrS rSwfrSwf&& awGu “q&m}uD; pm;zdk@”qkd+yD; =uufawmifyH±kd;
rajympzl ; ? ol @ rS m vif ; ,k e f * sme,f x k w f a &;/ okwfawG/ =uufajcaxmuf okwfawGudk OD;OD;
owif;pm xkwfa&;ESifhyif vHk;vnfvkdufaeonf? zsm;zsm; vmay;wwfonf? ukvm;vifr,m;
79
&efjzpf=uv#if ol@udk vmwkdif=uonf? oloGm;I onf? ol@t&yf ig;ay q,fvufrESifhqdkv#if ol@

zsefajzv#if ol@pum;udk em;axmif=uonf? wcg ud k , f t av;csd e f o nf tenf ; qH k ; aygif w &m@
wGif aumf&if*su D v
k m; r*Fvmaqmifxw J iG f jrefrm av;ig;q,favmufawmh &Sdoifhonf? odk@&mwGif
qdI k ol@wa,mufwnf; rm;rm;}uD; awG@aeojzifh w&m@ESpfq,fxuf b,fawmhr# rwufawmh?
u|efawmfwkd@u ar;awmh æ trsm;tm;jzifh aygifw&m ausmfausmfuav;om
“oabFm}uD;rSm ulvDxrf;wJh ukvm; usefawmhonf?
av; rdef;rcdk;ajy;vkd@As? u|efawmfu vl}uD;vkyf u|eaf wmfw@dk u ol@use;f rma&;udk =unfI h
vkduftyf+yD; oGm;awmif;ay;wm” tm;r&=u? tem;,l&ef/ aq;±Hkwuf&ef r=um
[k &,f&,farmarmjzifh ajymjyonf? c% wkdufwGef;=uonf? aemufqHk; rwwfom
wzufom;udk tm;emwwfvdkufonfrSmvnf; awmhrS aq;±Hw k ufjcif; jzpfonf? aq;±Hw k ufv#if
tvGef? tm;remoifhonfh vlawGtay:wGif ol pmawG ra&;&rSm/ vlawGESifh rawG@&rSmudk awG;I
tm;emaevkdufyHkrSm ab;uvlyif ol@udk=unfhI pdk;&drfyHk&onf? aq;±Hkrwufcif ol@usef;rma&;
rausreyf j zpf & onf ? ol @ pmawG u jyif ; xef tajctaeudk olodonfhtcgY pmawGudk zdIa&;
oavmuf vlu aysmhaysmif;onf? ol@rSm òcd;+cH& onf? 0wˆKawG/ usr;f awG/ aqmif;yg;awG? u|eaf wmf
onfawGu rsm;vGef;onf? tpm;taomuf wkd@u pmra&;zdk@ ajAmifzGifhajymonfh tcgwGif æ
vnf; òc;d +c/H t0wftpm;vnf; òc;d +co H nf? aoom “pmra&;&&if u|efawmf aooGm;rSmaygh/
oGm;a&m ol@wGif wufx&Geftusô wcgr# r0wf ra&;bJ aor,fhtwlwl a&;&if; aooGm;wmu
pzl;? wcg u|eaf wmfu wufx&Gef tusv ô uf&n S f aumif;ygw,f”
wxnfudk 0wfvmpOf [k tm;avsmhoHjzifh ajymonf?
“tJh'g bmtusôvJAs” [k ar;onf? ol@rSm b0'%fcsufawG rsm;ygbdjcif;?
u|efawmfajymawm h- b0'%fudk emem}uD; cHcJh&olwa,muf jzpfavh
“wufx&Gef tusq ô w
dk m 'gu;kd / u|eaf wmf &SdonfrSm avmuudk em=unf;jcif;aomfvnf;
wcgrS r0wfz;l bl;Asm/ u|eaf wmfawmh ay:yvifbJ jzpf w wf o nf ? vl a wG u d k rk e f ; wD ; cg;oD ; jcif ;
0wfwmbJ” aomf v nf ; jzpf w wf o nf ? ºuG y f q wf I
[k wthHw=o ajymonf? tpm;taomufvnf; aomfvnf; vmwwfonf? udkwifatmifum;
òcd;+cHonf? u|eaf wmfEiS o hf l r=umc% ‘oifph may’ cg;oD;jcif;r&Sd? em=unf;jcif;r&Sd? ºuGyfqwfjcif;r&Sd?
OD;eD.tdrfwGif r=umc% xrif;pm;wwfonf? avmuudk tòyH;csdKcsdKjzifh &ifqkdif+rJ? odk@&mwGif ol@
OD;eDrdef;ru pm;aumif; aomufzG,fawG csuf tòyH;u EGrf;pðy+yD?
aºuG;v#if olrpm;Ekdif/ rpm;wwf? iyd&nfESifh onfwacguf‘b0wuUodkvf’u jyef
uef p G e f ; &G u f ð ywf w k d @ ud k o m w0pm;onf ? ol xGufvmuwnf;u ol@usef;rma&;onf yHkrSef
taumif;qHk;pm;v#if ig;&HŒajcmufzkwfr#om? jyefra&mufawmh? enf;enf;uav; jyefaumif;
vmvkduf/ jyefqdk;oGm;vkduf/ onf=um;xJrSm pm
(4) awGukd zda&;/ reuftapm}uD; òrdŒxJvm/ nudk;
onfwacgub f 0wuUov
kd u
f xGuv f m em&D q,fem&D avmufusrS tdrfjyef?
awmh olusef;rma&; awmfawmfav; qdk;vm wcg u|efawmfESifh rdwfaqGwa,muf
80
tdrfrS xrif;pm;+yD;tjyef nudk;em&D ausmfausmf ol@udk aumif;pGm ðypk=uonf? rdwfaqGawG vm

avmuf/ awmifOuUvmyod@k omG ;onfh bwfpu f m; v#if pum;ajymvGef;I ol@qDudk roGm;csif=u?
ay:od@k wd;k wk;d a0S@a0S@ wufvu
dk o
f mG ;yHu
k kd u|eaf wmf aq;0g;/ pm;p&m ponfwdk@udk vSrf;ydk@=uonf?
jrifa,mifaeonf? rdwfaqGu armfawmfum;jzifh odk@&mwGifrl olu onft&mawGudkrvkd?
vdkufydk@rnfqdkonfudk vufrcH? olaeonfh ae&m “u|efawmfhqD bmrS rydk@=uygeJ@? vlom
u òrdŒtpGef a0;vGe;f vSonfqu kd m vdu k yf ckd iG rhf ðy? vmprf;yg? vlawGeJ@awG@&&if awmfyg+yD”[k r=um
bwfpfum;ay:odk@ twif; wufvdkufoGm;jcif; r=umajymum rdwaf qGawGukd vSr;f rSmwwfonf?
jzpfonf? “cifAsm;awmh odyfrvmeJ@Asm/ rsufpdu
“'Dvl ol@udk,fol owfaewm yifyef;vS vnf; aumif;wmr[kwzf ;l ? +yD;awmh cifAsm; tpm
+yD/ vl=unfhawmh vl±kyfray:awmhbl;” tdrfu tmvfqmudkvnf; owdxm;/ vm&if
[k rd w f a qG u u±k % ma'gaomjzif h wa,mufxJ rvmeJ@/ tazmfuav;bmav;
nnf;onf? ac:vm/ um;vrf;ul;&if owdxm;”
[k wzGzG rSmwwfonf?
(5)
rESpu
f yxrqH;k t}urd f aq;±Hw k ufonf?
aq;±Hkrwufcif wDbDxifI xdk;vdkuf&onfh aq;
awGuvnf;renf;? tvHk; &mausmfvdrfhrnf xif
onf? odk@&mwGif roufom? odk@jzifh aemufqHk;
aq;±Hkodk@ wuf&onf? aq;±Hk jyefqif;vmawmh
tenf;i,f pdak jyoa,mif xif&onf? r=umc%
awmh vl±kyfu jyefusoGm;onf? rdwfaqGawGu
ol@udk owday;onfh tcgwGif -
“ajcmufv=um&if jyefppfr,f/ jyefppf+yD;
rS q&m0ef & J Œ tqH k ; tjzwf awmif ; &r,f ?
u|eaf wmfuawmh rdwv Dˆ mudk oGm;r,fv@dk pdwuf ;l
w,f? ”[kajymjyonf?
ajcmufvjynfhawmh aq;±HkoGm;jyonf?
q&m0efu ol@udk jyefcGifhrðyawmh? wcgwnf; vl e mck w if w G i f yuf v uf v J v suf u
twGif;vlemtjzpf wifvkdufonf? rdk;wGif;jzpfI vmor# rdwfaqGawGudk -
ol@a&m*gu ydqk ;kd vmonf? 'kw, d tacguf aq;±Hk “udkjroef; tpmtdrfa&m*g b,fhES,fae
u jyefqif;onfhtcgwGif tajctae raumif; ovJ”
awmh? ol@a&m*gta=umif; olodvmonf? ol@ [k vlóuw H idk ;f ar;&onfuvnf; tarm?
a&m*gu tqkwfuifqm? aq;±Hkodk@ {nfonfawGvmwdkif; olu
wwd,tacgurf mS aemufq;kH aq;±Hw k uf csnf; 'dkifcHpum;ajymonf? pdwfaqmif aeaomf
&onfh tacguf? q&m0efrsm;/ q&mrrsm;u vnf; vlu csKH ;usae+y?D {nfo h nfawGjyefonfEiS hf
81
ckwifay:wGif yufvufvefusum armaewwf (6)

onf [ k o d & onf ? rqH k ; cif (10)&uf a vmuf c&pf,mef "rRaw;oH &yfoGm;onfhtcg
u|eaf wmfa&mufoGm;onfh tcgwGif ol@udk=unfh& wGifrS u|efawmfhtawG;rsm;onf ypPKy`efodk@ jyef
onfrSm tm;&p&mr&Sd? vufwkd@u t±dk;aigaig/ a&mufvm=uonf? olw@kd onf ol@t±d;k jymudk *l
ºuGuo f m;ae&mawGu cGu0f ifaeonf? qHyifawG ayguxf Jodk@ xnfhI ydwfvkduf=u.? rdk;oufawG/
uvnf; u|wfonf? okd@&mwGif toHurmqJ? avjyif;awG/ rkew f ikd ;f awG=um;xJwiG f jzwfoef;cJh&
olvkyfcsifonfwkd@udk rvkyf&ojzifh rausreyf onfvh wl a,muf. b0c&D;onf tqH;k od@k a&muf+y?D
jzpfaeonf? ol@tokbod@k tv$maygi;f pHrk S ol@pmzwf
“tdwk mudk 'Dtwdik ;f xdik af pmifah e& awmh y&dowfawGu vkdufydk@=uonf? bkef;}uD;vnf;
rSm xifyg&JŒAsm” ygonf? c&pf,mefvnf; ygonf? aygif;xkyfudk
[k rnnf;pzl; nnf;onf? aqmif;xm;onfh rkwq f wd zf m;zm;ESihf ukvm;}uD;
olonf tar&duef pma&;q&m *suf awGvnf; ygonf? tvkyform;/ ausmif;om;/
vef'efvkd b0pHkol? ppfom;/ opfuefx±kduf/ ausmif;ol/ ±H;k tr_xrf;/ pmay/ yef;cs/D ±ky&f iS f ponfh
pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m/ axmift}udrf}udrf tEkynm avmuom;rsm;?
usol/ orkdif; usrf;ðyq&m/ obm0 ody`Husrf;rsm; u|efawmfonf bvl;Aif'g opfcGyGifhawG
udk ðypkol/ EdkifiHa&;usrf;rsm;udk a&;ol? a0aeonfh ol@*ludk=unfh&if;/ atmf'if. uAsm
ol@pum;ajyonf tpwkef;u EkEkvSvS? uav;udk trSwf&aeonf?
aemufawmh orRmusrf;pm pum;ajyrsdK;/ aemuf ‘ajr0okefa&/ *k%fðytyfwJh {nfhonf
jrefrm&mZ0if usrf;}uD;rsm;. a&;[eftqifhqifh wa,mufudk qD;óudayawmh æ’
ajymif;vmonf?
}uD;vmonfhtcgwGif i,fi,fwkef;uvkd jroef;wifh (±_r0 ±kyfpHkr*~Zif;)
EkEv
k vS S a&;[efawGukd óuu d yf rHk &awmh? ‘i,fi,f
wkef;u a&;[efrsm;udk =unfhI òyH;rdayonf’ [k
aemufw}udrfxkwfonfh ‘bkef;armifwa,muf
xJ&,f’ 0wˆKed'gef;wGif zwfvkduf&onf?
olonf tar&duef pma&;q&m
ol arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;vm&m acwf}uD;udku *sufvef'efvdk b0pHo k ?l ppfom;/
wdkufyGJawG wavsmufvHk; awG@vm&onfhacwf?
olarG;onfh 1920 ckESpfwGif yxrausmif;om;
opfuefx±ku d /f pma&;q&m/
oydwf}uD;/ 1930 ckESpfwGif q&mpHolykef/ 1940 owif;pmq&m/
wGif urBmppf}uD;/ 1950 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;ppf/
1960 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;?
axmift}udr}f udrf usol/
udkwifatmifum; u|efawmfwkd@ odcJh orkid ;f usrf;jyKq&m/ obm0
onfh ESpfaygif; (30)twGif;u ordkif; tauG@wdkif;
wGif a&qefuckd sn;f t+rJwrf; ul;cJo h ?l pdwaf qmif
odyu
H` srf;rsm;udjk yKpko/l Edik if aH &;
aomfvnf; vluawmh armvS+yD? usrf;rsm;udk a&;ol?
82
tcsdefrSm arSmifpysdK;aecsdef jzpfonf?

xdktcsdefwGif *spfum;uav;wpif;onf
t&Sdefjyif;jyif; armif;vm&mrS u|efawmfhtdrfa&SŒodk@
a&mufaomtcg um;udk xdk;&yfvkdufavonf? um;ay:rS
vli,fwpfa,muf qif;vm_y;D u|eaf wmf@ tdrfxJodk@
wef;I 0ifvmonf? 0ifvmolrmS pma&;q&m
Aef;armfwifatmif .om; armifA[def;atmif jzpfonf?
armifA[def;atmiftm; awG@vdkufonfESifh udkwifatmif
bmrsm;jzpfygvdrfh[k pkd;&drfruif;jzpfum pdwfxJwGif
xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;onf? xifonfhtwkdif;yif
armifA[def;atmifonf u|efawmfhtm; awG@awG@csif;yif
qdkif;rqifh AHkrqifh “OD;av; tazawmh qHk;oGm;_yD”[k
ajymvkdufavonf? Aef;armfwifatmif qHk;oGm;_yDqdkaom
pum;udk -um;vkduf&aomtcg u|efawmfvnf;
bmrSrajymEdik bf J “[if” [laom pum;wpfceG ;f om yg;pyfrS
xGuo f mG ;Ekid _f y;D rSiw
f ufro
d vdk jzpfomG ;onf?
83
trSefrSm Aef;armfwifatmif wa,muf bxGe;f / udok ed ;f a&$ (yif;, pmtkyw f udk )f / ud!
k jkd ym
uifqma&m*g &ae_yDqdkuwnf;u udkwifatmif (jynf)/ armifA[def;atmifESifh u|efawmfwkd@onf
awmh wae@ae@rSm 'Dvkd tjzpfrsdK;eJ@ óuHawG@&awmh rwfwyf&yfI Aef;armfwifatmif. ±kyftavmif;
rSmbJqdk_yD; tqdk;qHk;tajctaeudk ar#mfvifhxm; tm; 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh pl;pkdufI -unfhae-uonf?
_yD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf jrefjrefqefqef jzpfvdrfhrnf Aef;armfwifatmif. orD;jzpfaom rwifoef;,k
[kum; rxifrdcJhay? ESihf roef;ESpf (yif;,pmtkyw f u
kd f udo
k ed ;f a&$.ZeD;)
uae@ ae@vnfuyif u|efawmfaq;±Hk wdk@onf w±H+@±H+@idk&if; Aef;armfwifatmif ypPnf;
oGm;I udkwifatmifudk awG@cJhao;onf? [kdt rsm;udk odrf;qnf;ae-uonf?
a-umif; 'Dta-umif;rsm;udk &,fumarmum ajym
-uao;onf? pum;ajym&if; u|efawmf,lvm a&cJ w k d u f o d k @ yd k @ jcif ;
aom oabFmoD;udk ol@ZeD; a':cifO;D tm; cGcJ idk ;f _yD; tcsed t f enf;i,f -umaomtcg Aef;armf
ZGef;ESifhjcpfI _rdefa&,Sufa& pm;vkdufao;onf? wifatmif ±kyftavmif;udk o,f,l&eftwGuf
onftcsdeftxd a&m*gtajctae qdk;aeonfh aq;±HkrS ukvm;tvkyform;rsm;onf vufwGef;
vuQ%mudrk awG@c&hJ ay? xd@k a-umihv f nf; udwk if vSnf;udk wGef;,lvmonf? xdk@aemuf ukvm;
atmif qHk;oGm;onfhowif;udk ðAef;ueJ -um; tvk y f o rm;u Aef ; armf w if a tmif . ±k y f
vkduf&aomtcg r,HkEkdifavmufatmifjzpfum tavmif;ay:odk@ ydwfjzL}uD;udk v$rf;òcHvkdufum
pdwfxJwGif wkefv+yf oGm;cJh&avonf? wGef;vSnf;ay:odk@wif&ef jyifqifvkduf.? ckwif
owif;-um;-um;csi;f -um-umrqdik ;f Edik b
f J ab;wGif &Sad e-uaom u|eaf wmfw@dk onf Aef;armf
um;ay:tjrefwufum &efuek af q;±H}k uD;ok@d um; wifatmif. ±kyt f avmif;udk ulrI vufweG ;f vSn;f
udk tjyif;armif;ESif vmcJh-uavonf? um;ay: ay:okd@ wifay;vdkuf-uonf? tcsdefrSm nOfheuf
wGifum; rnfolrS pum;rajymEdkif-ubJ tawG; ae_yDjzpfojzifh ywf0ef;usiw f pfcv
k ;kH rSm wdwq f w d f
udk,fpDESifh vkdufygvmcJh -uavonf? _idrfouf ae.?
aq;±Hk}uD;odk@ a&mufaomtcg Aef;armf Aef ; armf w if a tmif ±k y f t avmif ; ud k
wifatmiftcef;okd@ cyfokwfokwf ajy;wufoGm; wifaqmifxm;aom vufwGef;vSnf;uav;udk
-uonf? tcef;twGif;Y udkwifatmifrSm t ukvm;tvkyo f rm;onf a&cJwu dk q f oD @kd wGe;f ,l
oufaysmuf_yD;ump&Sdao;ojzifh ckwifay:wGif oGm;onf? Aef;armfwifatmif ±kyftavmif;udk
taetxm;rysufao;bJ yufvufuav;yif o,faqmifoGm;aom vufwGef;vSnf;aemufrS
&Sdaeao;onfudk awG@vdkuf&onf? a'guw f mOD;bxGe;f / udo k ed af &$ (yif;, pmtkyw f udk )f /
a&mufa&mufcsi;f u|eaf wmfonf udw k if armifA[de;f atmif/ ud! k jkd ym (jynf)/ rwifoef;,k
atmifvufukd udik pf rf;I -unfv h u
dk of nf? touf (Aef ; armf w if a tmif o rD ; )/ roef ; ES p f (yif ; ,
aysmufoGm;onfrSm r-umao;ojzifh aEG;aEG; udkodef;a&$. ZeD;)ESifh u|efawmfwkd@onf pDwef;I
axG;axG;yif &Sdaeao;onf? xdk@aemuf udkifxm; 0rf;enf;a-uuGJpGmjzifh _idrfoufpGm vkdufygvmcJh
aom udw k ifatmifvufukd &ifbwfay:od@k tom -uonf?
t,m jyefwifxm;vdkufavonf? a&cJwkdufodk@ a&mufaomtcg Aef;armf
Aef;armfwifatmif ab;wGiu f m; a'guw f m wifatmif. ±kyftavmif;udk a&cJwkdufxJodk@
84
wGef;,loGm;onf? Aef;armfwifatmif ±kyfavmif; u|ef;wGif Aef;armfwifatmifESifh twlwl aecJh&

udk a&cJwkdufodk@ vkdufydk@-uaom u|efawmfwkd@ aom&ufrsm;udk jyefvnfI awG;awmai;arm
tm;vH;k onf Aef;armfwifatmif ±kyt f avmif;udk aerdonf?
aemufqHk; -unfhjcif;jzihf a-uuGJpGm -unfhaerd-u
onf? a&cJwu dk f tcef;wHcg;ydwv dk rf S u|eaf wmf Aef ; armf w if a tmif E S i f h pawG @ &jcif ; /
f u
wkd@vnf; jyefvmcJh-uavonf? u|efawmfESifh Aef;armfwifatmif vlcsif;
a'gufwm OD;bxGef;/ armifA[def;atmif pawG@onfrmS &efuek af xmifwiG f jzpf.? jynfwiG ;f
ESifh u|efawmfwkd@onf &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;rS awmif ppf rkefwkdif;}uD; wkdufckdufaecsdefwGif u|efawmfESifh
OuUvmy&Sd Aefarmfwifatmiftdrfodk@ a'gufwm Aef;armfwifatmifw@kd &efuek af xmifwiG f vma&muf
OD;bxGef;um;jzifh qufI oGm;-uonf? qHqk nf;cJ-h ujcif; jzpfonf?
jynfwGif;ppfwGif u|efawmfhtm; zqyv
ppfwyfu awmwGif;Y aoewf'%f&mjzifh zrf;rd
vmonf? aoewf'%f&ma-umifh ajcaxmuf
usdK;oGm;ojzifh &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;wGif aq;ukor+
udk cH,lcJh&onf? '%f&m aysmufuif;oGm;aom
tcg zqyv tpd;k &u &efuek af xmif}uD;od@k wef;
I ydk@vkdufonf?
u|efawmf &efukefaxmifodk@ a&mufaom
tcg Aef;armfwifatmifonf u|efawmfht&if
axmifxJ a&mufae_yjD zpfonf? Aef;armfwifatmif
onf ola&;aom“olykef}uD;”/ “jynfwGif;ppf”/
td r f w G i f 0rf ; enf ; a-uuG J a e-uaom “tar”/ ESifh “jynfawmfom cifcifOD;” 0wˆKrsm;
Aef;armfwifatmif.ZeD; a':cifOD;ESifh om;orD; twGuf zqyv tpdk;&u 1952 ck/ -o*kwfv
rsm;udk awG@&onf? Aef;armfwifatmif. rdom;pk (27)&ufae@u zrf;qD;I w&m;pGJqdkum axmif
tm; tm;ay;ESpfodrfhpum;rsm; ajym_yD;/ Aef;armf '%f(7)ESpf tjypfay;jcif; cHae&onf?
wifatmif psmyetwGuf Aef;armfwifatmif u|eaf wmf &efuek af xmifo@dk a&mufa&muf
rdom;pkrsm;ESifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;-uonf? aqG;aEG; csif; yxrqHk;pawG@olrSm pma&;q&m Aef;armf
_yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@vnf; jyefcJh-uavonf? wifatmifESifh udkvScif (qef;!Gef@OD; OD;vScif)wkd@
u|efawmf tdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg nOfh ESpfa,mufjzpfonf? axmifxJokd@ a&mufvm
eufae_yDjzpf&m wpfòrd@vHk;rSm tdyfarmusae_yD aom vlopfEidk if aH &;orm;rsm;tm; rdrx d uft&if
jzpfojzifh ywf0ef;usifwpfckvHk;rSm wdwfqdwf _idrf a&mufaeaom vla[mif;EkdifiHa&; tusOf;orm;
oufaeonf? rsm;u vma&mufawG@qkH E+wq f uftm;ay; ulnD
tdrfjyefa&mufaomfvnf; awmfawmfESifh -uonfrSm axmifwGif; vlr+qufqHa&;wpfckvkd
tdyrf aysmaf o;ay? Aef;armfwifatmifukd rsupf x d J jzpfae.?
wGif jrifa,mifum u|efawmfonf axmifESifh u|efawmfa&mufvmaom tcgYvnf;
85
vla[mif; tusOf;orm;rsm;jzpf-uaom Aef;armf jzpfonf? vl±kyfqif;t*FgrSm vlacsmwpfa,muf

wifatmifESifh udkvScifwkd@u u|efawmfhtm; vm jzpf_yD; ol@trlt&mrSm ,Ofaus;odrfarG@ol wpf
a&mufawG@qkH E+wq f uf-uonf? ulnD tm;ay;-u a,mufjzpfa-umif; tuJcwfrdonf? u|efawmf
onf? udkvScifu rdrdwdk@ESpfa,mufESifh u|efawmfh aeaom taqmifrSm eHygwf(5) aqmifjzpfonf?
tm; rdwfqufay;um E+wfqufonf? eHygw(f 5)aqmifwiG f yk'rf (5) Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;
“olu pma&;q&m Aef;armfwifatmif” rsm;/ axmifus EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; trsm;tjym;
“u|efawmfu udkvScifyg”? &Sdojzifh xdktaqmifudk yk'fr(5) taqmif[lI
u|eaf wmfonf axmifxaJ &mufcgp tod vnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;orm; taqmif[I l vnf;
tu|rf;r&Sdao;cif olwdk@ESifh awG@vkduf&aomtcg aumif; ac:prSwf ðy-uonf?
txl;0rf;omoGm;onf? u|efawmfuvnf; rdrd u|ef a wmf axmif x J a &muf c gpwG i f
emrnfudkajymum jyefrdwfqufvkdufojzihf oHk; u|eaf wmfw@dk aeaom taqmifwiG f Edik if aH &;orm;
a,mufpvHk;u tòyH;udk,fpDjzifh tjyeftvSef rsm; odyfrrsm;vSao;? &Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;tusOf;
E+wfqufvdkuf-uavonf? orm;rsm;rSm pma&;q&mrsm;jzpfaom vlxOk ;D vS/
Aef;armfwifatmifudk ol. 0wˆKrsm;udk Aef;armfwifatmif/ a&$"g;/ Aef;armfwifatmif
zwf_yD;aemuf ol@emrnfukd -um;zl;ae_yD; vludkrl tr+wrJG sm;jzpfaom udv k cS if(qef;!Ge@f O;D OD;vScif)/
,ckrS awG@zl;jrifzl;jcif; jzpfonf? udck ifjrif/h woufwu|e;f usaeaom jynfo@l &aJ bmf
Aef;armfwifatmifonf ppf_yD;acwfwGif acgif;aqmif Adkvfpufpdef/ Adkvfjrifhodef;/ AdkvfeENESifh
“bkef;armif wpfa,mufxJ&,f”0wˆKjzifh emrnf tvHeD uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif ocifazaX;
}uD ; vmol j zpf o nf ? xd k @ aemuf “ol y k e f } uD ; ” polwkd@jzpf.? xdkolrsm;xJwGif u|efawmf odzl;
“jynfwiG ;f ppf”“tar”“jynfawmfom cifcifO;D ”/ jrifz;l olrsm;rSm vlxOk ;D vS wpfa,mufom&So d nf?
“tn-w”paom 0wˆKrsm;onfvnf; pmzwf usefvlrsm;udkum; wpfa,mufrS rodbl; rjrif
y&dowfrsm;-um;0,f a&yef;pm;aom 0wˆKrsm; bl;ay?
jzpfaeonf? okd@aomfvnf; tae-umvmaomtcg
Aef ; armf w if a tmif . 0wˆ K rsm;onf “wavSxJpD; wc&D;xJoGm;olrsm; yguvm;”
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;/ e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ trsdK; qdkaomtoda-umifh wa,mufESifhwa,muf
om; vGwfvyfa&;/ jynfwGif;ppfwdk@udk xif[yf cifrif&if;ESD;vm-uonf? &if;ESD;vmonfESifhtr#
aom 0wˆKrsm;jzpfojzifh ausmif;om;vli,frsm; wa,mufESifha,muf pum;ajym-u/ awG@qHk
u txl;yif pGJvrf;ESpfouf-uonf? aqG;aEG;-uESifh &Sdvm-uonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf
u|efawmfvnf; Aef;armfwifatmif 0wˆK r-umr-um Aef;armfwifatmiftcef;wGif pkI
rsm;udk pGJvef;ESpfoufcJholjzpfojzifh emrnfom pum;ajym-uonf?
-um;zl;aeaom Aef;armfwifatmifukd ,ckvkd vl vlxOk ;D vSEiS hf Aef;armfwifatmifrmS tjyif
ukd,fwkdif awG@vkduf&aomtcg txl;yif 0rf;om avmuwGif rdwaf qGtaygi;f toif; aygrsm;ojzifh
oGm;onf? ae@pOfvkdvdk axmif0ifpm vmawG@-uolrsm;rSm
Aef;armfwifatmifonf t&yftarmif; jywfonf[I l r&Sad y? axmif0ifpmvmawG@orl sm;
aumif;I uk, d uf m, awmifw h if;ol wpfa,muf xHrS tjyifavmurS owif;xl;/ owif;qef;rsm;
86
udk u|efawmfwkd@tm; wqifhjyefI azmufonf 1957ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (4)&ufae@wGif vGwfajrmuf

cswwf-uonf? oGm;cJhonf? Aef;armfwifatmif vGwfoGm;aom
onfvdkESifhaevmcJh&m tusOf;orm;rsm; tcgYvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;orm;
rSm avsmhoGm;onfr&SdbJ wdk;Iom vmcJhonf? rsm;u E+wfqufyGJusif;y_yD; Aef;armfwifatmif
aemuf x yf a&muf v mol r sm;rS m ud k a e0if ; tm; E+wfquf-uao;onf? ESpf&Snfvrsm; twl
(pma&;q&m armifae0if;)/ ukdoef;apm (t*Fvdyf aevmcJ h - u_yD ; aemuf vl x k O D ; vS E S i f h Aef ; armf
vkyfom;owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf)/ udkaxG;jrifh/ wifatmifwdk@ vGwfoGm;aomtcg u|efawmfwdk@
udak rmifarmif (vif;,keaf rmifarmif)/ udo k ef;wif wawGonf 0rf;enf;0rf;omjzihf use&f pfc-hJ uonf?
(udkrdk;[def;)/ udkzkef;/ Adkvfxdefvif; (Adkvfwaxmif
owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf)/ udkwifat; (wuo
OuUX)/ udkatmifcif (tr+xrf;or*~) ponfwkd@
jzpfonf?
Ekid if aH &;tusO;f orm;rsm; wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;
vmojzifh rpnfum;tyfaomaxmifonf pnf
pnfum;um; jzpfae.? axmifwGif pma&;q&m
rsm; rsm;jym;vmaomtcg vlxkOD;vSESifh Aef;armf
wifatmifw@dk u }uD;rSL;I axmifwiG ;f pmqkad wmf
ae@ukd usi;f yonf? xkad e@wiG f axmifo@kd q&m}uD;
ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;tm; zdwf-um;I pma&;q&m
rsm;u uefawmh-uonf? vlxkOD;vSESifh Aef;armf
wifatmifwkd@u pmqkdawmfae@ta-umif; a[m tjyifa&mufaomtcg c%r#omem;_yD;
ajym-uonf? axmifwiG ;f a&muf pma&;q&mrsm; vif;,keo f wif;pm xkwof nf? “rkew f idk ;f uxef”
u jyZmwfrsm;ukd pDpOfujy-uonf? “òrdif” paom 0wˆKrsm; udka&;onf? axmifwGif;
onfvadk evm&if; Ekid if aH &;tusO;f orm; wGif a&;om;oGm;aom “jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H
vlopfrsm; wzGJzGJa&mufvmovkd vla[mif;rsm; awmf orkdif;” pmtkyfudk xkwfonf?
vnf; vGwfolvGwfukef-uonf? vla[mif;rsm; TuJhodk@ tvkyfrsm;_yD; rtm;vyfonfh
xJrS yxrqH;k vGwo f mG ;olrmS vlxOk ;D vSjzpfonf? -um;xJu txJwGifusef&pfcJhaom pma&;q&m
vlxkOD;vSukd zqyv tpkd;&u 1953 ck/ rsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;udkvnf; axmif0ifpm r-umc%
atmufwkdbm (7)&ufae@wGif yk'fr(5)jzifh zrf;qD; vmawG@onf? vmawG@onft h cg pmtkyrf sm;/ pm;
xm;&mrS 1957 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv(14)&ufae@wGif p&m/ aomufp&mrsm;udk ay;oGm;onf?
vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhonf? vlxkOD;vS vGwfajrmuf
rnfah e@u u|eaf wmfw@dk u E+wq f ufyJG vky-f uonf? axmif o k d @ aemuf w pf a cgu
cguff /
xk@d aemuf Aef;armfwifatmifonf 1952
ck -o*kwfv (27)ae@wGif zqyv tpdk;&u r-umygacs? 1958 ck/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&
zrf;qD;um (7)ESpf axmif'%f tjypfay; cH&&mrS vufxufwGif Aef;armfwifatmif axmifxJ
87
a&mufvmjyefonf? onfwpfacguw f iG rf l Aef;armf Aef ; armf w if a tmif . aemuf q H k ; &uf r sm;/

wifatmifESifh u|efawmfonf &efukefaxmifwGif u|ef a wmf w d k @ vG w f v m-u_yD ; aemuf
rqHkqnf;vkduf&ay? Aef;armfwifatmif &efukef tjyifwGif r-umc% awG@-uao;onf? onf
axmifodk@ a&mufaeonfhtcsdefwGif u|efawmfu wpf a cguf axmif r S jyef x G u f v maomtcg
ukdukd;u|ef;odk@ a&mufae.? ol@usef;rma&;rSm csdK@wJhvmonfudk awG@&onf?
u|efawmf ukdukd;u|ef;rS jyefa&mufvm ol@usef;rma&;udk tm;r&ojzifh olESifhawG@wdkif;
aomtcg 1960 ck / atmuf w k d b mvxJ w G i f usef;rma&;udk *±kpdkufzdk@ owday;&onf?
Aef;armfwifatmifonf axmifrS vGwfoGm;_yD owday;I rqH;k ao;rD Aef;armfwifatmif
jzpf.? Aef;armfwifatmif axmifrSvGwf_yD; wpf aq;±Hkwuf&onf[k -um;&onf? owif;-um;
ESpf-umwGif u|efawmfvnf; axmifrSvGwfonf? -um;csi;f aq;±Ho k @kd omG ;I vlemar;onf? q&m0ef
axmifrSvGwf_yD;aemuf tjyifwGif olESifh }uD;rsm;u a&m*gudk &SmazGaeqJ[k udkwifatmif
u|efawmf r-umr-umawG@-uonf? xdktcsdefwGif u ajymjyonf? aemufawmh udw k ifatmif a&m*gukd
Aef ; armf w if a tmif o nf “cspf t À0gabG ” / &SmazG awG@&Sd-uonf? ukdwifatmif a&m*grSm
“&Jabmf atmif'if” “±dk;rwkdufyGJ” paom 0wˆK “uifqm”[k od&onf? rlvu ukdwifatmif
rsm;? “qk d & S , f v pf ËD u m”/ “qk d & S , f v pf a&m*gukd wDbD[k cyfayghayghxifcJh-uonf? ,ck
tbd"mef” paom EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m; pmtkyf uif q ma&m*gud k wd w d u sus od & aomtcg
rsm;ukd a&;om;aeonf? ud k w if a tmif t wG u f pd k ; &d r f r uif ; jzpf c g pd w f
pmtkyfrsm;udka&;&if; urBmh_idrf;csrf;a&;/ raumif; jzpfrdonf?
jynfwiG ;f _idr;f csr;f a&; v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;wGiv f nf; yg0if udw
k ifatmiftwGupf ;k d &dru f m udw k ifatmif
v+yf&Sm;aeonfudk awG@&onf? jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJ rdwfaqGrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;u owif;vmar;-u&m
a&;/ jynfwGif; _idrf;csrf;a&; v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;wGif ukdwifatmiftcef;rSm {nfhonfrsm; jywfonf
u|efawmfwkd@ESpfa,muf yg0ifv+yf&Sm;-uonf? [lI r&Sday?
Todk@v+yf&Sm;ae-upOftwGif; 1963 ck uifqma&m*gudk "gwfuifuk&onfh t
Ekd0ifbmvxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESihf awm wGuf qHyifawGu|wfvmojzifh acgif;rS qHyifawG
wGif;vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm; _idrf;csrf;a&; rSm óud;wd;k uswJ J jzpfaeonf? uk, d v f ;kH ud,
k af yguf
aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; tysuw f iG f u|eaf wmfw@kd EpS af ,muf awmifhwif;aom ukd,fcE<mrSm rlv±kyfr&SdawmhbJ
jyeftzrf;cH&jyefonf? urRXmef;±kyf aygufoGm;onf? ukdwifatmifudk
Tt}udrfwGifrl Aef;armfwifatmifESifh jrifolwdkif; pdwfraumif; jzpf-u&onf?
u|eaf wmfonf udu k ;kd u|e;f wGif jyefvnf awG@q&kH ukwd ifatmifrmS ,ckuo hJ @dk a&m*ga0'em
jyefonf? udkudk;u|ef;wGif 'kuQtrsdK;rsdK; awG@óuH cHpm;ae&aomfvnf; vlemvmar;aom rdwfaqG
&if q k d i f c J h & _yD ; aemuf 1972 ck / rwf v xJ w G i f rsm;udk bmrSrjzpfovkd òyH;òyH;&$if&$if &,f&,farm
Aef;armfwifatmif vGwfajrmufoGm;onf? ol armESifh {nfhcH pum;ajymaeonfudk awG@&onf?
axmifrSvGwf_yD; wpfvt-umwGif u|efawmf {nfo h nfrsm; jyefomG ;aomtcgrS udw k ifatmifrmS
vnf; vGwfvmonf? jyef_yD; tdyf,may:wGif acGusoGm;onf[k vlem
apmifholrsm;u ajymjyonf?
88
uk d w if a tmif aq;±H k w uf u wnf ; u wGif {nfhonfrsm; a&mufvmao;onf? a&muf

u|efawmfvnf; udkwifatmifxH r-umr-um vmaom {nfhonfrsm;ESifhvnf; 'DvdkyJ &,fvkduf
a&mufonf? a&mufwkdif;vnf; olucsnf; pum; armvdkufESifh {nfhcHpum; ajymaeao;onf?
awGajymonf? u|efawmfu “udkwifatmif odyf xkdtcsdefwGif xrif;vmydk@aom roef;ESpf
pum;rajymeJ@/ odyfyifyef;aer,f”[k wm;,l& (yif;, udkodef;a&$.ZeD;) ESifh udk!dkjym (jynf) wdk@
onf? vnf; a&mufae-uonf? roef;ESpf ajymjycsuf
Aef;armfwifatmif qHk;rnfae@ ae@v,f t& vlemawG@csdefukefI {nfhonfrsm; jyefoGm;
avmufu u|efawmfonf udkwifatmifxHokd@ -uonf? udkwifatmifonf yifyef;ojzifh ckwif
a&mufvkdufao;onf? u|efawmf a&mufaom ay:wGif acwW rSdef;aeonf? rdepftenf;i,f -um
tcsdefwGif {nfhonfrsm; wpfa,mufr# r&Sd-uay? aomtcg acsmif;wcsufESpfcsuf qdk;vmonf?
xdk@a-umifh ESpfa,mufom; pdwfat;vufat; acsmif;qdk;&mwGif aoG;puav;rsm; ygvmonf?
pum;ajymjzpf-uonf? ol@teD;wGif olZeD; a':cifO;D xkt d cg armifA[de;f atmifu q&m0efxH
wpfa,mufom&So d nf? xd@k a-umifh ESpaf ,mufom; oGm;I ta-umif;-um;&m TtwGif; aoG;wcg
pdwfat;vufat; pum;ajym-uonf? tef v d k u f o nf ? ud k ! d k j ymES i f h roef ; ES p f w k d @ u
u|efawmfhudk awG@wkdif; “udktkef;armif udkwifatmifudk,fudk ayG@xm;-uonf? c%
c%c% rvmygeJ@Asm/ cifAsm;vm&wm odyf'kuQ avmuf ae_yD;aemuf aemufw}udrf xyftefjyef
a&mufygw,f? cifAsm;vJ usef;rma&;udk *±kpdkuf onf? aoG;ESpfcgtef&m axG;cHw0ufeD;yg; &SdoGm;
OD;Asm? cifAsm;wk@d u|eaf wmfw@dk wawGvnf; 'kucQ H onf? 'kwd,t}udrf aoG;tefvkduf&mwGif t
&wmawGursm;awmh a&m*g wpfckr[kwfwpfck oufyg ygoGm;onf[k xkdtcsdefu tem;wGif &Sd
awmh &-uwmyJ ” [k pd k ; &d r f p G m ajymonf ? aeaom roef;ESpEf iS hf ud! k jkd ymwk@d u ajymjy-u onf?
u|efawmfuvnf; “udpPr&Sdygbl; udkwifatmif/
u|efawmfvm&wm odyf}uD;vJ 'kuQa&mufvSwm jynf o l c spf a om pma&;q&m/
r[kwyf gb;l ? udw k ifatmiftwGuo f m u|eaf wmf
u pdk;&drfwmyg? uJ udkwifatmif odyfvJ pum; Aef;armfwifatmif aoqHk;a-umif; -um;
awGrajymeJ@tHk;/ {nfhonfawG jywfwkef; em;em; od & aomtcg pma&;q&mrsm;/ rd w f a qG r sm;/
aeae aeygtHk;”[k jyefajymvkdufonf? &J a bmf r sm;u psmyetwG u f tvS L aiG r sm;
u|efawmfwkd@ pum;ajymaepOf udkwif aumufcH-uonf? apwem tjynfh0ESifh xnfhvSL
atmifu u|efawmf0,fvmaom oabFmoD;ukd -uaom aiGrsm;rSm vkod nfxufyif ydI k &&S-d u onf?
teD;wGi&f adS om ZeD;onf a':cifO;D tm; tcGcJ idk ;f _yD; 1978 ck/ atmufwkdbmv (27)&ufae@?
oabFmoD;udk ZGef;ESifhjcpfI tm;&yg;& pm;ae xkad e@onf Aef;armfwifatmif tokbcsaomae@
onf? ukw d ifatmif tm;&yg;&pm;aeonfukd -unfh jzpf.? Aef;armfwifatmif ±kytf avmif;udk &efuek f
_yD; u|efawmfu tm;&0rf;om jzpfaeonf? aq;±Hk}uD;rS }uHawmok\efodk@ ydkaqmif&m vm
udkwifatmif tem;,l&efajym_yD; u|ef a&mufydk@aqmif-uaom y&dowf}uD;rsm;rSm wkd;
awmfvnf; ol@tm; E+wq f ufI jyefco hJ nf? u|ef raygufatmif pnfum;vSonf? um;}uD;/ um;
awmfaq;±Hrk S jyefvm_yD;aemuf nae aq;±Hzk iG chf sed f i,frsm; pDwef;Ivdu k yf gvmcJ-h u&m um;wef;}uD;
89
rSm war#mfwac: }uD; jzpfae.? vGrf;olyef;acG udk vufqifu h rf;xrf;I ðryfErHS nft h w
k *f t
l a&muf
rsm;rSmvnf; um;wpD;wdkuf&Sdonf? vrf;ab; o,faqmifI ydk@ay;-uonf?
wzufqDrSm y&dowfuvnf; a-uuGJ0rf;enf; vufqifu h rf; o,faqmifvmaom t±k;d
aom rsufESmjzifh &yf-unfhae-uonf? tkd;udk tkwf*lxJokd@ xnfhvdkuf-uonf? xkdtcsdef
tokb vmydk@olrsm;u y&dowf}uD;udk wGif c&pf,mef trsdK;orD;rsm;. "rRaw;oHonf
-unfh_yD; “jynfoludkcspfaom pma&;q&m”[k ok\efwGif ysHŒvGifhoGm;onf?
rSwfcsufay;-uonf? u|efawmfonf Aef;armf u|efawmfwdk@awGvnf; rdwfaqG wpf
wifatmif. aemufqHk;b0c&D;udk ESpfacguf ydk@cJh& a,muf.um;jzifh ok\efrS xGufcGmcJhavonf?
onf? um;pD;vm&if; u|efawmfonf tokbwGif urf;
yxrtacgufrSm Aef;armfwifatmif. aom ,yfawmifudk b,fjyefnmjyef vSnfh-unfh
±kyt
f avmif;udk olaoqH;k oGm;aom tcef;rS a&cJ aerdonf? ,yfawmifwpfzufwGif Aef;armfwif
wdkufodk@ ydk@aqmifaom tacgufjzpfonf? atmif.yHk? wpfzufwGifum; Aef;armfwifatmif
xdkpOfu nOfheufoef;acgif vlajcwdwf u rdrdom;tm; ruG,fvGefrD 20 = 10 = 78
qdwf _ird of ufaeaom tcsed w f iG f Aef;armfwifatmif &ufae@u ajym-um;cJhaompum;?
. ±kyftavmif;udk vdkufygydk@aqmifolrsm;rSm vl “&mpkESpfwpfckrSm rsdK;qufav;ck &Sdw,f?
av;ig;ajcmufa,mufr#om&Sdonf? ydk@aqmif& 1885 ckEpS af emufyidk ;f / udv
k edk aD cwfup_yD; wk@d tzd;k
onfrSm tm;i,fp&m/ pdwfxdcdkufp&m aumif;vS awG[m e,fcsJ@udk awmfvSefvmcJh-uw,f? taz
onf? wdk@ vufxufusawmh trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;
,ckwpfacguf Aef;armfwifatmif tokb wm0efukd xrf;aqmifjcif; ðycJh-uw,f?”
udk }uHawmok\efodk@ ydk@aqmif&mwGifrl vlxk “om;wkd@[m 'D&mpk (1885 = 1985)
y&dowf}uD;rSm 0uf0ufuaJG tmif pnfum;vGe;f vS ckESpf&JŒ aemufqHk;rsdK;qufawGbJ”
ojzifh tm;i,fp&mxuf tm;wufp&mjzpfc&hJ onf “tcsdK@[m ordkif;&JŒwm0efudk &J&J&ifh&ifh
pdwxf cd u
kd pf &mxuf tm;wufp&m jzpfc&hJ onf? xrf;aqmifcJh-uw,f?”
}uHawmok\efwGif Aef;armfwifatmif “tcsKd @usawmh orkid ;f wm0efukd rausyeG f
tavmif;udk rD;oò*õ[fvkduf-uonf? rD;oò*õ[f -ubl;”
t_yD;wGif rnfolu pvkdufonfrod? tokb u|efawmfwkd@onf ,yfawmifay:u pm
vkdufydk@onfh y&dowfrsm;onf yef;acG/ yef;jcif; rsm;udkzwf_yD;aemuf “Aef;armfwifatmifonf
rsm;rS yef ; eD e D u av;rsm;ud k ðzwf I rd r d w d k @ . *k%f&SdpGmjzifh aoqHk;oGm;av_yD[lI pdwfxJwGif
&ifbwfrsm;wGif wyfqifxm;vdkuf-uavonf? a&&Gwfrdvkdufygonf? ”
Aef;armfwifatmiftm; teDa&mifjzifh aemufqHk; Aef;armfwifatmif uG,fvGefonfh (19)
*k%fðyvkduf-ujcif;yif jzpfawmh.? ES p f a jrmuf a e@wG i f Taqmif ; yg;jzif h Aef ; armf
rD;oò*õ[f_yD;aemuf Aef;armfwifatmif. wifatmiftm; *k%fðytyfygonf?
t±kd;udk *loGif;jrKyfESH&eftwGuf t±dk;tdk;udk rD;
oò*õ[fpufrS xkwf,lvmonf? tjyifwGif apmifh avxD ; OD ; tk e f ; armif
aeaom vlxky&dowf}uD;u wef;pD_yD; t±dk;tdk; 98 pufwifbm cs,f&D r*~Zif;
90
(wpf )
“æ &Jabmfu udkpdk;odrf;eJ@ nDtpfudkawmfvm; æ”

“æ b,fudkpdk;odrf;vJ æ q&m” æ u|efawmfhwGif
nDtpfudk0rf;uGJawmfol udkpdk;odrf;&SdI xdkodk@ar;vdkufrdonf?“ æ
yJcl; æ udkpdk;odrf;avæ t&ifu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkpdk;odrf;”
“ [kwfuJh æ tJ'Dudkpdk;odrf;eJ@awmh bmrS rawmfpyfygbl; q&mæ”
“&Jabmfu yJcl; udkpdk;odrf;eJ@ &kyfcsif;awmfawmfqifvdk@
ar;=unfhwmyg”
Te,f yËdoE<m&pum;rsm;jzifh tpcsDum
q&mAef;armfwifatmifESifhu|efawmf pwif
odu|rf;cJh&jcif; jzpfygonf? tcsdefu 1969 ckESpf/
azazmf0g&Dv (12)&ufae@næ? ae&mu
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 233 a,muftm;
udkudk;u|ef;odk@ydk@rnfh jynfawmf!Gef@.
tcsKyf oabFm0rf;twGif;&Sd
tcef;av;xJrSmjzpfonf?
u|efawmfwdk@vli,fwodkuf
ocif&efac|/ q&mjroef;wif/h
q&mAef;armfwifatmif
wdk@teD;wGif pka0;um
pum;0dik ;f zG@J =uonf?
91
odvo kd r#ar;=u/ q&mwd@k &Si;f jyor#ukd wef ; ausmif ; om; vl y sd K ayguf t &G , f a v;
pdwf0ifwpm; em;axmif=uonf? jzpfonfhwdkif tay:,H tjyiftqif t0wftpm;
trSefawmh jroef;wifh/ Aef;armfwif tvStyudk odyftm&HkrjyKrdawmh? ay:yvif &Syf
atmifqdkonfh trnfrsm;udk &if;ESD;aecJhonfrSm vuf&n S f tjzLvnfuwH;k / oJawm/ 0rf;wGi;f wGuf
=um+yD? olwdk@.pmrsm;/ txl;ojzifh 0wÎKrsm;udk zsifyifeDwdkufyHk/ av;q,fcsnf vHkcsnfuGufwHk;
tv,fwef;ausmif;om;b0rSmyif pwif zwfczhJ ;l avmufqdkvsif vHkavmufae+yD? acgif;uvnf;
onf? olwdk@pmtkyfrsm;rS ay;or# pdwf"mwft uwHk;qHawmuf/ cHkzdeyf/ um;wm,mzdeyfpD;um
awG;tac:rsm;udkum; tjynfht0 &,lEdkifcJhonf ausmif;wuf&onfudkvnf; *k%fi,fonf[k
awmh r[kw?f t&G,u f vnf; i,fao;onf? yHyh ;kd rxifrd? r[kwfrcH rSef&mvkyf0Hhaom pdwf"mwf
rnfholrsm;&SdaeI rjywfrvyfqdkovdkum; zwf &Sda&;om t"du[k oabmaygufvmum rdrd
jzpfcJhonf? u|efawmfwdk@+rdK@rSm tpfudk}uD;rsm; o udk,fudk,f ,Hk=unfr_vnf;wdk;vmcJhonf?
zG,jf zpfaom ausmif;om;or*~acgi;f aqmifrsm;u q&m Aef;armfwifatmiftygt0if
u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pm=unfh wdk;wufaom pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;. pmrsm;udk
wkud af xmifay;xm;onf? pmtkyrf sm;vnf; awmf tzwfrsm;vmaomtcg xdkq&m}uD;rsm;rSm u|ef
awmfpo kH nf? vif;,ke*f sme,f tygt0if wuUov kd f awmf. tm±HkyHk&dyfxJrSm pHjyrsm;jzpfvm=uonf?
ESpfywfvnfr*~Zif;rsm;ESifh wm&mr*~Zif; a[mif; olwdk@tm; awG@qHk&if;ESD;vdkpdwf/ olwdk@. uef@ul
rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? xdkpOfuyif Aef;armfwifatmif vufvn S hf oif=um;ay;r_ukd cH,vl pkd w
d rf sm;vnf;
qdkaom trnfudk &if;ESD;aecJhonf? udef;atmif;vmcJhonf? xdkpOfurl u|efawmfhqEN
txufwef;ausmif;om;jzpfvmaomtcg rSm pdwful;tdyfrufr#om jzpfcJhonf? ,ckrl tdyf
pmzwftm; ydkaumif;vmonf? tawG;tac: rufonf wu,fhb0jzpfvmcJh&av+yD?
qdkif&mav;eufonfh pmrsm;udkyif }udK;pm;zwf&_ xdn
k u txufwef;ausmif;om; b0
vmrdonf? rodonfrsm;udk eD;pyf&m ausmif;om; rSmyif awG@qHkcGifh&&ef qENjyif;jycJhaom rSwf^m%f
acgif;aqmifrsm;xH ar;onf? yHk&dyfxJrS ol&Jaumif;}uD;rsm;ESifh wavSwnf;pD;/
u|ef a wmf w d k @ acwf u ausmif ; om; wc&D;wnf;oGm;cGifh &ae+yDjzpfaoma=umifh i&J
acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm pmtvGefzwfonf? txl; u|ef;odk@ c&D;ESifae&onfhtjzpfudkyif u|efawmf
ojzifh vuf0Jpmayrsm;udk tzwfrsm;=uonf? arhavsmh aerdcJhonf?
q&mAef;armfwifatmif. 0wÎKrsm;xJrS Zmwf
vdkufrsm;udkvnf; tm;ustwk,l=uonf? u|ef (ES p f )
awmfonfvnf; q&mAef;armfwifatmif tyg ae@nrjywf toHuek af tmf[pf idak ºuG;
t0if wdk;wufaom pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;. 0wÎK aeaom yifv,fv_dif;acgif;jzL}uD;rsm;tv,frS
rsm;xJrS r[kwfrcH rSef&mudkvkyfwwfaom Zmwf txD;usefi&Ju|ef;/ xdki&Ju|ef;ay:&Sd oHql;}udK;
aumifrsm;. pdwf"mwfudk wjznf;jznf; tm;us txyfxyf um&Hxm;onfh ppftm%m&Sif zuf
vmonf? qif;&Jom;eif;jym;rsm;bufrS &yfwnf qpftusO;f pcef;/ vrdu k n f rsm;wGif {&mr qvku
d f
um rw&m;r_udk ckcH qef@usifjcif;tm; vl@*k%f rD ; armif ; }uD ; jzif h r=umc% xd k ; =unf h v suf
oduQmtjzpf oabmaygufvmcJhonf? txuf axmifapmifh vHk+cHKa&;rsm;. a'gufa'gufcGyfcGyf
92
ppfzed yfcmG oH? aoewfusnx f ;kd oH? uif;vSnchf sed ?f onfh avhusifhcef;) vkyfcsdef? pma&;pmzwfcsdef?
pum;wD;wdk;ajymoH? awmifukef;xuf uif;wJ ae@v,fem&D0ufcef@ arS;puftem;,lcsdef/ nae
qDrS em&DoaH csmif;acguo f ?H yifv,furf;OD; opfeD cif; vrf;av#mufxGufcsdef/ nae (6) em&DrS (9)
yiftdk}uD;xufqDrS oef;acgif,H tusnf;wef em&Davmuftxd &Jabmfrsm;ESifh pum;0dkif;zGJ@csdef
iSufqdk;xdk;oH? ponfjzifh wae@wmv_yf&Sm;r_udk pepfwus jzwf
u|ef;zufqpf tusOf;pcef;wGif q&m oef;avh&Sdonf?
Aef;armfwifatmifEiS hf &JabmftcsKd @utaqmif(4)?
q&mjroef;wifEh iS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd u taqmif(9)? q&monf ol,Hk-unf
ppfbm;wdkufo¿mef taqmifESpfaqmifrSm xdyf &m rmhup f 0f g' tbd"rRm
csif;qdkifjzpf+yD; a0;vnf;ra0;vS/ tvGefqHk; cJwpf
ypfpmavmufawmifr&S?d trSeaf wmh axmifoq H ;l udo
k m ydik Ef ikd p
f mG avhvm
}udK;0if;twGif;&Sd taqmifESpfaqmifudk tv,frS xm;onfr[kwf? bm
oHql;}udK;jzifhxyfI uef@xm;jcif;jzpfonf? q&m
Aef ; armf w if a tmif a eonf h tjcrf ; buf w G i f oma&;t& ES p f j cif ;
taqmif(6)aqmif/ u|eaf wmfw@kd tjcrf;bufwiG f c&pf , mef 0ef ; usif r S
vnf; taqmif(6)aqmif? oHql;}udK;umxm;
aomfvnf; [dkbufonfbuf ul;Edkifonfh oHql; }uD;jyif;vmcJah om q&m
}udK;wyf wHcg;wpfayguf&Sdonf? a&mufpuawmh onf Ak'<tbd"rRm udk
ul;oef;cGifhr&? odk@aomf xdkuef@owfcsufrsm;rSm
od y f r =umvd k u f y g? [d k b uf o nf b uf tjyef vnf; twGi;f usus avh
tvSeful;oef;=ujcif;jzifh tvdktavsmuf ysuf vm xm;ol jzpfa-umif;
jy,foGm;onf?
q&mAef;armfwifatmif&&dS m taqmif u|ef;ay:wGif q&m0wÎ&m;rysuf vkyf
(4)od@k tcgtm;avsmpf mG u|eaf wmfa&mufjzpfonf? onfh tvkyrf sm;teuf eH&u H yf owif;pma&;jcif;
q&mhtdyf&mteD;wGif pka0;avh&Sdaom ouf}uD; vnf;ygonf? yifv,fc&D;ESifh a,mufoGm;rsm;udk
pum;oufi,f=um; pum;0dkif;wGifvnf; r=um rD;zkwf&mrS&aom xHk;jzifhajrjzLawmifhvkyfonf?
r=um xdkifjzpfonf? yDuif;/ bDbDpD/ AGDtdkat/ jrefrmhtoHponfh toH
q&mAef ; armf w if a tmif o nf v nf ; vGiXhf mersm;rS xl;jcm;onfh owif;rsm;udk owif;
q&mjroef;wifhenf;wl tcsdefudk pepfwus t oHk;oyfcsufESifhtwl xrif;pm;aqmiftwGif;&Sd
oHk;csavh&Sdoljzpfonf? ta&;ay: udpP&SdcsdefrSty oH k ; xyf o m; oif y k e f ; }uD ; ay:wG i f pepf w us
tdyf&mxrS tdyf&m0ifcsdeftxd tcsdefZ,m;ESifh aumfvHcGJI a&;onf? u|ef;oufwrf;wav#muf
tvkyfvkyfonf? reuftdyf&mxcsdef tkef;yifpdkuf q&m. eH&u H yfowif;pmudk usaemfw@kd tav;xm;
avhusifhcef; (tdENd,a,m*D}uD;rsm;uJhodk@ OD;acgif; zwfcJh&onf? a&mufav&m t&yfwGif jzpfonfh
udk =urf;jyifay:odk@ aZmufxdk;xm;um ajcESpf enf;jzifh tvif;a&mifay;wwfonfh pma&;q&m/
acsmif;tm; tay:odk@ wnfhrwfpGm axmifxm; owif;pmq&mayyJ?
93
q&mjroef;wifhu tdef*,f. 'l;&if; (ok H ; )

odk@acsycsuf (Anti During)usrf;&if;
}u;D udk bmomjyefaecsed /f q&mAef;armfwifatmif nae (6) em&DrS (9) em&Davmufxd
uvnf ; td e f * ,f . obm0 tEk y Éd a vmr q&mhtdyf&mteD;wGif pka0;usif;yvsuf&Sdaom
(Dialect of Nature)trnfjzifh ouf}uD;pum;/ oufi,f=um; pum;0dkif;uvnf;
bmomjyefaea=umif; od&onf? u|efawmfwdk@twGuf tzdk;rjzwfEdkif? &Jabmfi,f
q&monf ol,Hk=unf&m rmhufpf0g' rsm;odvdkonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk q&mESifh
tbd"rRmudkom ydkifEdkifpGm avhvmxm;onf tefu,f}uD; ocif cifatmifu 'kdifcH&Sif;jyonf?
r[k w f ? bmoma&;t& ES p f j cif ; c&pf , mef wdk@ArmocifacwfOD;rS EdkifiHa&; tjzpf
0ef;usifrS }uD;jyif;vmcJhaom q&monf Ak'< tysuf/ tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk tefu,f}uD; ocif
tbd"rRmudkvnf; twGif;usus avhvmxm;ol cifatmifu vk;H aphywfaph &Si;f jywwfonf? vk;H aph
jzpfa=umif; udk,fawG@}uHKrS odvdkuf&awmhonf? ywfaph jzpfaoma=umifhvnf; tefu,f}uD;.
wae@ q&mhtyd &f mod@k u|eaf wmfa&mufomG ;onf? &Si;f jycsurf sm;rSm wnESirhf +yD;wwf? ok;H av; ig;n
q&mESihf awmfveS af &;orm;}uD; v,form; tzd;k tcef;qufrsm; jzpfavh&Sdonf?
tdk tb=uifwdk@ aqG;aEG;ae=uonf? aqG;aEG; xdkae&mwGif tvsOf;oifhI rSwfwrf;
onf h ta=umif ; t&mrS m Ak ' < t bd " rR m ES i f h tjzpfusefap&ef tefu,f}uD;. tawG@t}uKHudk
ywfoufaom ±kyf/ pdwf/ apwoduf/ edAŠmef? Ak'< azmufonfcscsifygonf?
tbd"rRmESifhywfoufaom q&m. jyefvSef tefu,f}uD;tzrf;rcH&cifujzpfonf?
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk =um;&aomtcg u|efawmf wae@wGif vrf;av#muf&mrS tdrfodk@jyefvmonf?
wtHw h =ojzpf&onf? vuf00J g'D pma&;q&m}uD; b,fvufwGif qDcsuf acgufqGJxkyf/ nmvufu
wOD;u Ak'<tbd"rRmESifhywfoufI Tr# ajcajc wkwfaumufaxmufI av#mufvmonf? olESifh
jrpfjrpf avhvmEdik o f nfukd rxifrw S b
f J odvu dk &f rsufESmcsif;qdkifrS a*guf±dkufxGufvmaom Adkvf
aoma=umifh tHh=o&jcif; jzpfonf? ae0if ; ,mOf w ef ; ES i f h wae&mwG i f w d k ; onf ?
u|ef a wmf w OD ; csif ; t&qd k v #if rd r d tefu,f}uD;udk jrifoGm;aom Adkvfae0if;u vuf
,Hk=unf&m rmhufpf0g'udkom vufvSrf;rDor# jy E_wfqufonf? tefu,f}uD;uvnf; wkwf
avhvmcJo h nf? tjcm;t,l0g' wckukd A[kow k aumufudkifxm;aom nmvufudk jyefajr‡mufjy
tjzpfyif avhvm&aumif;rSef;rod? txl;ojzifh vdkufonf? Adkvfae0if;um; vGef+yD;aemuf um;
bmoma&;qdkif&m pmay/ tbd"rRmrsm;udk avh wpif;xdk;&yfum ppfom;ESpfa,mufu tefu,f
vmv#if rdrdtodkif;t0dkif;rS &Jabmfrsm;. txif }uD;udk um;ay:qGw J ifomG ;onf? a*guu f iG ;f a&muf
tjrifao;r_udk cH&avrvm;[kyif pdk;&drfrdao; rS tusdK;ta=umif;&Sif;jyrS Adkvfae0if;u ac:awG@
onf? q&m. tbd"rRmqdkif&m bufpkHr_udk awG@ onf?
vd k u f & aomtcg u|ef a wmf . “tbd " rR m “'DaumifawG ocifcifatmifukd rodv@kd
qif;&Jjcif;” twGuf udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefoem; ac:vmwmyg? udpPr&Sdygbl;? c%aeum;eJ@ jyefydk@
rdawmhonf? cd k i f ; r,f ? rif ; wd k @ rS w f x m;=u uG æ 'g ocif
cifatmifyJ? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrSm
94
olwdk@vnf; ygcJh=uwmaygh? t,ltqrwlvdk@om owd x m;rd o avmuf q&monf

&efolawGvdk jzpfae=uwm? uGefjrLepfawGom ta=umif;t&mwpfckudk &Sif;jy&mwGif ta=umif;
awmrcd k b J tm%m&tpd k ; &jzpf a e&if ocif t&m. ZmpfjrpfEiS hf twdwo f rdik ;f jzpfpOfukd ypPKy`ef
cifatmifu 0ef}uD;awG bmawGjzpfaer,fh yk*Kd~ vf tcd k i f t rmtxd a &muf a tmif yH k a zmf j yonf ?
uGæ” [k teD;wGif&yfaeaom ppfAdkvftm; Adkvf ypP K y` e f t cd k i f t rmud k cG J j crf ; onf ? +yD ; rS xd k
ae0if;u ajymonf? tultnDvdkuajym&efESifh ta=umif;t&m. tem*wf tvm;tvmudk
yk*~dKvfa&;t& ulnDEdkifygonf[kvnf; tefu,f cef@rSef;jyonf? q&m. pifjrifha[majymyGJrsm;udk
}uD;tm;ajymonf? tefu,f}uD;u Adkvfae0if;. u|efawmf em;raxmifzl;yg? q&m. xdkif0dkif;
yk*~dKvfa&;tultnD urf;vSrf;vmr_udk tvdrRmeJ@ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSmrl av;raeyJ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
jiif;y,f vdkufonf/? jzpfygonf?
“tefu,f}uD;udk 'DaumifawG bmvdk@ q&monf ol@udk,fa&;udk,fwmESifh
um;ay:qGJwifoGm;=uwmvJ” [k u|efawmfu ywfoufIum; ajymcJvo S nf? od@k aomf wcgwiG f
ar;rdonf? ol@ZeD;tay: q&m. rSwfcsufudk trSwfrxif
“Ad k v f a e0if ; u vuf j yawmh v J =um;cJh&zl;onf? rnfodk@ ta=umif;wdkufqdkifI
u|efawmfuvJ vufjyefjywmyJ As æ 'gayr,fh xdkodk@ ajymvdkufonfudkum; rrSwfrdawmh?
wk w f u d k i f x m;wJ h vuf e J @ jyvd k u f a wmh æ rif ; “u|efawmfhZeD;u avmu"Hudk cHEdkif
owdxm;qd+k yD; wkwaf jr‡mufjyvdu k o
f vdk jzpfomG ; &nf&Sdaeyg+yD? *syefawmfvSefa&;umvuvnf;
w,fxifyg&JŒAsm” [k ajym&if; tefu,f}uD;u ol@udk u&if&Gmav;w&GmrSm tyfxm;cJh&zl;w,f?
w[m;[m; &,fonf/? u&if o if w d k i f ; 0wf / 0uf p m&S m / 0uf p mau|;/
“trS e f u uG e f j rLepf a wG awmxJ qef z G y f a rmif ; axmif ; tvk y f a wG u d k wu,f h
a&mufukefatmif ol@vlawGuyJ vkyfwmAs? +yD; u&iftrsdK;orD;wa,mufvdkvkyf&if; jzwfoef;
awmh olu, kd w
f ikd uf yJ uGejf rLepf tjyKwfwu kd af &; cJ&h wm? tcuftcJawGukd &ifqikd Ef ikd w f hJ ol@ tpGr;f
vkyfaewm? olajymyHku uGefjrLepfuyJ tvkyfr&Sd owWdudk u|efawmfpdwfcsygw,f æ”[k q&mu
tvkyf&Sm awmckdwJhtaygufrsdK;? 'Dvl@tusifhu ajymonf?
'Dtwdkif;yJ? aowJhtxdaysmufrSm r[kwfbl;æ ” xdk@a=umifhyif æ “u|efawmfhb0rSm
[k tefu,f}uD;u ol@pum;udk tqH;k owfonf? “twW”qdkvdk@ rcifOD;udkcspfwJh tcspfwpfckyJ &Sdyg
q&m Aef ; armf w if a tmif u awmh w,fAsm”[k ruG,fvGefrD O'gef;usL;cJhjcif; jzpfay
rmhupf 0f g'tbd"rRm/ Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;wduk yf /JG vdrhfrnf? wcgwGif q&mh uavmiftrnfESifh ywf
jynfwGif;ppfw&m;cH/ jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&; v_yf oufI u|efawmf pyfpkrdonf?
&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uHK/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pD. oabm “Aef;armfwifatmifqdkawmh tawmf
obm0/ Armjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepf. ordkif; rsm;rsm;u u|efawmfhudk Aef;armfom;vdk@ xifae
Zmpfjrpf ponfh Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;ESihf owif;pm =uwm” trSef u|efawmfhZmwdu yJcl;As? i,fpOf
avmu/ pmayavmurS t,ltqa&; wdkufyGJ u rdbawGeJ@twl e,fwumajymif;a&G@ aexdkif
rsm;ta=umif; &Jabmfrsm;odvdkonfh jy\em &if;eJ@ Aef;armfudka&mufoGm;wm? Aef;armfrSm
tvdkuf aqG;aEG;jywwfonf? ausmif;om;b0eJ@ eH&HuyfpmapmifawG a&;=u
95
awmh uavmiftrnfwyf&mrSm wifatmifu ppfom;}uD;yrm usm;usm;,m;,m;

ESpaf ,mufjzpfaew,f? 'ge@J ausmif;tkyq f &m}uD; &Sad om q&monf wa,mxd;k jyefawmhvnf; tzd/
u u|efawmfhudk rif;u Aef;armfudkt&ifa&muf tazmh/ tyGwftowf/ bdk;jyefpyfawGESifh yd&dc|JEGJ@
awmh a&SŒuAef;armfwyfvdkufayghuGmvdk@ ajymwm aewwfonf? odk@aomf =um=um em;axmifcGifh
eJ@ tJ'Dup Aef;armfwifatmif jzpfoGm; wmæ” um; r&yg? “wa,m rudkifwm=umawmh vuf
[k q&mu &Sif;jyonf? awGu vdo k vdk r&awmhb;l As?” [kqu kd m wa,m
tef u ,f } uD ; ocif c if a tmif a &m/ jym;av;udk tomt,m jyefcsxm;wwf+rJ?
q&mAef;armfwifatmifyg rSwf^m%faumif;&m q&mESifh awG@zl;olwdkif; wxyfwnf;
wGif xl;jcm;onf[k xifygonf? q,fckESpfaygif; wlaomtjzpfrmS q&m. vlrq _ ufqaH &; odraf rG@
tawmf=um=umjzpfaom e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ r_jzpfonf? wlom;t&G,f &Jabmfi,fav;rsm;udk
zufqpfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJumv tjzpftysuf yif cifAsm;ESifh/ u|efawmfESifhajymonf? rnfonfh
rsm;udkyif ae@pGJ/ &ufpGJESifh ca&aphwGif;us jyef tcgrS tay:pD;u qufqHavhr&Sd/ igodigwwf
ajymjyEdkif=uonf? vkyfavhr&Sd? &Jabmfi,ftcsdK@u owdvufvGwf
xdk@a=umifhyif ociftzdk;tdkESifh q&m jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefvmv#ifyif av;av;
Aef;armfwifatmiftm; ouf&Sd ordkif;pmtkyf}uD; pm;pm; em;axmifum nifnifomom wkH@jyef
rsm;[kyif u|efawmf owfrSwfvdkufrdonf? wwfjrJ? q&m.xdx k ;l jcm;csuaf =umifyh if q&mESihf
pum;ajym&rnfudk r=umc% wGef@qkwfqkwf
(av;) jzpfcJh&onf? q&mjroef;wifhESifhusawmh taeeD;
+yD ; txd t awG @ yd k r sm;aoma=umif h v m;rod /
u|eaf wmfEiS ahf wG@csed w
f iG f q&mhtouf pum;ajym&onfrmS ydI k vGwv f yfovdck pH m;&.?
(50) &Sdae+yD? t&yfajcmufaycef@ jrifhaomfvnf; q&mjroef;wifhESifhu twlae twGJrsm;onfh
&Snu f ikd ;f udik ;f r[kw?f vrf;av#mufv#if acgi;f rwf/ wlESifhOD;av;vdk? q&mAef;armfwifatmif ESifh
&ifzGifhav#mufwwfonf? rsufvHk;rsufcHk; aumif; usawmh udk,fhtay:cspfcifaEG;axG;rSef; odygvsuf
aumif;/ vlyHkacsmacsmjzpfonf? 'ga=umifhvnf; tvdkvdkae&if; &Sdef;aerdonfh b}uD;/ ba'G;vdk?
t&G,faumif;pOfu ±kyf&Sif±dkuf&ef urf;vSrf;jcif; odk@aomf q&m. vlr_qufqHa&; aysmh
cH&wmjzpfrnf? touf 50 t&G,t f xd av;wdik f aysmif;r_rmS e,ferd wd &f o dS nf? tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;
pifbm;udku|rf;usifpGm upm;EdkifqJyif/ u|efawmf ESifh yufoufvmv#ifum; pma&;&mwGifjzpfap/
wdk@taqmifa&S@u av;wdkifpifbm;wGif q&m xdawG@ajymqdk&mwGifjzpfap jywfom;onf? wcg
upm;aeonfudk wcgawG@zl;onf? or&dk;us wGiu f |e;f tusO;f pcef;od@k a&mufvmaom axmif
upm;enf;omru/ bm;wef;ay:wGif uif;+rD; rif;}uD; OD;+idrf;vd_if(xifonf)u yk*~Kdvfa&;t&
aumuf a xmif u m a&S @ jyef / aemuf j yef u |rf ; ac:awG@aom vl}uD; wOD;pESpfOD;pxJwGif q&m
ES p f y wf o H k ; ywf y if y pf I upm;onf ? touf vnf; ygonf? yk*~dKvfa&;t& tultnDvdkygu
vnf ; }uD ; vm+yD j zpf I tarmcH E d k i f y H k u m;r&? ajymyg&ef axmifrif;}uD;OD;+idrf;vd_ifu q&mhtm;
i,fpOfu vufa0S@xdk;cJhojzifh tHoGm;rsm;um; urf;vSrf;onf/ q&mu ol@wOD;csif; yk*~dKvfa&;
r&Sdawmh? tHuyf wyfxm;&+yD? udpPudk bmrSrajym?
96
“u|efawmfh yk*~dKvfa&;udpP bmrS ajym acwfa[mif; tcspf

p&mr&Syd gb;l / cifAsm;wd@k tpd;k &eJ@ yufoufv@kd awmh oDcsif;}uD;ukd nnf;
ajymcsifw,f? cifAsm;wdk@ tpdk;&[m awmfawmf rdonfq h &m jroef;
w&m;rJhwJh tpdk;&yJ? tjypfrJhwJhvlawGudk zrf;+yD; wif h o nf v nf ; r
u|ef;ay:rSm udk,fxludk,fx tusOf;csxm;w,f? vGw?f ae@pOf aexdik f
q,fah jcmufq,fch ek pft&G,f ausmifom;av;awG r_b0twGif;rS
awmifygw,f? tjypf&Sdw,fvdk@,lq&if wdkif;od omrefupd aP v;onf
jynfoda=unm+yD; ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJaygh? tckawmh tawG;tac: udpP}uD;jzpfvmwwfonf? tzGJ@
vlodrcH0HhbJ 'Du|ef;av;ay:rSm cdk;+yD; EdSyfpufae tpnf;ESifh vlyk*~dKvft=um; csdefcGifv#mr#r_rSm
w,f? axmiftcGifhta&;vnf; tjynfht0 ray; o[Zmw rjzpfcsifawmh?
bl;? ajym&&if owdWr&SdwJh rdef;r&Smtpdk;&yJ” [k xdkumvrsm;twGif;u ygwD todkif;
ajymcJah =umif; q&mjyefajymjyonfukd rSwrf ad eonf? t0dkif;twGif; ae@pOfaexdkifr_rS tpbHkoabmudk
xd e f ; od r f ; &ef }ud K ;yrf ; =uonf ? yrmtm;jzif h
(ig;) aq;vd y f a omuf o l r sm;twG u f aq;aygh v d y f /
yGwfc|ef;rsm;udk bHkpepfjzifhpkpnf;um ae@pOfcGJwrf;
q&mhyHk&dyfudkazmf&mwGif Tpkwfcsuf jzifh a0onf? pm;aomuf&mwGifvnf; yef;uef
uav;wcsuf v nf ; wd k @ vd k u f z d k @ vd k r nf [ k cGufa,muf ZGef;ponfwdk@udk xrif;pm;aqmifrSm
u|efawmf xifygonf? u|efawmfwdk@ u|ef;odk@ yifpkxm;onf? pm;csdefusrS toD;oD;,lum oHk;pGJ
tydk@cHcJh&aom 1969 ckumvonf w±kwfjynf onf? xdu k mvrsKd ;wGif q&mAefarmfwifatmifu
uGefjrLepfygwDtwGif; ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; ZGe;f / yef;uef/ rufcu G rf sm;udk oD;oef@cI JG oH;k onf?
rk e f w d k i f ; }uD ; ar$ a eonf h u mv? ygwD A [d k u d k pm;aomuf+yD;v#if tdyaf qmifrmS yif oD;oef@ odr;f
tajrmufESifhcGif;=u[laom awmfvJoH}uD; wkef onf? Tonfudk &Jabmfi,ftcsdK@u tjrif
[D;yJhwifaeonfhumv? xdkrkefwdkif;ESifhawmfvJ r=unf = u? oD ; oef @ qef o nf ? &J a bmf x k E S i f h
oH}uD;onf u|efawmfwdk@ygwDudkvnf; jyif;pGm uif;uGmonf[k ,lq=uonf? q&mESiahf wG@qu kH m
&dkufcwfvmcJhonf? u|ef;ay:&dS axmifwGif;ygwD wdkuf±dkufa0zefjcif; &Sdr&Sdudkum; u|efawmfrod?
onfvnf; a&Smifv$JIr&cJh? xdktoHAvHrsm;udk =um;&/ jrif&zef rsm;aomtcg
xd k r k e f w d k i f ; }uD ; .'%f u d k u|ef ; ygwD u|efawmfpdwfqif;&Jonf? q&mhtwGufvnf;
aumfrwDacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;/ tv,ftvwf pdwrf aumif;jzpf&onf? ud, k wf ikd q
f &mESihf awG@qkH
acgif;aqmifrsm;/ atmufajc ygwD0ifESifh ygwD aqG;aEG;vdak omfvnf; tm;empdwaf =umifh wk@H qikd ;f
vdkvm;olrsm;ygrusef rwlonfh twdkif;twm aeonf? trSefwu,fvnf; TudpPonf EdkifiH
rsm;t& &if q d k i f c J h = u&onf ? q&mAef ; armf a&; tawG;tac:udpP}uD;r[kwf? tav;teuf
wifatmifvnf; xdrk ek w f ikd ;f ab;rSrvGwcf ?hJ wcsed f aqG;aEG;p&m[kyif u|efawmfrxif? odk@qdkojzifh
u q&m. vl}udKufrsm; ausmf=um;aom “+rdKif” bHkudpPudk vpfvsL±_jcif;r[kwfyg? bHkESifhyk*~vdu
0wWK}uD;onfyif &efolvlwef;pm;ESifh aphpyfa&; t=um;udpq P ufpyfr_ csed cf iG n
f m‡ rr#[, k q
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97
xm;pmemaompd w f u q&mES i f h awG @ qH k & ef ta=umif;awG;vdu k o

f nfth cgxo kd eG of ifcsupf um;
u|efawmftm; wGef;ydk@vdkufonf? w&ufwGif wcGe;f u|eaf wmft h awG;wGif tvdv k akd y:vmygonf?
q&mhxHoGm;I tusdK;ta=umif;udk tm;emem rSefygonf? q&monf olwefzdk;xm;
ESifhyif ajymjy ar;jref;rdonf? u|efawmfhpum;udk &m *k%foduQmudk odpdwf&SdpGm xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;
em;axmifae&if; ta0;qDodk@ q&mai;=unfhae &Sdol jzpfygonf? wckvHk;t&ajymv#if tzdESdyfcH
onf? q&mhrsufESmay:rS a0'em&dyf r_efa&;a&;udk jynfolwdk@.*k%foduQm/ wckcsif;t&ajymv#if
u|efawmf owdjyKvdkufrdonf? Aef;armfwifatmif. *k%foduQm?
“&J a bmf a & u|ef a wmh f r S m u wD b D q&monf tawG;wrsKd ;/ tajymwrsKd ;/
a&m*g&Sdaew,fAs? yef;uefcGufa,mufawGudk tajymwrsdK;tvkyfwrsdK; vkyfavh&Sdol r[kwfyg?
trsm;eJ@a&moH;k &if u|eaf wmfah &m*g wjcm;&Jabmf ol @ b0wav#muf tawG ; / tajym/ tvk y f
awGudk ul;rSmpdk;&drfrdw,f? tJ/ 'gudk qifjcif+yD; wxyfwnf;usatmif }udK;pm;cJhol/ tzdESdyfcH
oD;oD;oef@oef@ oHk;&wmyg”? jynforl sm;awG;ovd/k ajymovd/k vkyo f vdk wxyf
q&m. &Si;f jycsuaf =umifh u|eaf wmf&h ifrmS wnf;usatmif oDvapmifhol/ tusifhp&% &Sdol
vd_ufueJ jzpfoGm;onf? 0rf;enf;jcif;vm;/ 0rf; [k u|efawmf,Hk=unfygonf?
omjcif;vm; u|efawmfrcGJjcm;wwf? ESpfckvHk; ol@b0wav#mufvHk; ol@uavmif ol@
jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf? tawG;tac:wdk@jzifh jynfolbufrS&yfum zdESdyfol
u|ef;ygwDaumfrwDonf ppftpdk;&. vlwef;pm;tm; tqufrjywf wdkufyGJ0ifcJhyg
zdESdyfr_tm; tpmiwfcH wdkufyGJrsm;jzifh wkH@jyef onf? jynfol@tay: b,ftcgrS opPmrazmufcJh?
qifE$J&if; ygwDwGif;nDnGwfa&;/ tusOf;om;xk &efolxH b,ftcgurS 'l;axmuftnhHrcHcJh?
nDnGwfa&;twGuf trSefwu,fyif }udK;yrf;cJhyg u|ef;tusOf;cHb0rSmvnf; tusOf;
onf? od@k &mwGif rkew f ikd ;f xefaeaom aumif;uif om;xktusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf t&ufav;q,f
,H w G i f ysH o ef ; aeaomiS u f w tk y f t m; wuG J tpmiwfcH wdkufyGJ}uD;wGif a&SŒqHk;rS yg0ifcJhonf?
wjym;rjzpfatmif xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf&onf t&uf a v;q,f E S i f h atmif y G J & cJ h a oma=umif h
rSm xifoavmufrvG,fvSyg? t&ufav;q,fwdkufyGJ[k ac:ae=uaomfvnf;
wdkufyGJppOfu t&ufav;q,fESifh atmifyGJ&vdrfh
(ajcmuf ) rnf[k rnfolrS tmrcHEdkifrnfr[kwf? a,bk,s
cef@rSef; wGufcsufr_rsm;&Sdonfhwdkif cef@rSef;xm;
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&Sdw,f? *k%foduQmr&Sd&if *k%foduQmxdef;odrf;r_ rdrdtouf&Sifusef&pfvdrfhrnf[kvnf; rnfolrS
qdkwmvJ r&SdEdkifbl;? uGefjrLepfawGrSm uGefjrLepf rajymEdik ?f jynfo@l *k%o f u
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*k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;zdk@wm0ef&Sdw,f”? oEMdÏmef&Sdolrsm;om yg0ifqifE$JEdkifaom wdkufyGJ
uG,fvGefoGm;cJh+yDjzpfaom rsdK;quf rsdK;jzpfonf?
a[mif;&Jabmf}uD; &Jabmfjrwfrif; oGeo f ifcahJ om touf 50 t&G,fq&monf vli,f
pum;wcGe;f jzpfygonf? q&m Aef;armfwifatmif &Jabmfrsm;ESifh&ifaygifwef;um t&ufav;q,f
98
tpmiwfcH wdkufyGJ}uD;wGif &J0Hhwnf=unfpGm yg0if &Jabmf}uD;. yvufazmif;vufzuf&nf qdik af v;

jcif;jzifh olwefzdk;xm;jrwfEdk;aom *k%foduQmudk wGifem&D0ufavmufom pum;ajymcGifh &vdkuf
xdef;odrf;cJhygonf? onf? aemufw}udrf q&mESifhawG@&ef pdwful;&Sd
aomfvnf; ta&;ay:udpPay:vmojzifh rawG@Edkif
(ck e pf ) awmhyg? xdk&ufu awG@qHkjcif;onf q&mESifh
u|efawmf. aemufqHk;awG@jcif;vnf; jzpfonf?
53 &uf tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJ}uD;rSm i&J &efukefodk@vnf; aemufxyfra&mufEdkifawmh?
u|ef;tm; t+yD;owf acsr_ef;vdkufonfh wdkufyGJ 1978 q&muG,v f eG cf sed w f iG rf l u|eaf wmf
}uD; jzpfonf? xdkwdkufyGJ}uD;twGif; uGefjrLepf olykef 0&rf;ajy;b0odk@ a&mufaecJh+yD?
ygwD0if &Jabmf(8)OD; toufay;vSLcJh&onf? ,ckqdkvsif q&muG,fvGefcJhonfrSm
ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;tm; ESpfaygif;(30)eD;yg; wdkifcJhyg+yD? q&m. touf&Sif
jynfrodk@jyefac:cJh&onf? odk@&mwGifjynfawmfjyef pOfb0onf tprStqHk;wdkif tzdESdyfcH jynfolwdk@
c&D ; onf v nf ; yef ; cif ; vrf ; awmh r [k w f c J h ? twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&if; udk,fusdK;pGef@tepfemcHr_
oabFmtqif; use;f rma&;qdyu f rf;rSp+yD; tif;pdef wdk@jzifh tom;usaeaomb0 jzpfygonf? }uD;
axmifbl;0txd yHkpHrxdkifa&;wdkufyGJudk wdkuf=u jrwfpGmtouf&SifI *k%fajrmufpGm aoqHk;cJh
&jyefonf? aomb0jzpfygonf?
yHkpHrxdkifolrsm;udk apmiftkyfum qJqdk u|ef a wmf w d k @ onf wd k u f y G J 0 if ol & J
±dkufESuf=uonf? t+ydK+ydKtvJvJ aoG;oH&J&JESifh? aumif;rsm;/ wkdufyGJ0if pmayacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;
“t=urf;zufr_ ætvdkr&Sdætvdkr&Sd” usqHk;uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf ‚if;wdk@tm; *k%fjyK
“ppftpd;k & æ usq;kH ygap æ usq;kH ygap” O'gef;usL;avh&Sd=uygonf? trSefyifrysufruGuf
tif;pdefaxmifbl;0rS t±k%fOD; wdkufyGJ vkyf=u&rnfh wm0efvnf;jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif
rSm &dkufoH/ ESufoH/ aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;ESifh nHyGuf olwdk@touf&SifpOfurl olwdk@. wckvHk;qdkif&m
oGm;awmhonf? tm;aumif ; csuf r sm;ud k r=umc% arh a vsmh
1972 ckESpf/ rwfv axmifrSvGwfcsdef xm;wwf=uygonf?olwdk@. wpdwfwydkif; tm;
txd u|eaf wmftaqmifo@kd ra&mufawmh? tvHk enf;csufrsm;udkum; rarhravsmh-pmzGJ@ZmcsJ@
wd k u f t ygt0if wd k u f c ef ; rsm;twG i f ; Yom wwf=uygonf? Tenf;jzifh olwdk@. pdwftm;
oHo&mvnfaecJh&onf? emusif qif;&JapcJhygonf? TonfrSm a=uuGJ
axmif r S v G w f + yD ; 1974 ck E S p f w G i f 0rf;enf;zG,&f m oifcef;pm[k u|eaf wmfxifygonf?
u|efawmf&efukefodk@ wacgufa&mufjzpfonf? wu,fawmh u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;
qif;&Jaom &Jabmfrdom;pkrsm;twGuf ygvm tºuGif;rJh oef@pifolrsm;r[kwf=uyg? tºuGif;rJh
aom u|efawmfh,mxGuf i±kwfoD;ajcmuftdwf oef @ pif o l [ l I vnf ; r&S d E d k i f y g? jrif h j rif h y sH u m/
}u;D udk wnf;cdt k rd &f iS f &Jabmf}u;D xH tyfvu kd o
f nf? a0;a0;jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom iSufbk&if vif;,kefrsm;
&Jabmfrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;tm; wtdrf0if/ wtdrf onf y if uH r aumif ; ta=umif ; rvS p G m yif
xGufoGm;awG@onf? q&mAef;armfwifatmif udk =uuf r w0wf p m ted r f h w G i f y sH & onf h tcgrsd K ;
um; u|efawmfpm;yGJxdk; vkyfulaeaom tdrf&Sif &Sdwwfygonf? euf±d_if;jymarSmifaom [if;vif;
99
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,Gif;csufrsm;tm; pmempdwfjzifh =uifempGm jyKpk
ukooifh=uygonf? Tenf;jzifh olwdk@tay:
jrwfEdk; wefzdk;xm;a=umif; olwdk@raoqHk;rD uyif
jyooifhygonf?
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tay: 0pDu/H raemuH/ wd@k jzifh uHjyKrmS ;cJ=h uzl;aom
&Jabmfrsm; (xdpk Ofu &Jabmfi,frsm;)/ rdwaf qGrsm;
u|ef;ygwDaumfrwDonf uvnf; olwdk@.trSm;rsm;udk 0efcscJh=u+yD;yg+yD?
xdktwGufvnf; om"kac:&rnfjzpfygonf?
ppftpd;k &. zdESyd rf t_ m; tpmiwfcH u|efawmfwOD;csif;t&qdk&ygrl q&m
wdu k yf rJG sm;jzifh wk@H jyef qifE&J$ if; Aef ; armf w if atmif uG,fvGefjcif; txdrf;trSwf
tjzpf opPmwdkifqkawmif;jcif;tr_wck jyKcsif
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xk nDnGwfa&;twGuf trSef tdkæ avmuygv "rRapmifhewfæ
oifhtm;wkdifwnfI igopPmqdktHhæ?
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odk@&mwGif rkefwdkif;xefaeaom ouf&Sd xif&Sm;&SdpOfuvnf; ol.touf&SifpOf
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qufcH&ef oEMdÏmefcscJhygonf?
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Edkifaom iSufbk&ifvif;,kefrsm;. *k%fajymifpGm
aoqH k ; r_ u d k o mru ‚if ; wd k @ . touf & S i f p Of
100

bma=umifh q&mAef;armfwifatmifudk “&Jabmf”vkd@ ac:vkdufrdygovJ? OD;wifatmif[m
q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&JŒ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tm;xkwfr_rSm q&m}uD;&JŒ ajcawmf&if;u
tm;oGefcGefpkduf aqmif&GufvkyfaqmifolwOD; taeeJ@ usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;&JabmfawGu ,Hk=unf
cspfcif=uwmukd awG@jrifcJh&vkd@ &JabmfwOD;vdk cspfcifwJhtwGuf &Jabmf}uD;vdk@ wcgwav v$wfueJ
ta&mw0if ac:cJhrdzl;ygw,f? ta&m0ifvGef;&mrsm; usaerSmvm;qdk+yD; &Jabmf}uD;ac:&rSm aemufwGef@
rdvdk@ “q&m”vkd@yJac:um pGJoGm;ygw,f? q&mqdkwm acgif;aqmifwa,muf taeeJ@ ac:wmyg? q&m
OD;wifatmif[m ol@,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif; (pmayt,ltqrSma&m/ EkdifiHa&;t,ltqrSma&m) touf
pGe@f vw
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&Jabmf}uD; OD;wifatmif[m “aysmhv#if
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em,lcyhJ gw,f? abmfvaD bmupm;yGrJ mS pnf;urf;
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101
rSmajymawmh bmrSrwwfEdkifygbl;? a&SŒrSmwif aus;awmausmufukef;/ rD;av;rSdwfwkwf &Gmi,f

ajymvm&ifawmh ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;/ aZmf*sD/ Zeyk'f uav;wckrSm arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;cJh&wmyg?
rif;ok0%f/ armifxif/ '*kefwm&m/ Aef;armf 'gayrJh rdbaqGrsdK;om;csif;awGu pmzwf0goem
wifatmif/ cifEiS ;f ,k pwJah tmufol atmufom; yg=uygw,f? usaemf pmawGzwfpt&G,rf mS yDr;kd ESi;f /
awG&ŒJ pmawGudk rif;wk@d u igw@kd avmufo&d ŒJ vm;? a&$Oa'gif;/ r[maqGuae odef;azjrifh/ Aef;armf
pmayrajymeJ@ vlyk*~dKvfa&;t&qkd&ifvJ igwdk@ wifatmif/ vif;,kefeDwdk@udk ul;+yD;zwfae=uyg+yD?
avmuf od&J@vm;vdk@ pdefac:&if b,folrS acgif; usaemfw@dk rdom;pku Aef;armfwifatmif&ŒJ 0wˆKudk
razmf&yJ gb;l ? usaemfw@dk u q&mAef;armf wifatmif “bke;f armif wa,mufx&J ,f”u pzwfz;l ygw,f?
tygt0if ckaz: jywJh qa&m}uD;awGudk vlyk*~dKvf tJ'pD mtkyu f kd OD;ode;f azjrifh a0zefwmvJ zwfz;l +yD;
t&a&m/ pmayt&a&m av;pm;cspfcifwmyg? aomfwmaqGusDp,fwmvJ zwfzl;ygw,f? a0zef
omrefuv#Hum r[kwfygbl;? pmaumif;&if pmawG z wf + yD ; usaemf h t azu “bk e f ; armif
aumif;ovkd av;pm;wmyg? a'ora&G;ygbl;? wa,mufxJ&,f” 0wKˆrSmygwJh “bJ”awGudk
usaemfu atmufom; pma&;q&mwOD; wvHk;csif;&Sm+yD; rsOf;om;cdkif;zl;ygw,f? “bJ”
ukd pmwa=umif;ESpaf =umif; &Gwjf yw,f? “tpfudk pmvHk;awG waxmifausmfygw,fqdkvkd@ a&wGuf
bpH? y'krRm=umonf pENmeJ@rS wifhw,fygonf? =unfh=uwmyg? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfu 5wef; 6
vuvJromyg? =umuvJ ryGiyhf g? tcsed v f ifvh #if wef; &Sdygao;w,f? jynfwGif;ppfuvJ usaemfwkd@
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vrif;rom/ wncgu a&; qENjyvufrSwfawGvJ aumufcHcJhzl;+yD? jynf
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wtkyfvHk; oli,fcsif;wifrdk;eJ@ oHòydif&GwfqdkcJh=u vkd[mudk usaemfwkd@ aumif;aumif; em;vnf
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txufrmS “tpfub kd pH æ oDwm”qdw k hJ wae@awmh vlxkowif;pmwkdufudk oGm;
ay;pmu cif E S i f ; ,k & J @ yxrqH k ; vH k ; csif ; 0wˆ K &if; q&m}uD; a&$Oa'gif;/ OD;av;vlxkOD;vS/ vlxk
“aqmif;wGif;yef;” xJuyg? 'kwd,azmfjywJh a':trmwkd@eJ@twl pum;vufqHkusaecJh=uwJh
uAsm uawmh q&mAef;armfwifatmif&ŒJ 0wˆKwkd +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;}uD; ESpfOD;udk awG@cGifhóuH=u&yg
wyk'fxJuyg? wu,fyJ tJ'DpmawG&Gwfqdk+yD; w,f? ESpfOD;pvHk;[m +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;awGyDyD
uav;uvm; pdefac:cJhzl;ygw,f? tvGef ,Ofaus; odrfarG@=uygayw,f? wOD;u
usaemfhtaeeJ@ajym&&if rD;&xm;vrf;/ AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm/ wOD;u Aef;armfwifatmif
um;vrf;/ oabFmvrf;/ bmvrf;awGeJ@rS reD;wJh ygw?hJ OD;av;u “usaemfw@dk qu D uAsm q&mav;
102
awGyg? AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&; wyfom;awGyg”vkd@ &ufyavAsm” pojzifh ypfpvufcuf [ef@wm;

rdwfqufay;ygw,f? tJ'Duwnf; olwkd@[m ajymqkdcJhygw,f? [kdq&mu wifrkd;udk av;pm;
“u|Efkyf=unfndK/ jrwfyk*~dKvf”awG jzpfcJhygonf? cspfcifolygyJ? wifrkd;pdwfqdk;wmvJ rawG@zl; bl;
ppfwyfxrJ mS Akv
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wJhaemuf usaemfwkd@=um;zl;or# t&yfowif;eJ@ w,fAsm? aemif æ b,fawmhrS ckvkdrajymawmh
udyk J av;pm;p&m taumif;qH;k zufqpfawmfveS f ygb;l ”vk@d v_u d v
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a&;orm;/ w±kwfjzLudk OD;aqmifwkdufxkwfol usaemf & ef u k e f u k d t+yD ; ajymif ; vm+yD ;
tjzpf owif;}uD;vSwJh ppfxGuf+idrf;csrf;a&; wyf r=umcif q&mAef;armf/ q&mjroef;wifh/ q&m
om;}uD ; eJ @ usaemf w d k @ &J @ pmayol & J a umif ; '*kefwm&mwdk@ axmifuvGwf+yD; pmayopf*dk%f;
“e&od e f a xmif w G i f ; u tusOf ; om;}uD ; ud k om;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; zufawmfom;awG jyefvnf
(q&mwm&m oHk;avh&SdwJh a0g[m&) “vlvGefr qHkqnf;rdae=uyg+yD? ck OD;0if;wifudk ol@tdrfay:
om;}uD;awG” (qlygrif;awG) '¾m&DxJu yk*~dKvf wifxm;wJh udkjym;}uD;ac: ukdarmifarmifcifu
awG t aeeJ @ omru “vl o m;pif p pf ” tjzpf olwdk@ &JoHk;azmfudk tnmom; &JoHk;az: (Edk;/ rkd;/
awG@vdkuf&awmh x&Sdckd;&rvdk/ xkdif&Sdckd;&rvkd 0rf; pGrf;)wkd@eJ@qHk+yD; xrif; zdwfau|;ygw,f? vli,f
ajrmuf*k%f,lcJh&ygw,f? olwkd@uawmh wu,fh pmayorm;awG u txl ; wav;wpm; *g&0
wef;wl &Jabmf&Jbufvdk 0rf;omtm;& E_wfquf w&m;xm;aecsdefrSm wcsdK@u rxdcvkwfxdcvkwf
=uygw,f? wu,fvJ usaemfwkd@u AdkvfcsKyf&J@ a&;ygw,f? 'DrSmwif vif;,kefarmifarmifu
+id r f ; csrf ; a&;wyf o m;qk d w mud k *k % f , l v uf c H pmtkyfwkdufwwkdufrSm qHkay;+yD; pmtkyfwtkyf
ESpfòcdufcJh=uygw,f? wifrkd;qdk&if oluG,fvGefcg xkwfzkd@ pDpOfygw,f? tkyfpkzGJ@jywJh oabmvkd
eD;rSm pum;pyfrdwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmudk oGm; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? pmtkyftrnfudk “jrefrmpmay
+y;D uefawmh=u&atmifv@kd wzGzG ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f? ±_@cif;”vdk@ q&mwm&mu emrnfay;ygw,f?
qkawmif; rjynfhcJh&Smbl;? trsm;tm;jzifh ±kd;±kd;yJa&;=uygw,f? udk,fhq&m
wifr;dk [m q&mAef;armfwifatmifvydk gy/J rsm;u axmifuxGufpqkdawmh pmayavmu
vlr_qufqHa&;rSm tvGefodrfarG@ygw,f? vl tajctaeudk prf;w0g;0g; apmifh=unfhavhvm
wzufom;udk rma&a=uma&ajymwm awG@&cJyg qJyg? vif;,keaf rmifarmife@J armifprG ;f &nfuawmh
w,f? 'gayrJh pmaya[majymyGJwckrSm ol@xuf enf;enf; “uJ”ygw,f? q&m}uD;awGbufu
}uD ; wJ h pma&;q&mwa,muf u Aef ; armf &yfjyygw,f? wifrkd;/ armifomEkd;/ armifpGrf;&nf
wifatmifukd ykwcf wfapmfum;+yD; a[majymoGm; pmwJh rE Wav;u pma&;q&mrsm;[m a'opGJr&Sd/
awmh tJ'Dq&m pifay:uqif;vm&ifvmjcif; pmaypGJyJ &Sdw,f? “typftcwf/ tnpftywf/
“cifAsm;awmfawmf atmufwef;uswmyJ? ol@pm tn‡pt f owf” awG a&;aewJo h al wGu “jynfo@l
awG cifAsm;róudufwm xm;yg? 'gayrJh olvdk u|ef; pmay” ,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ pdkufvkdufrwfwwf a&;ae
jyefaxmifusqJ vlwa,muf/ ol,Hk=unf&m olawGudk rxdyg;oifhbl;vdk@ 0ifajymvkdufwmygyJ?
twGuf b,fwkef;urS i,faigif;E_efeJ@ pkwfyJhwJh tJ'D yk*~dKvfawGrSm usaemfwkd@t&if vlxk
pum;oHrsm; rxGufbl;wJhvlwa,muf/ 'kuQ owif;pmrSm uavmifaoG;+yD; usaemfwkd@t&if
a&mufaeolwa,mufukd cifAsm;rkd@ ESdrfhcsajymqdk &ef u k e f q if ; oG m ;ol w OD ; u OD ; aqmif y gw,f ?
103
rE Wav;uvmol tcsif;csif;qkd+yD; rn‡mcJhygbl;? avmufwJh vl±kd;}uD;awGyg? q&mem;&ifawmh

aemufwOD;u u|e;f jyefvil ,f wOD;yg? oluvnf; vufzuf&nfqidk o f mG ;+y;D pum;0kid ;f zG@J avh&ydS gw,f?
tk y f p k e J @ zG J @ +yD ; u|ef ; jyef c gp q&mAef ; armf usaemfwkd@/ wifrdk;wkd@vdk tnmawmom;
wifatmifeJ@ axmifxGufp q&m'*kefwm&m awGu awm&GmrSmaepOf aumfzD(umzD)udkom
wkd@udk a0zefwkdufckduf cJhjyefygw,f? 'gudkvJ od&+dS yD; vufzuf&nftcsKd udk pmxJrmS om =um;zl;
usaemfhtaeeJ@ E_wfeJ@wm;r&vdk@ pmeJ@a&;+yD; wmyg? OD;wifatmif&JŒ 0wˆKxJu t,f'DwmawG
wm;&awmhwmygyJ? ckawmhvJ tJovkd wkdufckduf [m vufzuf&nfeJ@ ywmeDaphudk pGJpGJvef;vef;
=uolawGyJ aemufqw k o f mG ;=u&+yD; q&m}uD;rsm; oHk;aqmifolawG jzpfygw,f? OD;wifatmifu
uawmh wae@wjcm; vl=unfndKrsm; vm=u aq;vdypf w JG ,f? 'Daq;vdyaf =umifh ol@use;f rma&;
ygw,f ? (*k % f , k e f * d k % f ; eJ @ aeewf r if ; *d k % f ; vk d @ xdckdufcJh&ygw,f?
wGifcJhygw,f?) OD;wifatmif vif;,kef
q&m Aef;armf wif *sme,f xkwfaewkef;u
atmiftaeeJ@ pma&;&wm usaemfpmayavmu r
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vk d @ pmayusrf ; *ef a wG / a[mif;awG &SmzwfcJh&yg
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awGbufudkyJ vSnfh+yD; ðypk wuU o d k v f a &muf w m
a&;om;ae&ygw,f? usaemfwkd@xuf apmwJh
udk,fvJavhvm/ olwyg; tjyif pmayavmu
udkvJ r#a0wJhoabmygyJ? a&mufwmvJ apmygw,f?
olpma&;&ifòrdŒxJuyif;, ol &ef u k e f q if ; awmh
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[m a&$bdke,fom;yg? *spfuefuefyg? 'gayrJh b,f atmifq;kH awmh aqmif;yg; a&;zl;w,f? ol0ifomG ;
olajymvdk@rSr&wJh udpPrsKd;ukd q&mAef;armfwif awmh jrefrmEkdifiHom;r[kwfwJh ukvm;owif;
atmifajym&ifawmh emcH+rJygyJ? usaemfvJ yif;, axmufwa,mufe@J pum;ajymaewm awG@&owJ?h
pmtkyfwkdufudk r=umc% a&mufygw,f? oleJ@ q&m[m t*F v d y f p mud k omref w wf w m
awG@csifvkd@ vmolawG[m oludkjrif&if auseyf=u r[kwfbJ wu,fh av,lavodrf;eJ@ pum;vHk;
+rJyg? {nfhonftcsif;csif;yJ 0kdif;zGJ@+yD; jyef=uyg toHk;tE_ef;utp Adkvfvkd a&a&vnfvnf ajym
w,f? t+rJ&SdwJh {nfhonfuawmh tqdkawmf wwfa=umif;udk wthHw=o csD;usL;xm;ygw,f?
oef;vd_if&JŒtpfudk yDoHk;vHk; ygwD/ OD;cifarmif jrifheJ@ 'Dvw kd ek ;f / axmifw h axmifrh mS a*:&if*su D v
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ESpfOD;ygyJ? t&ifu olwkd@udk usaemfrodygbl;? jyefoGm;awmh ukvm;vl}uD; rdbawGu a&SŒudk
“yif;,”rSmyJ awG@zefrsm;vkd@ cifoGm;cJhygw,f? ±dk±kdaoaowkd;vm+yD; olwkd@ om;orD;awG&JŒ
olwkd@ESpfOD;uvnf; awG@awG@jcif; cifp&maumif; tqifrajywJh tdrfaxmifa&;udpPudk &Sif;ay;zkd@
104
wd k i f w ef ; owJ h ? 'D t cgrS m vJ OD ; wif a tmif u ynm&Sif trsdK;orD;wOD;u OD;wifatmifqDudk

ukvm;vkdppfar;+yD; tdrfaxmifonf ukvm; usaemfoGm;oGm;awG@wmudk =um;awmh =uufO
av;udk a&a&vnfvnf }udrf;armif;awmh wmyg awGeJ@rkef@awG usaemfeJ@ ydk@ay;avh&Sdygw,f? ol
yJw?hJ 'Dae&mrSm udo k mEk;d u OD;wifatmif ukvm; udk,fwkdifawmh roGm;bl;? r=umcif ausmufuyf
pum; u|rf;yHkudkomru ukvm;qif;&Jom;awG a&m*geJ@ uG,fvGefoGm;ygw,f? aemufrSod&wm
=um;yg =oZmoufa&mufyHkudk wthHw=o jzpf& u ol[m pma&;q&m a'gufwmcifarmifndK&JŒ
a=umif; a&;om;xm;ygw,f? rSefygw,f? ol tpfrygwJh?
uG,fvGefawmh }uHawmok\efrSm tcuftcJ usaemfwkd@ aq;±HkwufcsdefrSm xGef;xGef;
&Sdaeor#awG[m Aef;armfwifatmif emrnf (aq;ody)H` ac: a'guw f mjrifx
h eG ;f ode;f vJ tonf;
=um;vkdufwmeJ@ tm;vHk;ajyvnfoGm;cJhygw,f? uifqmeJ@ a&mufvmw,f? Aef;armfwifatmifu
okb&mZmrsm;uvJ Aef;armfwifatmif[m olw@dk tqkwfuifqmqdkawmh t&ifaorSmvkd@ ajymay
“q&m” qkdudk;? r,fh/ ajymoluyJ t&ifaooGm;cJh&Smygw,f?
OD;wifatmif[m vlwef;pm;ra&G; tH0if usaemfcpJG wd cf &H awmh tay:qH;k xyfrmS yg? q&mu
cGifusjzpfatmif qufqHwwfolyg? &efukefudk tay:udw k ufvmawmh pum;rajymEdik b f J armae
usaemfhtarvmawmh blwm}uD;udk oGm;óud+yD; &Smygw,f? usaemf rcGJpdwfrDrSmawmh usaemfu
a&SŒurxGufbJ wHwm;ay:wuf+yD; aemufzufudk q&m&JŒ vlemapmifhvkd aecJhygw,f? tdyfae&if/
xGufvmawmh yif;,pmaywkdufa&SŒ a&mufoGm; rSdef;ae&if tem;roGm;=uzkd@ wm;&ygw,f? q&m
w,f? OD;wifatmifudk jrifwmeJ@0if+yD; awmolr uawmh vmor#udk vufoifhcH+yD; pum;ajym
}uD;jzpfwJh usaemfhtpfreJ@ rdwfqufay;vkduf ygw,f? q&m@ukd pm;p&mawGeJ@ aq;0g;awG
ygw,f ? tpf r (tarud k trvd k @ tnmrS m ay;r,fo h l r&Sm;ygb;l ? 'DtxJrmS ole@J Eidk if aH &;t&
ac:avh&Sdygw,f) u olzwfzl;wJ@ “bkef;armif awmifESifhajrmufjzpfcJhwJh wnf+rJ zqyv 0ef}uD;
wa,mufxJ&,f” 0wˆK aomfwmaqG usDp,fwJh qkdolawGvJ ygygw,f? ol@em;rSm vlawGtrsm;
“bJ” toHk;tE_ef;awGudk rSwfrdor# jyefajym }uD; pum;0kdif;awG rjywfayrJh ab;em;u vlem
awmh EkdifiHausmf pma&;q&m}uD;eJ@ awmolr}uD; awGua&m/ q&m0ef q&mrawGua&m cGif@v$wf
wk@d [m i,faygi;f }uD;aygi;f azmfawGvdk &if;ES;D oGm;+yD; =uygw,f ? {nf h o nf r vmwJ h tcsd e f r S m awmh
taruol@om;zdk@wckwfw& &Gmuo,f,lvmcJh tewWvuQ%mokwf}uD; zwfaeavh&Sdygw,f?
wJ h xef ; v#uf a wG u d k ud k o d e f ; a&$ q D xJ h p &m wcgwav oleJ@usaemf vrf;av#muf
(zefbl;}uD;) awmif;+yD; q&mzdk@wJh xJhay;cJhygw,f? xGufygw,f? yef;qdk;wef;vrf;buf&Sd vufzuf
'gudk usaemfvJ oabmus+yD; tarhac:oH uAsm &nfqkdif (a&$avScg;) udkoGm;+yD; vufzuf&nf
xJ r S m xnf h + yD ; zG J @ cJ h y gw,f ? 'D u Asmuk d tar aomuf=uygw,f? wcgawmh vrf;oGm;&if;u
zwfoGm;&awmh oabmusygw,f? vrf;ab;ukd zswfceJ@wufoGm;&if; aq;ayghvdyf
OD;wifatmife@J usaemfe@J u a&pufruif; wvdyf0,f+yD; uysmu,m rD;nd‡zGmvkdufygw,f?
bl;? olaq;±Hkwwfawmh usaemfu ausmufuyf usaemfu txdwfwvef@eJ@ q&mhudk uav;
rSm ausmufwnfvkd@ aq;±HkwwfwmeJ@ qHkw,f? wa,mufudk pdwfqkd;ovkd pdwfqkd;rd+yD; pum;
ausmufuyfaq;±Hkzuf wufaewJ@ "gwfcGJcef; rajymEkdifbJ rsufvHk;jyL;+yD; vSrf;=unfhvkdufawmh
105
“wzGmwnf;ygAsm” qdk+yD; aq;vdyfudk v$ifhypfyg uxkwfygw,f?yef;&efq&muawmh *syefjyef

w,f? usaemfu oludktm;em+yD; oem;oGm;rdyg Adokumud k a &$ y J x if w ,f ? *&if ; Ek d u f ES r f ; zuf
w,f? wu,fhyDbd uav;rsufESmrsdK;yg? trSm; ausmuf e J @ vk y f z k d @ &mrS m tqif o if h c sif a wmh
vkyfrdwJh uav;vkdygyJ? usaemf tifrwef 0rf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;zcif}u;D q&m}u;D ocifu, dk af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ*l
enf;+yD; pum;rajymEkdifjzpfoGm;awmh oluyJ Adrmefvyk w f ek ;f u ydv
k #aH ecJwh hJ ESr;f zufausmufawG
awmif;yefygw,f? ol[m 7 ESpfom;avmufu &ygw,f? tay:rSm =u,few D ck qifoxm;ygw,f?
aq;vdypf aJG omufc+hJ yD; ydu k q
f &H w dS ek ;f u Edik if jH cm;u uAŠn;f pmuawmh olu, G v f eG cf ge;D ol@om;A[de;f
pD;u&ufaowWmawG rSmaomufcJhwmwJh? tJ'g atmifuak d jymoGm;wJph um;udk a&;xGi;f vku d =fuygw,f?
awG cH&wmayghAsmwJh? usaemfu ol@udk=unfh+yD; “vlwa,muf&JŒwefzkd;[m oljzwfoef;
“'%f&m&wJh vif;,ke}f u;D ”vd@k uAsmzG@J czhJ ;l ygw,f? ausmv f m$ ;aewJah cwf}u;D u ol@ycH;k ay:wifay;vku d f
q&m 'kwd,t}udrf aq;±Hkjyefwwf& wJh orkid ;f wm0efukd olb,favmuf o,fy;dk xrf;
awmh "gwu f if&wmawGrsm;+y;D qHyifawGvJ u|wf/ aqmifcJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufeJ@ wkdif;wm&rSmyJ” wJh?
±kyfysufqif;ysufvJ jzpfaeyg+yD? usaemfvJ oltm; aemufqHk;rSm Ak'<bmomtaeeJ@a&m/
&Sdatmif taz:awGpk+yD; oGm;wwfygw,f? ol c&pf,meftaeeJ@a&m uG,fvGefoludk *k%fðy E_wf
pum;ajymcGifhr&atmif udk,fucsnf; ajymyg cGef;qufpum;ajym=uygw,f? c&pf,mef oif;
w,f? wcgawmh ol@qDudk q&mZ0e a&mufae tkyfq&m}uD;u “q&mAef;armfwifatmif[m
wmeJ@ óuHw,f? q&mZ0euawmh &,fp&mawGyJ ol,Hk=unf&mudk woufvHk; pdkufvdkufrwfwwf
ajymaeygw,f? “udkodef;wkd@ udkvSwdk@udk tm;us rysufruGuf aqmif&GufoGm;cJhol jzpfygw,f”vdk@
oAsm”wJh? udkodef;qkdwm q&mZ0eukd ajymwm xnfo h iG ;f ajym=um;oGm;ygw,f? ol@*al y:rSmawmh
yg? aemufae@rSmxifyg&JŒ olqHk;&Smygw,f? yef;pnf;yef;acGawG wyHk}uD; wifusef&pfw,f
olqHk;awmh yd&dwfowf}uD;[m tvGef ol@rdwfaqGawGu aemiftcg wthHw=o a&;=u
rsm;jym; pnfum;ygw,f? &[ef;&Siv f l vlwef;pm; ajym=uwmuawmh *lay:uyef;awGudk vlaoay:
aygi;f pHyk gy?J aq;±H}k uD; ta&SŒawmifaxmifu h &ifuJG uyef;qkd+yD; r*Fvmr&SdwJhyef;vkd@ tpOftvm
±Hkxif&wJh taqmufttHkxJrSm vlawGwef;pD+yD; t,ltq tpGJtvef;}uD;cJh=uwJh jrefrm trsdK;
waeukef *g0& ðy=uygw,f? q&mwm&muawmh orD;/ trsdK;om;vli,f/ vl}uD;awG[m OD;wif
txl ; &if ; ES D ; ol jzpf a yr,f h 0if r =unf h y gbl ; ? atmif&J@*lay:u yef;awGudk wyGifhpD aumuf,l
“±kyfysuf qif;ysuf jzpfaewmudk =unfhrd&if =u+yD; &ifbwfudk xdk;oGm;=uwJh tcsufygyJ? ol@
“a&Sm”h jzpfomG ;rSm pd;k vk@d w”hJ ? rSeyf gw,f? wu,fh &Jabmf}uD; q&myg&*l[m 'Dta=umif;udk óuHwidk ;f
“oltkdolem” ±kyfygyJ? qHyifu av;ig;yifyJ usef a&;/ óuHwkdif;ajymrqHk;ygbl;”
w,f? rsufuGif;u a[mufaew,f? oGm;awGu q&mAef;armfwifatmif[m ol@ycH;k ay:rSm
r&Sad wmh yg;pyfuvJ csKd ifah [mufaevd@k odyf ±kyq f ;dk usa&mufvmcJhwJh ordkif;ay;wm0efudk ausyGef
aewm[m tD*spf rrRD ±kyfºuGif;vkdygyJ? atmif xrf;aqmif EkdifcJholaywum;?
tokbyk@d awmh ±ky&f iS rf if;om; udjk rwfav;
eJ@twl pEN,m;cspfaqG&J@ um;ay:wufvkdufcJh armif p G r f ; &nf
ygw,f? *lyHkpHudk ol@oli,fcsif; &Jabmf'*kefwm&m 2008/ 'DZifbm 11
106
rmef[kefxefjyif;/ wdrfawmifcGif;rnfh tefwkpdefac:/ oif acgif;armftHh/

iSufrif;vif;,kef/ ysHwufyHkukd &JabmfnD&G,f/ vif;,kefi,fonf
yHkjyifzGJ hum/ ajymcsifygcJh vif;us,faumif;uif/ wdk;cGJ0iftHh/
nDarmifi?hJ usm; “jcaoFhqdk;”/“}uHŒodk;”“zGwf”a¹rG
a&ykwf rdausmif;/ opfacgif;yifhul
&Jrmef0ifh0if/ awmifpHkzGifhum qdyfcdk;tlaom/ y'ly&Guf
jrifhjrifhjrefjref/ rkefwkdif;qeftHh rsufpdpl;v#if/ jrifEkdifa0;a0;
av;oHjrm;oH/ wqHriJh E_wfoD;aoG;aomf/ aoG;wkdif;c|efxuf
olysHcJhyHk/ &Jrmef[kefvnf; oefvsufawmifyH/ oHr%dvufonf;
&J*k%farmfuGef;/ vuFm!$ef;vdk@ v#yfpD;xdk;okwf/
vSrf;csifygcJh/ nDarmifiJh? oHikwfql;csKH/ rkefwdkif;yifv,f
awmifuG,fawmwGif;/ &efarSmifrif;ukd
rjrifbl;vnf;/ jrifzl;olu òzdcGif;aptHh/ vif;aptHh?
ajymjyvdkuf&if/ oifjrifovdk
oif =unfndKvdrfh? tdk æ vif;,kefwdk@
tarSmifrif;ukd/ azmufxGif;òzdcGJ/ &Japavmh?
r=um;bl;vnf;/ =um;zl;olu tarSmifrdkufukd/ wkdufcdkufòzdcGif;/ vif;apavmh?
ajymjyvdkuf&if/ oif=um;ovdk tarSmifxkukd/ tefwkESdrfeif;/ &Sif;apavmh?
oif =unfndKvdrfh?
vif;,keftonf;/ vif;,kefZGJjzihf
=unfndK&if;u/ oiftm;usI yGJwkdif;ausmfI/ armfapownf;?
avmuwv$m;
rw&m;r_/ zdESdyfr_udk
[ef@wm;vdkr_/ qD;qdk@r_ukd armif p G r f ; &nf
arSmifcsvdkr_/ csKyfcs,fr_ukd 2008/ atmuf w d k b m 21
107
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· Aef;armfwifatmif qdkwm
uavmif o m eD wm r[k w f
yk * ~ d K vf t &vJ xuf j ruf
jynf o l @ zuf u a&S Œ aqmif
jynf o l @ tvif ; a&mif æ
· 'Dtvif;a&mifudk
tarS m if a wG u &ef o l v k y f
csKyf}u tkyf}u zrf;qD;}uvJ
zkH;}u zd}u zsuf+zdK }uvJ
nwumud k ausmf j zwf & if ;
tvif ; [m tvif ;
}umav vif;av 0if;yavaygh
nwmeuf a v xif &S m ;avaygh
razsmhrrSdef wxdefxdefeJ@
t&Sdefrysuf *k%fodefvufcJh
ord k i f ; ouf a owif c J h +yD //
(2)
· Armpmayordkif;rSm
q&m}uD;rSdKif;&JŒ vrf;a}umif;ay:
acgif ; armf + yD ; csD w uf
jynf o l t wG u f OD ; xd y f y ef
Ed k i f i H a &;pH o mru
tEk y nmpH t &yg wH c G e f x l
pmay}oZm}uD;olwOD; jzpfcJhwm
q&mAef;armfwifatmifyg yJ //
108
· ‘awmh um om bJ &,f eJ@’ vdk@

ceJ @ csif ceJ @
uJ h & J Œ csif uJ h & J Œ
&if x J u vmwJ h yif u d k t oH e J @
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}oZm}uD ; cJ h w J h u avmif [ m
Aef ; armf w if a tmif y J qd k w m
pmaye,f w ck v k H ; od y gw,f //
· Aef;armfwifatmifudk
axmif x J o G i f ;
tusOf ; cs
wusG e f ; yd k @
acsrS K ef ; zd k @ }ud K ;pm;
rw&m;jyK cJ h } uol a wG o m
( ckawmh æ) xm0&aoqkH;
ysuf o k O f ; oG m ;&&if ;
ordkif;trSdKufjcif;xJ a&mufoGm;&
Aef;armfwifatmifuawmh cyfjyKH;jyKH;
toufqkH;oGm;ayrJh quf&Sifoef
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pH x m;&r,f h ol @ vuf & m
tekynmawGyg qufjyD;usef
trSefw&m;zufu &yfwnf&if;
tcsdefumvrsOf;awGudk vGefajrmuf
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8k % f a &mif w vG i f v G i f e J @ awmuf y qJ
ES v k H ; om;xJ u 'D } u,f e D
urB m wnf o a&G @ wnf y gap æ// ?
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18-10-2007
109
Ù ol æ æ
vlomrefygyJ
tarSmifxJrS±kef;x
b0udkavmif+r‡dKuf&if;
tvif;wpfp xGef;nSd
ESvHk;&nfavmifpmjznfhw,f æ
OD;a%Smufr#if rD;pmuspfw,fæ //
Ù uavmifwpfacsmif;eJ@
ordkif;udkaumufa=umif;qJG
wdkufyJGxJjzwfoef;&if;
udk,fhyHkwludk,fa&;vdk@ æ
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cspfoleJ@rkef;ol
jynfoleJ@&efol æ æ
trSefeJ@ trSm;
jywfom;wJh pnf;a=umif;wpfckqGJw,f æ?
Ù onfuavmifeJ@yJ
pl;xdk; æ ajrqGæ yuf=uJ
zGzGnifnif æ aygif;oif
yifpnfrxd æ tjrpfr+id
yuwd cspfjcif;
arwWmyef;cif;pdkufw,fæ //
110
Ù onfuavmifeJ@yJ
&efol@toJ pl;epfxdk;pdkuf
a'goyEMuf±dkuf
avmutwGufrdkufowJh æ
u|ef;pcef;rSm
uavmifwpfacsmif;eJ‹
acgif;wvm;xrf;+yD; wdkufcJhw,f æ //
Ù 0dZ…mynmawmifwufc&D;&SnfrSm
tbd"rRm
0rf;pmvHkw,f æ
ol@&iftHkjzef@usuf æ xGef,uf
oref;nuf æ
oD;xGufaumif;avpG ?
Ù tarhtdrfeJ@ æ
e&odef æ udkudk;u|ef;
vGef;jyefc&D;oGm;
opPmw&m;&Sm æ
'kuQopPm æ pmrsufESmacguf±dk;
usdK;+yD;&if;usdK;cJh æ //
Ù rD;awmuft&ufvdk
cg;ouf æ &Sw
b0jywfa&G@a=umrSm
&wemodkufjzpfwnf
yx0Dajrv$m aovmxktwGuf
x,f0g rdk;vkæ rm;rwfðy
rSwfwdkifwpfckpdkufxl
ol æ æ æ //
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30-10-07
111
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u
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112
wdrfawGuif;rJh
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ig ææ b,fawmhrS rrkef;wD;cJh ?
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wudk,fxD;xD;/ ikwfwkwfxdkif+yD; ukefvGefcJh
euf±_dif;wJh tjyma&mifae@&ufrsm;tm;
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yef;awG a0qmyGifhwJh aEGOD;[m
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bmomjyefol - oJ oJ
113
114
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nDra& - igrif;ukdowd&aeaygh?
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taqmuftOD; 63 tem;vrf;av#muf&if;
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115
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tar&duef&JŒ urBmhtaetxm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
urBmw0ef;u pme,fZif;rsm;rSm tkdbmrmvufxuf
tar&duef&JŒ=oZm tem*wftay: trsdK;rsdK; a&;om;
oHk;oyfaewmawG awG@ae&ygw,f?
wu,fawmh 2008 ckESpftwGif; xl;jcm;wJh tjzpf
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awGukd awG@vmae&ygw,f?
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ESpf 50 twGif; r}uHKpzl; pD;yGm;a&;?
b@ma&; tusyftwnf;}uD;tjyif
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116
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wJh/ +yD;qHk;zkd@vnf; vrf;rjrifao;wJh ppfyGJ}uD;
ESp&f yfe@J yg&ifqidk &f r,fh ta&G;aumufcH orRwopf
tdkbmrm - bmawG jyifqifzkd@ vkdtyfygovJ? r-umao;cifuvnf;
'gawGtm;vHk;[m ,ckwavm &moDpm
aqmif;yg;rsm; jzpfaeygw,f? 'DxJu tar&duef w±kwf ww f ‹dk a&eHEidk if rH sm;
'kumuG,af &;0ef}u;D a[mif;eJ@ ,ckvuf&dS [m;Awf
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aqmif;yg;uawmh tawmfpw d 0f ifpm;p&m aumif;
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bm&uftkdbmrm&JŒ yxrqHk;eJ@ t"du
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b¾ma&;tusyftwnf;}uD;&JŒ aemufqufwGJ
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twG u f o mru tar&d u ef = oZmtm%m&J Œ
tem*wfeJ@vnf; oufqkdifaeygw,f? qk d c J h - uygao;w,f ?
tck a0gvrf;r}uD; (wall Street) u
tjzpftysuf}uD;ukd wcsdK@u tar&duef =oZm 'gayrJh
usqHk;r_&JŒ ed'gef;vkd@ qkd=uygw,f? okd@aomfvnf;
tar&duefb¾ma&;&JŒ =oZmjzpfwJh tar&duef
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taeeJ@ rdrdwdk@aiGrsm;ukd b,fxm;&rSef;rodbJ/ wu,fawmh tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;&J@ tajccH
tar&duef&JŒ b¾ma&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;pepftay: taqmufttHt k iftm;[m xdxad &mufa&mufe@J
,Hk=unfr_&Sd+yD;/ 'Djy\emawGukd ajz&Sif;EkdifwJh ckdifckdifrmrm&SdqJyg? wall street eJ@ tJ'Du
t&nftcsif;&Sdw,fvkd@ xifae=uvkd@yg? tar&duefypJG m;awG&ŒJ nHzh si;f vSwhJ vkyaf qmifcsuf
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'gayrJh wu,fjh zpf&yfuawmh tar&duef tat;rd tcktcsdefxdawmh tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;
wmeJ@ tm;vHk;wkyfauG;rdukefwmygyJ? EkdifiHjcm; [m urBmay:rSm ,SO+f yKd iEf idk pf rG ;f t&Sq
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117
'gayrJh a&&Snfusawmha&m? Ekid if t H csi;f csi;f t=um; Ekid if aH &; (inter -

tem*wf rSef;qcsufwckrSmawmh 2025 state politics) rSmawmh 'Db¾ma&; tusyf
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oGm;rSmjzpf+yD; tar&duef&JŒ tm;tomqHk;jzpfwJh ay:xGuv f mrSmuawmh “tm&S ae&mjyef&vmr_”
ppfa&;tiftm;[m +ydKifqidk rf a_ wG jrifv h mwJh tem (return of Asia) yJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
*wfurBmrSm ajymyavmufp&m &Sad wmhrmS r[kwb f ;l 1750 ckESpfu tm&SrSm urBmhvlOD;a&&JŒ
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txnfrJh ay:aygufaewm r[kwfygbl;? 'Dae@ tar&du&JŒ pufra_ wmfveS af &;}u;D jzpf+y;D aemufrmS
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tm;jzpf+y;D tJ'guawmh wOD;wnf; (unipolar) vdrfhr,f?
jzpfae+y;D umvwykid ;f cHaeOD;r,fv@dk ,lq&ygw,f?
tv,fupm;uGufrSmawmh pD;yGm;a&;
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actors) om jzpfygw,f?
118
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tm%moH;k &mrSm tar&duef[m tpGr;f &Sad eao;
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zdk@jzpfvmcJhygw,f? wzufujyefajym&ifawmh axmufyHh&wm/ ppftajccH pcef;awGudk xdef;odrf;
b&ufwif0k'fpfuGefz&ifh[m tar&duefudk tif au|;arG;&wm/ ±kyfao;ppfwyfawGudk aiGa=u;
tm;t}uD;qHk;Adkvf}uD;jzpfvmatmif tajctae axmufy&hH wm/ ppfwu kd &f wm/ wjcm;Edik if H twGi;f
awG zefwD;ay;cJhwmygyJ? wcsdefxJrSm 'Db&ufwif a&;awGukd 0ifpu G zf uf&wm pwmawG yg0ifygw,f?
0k'fpfu csrSwfvdkufwJh taqmufttHk[m tar 1967 ckESpfrSmqdk&if 0g±Sifwef&JŒaiGay; aiG,l±Sif;
&duefEdkifiHplyg yg0gvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf b¾ma&; wrf;rSm ukefoG,fa&;bwf*sufu 7²9 oef; tydk
tmrcHcsufvdkvnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? jycJh+yD; EdkifiHa&; ppfa&;bwf*sufawmh 11²9 bDvsH
'DvdkeJ@ 'kwd,urBmppf +yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm tvdkjycJhygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@tar&duef&JŒ t&Ha±$awG
tar&duef[m wefjyefawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;awG/ &JŒwefbdk;[m 1955ckESpfESpfukefrSm 21²8 bDvsH
uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyf ief;awGudk aiGa=u; ±Sd&muae 1968 ckESpfarvrSm 10²7 bDvsHudk
axmufyHhwm/ tJ'DtwGuf ppfr[mrdwfawG zGJ@ usqif ; vmygw,f ? tar&d u ef v d k Ed k i f i H t zd k @
wm/ urBmtESH@ ppfpcef;awGcsxm;wm/ t&if;±Sif ajym&&if t&Ha±$eJ@ wjcm;EdkifiHawGu &p&m±SdwJh
urBm twGif;olwdk@&JŒ pufr_vkyfief;eJ@ b%fvkyf a':vmtcsdK;tpm;u olwdk@tzdk@ b,favmuf
ief;awGjzef@usux f nfoh iG ;f wmawGukd aZmufcs+yD; vkyEf ikd w
f ,fqw kd mudk jyÏmef;ygw,f? ESpaf wG =um
vkyfcJhygw,f? tar&duef&JŒ plyg yg0gtjzpf &yf vmvd@k 'v D ukd mG [r_awGqufwu kd jf yvmwmeJ@tr#
wnfr_[m ol@a':vmu plygaiGa=u; jzpfaewm a':vmudk trsm;oH;k aiGtjzpfoabmxm;wm[m
eJ@cGJr&ygbl;? tJ'Dvdkplygb0&JŒtxGwftxdyf[m ar;cG e f ; xk w f p &m jzpf o xuf j zpf v mygw,f ?
tar&duef&JŒ a±$acwfvdk@ac:=uwJh 50 pkESpfrsm; 1971 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 15 &ufae@rSm orwepfu
eJ@ 60 pkESpfrsm;twGif;rSmygyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u urBm qifu tar&duefa':vmeJ@ a±$eJ@vJvS,fE_ef;
rSmukefoG,fa&;t& xdyfwef;rSmaewJh EdkifiHawGeJ@ taoowf rSwfxm;r_udk olwdk@zufu w&m;0if
vkyfief;}uD;awGu tar&duefa':vmudk urBm zsufodrf;a=umif; ausnmcJhygw,f? 'g[m aiG
oHk;aiGozG,f vufcHxm;avawmh tar&duef a=u;ay:vpD/ 'grSr[kwfpepfawGeJ@ t&if;±Sifpepf
EdkifiHydkifwJh a±Gta&twGuf[mvnf; wdk;+yD;&if; udk xdef;xm;Edkifr,fqdkwJh tjrifwdrf;apmif;r_udk
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a±$&JŒ&mcdkifE_ef;[m 1938 ckESpftukefrSm 5µ ±Sd urBmppfaemufydkif;aiGa=u;pepfeJ@ EdkifiHa&;ppfa&;
&muae 1967ckEpS t f ukerf mS 58µ awmif jzpfvm r[mrdwfawGvnf; wkefv_yfukefcJh&ygw,f?
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'gayrJhtar&duefEdkifiH&JŒ aiGay;aiG,l ±Sif; p&dwfudk axmufjycsifygw,f? rpyfpkzl;olawG
wrf;[m 1950ckESpfupvdk@ ql;tufwl;ajrmif; tzdk@ tHhrcef;jzpfrSmyg? 2007 ckESpf wkef;u tar&d
ppfyGJumv wESpfuvGJ+yD; ESpfpOfvdktyfr_ jyaecJh uefEdkifiH&JŒ ppfa&;toHk;p&dwf[m 553 bDvsH
wmyg? 'DvdkuGm[r_jywm&JŒta=umif;&if;[m a':vmjzpfygw,f? 'g[m 6 ESpftwGif; 60µ wdk;
ukeo f , G af &;a=umifrh [kwyf gb;l ? t"du ta=umif; vmwmjzpfygw,f? 'g[mwurBmvHk;u ppft
u tar&duef&J@jynfyrSmvkyfaewJ ppfa&;eJ@ oHk;p&dwfpkpkaygif;&J@ 45µ jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh
124
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±Sdvdrfhr,fvdk@ wGuf=uygw,f? Edik if rH mS tdraf xmifprk sm;&JŒaºuG;wifr[ _ m t&ifu
'kwd,urBmppft+yD;uae 1960 pkESpfrsm; oHk;pGJEdkifwJh0ifaiG&JŒ 90µ ±Sd&muae 2000 ckESpf
txd urBmph ;D yGm;a&;[m 4µ eJ@ 7µ t=um;±SEd e_ ;f eJ@ avmufqDrSm 103µ jzpfvm+yD; 2006-07 ckESpf
t[kef}uD;pGm wdk;wufaewm jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh rSmawmh 140µ awmifjzpfvmcJhygw,f? aºuG;jyef
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[m2µ eJ@ 4µ t=um;om±Sd+yD; tifrwefrS aES; +yD; 'g[m ordkif;pHcsdefopf jzpfygw,f? wzufrSm
auG;vSygw,f? 2001 ckESpfeJ@ 2002 ckESpfwdk@rSm usawmh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;&JŒpkaiG[m yHkrSeftm;jzihf
awmh urBmhpD;yGm;a&;[m t=uyfqdkufcJhygw,f? oHk;pGJEdkifwJh 0ifaiG&JŒ 10µ avmuf ±Sd&muae tck
tJ'D pD;yGm;a&; aES;auG;r_aemufydkif; tar&duef tcgrSm oknudka&mufoGm;ygw,f?
EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;[m enf;enf;rS tm;&p&m 'DvdktdrfaxmifpkawG&JŒ oHk;pGJr_tay: rSDcdk
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tcktcg tar&duefEdkifiH *sD'DyD&JŒ 70µ awmif pepfxJ0ifcJhw,fvdk@ a&;zl;ygw,f? ajymr,fqdk
±Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh tdrfaxmifpkawGrSm pD;yGm;a&; vnf; ajymp&myg? 2004 ckEpS /f tar&duefEikd if rH mS
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awGjzpfygw,f? vGefcJhwJh tESpfav;q,fuqdk&if a&;pepfqdkwm tvdrftnmom jzpfw,fqdkwm
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csKyfudkifjc,fvS,fwJh taqmuf ttHk}uD; jzpfvm pm&if;xJrSm ygwJhvkyfief;awGxJrSm 7µ avmuf
cJhygw,f? ±kyf0wˆK taumiftxnfudk rjzwf [m EdkifiHawmfu“u,fwif”xm;&wmawGyg?
oef;yJ aiGuae aiG/ pm&if;uae pm&if; jzpfwJh 'ghtjyif oD;ESHvkyfief;awGudk EdkifiHawmfu yHhydk;
pD;yGm;a&;u vGefuJvmwJh vuQ%m jzpfygw,f? w,fqdkwmrsdK;awGvnf; ±Sdygao;w,f?
wzufrSmawmhvnf; tar&duefEdkifiHtzdk@ wu,f v d k @ om tar&d u ef a ':vmud k
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wmxuf wifoGif;wmu ydkrsm;vmygw,f? 'D aiGtjzpf vufcHxm;r,f/ udk,hft&HaiGawGudk
taetxm;awGeJ@ ppfoHk;p&dwf jrifhwufvmr_ a':vmtjzpf xm;r,fqdk&if a':vm[ma±$eJ@
wdk@a=umifh tar&duefEdkifiH&JŒpD;yGm;a&;[m aiGay; wwef;wnf; toHk;0ifwJh aiGa=u;jzpfaerSmyg?
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w,f? olw@kd u 'Dyakd ewJah iGawGukd tar&duefEikd if H awGuawmif zJusOfwmudk awG@vm&ygw,f?
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126
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ao'%fusoGm;wmyg? qm'rfudktar&duefu tqih f a e&mav#mus wmvm;qd k + yD ; =uuf e J @
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127
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enf;onf pdwWZt&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufonf? iSufzsm;a&m*gykd; xlxyf&m aus;vufa'orsm;
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jy\em&yfrsm;udk wu,fhjzpfwnfr_ tajctae awmapmifhewf/ awmifapmifhewf/ uGif;apmifhewf/
rsm;ESihf tjyeftvSef a=umif;usKd ; qufo, G rf r_ sm; uGi;f ydik u
f zrf;pm;aoma=umifh xdak 0'emudk cHpm;
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jzpfonf? t&m0wˆKrsm;/ udpP&yfrsm;. wuJh pdwWZ awG;qenf; jzpfwJhtwGuf wa,mufESifh
ajymif;vJr_ESifh jzpfay:r_wkd@rS uif;I rlaocsI wa,muf rwl=ujyefay? rdrpd v JG ef;onfh yk*v ~ ud
pOf;pm;onfh enf;yifwnf;? pdwWZrsm;rSm xyfrH uGJjym;oGm;jyefonf? iSufzsm;
vl@tzG@J tpnf;rS wcsKd @aom vly*k Kd~ vfrsm; a&m*ga0'em cHpm;ae&jcif;rSm awmapmifhewf
onf rlaocsI pOf;pm;enf; okd@r[kwf wu,fh awmifapmifeh wfrsm;udk rawmif;yef rwd;k ±d;_ yJ rwf
jzpf w nf r _ tajctaersm;ES i f h tjyef t vS e f wyfu qD;oGm;Ijzpfonf? odk@r[kwf awmwGif
128
opfyifatmufY usif}uD; (rpif) pGef@aoma=umifh rG J a wiwf r G w f j cif ; wd k @ rS e f o r# bk & m;ocif u

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jyifxw J iG f =urf;=urf; wrf;wrf; qJqo dk nfth wGuf xm;csuf jzpfaeojzifh vlyk*~dKvf/ owW0g/ usm;r/
ewfuol@udk '%fay;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf? usdefpm t±kyfqdk;tusnf;wef/ vSy acsmarm/ qif;&J/
wkdufvkdufjcif; jzpfonf? xdkuJhokd@aom pdwWZ csrf;om/ ypPnf;&Sd/ ypPnf;rJh rSefor#onfvnf;
awG;qenf;twkid ;f awG;awm qifjcif=u/ aumuf xm0& bk&m;ocif. zefwD;xm;csufrsm;om
csufcsonfh vlyk*~dKvfrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ jzpfonf æ [laom awG;qcsufrsm;onf wuU
ynma&; rzGH@òzd;aom urBma'o toD;oD;wGif aA' awG;qcsufrsm;yif jzpfonf?
b,fESpfodef;/ b,fESpfoef; &Sdae=urnfenf;?
tjcm;aom tvm;wl pdwZW awG;qenf;
rsm;rSm pm&Gufay:wGif rSwfwrf;ozG,f csa&;ygu
tajrmuftrsm; xGufay:vmrSmjzpfonf? bm
omudk;uG,fr_/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m
pdwZW awG;qcsurf sm;rSm vl@tzG@J tpnf; ,Ofaus;r_
rsm; pwifonfhumvrS ,ae@umvtxd xdkxdk
aom pdwWZawG;qenf;rsm;/ pdwWZ tawG;tac:
rsm;rSm tb,fr# rsm;jym;rnfudk cef@rSef;=unfhI
yif &Ekdifygvdrfhrnf?
Oyrm vl w d k @ . iwf j ywf q if ; &J j cif ; /
vlwef;aph rpm;Ekdi/f raeEkdif/ r0wfEdkifjcif;/ a&m*g
xlajymjcif;/ a&m*grsm; cHpm;&jcif; æ ponfh
qdk;0g;vSonfh vlr_uyfem/ vlr_'kuQwdk@udk cHpm;
ae&jcif;rSm [dak &S;b0 tqufqufu vku d yf gvm ,Ofaus;r_ acwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmcJh
cJhonfh uHw&m;a=umifh jzpfonf? ukokdvfuH =upOf obm0 ody`H&Sifrsm;/ vlr_ody`H&Sifrsm;/ t
tusdK;ay;enf;I odk@r[kwf ukodkvfuHtusdK;ay; awG;tac: ynm&Sifrsm;u ,if;uJhodk@ pdwWZ
uif;rJhaoma=umifhom uH.tusdK;udk cHpm;&jcif; tqefqHk;/ usdK;a=umif; qufpyfr_ tuif;rJhqHk;
jzpfonf[al om awG;qpOf;pm;enf;yif jzpfonf? aom qif j cif a wG ; ac:r_ u d k “wuU a A'”
a=umif;usdK;qufpyf pOf;pm;Ekdifolrsm;/ cGJjcrf; (wuUu d 0g' -Mataphysics ) [k trnfay;
pdwfjzm+yD; tajz&Smaom ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;tzkd@ uifyGef;wyfcJh=uonf? wenf;tm;jzifh “±kyfvGef
xdkwuUaA'ac: pdwWZ awG;qcsufrsm;rSm &,f oabmw&m;” [lI ac:wGifcJh=uonf? vlwkd@.
bG,f&mrsm; jzpfEkdifonf? xif&Sm;onfh pdwWZ awG;ac:r_u yxrjzpfonf? xkdawG;ac:r_rsm;udk
awG;qcsufwpfckudk xyfrH jyoygOD;rnf? wOD; ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;/ tawG;tac: '\eynm&Sif
wa,mufu csrf;omºuG,f0jcif;/ tm%m&Sdjcif;/ rsm;u trnfay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? Oyrm vlw
tjcm;wOD;wa,mufrSm tm%mrJhjcif;/ qif;&J a,muf. ,ckb0rwkdifrSDu b0wck&Sdonf[k
129
,lq+yD; xdkb0. uHta=umif;w&m;u xdkvl. tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd qef@usifbufwkd@. twkduf

vuf&Sdb0udk zefwD;aeonfqdkaom t,ltq tcH yËdyuQjzpfr_ESifh aygif;pnf; nDnGwfr_udk rjrif
udk udkifpGJvuQHxm;oludk uH,Hkorm;/ uH,Hk0g'ukd onfh tcsufyifjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf; rlao
vuQHxm;ol ponfjzifh trnfemrrsm; ay;wwf yËdyuQrsm;/ wif;=uyfaom yHkaoenf;rsm;udk
=uayonf? vlwa,muf. emrnfudk armifu jzpfay:apcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
[lI ac:wGif+yD; tjcm;vlwa,muf. emrnfudk a&S@em;wGif azmfjycJhonfh iSufzsm;a&m*g
armifc[lI ac:wGifouJhodk@ jzpfonf? wuUaA' &&Sdonfh vlr_uyfemudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif pdwWZ0g'D/
ESifh 'dkif,mvufwpfwdk@onfvnf; rwlaom pOf; uH,Hk0g'Drsm;u ewfwifjcif;/ ewfudk;uG,f ylaZmf
pm;awG;tac: qifjcifoHk;oyfenf;rsm;yif jzpf+yD; yojcif;jzihf ajz&Sif;cJh=u/ ajz&Sif;ae=uonf?
udk,fpDudk,fiS &&Sdxm;aom trnfemrrsm;yif uGif;ydkifudk udk;uG,fewfwif ylaZmfyojcif;rSm
jzpfonf? okd@jzpfI uGJjym;aom trnfrsm; jzpf vnf; wa'oESifh wa'orwl=uawmh? wcsdK@
onfh wuUaA'ESifh 'kdif,mvufwpf. t"dy`m,f a'owGif t&ufykvif; yg&onf? tcsKd@a'owGif
owfrSwfcsufrsm;onfvnf; xdktrnf emrrsm; t&ufykvif;ryg&? wcsdK@a'wGif =uufwaumif
. aemufuG,fwGif wxyfwnf; uyfygvsuf jzihf vHkavmufonf? wcsdK@a'wGif =uuftxD;ESifh
&Sdonf? =uuftr ESpfaumifjzihf ylaZmf&onf? iSufzsm;
(c) a&m*gonf aooGm;v#if aomfvnf;aumif;/
a=umif;usdK;a'gifhpHk pl;prf; &SmazGawG;qr_ iSufzsm;ydk; OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;I ±l;oGyfoGm;v#if
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onfh wuUaA' (rufwmzdppf ac: ±kyv f eG o
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jzpfay:aponf? rlaojzpfaom yËdyuQrsm;ukd a&m*gaA' ynm&S i f r sm;/ aq;0g;aA'
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130
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udk qdkcJhonfh tpOftvmrS azmufxGufolwdk@u Tod@k jzifh ppftm%m&Sipf epfa[mif;onf csKyf+idr;f
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wuUaA'onf wapmif;ap;ESihf rsuaf cs; jzpfvmcJh xGufxGef;awmufvm&rSm jzpfonf[k wcsdK@u
=uonf? ody`Henf;eJ@ pdwfqENpGJvGef enf;aA'wdk@ qdkrnf? xdktawG;tac:rsm;xJu rnfonfh awG;
onf yËdyuQ jzpfvmcJ=h uonf? awmenf;onf wuUaA'jzpfI rnfonfhoabm
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131
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132
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133
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rsufvHk;eJ@ =unfhvkdufprf;yg? 'gayrJh reufjzefa&m b,fvkdv?J reufzef toufZd0ef&ŒJ ra&&mvSwJh
jyif;xefwhJ a&pD;a=umif;[m rif;&JŒ i,f&, G Ef yk sKd wJbh 0ukd axmif;axmif;a=uoGm;cJo h vkd rif;&JŒ t+yHK;ukd
vnf; axmif;axmif;a=uoGm;apvdrrhf ,f? vSn;f uav;ukq d &JG if; 'DrmS rnf;arSmifaewJh qif;&J'u k aQ wGudk
jrifawG@ae&ayr,fh [kdrSmawmh *k%fyumoeawGe@J xm0& 0rf;om&$ifjrL;r_awGudk jrifawG@ae&awmh
rif;aemufxyf r+yHK;Ekdifawmhbl;aygh? t&dyfrnf;}uD;u rif;&JŒ ±kd;om;jzLpifwJh rsufESmukd zHk;uG,fypf
vkdufawmh ±$ef;pkdaewJh rif;&JŒrsufvHk;awGrSm &ef+idK;okdr_awG ay:vGifvmawmhw,f? rif;[m t0wf
tpm;awG npfnrf;pkwfjywfaewJh rif;tpfukdeJ@twl rif;&JŒ rnf;rnf;ao;ao; uspfuspfygatmif
qkyfxm;wJh vufoD;ukd ajr‡mufvkdufprf;yg?
“urBm}uD; 2 ck? wcku tykdtv#HawG rsm;jym;vScsnfh”?
rl&if; pma&;q&m æ prDvfeifhpuD; (blvfa*;&D;,m;)

bmomjyefol æ at;jrrGefodef;
148
yef;rmvmrsm;ukd
pku
d yf sKd ;jyKpjk cif;
bmomjyefol =
rif;Eki
d x
f e
G ;f
rl & if ; - w±k w f p ma&;q&m}uD ; æ avmif p ,f

Armjynf r S m ‘avmif ; a&S ’ vk d @ [k d w k e f ; u oH k ; cJ h z l ; w,f ?
u|efawmf yef;yGifhav;rsm;ukd jrwfEkd;ESpfoufw,f? 'ga=umifh yef;rmvmrsm; pkdufysdK; jyKpkjcif;
ukdvnf; }udKufESpfoufw,f? 'gayrJh u|efawmfhrSm pl;prf;avhvm vufawG@prf;oyf=unfhzkd@ tcsdef
r&Sdao;wma=umifh yef;rsm; pkdufysdK;jyKpka&;rSm txl;u|rf;usifolawmh jzpfrvmao;ygbl;? u|efawmfh
taeeJ@ yef;rsm; pkdufysdK;jyKpkjcif;ukd b0twGif;u aysmf&$ifp&m w&yftjzpfom xifrSwfcJh&ygw,f?
yef;yGifhvm&ifawmh }uD;wm ao;wm/ vSwm rvSwm wGufraeygbl;? yGifhomyGifhyg? u|efawmfuawmh
yef;yGifhvm&if aysmf&$if0rf;omrdwmygy?J u|efawmf&ŒJ tdrf0if;uav;xJrSm aEG&moD a&mufvm+yDqkd&if
w0if;vH;k yef;yifawG jrufyifawGe@J jynfah ewma=umifh a=umifuav;awGtzk@d ajr}uD;ay:rSm upm;p&m
ae&m r&Sdawmhwmrdk@ tdrfay:wufoGm;+yD; upm;&awmhw,f?
yef;yifawG rsm;vSw,fqadk yr,fv h nf; jrufe@J rwl uGjJ ym;vS+yD; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vSwyhJ ef;yifawG
awmh r&Sdygbl;? tzkd;wefvSwhJ yef;yife@J jrufyifawG[m &Sifoefatmif pkdufysdK;jyKpk&wm rvG,fvSygbl;?
=unfhae&if;uae vSywJhyef;yifav;wyif a&m*gjzpf+yD; aooGm;awmhr,fqkd&if tcH&cufwJh udpP
wckygy?J yDuif;&moDOwku yef;yifawG pku d yf sKd ;jyKpka&;rSm odyaf umif;vSw,f rxifygb;l ? aqmif;&moD
rSm at;/ aEGOD;&moDrSm avawGwkdufae+yD;/ aEG&moDrSm rkd;acgifwmr[kwfbJ rkd;}uD;awG onf;onf;rJrJ
&Gmcsavh&Sdw,f? aqmif;ul;&moDrSmawmh aevkd@odyfaumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ±kwfw&uf ESif;cJawG
usvm+yD; taESmifht,Suf ay;wwfw,f? 'Dvkd&moDOwkawGa=umifh awmifykdif;rSmqkd&ifawmh yef;rsm;
149
pkdufysdK;jyKpka&;[m aumif;rSmyJvkd@ awG;rdyg&ŒJ ? u|efawmfhrSmawmh 'Davmuf}uD;rm;wJh tcsuftvuf

awG r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh u|efawmf[m rsdK;aumif;+yD; tvG,fwul &SifEkdifr,fh rdrdbmom vHk;yef;
tm;xkwfwwfwJh yef;yifjrufyifawGukdom pkdufysdK;jyKpkygw,f?
'gayrJh yef;yifjrufyifawG[m rdrdbmom }udK;yef;tm;xkwf wkdufyGJ0ifwwfw,f qkdayr,fh
vnf; u|efawmfwkd@u tav;rxm; *±krpkdufcJh&if/ olwkd@ukd ypfpvufcwf xm;vkduf&if tvkd
tavsmufayguv f m/ tvdt k avsmuf Zmwford ;f oGm;&wmrk@d w0ufausmaf usmaf vmuf[m aooGm;
wwfygw,f? u|efawmf[m olwkd@ukd ae@wkdif; jyKpkay;+yD; rdwfaqGaumif;awGvkd olwkd@ukd tm±HkjyK
*±kpkdufygw,f? wjznf;jznf;jcif; enf;emwrsdK;ukdoHk;um prf;oyf=unfhygw,f? t&dyf}udKufwJh
tyifrsdK;ukd aea&mif&SdwhaJ e&mrSm rxm;bl;? ajcmufajcmufaoG@aoG@ukdrS }udKufwwfwhJ opfyifrsdK;ukd
vnf; a&rsm;rsm; avmif;ray;bl;? 'Denf;vrf;twkdif; prf;oyf=unfhawmh yef;yifawGjrufyifawG
&Siof efvm±Hrk u 3 ESp/f 5 ESpw f efonftxd &Sio f efvmum yef;yGiv
hf mw,f? 'Dvq
dk adk wmh odyt
f "dym` ,f
&SdvSyguvm;? t&rf;avjypfaewmawmh r[kwfbl;? 'g[m todynm w&yfyJ? todynmw&yf
wkd;vmw,fqkdwm raumif;wJhudpP vHk;0r[kwfygbl;?
u|efawmf[m ajcaxmufrSm a&m*g
a0'em&Sdol r[kwfayr,fh =um=umvnf;
roGm;Ekdifovkd =um=umvnf; xkdifvkd@r&
ygb;l ? yef;yifawG jrufyifawG[m u|eaf wmf&h ŒJ
*±k p k d u f j yKpk r _ u k d cH & ayr,f h u|ef a wmf h u k d
aus;Zl;wifrwifqkdwm rodygbl;? u|efawmf
uawmh olwkd@ukd odyfaus;Zl;wifrdwmaygh?
u|efawmf tvkyfvkyfwJhtcgqkdygqkd@ pmukd
c%avmuf a&;+yD;wmeJ@ tdrf0if;xJoGm;+yD;
=unf h ± _ a vh &S d y gw,f ? a&avmif ; oif h w J h
tyifukd a&avmif;/ a&$Œay;oifhwhJyef;tkd;ukd
a&$ Œ ay;+yD ; aemuf td r f c ef ; xJ o k d @ jyef o G m ;
ygw,f? xyfrH+yD; c%wjzKwfavmuf pma&;
jyefygw,f? tJ'Daemuf tdrf0if;xJ jyefxGufchJ
jyefw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ xyfjyefwvJvJ ^m%vkyf
tm;eJ@ um,vkyftm;ukd qDavsmfatmif
xdef;n‡dEkdifapcJhvkd@ um,ok c/ pd w W o k c ES p f j zmpvH k ; tusd K ;jzpf x G ef ; apygw,f ? 'D v k d q d k a wmh
aq;0g;aomufjcif;xuf ykdaumif;wmaygh?
rkd;oufrkefwkdif;eJ@ }uHKawG@&&if/ 'grSr[kwf &moDOwk ±kwfw&uf ajymif;vJchJ&if wtdrfom;vHk;
ukd v_H@aqmfpnf;±kH;+yD; yef;yifawG/ jrufyifawG u,fq,fa&;ukd tylwjyif; vkyf&ygw,f? 3 - 4 &m
avmuf&SdwhJ yef;tkd;awGukd tdrfxo J kd@ taqmwvsif a&$Œajymif;&wmrkd@ vlawGukd cg;vnf;anmif;/
aygiaf wGvnf; emukeyf gawmhw,f? ac|;w'D;'D;vnf; us=u&ygw,f? aemuf&ufusawmh &moDOwku
150
jyefaumif;oGm;jyefw,f? yef;tkd;tm;vHk;ukd jyefxkwf&awmhw,f? aemufxyf+yD; cg;anmif;/ aygifem

jzpf=u&jyefw,f? ac|;w'D;'D;vnf; us=u&jyefw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m t"dy`m,f &SdvSygw,f? vkyftm;r
xkwf&if yef;yifawG pkdufysdK;xm;ayr,fh r&Sifygbl;? 'g[m trSefw&m;yJ r[kwfvm;?
EGm;Ekd@ykd@wJh&Jabmf wHcg;ukd 0ifvkdufwmeJ@ “odyfar$;wmyJ”vkd@ csD;usL;ygw,f? 'Dpum;u
u|eaf wmfw@dk wtdro f m;vH;k ukd b0ifacG@omG ;apygw,f? ‘c%yef;’(ol@&ŒJ ZmwdrmS ruUqu D /dk ntcgrmS
yGifhwwfw,f? tcsdefodyfwkdw,f? odyfar$;w,f?)yGifhwht J csdefqkd&ifawmh tcsdK‹rdwfaqGawG[m wul;
wuawmif vm=unfhwwfygw,f? c%yef;[m nbufrSmom yGifhwwfwmrkd@ za&mif;wkdifukdif+yD;
nbufrmS v,f&ywf&wm ykt d &om &Syd gw,f? yef;yGiq hf wkd mrsKd ;[m tukid ;f tcuf uae cGv J mwmyg?
wyifuae tyGifhtcsdK@yGifhvmwwfwmyg? rdwfaqGrsm;udkvnf; yef;yGifhtcsdKŒ vufaqmifay;&wmaygh?
rdrdvkyftm;&JŒ toD;tyGifhukd rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;awG ,laqmifoGm;wmukd jrif&awG@ &awmh obm0
twkdif;yJaygh pdwfxJu auseyfyDwdjzpf&w,f?
0rf;enf;a=uuGJjzpf&wJh tcsdefvnf; &Sdwmaygh? 'DESpf aEG&moDwkef;uaygh? ckvkdtjzpftysuf
wckeJ@ }uHK&w,f? *E<rmysdK;yif 300 avmuf[m ajruGufxJrSmyJ &Sdygao;w,f? (yef;tkd;awGxJukd
ra&$Œajymif;&ao;wJu h mvayg)h ? tJ'wD ek ;f rSm rk;d }uD;onf;}uD;rJ}uD; &Gmcsvudk af wmh tdref ;D em;csi;f tdruf
eH&H+ydKusygava&m? tJ'DeH&H}uD;u *E<rmysdK;yifawGay: ydukefvkd@ *E<rm trsdK; 30 ausmf/ tyif 100
ausmf aoukefwmaygh? wtdrfom;vHk; &ufwcsdKŒavmuf r+yHK;Ekdif r&,fEkdif jzpfchJ&w,f?
0rf;om=unfEl;&wm &Sdovkd pdwfnpf ylaqG;aomua&muf&wmvnf; &Sdwmaygh? &,farm
&wm&Sdovkd rsuf&nfus&wmvnf; &Sdp+rJaygh? yef;yGifhqdkwm &Sdovkd opfoD;qkdwmvnf; &Sdwmaygh?
tvkyv f nf; vky&f w,f? t=um;tjrif A[kow k awGvnf; wk;d yGm;&w,fq&dk ifawmh 'g[m yef;pku d yf sKd ;
jyKpkjcif;&JŒ aysmf&$if=unfEl;p&mayyJaygh? ?
rl & if ; - w±k w f p ma&;q&m}uD ; æ avmif p ,f

Armjynf r S m ‘avmif ; a&S ’ vk d @ [k d w k e f ; u oH k ; cJ h z l ; w,f ?
bmomjyef o l - rif ; Ek d i f x G e f ;
151
ˆK
0w (1)
ol & d e f a erif ; u jyif ; vS y gw,f ? um;vrf ; r}uD ;
wav#mufvHk;[m wHv#yfawGx+yD; t&nfrsm; aysmfusoGm;
rvm;vk@d awmif xifrw S &f ygw,f? tckvdk jyif;jyif; xefxef
}uD; yl+yD;&if r=umcif rkd;}uD;&Gmawmhr,fqkdwm vlom;
wkd@&ŒJ tawG@t}uHKt& odaeygw,f? 'Davmuf yljyif;
vSwhJ aea&mifjcnfatmufrmS }uHKvSaD zsmah wmhvw S hJ
ukd,fcE<may:rSm pkwfjywfaya&+yD; a[mif;EGrf;
aewJh t0wfrsm;ukd 0wfqifxm;wJh vl}uD;
wa,muf[m tqifyifray:awmhwhJ
vG,t f w d w
f vH;k ukd vG,x f m;+yD; ausmay:
rSmawmh }uHKvSDazsmhawmhaewJh 8 ESpf
ausmft&G,f uav;i,fwa,mufukd
ykd;xm;um wvSrf;csif;tm;cJ+yD; av#muf
vSrf; aeygw,f?
jrjr0if;[m om;av;
aumuf,v l @dk &vmwJh pGe@f
ypfypPnf; (bl;cGH) rsm;ukd
aumif ; Ek d ; &m&m a&G ; +yD ;
oGm;a&mif;cJh&mrS tjyef
om;trdEpS af ,muf xrif;
pm;&ef [if ; 0,f v m+yD ;
tdrt f a&muf om;av;ukd
apmif h & if ; vrf ; r}uD ; qD
uko d m w=unfw h nf; =unfh
um ar#mfaerd&Smw,f?
152
“a[h - tjr æ rif;tjr r[kwzf ;l vm;”qkdwhJ orD;av;a& æ vkd@ ac:&if rxl;bl;? rvmbl;?
toHukd=um;wmeJ@ jrjr0if;[m toH=um;&mqD om;av;a& æ vkd@ac:rS ‘Asm’ æ qkd+yD; vmwm?
=unf h v k d u f a wmh uav;uk d ausmyk d ; xm;wJ h rdbuvnf; csppf Ek;d eJ@ ol}udKufovkyd aJ c:/ t0wf
vl}uD;u tm;&0rf;omeJ@ vSrf;=unfh+yD; - tpm;vnf; tpfukdawGeJ@ twlwl qifay;xm;
“a[; æ tjr tjr æ tpfukdav;av/ ig wmuG? tu uwmawmif rif;om;uyJuwm?
tpfuadk v;yg[? eif igu h dk rrSwrf ad wmhb;l vm;”vk@d tomae/ tomae/ rodcsifa,mifaqmifae”
xyfcgwvJvJ ar;vkdufawmh - vkd@ajymawmh jrjruvnf; acgif;ndwfvkdufyg
“[if æ tpfukdav; tpfukdav; b,fu w,f? +yD;awmhrS æ
vmwmvJ [if”vkd@ ajymajymqkdqkd vl}uD;qDukd “ig æ tckvmwmu rif;wkd@qDukdyJ xGuf
ajy;oGm;}udKvkduf+yD; ausmay:u uav;ukd qG+J yD; vmcJhwm æ igwkd@&GmrSm ightdrfaxmif rdom;pk/
ayG@csDxm;vkdufum uav;ukd aoaocsmcsm nDrav;vSvSwkd@ rdom;pk/ igwdk@ aqGrsdK;om;csif;
=unfhvkduf+yD;awmh - awG/ igwkd@rdwfaqGawG/ tkd æ uGm tukefvHk;
“[if - 'g vSvS&ŒJ uav;av; r[kwfvm; tukefvHk; w&GmvHk;ygy/J em*pfu ac:oGm;vkd@ bm
tpfukd? awmfawmfawmif }uD;vSygayghvm;”vkd@ qkdbmrS r&Sdawmhbl;? w&GmvHk; aysmufoGm;+yD?
ajym&if; ajymajymqkdqkdeJ@ uav;ukd &ifcGifxJ yifv,fjyif}uD; jzpfae+yD? ig&ŒJ tdraf xmifrmS vnf;
qGo J Gif;xm;vkdufum rsuf&nfawG w+zdKif+zdKifus igwa,mufyJ usefawmhw,f? nDrav; vSvS&ŒJ
vmygawmhw,f? tdrfaxmifrSmvnf; 'Duav;wa,mufyJ usef
uav;av;uvnf; jyL;a=umifa=umifeJ@ awmhw,f? awmuf æ pOf;pm;rdwkdif; b0t
jyef=unfhvkduf&if; “tar æ tar”eJ@ atmf+yD; usKd ;ay;ukd pdwef mvGe;f vk@d 'Duav;ukad c:+y;D ig æ
ikdvkdufygw,f? [kdae&mu xGufchJwm æ tjra& æ tpfukd 0rf;
“om; æ om;a& æ rif; æ }uD;arukd rrSwrf d enf;vGef;vkd@yguGm”? ajymajymqkdqkde@J vl}uD;[m
awmhbl;vm;[if? tkd =unfhygOD; æ ol@tar t xdef;rEkdif odrf;r&jzpfum ikdcsvkdufygw,f?
i,fwkef;ueJ@ wyHkpHxnf; wlvkdufwm æ aemf”? 'Dtckud rf mS yJ pGe@f ypfypPn;f rsm;ukd &oavmuf
“tkd æ wlwmawmh rajymeJ@awmh? ±kyfwif aumuf,lum tdwf}uD;wvHk;eJ@ xnfhxrf;+yD;
wlwm r[kwb f ;l ? pdwuf vnf; twlwyl ?J oDcsi;f tdru f dk xrif;pm;jyefvmwJh om;uav; pk;d rk;d ausmf
qkwd m ausmif;uyGrJ mS uwmawG æ tkd æ tm;vH;k [m rdrdwkd@tdrfrSm vlawGtrsm;}uD; 0kdif;=unfh
ygyJuGm æ vSvS i,fwkef;ueJ@ twlwlygyJ? aeum iko d aH wGvnf;=um;&vk@d pdwx f rJ mS xifu
h m
'gayrJh olu orD;av;vkd@ac:&if odyf}udKufwm tajy;wykdif; jyefvmwJh om;av;ukd “[,f æ
r[kwfbl;? ol@xuft}uD; tpfukdawGu bmvkyf ukdpkd;awmif jyefvm+yD? vm æ vm æ om;&,f/
ovJ? tukefvkyfwwfw,f? avc|efwwfw,f? a[m'DrmS om;&JŒbbeJ@ nDav;wk@d a&mufaew,f?
vufacgufr_wfwwfw,f? abmhvHk;uef wwf vm æ vm æ om; bbukd E_wfqufygOD;”?
w,f? tkdtpkHyJ tpkHyJuG”? “ bb æ aeaumif;w,faemf? tkd æ bb
tpfukdu toHukdESdrfhum wkd;wkd;av;eJ@ uvnf; ydefvkdufwmaemf? nDav; nDrav;awG
“orD;av; æ orD;av;? om;av; r[kwfbl;? eJ@ tefwaD v;wk@d aum tm;vH;k aeaumif;=u&JŒvm;
rSwfrdw,f r[kwfvm;? i,fi,fav;uwnf;u bb”?
153
“at; æ aumif;ouGm? aumif;yg?h rdom;pk aeygOD;vm;[? eifuvnf; ige@J twlwl upm;&

w+yHK}uD; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; xGufoGm;vkduf=uwm? atmifaemf æ vm”? ajymajymqkdqdk wkd;vufudk
tck bb wa,mufwnf; usefchJwmom;&JŒ”? qGu J m 'ef;pif&&dS mok@d ac:oGm;ygw,f? wk;d u vuf
“tkd æ bb&,f”? ukd ±kef;vkduf+yD; - “ig =um=um aevkd@r&bl;?
“tpfukd æ tpfukd pdwfukdwif;yg tpfukd ukdukdwkd@ ighukd apmifhaevdrfhr,f”?
&,f? u|efrwkd@ r=umcif qGrf;au|;/ y&dwfw&m; “at;yg[,f æ c%av;ygeif u vJ ”
awmfemwm vkyf=uwmaygh? tpfukda&m uav; ajym&ifqkd&if;eJ@ 'ef;pifem;ukd a&muf+yDrkd@ 'ef;pif
yg b,fukdrS roGm;yge@J awmh u|efrwkd@e@J yJ twl ay: twif;qGw J ifaevk@d wk;d vnf; rsuEf mS ;csi;f qkid f
aeyg? 'Dwcgawmh u|efrwkd@ tvSnfhyg? u|efrwkd@ cHkay:rSm xkdifvkduf&ygw,f?
tpfukd@ukd aus;Zl;jyefqyfyg&apaemf æ tpfukd”? “eifh emrnf bmac:vJ”?
“[kwyf gw,f æ bb&,f? om;wk@d }udK;pm; “igh emrnf wkd; æ wJh”?
+yD; tvkyfvkyfyghr,f? om;wkd@eJ@yJ twlwl aeyg “[if emrnf}uD;u ±kd;vkdufwm vSvnf;
aemf æ bb”? rvSbl;”?
“at; æ at; æ om"kygAsm? om"k om"kyg? “at; emrnfvSwm rvSwmu ta&;
bbvnf; }udK;pm;=unfhygOD;r,f”? r}uD;bl;”?
“'gjzifh bmu ta&;}uD;wmvJ”?
(2) “xrif;pm;&zkd@u ta&;}uD;w,f”?
q&matmifwkd@ wl0&D; jrjr0if;wkd@qD a&muf “[if æ eifu pum;ajymwm qef;vku d w
f m”?
vmvkd@ 4-5 v=umoGm;+yD;aemuf ‘wkd;’uvnf; “[kwfw,fav æ igu rSefwmajymwm”?
tpfukde@J twl vkdufcsifw,fvkd@ ylqmvGef;wmeJ@ “eifhtazeJ@ taru bmvkyfovJ”?
oabmwlay;vkduf&w,f? “tarwkd@u bmrS rvkyfEkdif=uawmhbl;?
vwcsKd Œ ausmjf zwfc+hJ yD; wae@rmS awmh +cH0if; em*pfac:oGm;vkd@ ygoGm;+yD? igwa,mufwnf;
us,f}uD;wcka&S@rSm aumifrav;wa,muf u usefcJhw,f”?
&yf+yD; [kd=unfh 'D=unfhvkyfaeygw,f? wkd;eJ@pkd;wkd@ “tkd æ wk;d æ &,f”? aumifrav;u tckvdk
vlokduf ol@a&S@jzwftoGm;rSm tJ'Daumifrav; =um;vkduf&awmh oem;pdwfawG 0ifvmw,f?
u wkd;ukd =unfhwhJ+yD; - “a[h æ c%aeygOD; [? wkd;ukd =unfhvkdufawmh wdk; rsufESmav;[m n‡Kd;
ig eifhukd apmifhaewm =umvS+yD? bl;cGHawGvnf; i,fae+yD; rsuf&nfawGjynfhaewJh rsufvHk;tpHkeJ@
igpkxm;w,f? tJ'g eifhukd ay;csifvkd@yg”? aumif r av;uk d jyef = unf h a eygw,f ? 'D t cg
“at; æ &ygw,f[m ay;csi&f if b,frmS vJ aumifrav;uvnf; 'g igha=umifhjzpf&wmvkd@
eifh bl;cGaH wGu ay;av”? wk;d [m ajym&if;qk&d if;eJ@ pdwx f rJ mS awG;rd+y;D ol@pum;ukd ajymif;vku
d yf gw,f?
oleJ@ &G,fwlavmuf&SdwJh aumifrav;ukd ajym “wkd;a& æ rSwfxm;aemf? ighemrnfuawmh
vkdufw,f? rsKd ;ausmah uoG,cf idk f æ wJ?h tdrrf mS a&m oli,fcsi;f
“at;yg ay;yghr,f[? eifuvnf; ta&; awGyg tm;vHk;u ac:wmuawmh ‘oG,f’vkd@yJ
}uD;vkdufwm? 'DrSm=unfh ighpk+yD; tdwf}uD;eJ@ xnfh ac:w,f? rif;vnf; tJ'DvkdyJ ac:&if &ygw,f”?
ay;xm;wm? a&mh eif ,loGm;? c%avmuf wkd;u acgif;ndwfjyvkdufw,f?
154
“orD;av;a& æ orD;av; æ tr,fav; “wkd;a& æ oli,fcsif;a& æ ighukd pdwfrqkd;

orD;av;&,f rmrDjzifh &Smvkduf&wm armvkd@? tkd yge@J aemf? aemuf we*FaEGus&if vmcJhygOD;aemf æ
æ [Jh æ 'gu b,folv?J bmvkyfaewmvJ”? oli,fcsif;a& æ ig apmifhaer,faemf”? aemuf
“tkd æ rmrD æ 'g -'g orD;&JŒ oli,fcsif; bufuae oG,f[m wwGwfwGwfajym&if; ikd+yD;
av;av”? usef&pfcJhygw,f?
“bm æ bm æ ajymw,f orD;av;? 'gu
orD;av;&JŒ oli,fcsi;f [kwv f m;? tr,fav; æ (3)
av; æ jzpf&av æ orD;av;&,f æ b,fu 'Dae@[m ukdbausmfwa,muf vcxkwfwhJ
olawmif;pm;vJ? okb&mZmrSe;f rod? bmrSe;f rod”? ae@jzpfwmrkd@ tdrfukd apmapm jyefa&mufvmyg
“tkd æ rmrDuvnf; tJ'Dvkd rajymyge@J ? ol@ w,f? olwkd@tdrfrSm tom;[if;aumif;aumif;
rdbawGu em*pfrkefwkdif;xJukd ygoGm;vkd@ ol rpm;&wm =um+yDrkd@ tdrftjyef aps;ukd0if+yD;
wa,mufwnf; 'kuQjzpfaewmyg? oem;ygw,f 0ufom;aumif;aumif; 0,fvmcJhygw,f? jrjr
rmrD&,f æ aemf”? uvnf; npm 0ufom;qDjyef taumif;pm; csuf
“tkd æ awmfprf;yg? usufoa&r&Sd? r*Fvm xm;vkdufygw,f?(ukdbausmf[m pm;aomuf
r&Sd? 'grsdK;awG igwkd@tdrf0kdif;xJ rvmapyge@J ? qif; qkdifwqdkifrSm pm;yGx J kd;0ifvkyf&if; tdrf&ŒJ aexkdifr_
æ tckqif;? tHr,f? [kwf æ [kwfao;awmh æ jy\emukd t"du ajz&Sif;&ygw,f? a,mufz
rif;wk@d e@J wlovm;? wefovm;? tckqif;? aemuf jzpfol ukdbatmifukdvnf; qkdif&SifjzpfolxH
ukvd nf; b,fawmhrS rvmeJ@? rif;ukd ajymaewm tusKd ; ta=umif;ajymjy+yD; tultnDawmif;cJ&h m
=um;vm;? rSwfxm;? ighpum;ukd”? rmrDu ajym qkdif&Sifuvnf; 8 av;vHk;umvu wkdufazmf
ajymqkq d edk @J qGcJ svu
dk af wmh wk;d uav;[m 'ef;pif wkdufzuf &Jabmfa[mif;awG jzpfcJhwmrkd@ txl;
ay:u atmufudk 'vdrahf cguaf uG; usvmygw,f? ajymp&mrvkdbJ pm;yGJxkd;vkyfief;ukd ukdbausmf
“tkd æ rmrDa& æ wkd; æ wkd;a& æ b,fem; eJ@twl wGJvkyf&ef wm0efay; tvkyfcef@vkduf
emoGm;ovJ æ [if”? ygw,f? tdrfrSm vl}uD;ESpfa,mufu vcpm;
“remygbl;”? tvkyfvkyf+yD; uav;ESpfa,mufuvnf; wae
“rmrD r aumif ; bl ; ? orD ; ol i ,f c sif ; uk d ukef pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm; &Smaumuf+yD; &vmwJh
vkyfw,f? rmrDraumif;bl; æ [ifh æ [ifh æ”? ypPn;f rsm;xJu aumif;Ek;d &m&mav;a&G;+yD; jrjr0if;
“rmrDraumif;bl; [kwfvm;? orD; oli,f u bl;cGHta[mif;rsm; vufcH0,f,lwJhae&mukd
csi;f uaum aumif;vk@d vm;? =unfph rf;ygO;D ? ±kyu f dk oGm;a&mif;eJ@ wtdrfom;vHk; wufnDvufnD
u olawmif;pm;vkv d /dk okb&mZmvkv d edk @J usuf tvkyv f yk =f u&if; xrif;eyfreS pf m;&atmif ajz&Si;f
oa&r&Sdbl;? a[haumifav; oGm; æ oGm; æ &ygw,f?)
jrefjrefoGm;? aemufvnf; b,fawmhrS rvmeJ@ a[m æ nae ae0if+yDrkd@ uav;ESpfa,muf
=um;vm;”? uvnf; txky}f uD;awGu, dk pf D ausmyk;d +yD; jyefvm
wk;d [m vJae&mu tjrefx+y;D b,fo@l urdk S aeyg+yD?
vnf; r=unfah wmhbJ cyfow k of wk f xGuv f mcJyh g “vm=ua[h æuav;wk@d armarmyef;yef;eJ@
awmhw,f? jyef v m&if p m;zk d @ wJ h taz}uD ; u vcxk w f + yD ;
155
tjyefrSm tom;awG0,fvmvkd@ araru rif;wkd@ uav;awGtm;vHk;qD rsufvHk;wcsuf 0ifh=unfh

t}udKuf qDjyeftaumif;pm; csufxm;w,f”? vkdufw,f? +yD;acsmif;wcsuf [ef@vkdufum æ æ
uav;ESpfa,mufuvnf; 0rf;om;tm;& 'DvkduGJ@ 'Dae@ om;wkd@orD;wkd@ukd tpnf;
ausmay:u txkyf}uD;awGukd ypfcsvkduf+yD; - ta0; owfrSwf&ufrwkdifrD =um;jzwf tpnf;
“a[; 'grS wkd@arareJ@ wkd@taz}uD; æ uG” ta0;ac:vkduf&wJh ta=umif;uawmh om;wkd@
vkd@ ajymajymqkdqkd ajy;vm=u+yD; rdbESpfyg;ukd [m xkid ;f &JawGe@J &efjzpf=uw,f=um;vk@d ac:vku d f
twif;zuferf;=u/ wufxkdif=ueJ@ tvkyf±_yfae wmyg? bmta=umif;a=umifh &efjzpfw,fqkd
=uygw,f? 'DrSmwif jrjr0if;u - wmukd bbukd ajymjyygOD;”?
“uJ æ uJ æ taz}uD;u tom;0,fvm& “tkd æ bbES,f olwkd@u om;wkd@ukd rawG@
wmrkd@ taz}uD;tarmajy ti,fav;u wcsD vku
d ef @J awG@vukd wf meJ@w+ydKifeuf a[; æ pefwm
avmuf ujyvkdufygOD;uG,f? ukdukdu oDcsif;qdk? uavmh/ pefwmuavmheJ@ ac:w,f? +yD;awmh
ararwkd@u vufckyfwD;ay;r,f? uJ - vkyf p=u &,fvnf; &,f=uao;w,fAs? vkyfygrsm;awmh
awmh” om;wkd@u b,fcHEkdifrvJ? jyefqw J maygh? 'gyg yJ?
'Dtckduf ukdukdu oDcsif; pqkdygawmhw,f? wjcm;awmh r&Sdygbl;”?
(pdeftkd;pnf vG,foavav » vG,f o
avav) (vdrfz,fz,f wD;ygvkd@ » vdrfz,fz,f
wD;ygvkd@) 2 armifhvufoD;ukd vufoD;ukd armifh
vufoD;udk » armifhvufoD;ukd vufoD;ukd ) 2
tvkduG,f » vufoD;ukd a&$csygvkd@ av; » »
yvkd@ - xHkxHk - a[ æ vm æ armif±kdŒ0g; » »
oDcsif;qHk;wmeJ@ w+ydKifeuf wkd;[m tuukd
&yfvkduf+yD; tarhqD ajy;oGm;um wufxkdifvkduf
ygw,f? taruvnf; wkd;ukdzufxm;+yD; b,f
jyefnmjyef erf;vkdufygw,f? “bb æ [kd æ [kd æ eDwmuav qJ±Hkwif
“a[h æ aumif;w,fa[? aumif;w,f? rubl;? ykqkdukd vSefjyvkdufao;w,f”?
ti,fav;uwm odyaf umif;w,f? a[ æ æ ”? “a[ æ a[ æ [kw&f ŒJ vm;uGJ rif;wk@d [m”?
ukdbausmfuvnf; vyfckyfwD;um =obm “[kww f ,f bb u|eaf wmfvnf; jrifw,f”?
ay;vkdufygw,f? “a[h - rif;wk@d uvku
d +f y;D a&SŒaevkyrf aeeJ@”?
“[kd; æ [kd; æ awmf+yD awmf+yD? aeygOD;?
(4) bb ar;ygOD;r,f? tJ'Dpefwmuavmhqkdwm
“uJ æ uJ æ om;wkd@ orD;wkd@ tm;vHk; bmvJ rif;wk@d od=uovm;? od&if bbukd ajymjy
vlpHk=u+yDvm;uG,f”? =uprf;ygOD;”?
“[kwfuhJ pHkyg+yD æ æ bb” “rodygbl; bb&,f? om;xifwmuawmh
“at; æat; æ vlpHk&if tpnf;ta0; p=u om;wkd@ukd raumif;ajymwm? qJaewmvkd@yJ
&atmif? ukdbausmf[m a&SŒrSmxkdifae=uwJh xifwmyJ”?
156
“uJæ uJ usefwJhvlawGuaum b,fvkd qefa&pyg;/ u|ef;opf/ a&eH/ "mwfowWKpwJh

em;vnfovJ? od&if bbukd ajymjyprf;ygOD;”? ajray:ajratmufo,HZmwawG tifrwefaygwhJ
“rodygbl;bb? om;wkd@vnf; om;wkd@ukd EkdifiHuGJ@? tJ'gawG&Sdayr,fh jynfolawGuawmh
raumif;ajymaew,fvkd@yJ xifwmygyJ” tJ'gawG&JŒ tusdK;ukd bmrSrpm;oHk;&bJ olwkd@
“at; æ at; [kwf+yD? [kwf+yD? rod&if uawmh tv#Hy,f oHk;pGaJ e&w,f? 'gukd jynfol
bbu ajymjyrSmayghuG,f? om;wkd@u i,fvnf; awGu rcHEkdifvkd@ajymawmh zrf;w,f? zdESdyfn‡Of;qJ
i,fao;w,f? Ak'<bmom0ifuav;awGvnf; owfjzwfw,f? axmifcsw,f? 'ga=umifh
jzpf=uwmukd;uGJ@? 'DvkduGJ@? tJ'D pefwmuavmh raumif;bl;vkd@ ajymwm”?
qkdwJh bkd;bkd;}uD;[m rkwfqdyfjzL}uD;eJ@ ol@ausm “[if - bb 'gavmufqkd;wm jyefcsaygh
ay:rSm txkyf}uD;wckukd ykd;vkd@? olu uav;awG bb&JŒ? om;wkd@a&m tm;vHk;jyefcs&if &r,f
ukd odyfcspfwm? c&pPrwfyGJawmftcsdefus&if xifw,f”?
t}udKae@rSm uav;awGukd c&pPrwfvufaqmif “at; æ om;wkd@ 'Dpdwf"mwf&Sdwm odyf
awG vmay;wwfw,fqkdwJh t,ltq &Sd=u aumif;w,f? 'Dpdwf"mwfukd ckdifckdifrmrm ukdifpGJ
ouG@J ? wu,fawmh 'Dbkd;bkd;}uD;[m ewfvnf; xm;+yD; wkd@tm;vHk; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ jyefcs&if
r[k w f b l ; ? ol a wmf p if w OD ; qk d y gawmh u G , f ? awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJ cHEkdifrSm rkcsygyJuG,f”?
c&pP r wf c sd e f c gus&if ol i ,f c sif ; / tcsif ; csif ; “aeOD; æ aeOD;? om;wkd@ukd wckajymp&m
c&pPrwfvufaqmifuwfawG ay;=uw,f r[kwf usef a o;w,f ? tJ ' guawmh pum;ajym&if
vm;? tJwcsdK@vufaqmifuwfawGrSm ygwwf aumif;aumif;ajym? rqJ&bl;? ±kdif;pkdif;wJh trl
w,f? bkd;bkd;}uD; pefwmuavmh&ŒJ yHkawG om;wkd@ t&mawG rvkyf&bl;? tck xkdif;&JawGe@J udpPrsdK;
orD;wkd@vkdyJ txkyf}uD;wck ausmrSmydk;xm; w,f pum;raygufbl;qkd&if pefwmuavmh r[kwfbl;
uG@J ? tckvnf; om;wkd@ orD;wkd@u txkyf}uD;awG qkdwmudk trlt,meJ@ jy&r,f? em;vnfwJhvl
ausmrSmykd;xm;wmqkdawmh æ cspfpEkd;eJ@ pefwm &Sd&if tultnDawmif;&r,f? tck om;wkd@u
uavmhvkd@ ac:wmyg? qJwm r[kwfygbl;? olckd; qJ±Hkwifru ykqkd;ukd vSefjyw,fqkdwm tvGef
av;awGvkd@ ac:&ifvnf; cH=u&rSmygy?J at; æ ±kid ;f pkid ;f wJh trltusijhf zpfw,f? olw@dk ajymrSmayg?h
wkd@tpkd;&u raumif;awmh olrsm;wkdif;jynfrSm Armuav;awG[m odyf±kdif;pkdif;w,f? ,Ofaus;r_
vm+yD; rSDckdaexkdif&wmukd;uG@J ? ajymor#vkyfor# r&Sb d ;l vd@k ajymrSmayg?h 'g ody&f u
S pf &maumif;w,f?
cH=u&wmayg?h tckvdk xkid ;f tpk;d &u wk@d tm;vH;k ukd aemufukd 'grsdK; b,folrS rvkyf&bl;? t&if
aexkdifcGifhay;xm;wmukdawmif aus;Zl;wifvkd@ tpnf;ta0;u rSmxm;wm b,fEpS cf su&f o dS vJ”?
rqHk;ygbl;vkd@yJ ajym&awmhrSmayghuG,f”? “oHk;csufyg bb? ±kd;om;yg? }udK;pm;yg?
“bb æ om;wkd@ Armjynftpkd;&u Ekd;=um;yg”?
raumif;bl;qkdwm bmraumif;wmvJ bb? “at; æ [kwf+yD? tck ,Ofaus;yg wcsuf
tdrfrSm tarwkd@uvnf; c%c%ajymw,f? wyfxnfhyg? rSwfrd&JŒvm;”?
om;awmhem;rvnfbl;”? “rSwfrdygw,f bb”?
“at; æ rSwfxm;om;&J@? wkd@Armjynf “at; æ 'gqkd&if tpnf;ta0; +yD;+yD?
tpkd;&u raumif;bl;qkdwmu wkd@wkdif;jynf[m om;wkd@ orD;wkd@ jyefEkdif+yD”?
157
(5) ajymajymqkdqkde@J wkd;u vSnfhjyefr,fhtvkyf

'Dae@ wkd;wkd@vlokduf xrif;pm;+yD; xGufvm oG,fu aemufuae twif;qGx J m;vkdufw,f?
awmh aea&mif j cnf u vnf ; aumif ; aumif ; “wkd; æ eif r,l&if roGm;&bl;? rjyef&bl;?
rxGef;vif;? wdrfrnf;ndK &dyfav;awGuvnf; &Sd apwemeJ@ vkyfxm;wJhighukd jyef+yD; iJhn‡moifh
aejyefawmh ae&wm wrsdK;jzpfaew,f? at;o ygw,f oli,fcsif;&,f”?
vkdvkd csrf;ovkdvkde@J yg? wkd;[m ra&mufwm =um oG,f[m ajymajymqkdqdke@J ikdvkdufygw,f?
+yDjzpfwhJ ‘oG,f’wkd@ tdrfbufqD vSrf;ar#mf=unf 'Dvkd idkwm jrifawmhvnf; wkd;[m pdwfr
vkdufawmh vlawGtrsm;}uD; 0if=uxGuf=ueJ@? aumif;yg?
tdrf0if;xJrSmvnf; um;awGu trsm;}uD;rkd@ “uJyg ikdawmh rikdyge@J uGm? ig,loGm;yghr,f?
±kwfw&ufqkdawmh bmrsm;jzpfwmygvdrfhvkd@ xifh uJ igoGm;r,faemf æ”?
ueJ@ jzpfoGm;rdw,f? aemufrS rmrD&ŒJ rsufESmukd “at;yg? aemuf v nf ; vmcJ h O D ; aemf ?
jrifa,mifvm+yD; emusn;f pdw0f ifvmawmh/ tkd æ igapmifhaer,f”?
bmjzpfjzpfv@dk oabmxm;+yD; vSnjhf yefr,ftvkyf wk d ; u cyf o k w f o k w f xG u f o G m ;wmuk d
“a[h æ wkd;” vdk@ ac:oH=um;vkdufvkd@ vSnfh=unfh aemufu =unfhaewJh oG,f[m 0rf;omtm;&eJ@
vkduf&m oG,fjzpfaewmeJ@ “eifwkd@tdrfu vlawG tdrfxJukd jyef0ifajy;oGm; ygawmhw,f?
rsm;vkdufwm bmjzpfaewmvJ”? wkd;[m xrif;csdKifh txkyfESpfckukdq+JG yD; ukdukd
“[kdav æ igwkd@ 'uf'D&ŒJ arG;ae@rkd@ qGrf;au|; wkd@aemufukd tajy;vkdufoGm;um tjzpftysuf
w&m;emvkyfw,fav? tJ'g eifrsm;vm;rvm; tpHkukd ukdukdtm; 0rf;omtm;& jyefajymjyawmh
vkd@ igar#mfaewm =umvS+yD”? oG,fu ajymajym ukdukduvnf; 0rf;yef;womjzpfum “at; æ
qkdqkd ab;u yef;±Hkxu J kd0if+yD; txkyf}uD;ESpfxkyf at; 'Dvkdqdk nae apmapmjyef=uwmaygh”?
ukd qGxJ wk vf mum “'g ,lomG ;? eifw@dk pm;zk@d ? ig æ wk;d &JŒpdwxf rJ mS tckudk jyefcsiv
f +S yD? tarhudk
a':ykeJ@ajym+yD; [if;awG xrif;awGtukeftpHk xrif;csdKifhawGjy+yD; tyfvkdufcsif+yD? 'gukdtm;vHk;
oef@oef@&Sif;&Sif; xnfhxm;wm”? od&if tarwd@k tazwk@d b,favmufrsm; 0rf;om
“a&mhav æ ,lyg[? bmvJ eifu ighukd vkduf=urvJ?
pdwfqkd;aew,fayghav æ [kwfvm;”? “wk;d rifh xrif;csKd ifah wGu av;w,f? 'Dt&dyf
“[ift h if æ igrvkcd sibf ;l [m? eifw@dk rmrDudk u apmifhae? ukdudkwdk@ r=umcif jyefvmcJhr,f?
a=umufw,f”? ukdudk jyefvmatmifapmifhaemf? wa,mufwnf;
“wk;d &,f æ eif'v D adk wmh rvkyyf ge@J [m? rmrD tdrfudk jyefroGm;eJ@ æ =um;vm;”?
u rmrDyJ? igu igyJ? igawmif;yefygw,f? 'DrSm “[kwfuhJ æ ukdukd”?
=unfh? igaoaocsmcsm pDpOf+yD; xnfhxm;wm wkd;[m ukdukd@ukd rsufpdwqHk; vkduf=unfh
odvm;”? ae+yD;/ ukdudkwkd@ vrf;=um;av;wckudk csdK;0ifvkduf
oyfoyf&yf&yf csnfaESmifxm;wJh txkyf wmeJ@ olwa,mufwnf; tdrfjyefajy;oGm;+yD;
twGif;rSmawmh wxkyfrSm av;qifhcsdKifhuav; tarhukd rsufESmvkyfzkd@ qHk;jzwfvkdufygawmhw,f?
ESpfckpD aumif;pGm xnfhxm;wmukd awG@&w,f? tdrfukd tajy;wykdif;jyefch&J mum xrif;csdKifh
“igr,l yg&apeJ@ æ igoGm;awmhr,f”? awGu av;vk@d vrf;rSm waxmufem;zd@k pOf;pm;+y;D
158
vrf;ab;wae&mrSm ausmay:u txkyf}uD;ukd

ypfcsum xrif;csdKifhawGukd ab;rSmcs+yD; tarm
ajzaepOf - “a[h æ zkd;om; b,fukd oGm;rvkd@vJ
uG”qkdwJhtoHeJ@twl vl}uD;ESpfa,muf wkd;&JŒ
ab;ukd a&mufvmygw,f?
“usaemf tdrfukd jyefrvkd@yg”?
“rif; txkyf}uD;u }uD;oavmuf av;o
avmuf wefzkd;uawmh bmrSr&ygbl;uGm”?
“OD;&,f æ t&if;tESD; wjym;rSrukefbJ wk;d &J@vufarmif;ukd wif;usyaf tmif qGu J idk f vku
d f
aumuf&vmwJh ypPnf;awGu wefzkd;}uD;}uD; +yD ; aqmif h v k d u f w ,f ? vl } uD ; ES p f a ,muf u
rm;rm;awmh r&Ekid b f ;l ayg?h 'gayrJh auseyfavmuf twif;n‡paf c:+yD; um;ay:wifvu dk af wmh wk;d [m
ygw,f”? atmf[pfi, dk &dk if; um;ay:ygomG ;awmhw,f? um;
“tHrm æ rif;u pum;ajym aumif;om;yJ? ay:rSm ab;u c&D;onfawGu tusdK;ta=umif;
rif;pmwwfovm;[if”? ar;=uawmh tdrfu aiGckd;+yD;xGufajy;wm wv
“[k w f u J h ? oH k ; wef ; avmuf x d a wmh avmuf&SdoGm;+yD? rdbawGu pdwfylvkd@ vkduf&Sm
oifcJhzl;ygw,f”? aewm tckrSawG@vkd@ twif;ac:&w,fvkd@ ajym
“[m æ 'Dvq dk kd [efuswmayg?h OD;wk@d u rif; awmh/ “tdk æ 'Dacwfuav;awG[m odyfqkd;
ukd jrifjrifcsif; om;orD;t&if;vkd pmemrdw,f? w,f”vk@d 0kid ;f ajym+yD; wk;d ukd ±_wcf swt hJ rlt,meJ@
oem;rdw,fuGm? rif; ±kyfuav;u oem;urm; 0kdif;=unfhae=uygw,f?
eJ@ 'Davmufqif;&Jwm rjzpfoifyh gb;l ? rif; OD;wk@d e@J
om vkdufchJyg? tvkyfvnf; 'Dvkd ryifyef;&bl;? (6)
tpm;taomuf taetxdkif tdkuGm æ tm;vHk; csif;rkdifu vlrkduf*kd%f;acgif;aqmif OD;ukdudk
'gxuf ykdaumif;&r,f? OD;wkd@eJ@om wcgwnf; }uD;wkd@qDrSm a&mif;pm;wm cHvkduf&+yD; &Sdor#
vkdufcJh”? tdrvf yk if ef;awGudk tar$; æ qkw d hJ uav;ruav;
“usaemf rdbeJ@cG+J yD; b,frSmrS raeEkdifygbl; eJ@twl waeukef rem;raevkyf&ygw,f? wkd;wkd@
OD;&,f? rvku d yf g&apeJ@? usaemf awmif;yefygw,f”? ESpfa,mufpvHk; 10 ESpf 0ef;usifavmuf om&SdwhJ
“tHrm æ tHrm/ rif;ukd oem;vkd@ i&JbHku uav;awGjzpf+yD; t&G,feJ@rvkdufatmif yifyef;
vGwfatmif ac:aewmuG? rif;uyJ aps;ukdifae oavmuf tpm;taomufuvnf; vl}uD;awG
ao;w,f? 'DrmS rif; OD;wk@d e@J vu dk cf &hJ if tvkyv f nf; pm;+yD; tºuif;tusefavmufom pm;&wmrkd@
aumif;aumif;&r,f? rif; vdrfvdrfrmrm ae&if cE<mukd,f zGH@+zdK;r_raumif;bJ }uHKvSDi,f&G,fvS
aemifus rdbukv d nf; aumif;aumif; jyefaxmuf ygw,f ? td r f r S m *k d % f ; acgif ; aqmif q &m}uD ;
yHhEkdifr,f? tkduGm æ tm;vHk; tkdauoGm;r,f”? (OD;ukdukd}uD;) u pOf;pOf;pm;pm; csifhcsifhcsdefcsdef
“[ifth if æ [ift h if / usaemf rvku d cf sibf ;l ”? vkyfwwfayr,fh q&muawmf a':wifrrv_dif
“[m æ ajymae =umw,fuGm”? uawmh ±kyfeJ@rvkdufatmif qkd;oGrf;+yD; aiGruf
ajymajymqkdqdkeJ@ ab;u&yfaewJhvl}uD;u w,f? rme}uD;w,f? avmb}uD;w,f?
159
“ukdukda& æ v_difpOf;pm;aew,f? tdrfu Ekid if jH cm;om;awG wnf;cdrk r_ sm;wJh a[mfw,f

uav; 2 a,muf[m oDcsi;f qk+d yD; awmif;ckid ;f wm }uD;awGrSm jrefrmtEkynmukdjywJh ‘tEkynm
xuf tu u+yD; awmif;ckdif;wm ykd+yD; 0ifaiG obiftzG@J ‘tjzpfe@J ujytoHk;awmfcHwm 0ifaiG
aumif;r,fxifw,f?uku d kd b,fvo dk abm&ovJ”? aumif;aumif;&aeygw,f? wk;d [m jzpf&mb0rSm
“v_difpOf;pm;wm rqkd;ygbl;? ukdukdvnf; taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif }udK;pm; vkyfaqmif&if;
oabmwl y gw,f ? jref j ref taumif t xnf rmrDv_dif&ŒJ tqkdtqJ t±kdufwdk@u vGwfEkdifor#
azmfzkd@ vkdr,f? tpm;t omufvnf; *±kpkduf+yD; vGwfatmif }udK;pm;vkyfaqmifw,f? rdbeJ@
au|;yg? wkd;[m r=umcif tawmiftvuf pHk rdom;pkukd vGrf;wJhpdwfukd }udwfrSdwfcHpm;&if; tcg
awmhr,f? olwkd@ vSvSyy &SdrS a&mif;yef;vSr,f”? aumif;ukd apmihfaeygw,f?
“&ygw,f ukdukd? olwkd@ t&G,fa&mufzkd@ 'Dae@ aea&mifjcnf xGef;vif;r_[m cgwkdif;eJ@
qkd&if tawmfvkdao;w,f”? rwl ykd+yD;vSaew,fvkd@ wkd;pdwfxJ xifrdygw,f?
“r[kwfbl; æ v_dif? [kdwywfu xkdif0rfu yGJu&ufawGuvnf; enf;enf;usJaewmrdk@ rmrD
avmifyef;eJ@ EkdufuvyfrSm awG@w,f? olu wkd@wtdrfom;vHk; r*FvmaqmifoGm;ae=uwmrkd@
ajymw,f? uav;r av;wa,muf (11 -12 ESp)f wkd;eJ@ar$;&,f/ xrif;csuf a':Ek&,f 3 a,mufyJ
xuf r}uD;apeJ@ æwJh? jzpfEkdif&if jrefjref &Smay;yg? usefw,f? wkd;[m rdwfuyf0,fOD;r,fvkd@ a':Ekukd
}udKufaps; &apr,f æ wJh? ukdudku xyfar;awmh ta=umif;jyum tdrfrS wcgwnf; xGufajy;vkduf
ol@&ŒJ tpfukdukd vufaqmifay;csifvkd@ æ wJh? 'gu awmhw,f? rJaqmufudk a&mufawmh rdom;pkawG
touf&Snfaq;rkd@ tjrefvkdcsifw,f æ wJh”? 0rf;enf;0rf;omjzpfum ikdyGJqif&ygawmhw,f?
“ukdukda&m v_difwkd@ uHZmwm x w,fvkd@ “ukdukd æ v_difawmh pOf;pm;rdwkdif; &Sufrd
ajym&rSmyJ? at;av 'gavmufawmif t&if;tES;D w,f? ravmufav; ravmufpm;/ 'Dt&G,fav;
ay;xm;&wm? v_difawmh v_dif&JŒ ykvJoG,fukdyJ u tckvkd uwkH;ay:xdyfuGufvkyfwmukd cH&wm
rsufpdxu J rxGufbl;? tifrwef aiGvkdaevkd@om awG;rdwidk ;f &Surf yd g&ŒJ ? tck wk;d [m tawmiftvuf
a&mif;vkduf&wm/ v_dif odyfESajrmwmyJ”? p+yD;pHvk m+yD? pm;&cge;D rS vGwu f somG ;ovkd cHvu dk f
“pdwfcsyg v_dif&,f? ukdukdvnf; 'Davmuf &wmrk@d rauseyfEidk b f ;l ? awmuf! jyef+yD; vufpm;
awmh rnHhygbl;? 'Dwcg jyef0,f&if ykvJoG,f acs&r,f”?
r0,feJ@awmh tck vlwkdif;u ykvJb,ufawGeJ@ “vkyfraeyge@J awmh v_dif&,f? wkd;[m 'DrSm
csnf; jzpfae+yD? 'Dwcg pdefeJ@ tpdrf;&,f ESpfck/ &Sad eckud f olprG ;f tm;&So d r# vkycf whJ m 0ifaiGtrsm;
vSvSav; v_dif}udKufwm pdwf}udKufa&G;0,faygh? }uD; &cJyh g+yD? &or# aiGuvnf; a':vmawGcsnyhf ?J
wk;d wk@d ESpaf ,mufpvH;k ukd *±kpd u
dk af u|;yg? vSvyS y auseyfavmufygw,f? v_difvnf; vkdcsifwmawG
jzpfvmatmif tao;pdwaf wmh v_id yf J =unfph pD Ofyg? 0,fcsifwmawG 0,fyg? xGufajy;wmuawmh vl@
a':wifrrv_dif[m rdrd&J@ nDtpfr 0rf;uGJ obm0twkdif;yJaygh? uav;qkdawmh rdbawGeJ@
awmfol vSvSrl (yefwsmausmif;qif;) ukdac:+yD; aecsifwm obm0usygw,f? ukdukdwkd@twGuf
wkd;ukd rif;om;tu/ ar$;ukd rif;orD;tu ESpfyg; qHk;±_H;oGm;r,fhaiG[m rajymyavmufygbl;? ukdukd
oGm;tu/ ±kyf}uD;pif/ ckepfaxGtu tpHkoifay; trsm;}uD; xyf&Smay;rSmaygh? pdwfukd ajzvkdufyg?
ygawmhw,f? awmf=um rajymyavmufwhJ udpaP v;eJ@ tr_u d u
f p
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jy\m'frD;avmifqkdwmvkd jzpfoGm;&if raumif; “a[h æ wk;d æ rif;/ rmrD&ŒJ ykvo J , G u f dk ck;d ,l

bl; rde;f r&,f æ aemf? pdwu
f dk av#mv
h u
dk f yg”? xGuaf jy;oGm;wm rif;'DrmS vmaeawmh vGwaf &m
“tkd æ wifrrv_difta=umif; od&aphr,f? vm;? &mZ0wfab;qkdwm ajy;rvGwfbl; qkdwm
r=umygbl; [if; æ [if; æ”? rif;rodbl;vm;? at; rif;rod&if odatmifjy&
wmayg”h ajymajymqkq d kd rde;f r}uD;u xkid ;f bmom
at; wkt ‹d pk;d &ur eJ@ ajymvkdufawmh xkdif;&JESpfa,ufu wkd;ukd
aumif;awmh olrsm;wki d ;f jynfrmS twif;vmzrf;awmhw,f?
vm_yD; rSc D dk aexki d &f wmuk;d uG?‹J “tr,fav; æ rmrD&ŒJ a=umuf a=umufyg+yD
ajymor#/ vkyo f r# As ? u| efawmf rmrD&J@ ykvJoG,fqkd æ qkdwmukd
vnf; wcgrS rjrif æ rjrifbl;ygbl; æ rmrD&,f?
cH-u&wmaygh?
usaemf ckd;vnf; rckd;ygbl;”?
tckvdk xki d ;f tpk;d &u wkt ‹d m;vH;k “tHr,f æ vlyg;0vku d w f m? eifrck;d b,fol
ukd aexkdifcGihf ay;xm;wmukd ckd;rSmvJ? eifckd;vdk@ wcgwnf; xGufajy;oGm;wm
awmif aygh? tck ighykvoJ G,fukd xkwfay;/ ray;&ifawmh
eifaxmifxu J kdoGm; æ 'gy”J ?
(7) “u|ef æ u|efawmf &Sdckd;ygw,f rmrD&,f?
'Dae@ xufaumif;uifwckvHk; r_dif;ndK@vkd@ ypPnf;ukdckd;+yD; xGufajy;wm r ær[kwfygbl;?
aeygw,f? wkd;[m rmrDwkd@qDu xGufajy;vm+yD; tar æ tarwkd@ukd vGrf; æ vGrf;vkd@ xGufajy;
tdrfjyefa&mufuwnf;u &efpqufyGm;aerSm vmwmyg”?
pk;d vk@d tdrrf mS yJ tarhudk ulnv D yk uf idk &f if; aeygw,f? “[kwyf gw,f æ rr&,f æ u|erf uav;[m
reufpmpm;+yD;csdefavmufrSm pGef@ypfypPnf; olwyg;ypPnf;ukd ckd;wm/ 0Sufwm wcgrS rvkyfzl;
rsm;aumufwJh &yfuGufxJrSm um;ESpfpD;a&muf ygbl; æ rr&,f? r,Hk&if 'Dtdrfem;eD;csif;awGukd
vmygw,f? wpD;ay:u xkdif;ykvdyfESpfa,muf ar;=unfhyg? u|efr awmif;yefygw,f? u|efr
qif;vm+yD; txufwef;usus 0wfqifxm;wJh uav;uk d a wmh rzrf ; ygeJ @ rr&,f æ u|ef r
trsKd ;orD;}u;D wa,mufe@J a,musmf ;}u;D ESpaf ,muf awmif;yefygw,f”?
wk@d u aemufxyfum;wpD;ay:u qif;vmygw,f? a[h æ pum;a=um &Snrf aeeJ@? tcsed rf &Sb d ;l ?
“arar tJ'Dvl}uD; ESpfa,muf[m [kdwcg tck ighykvo J G,fukd xkwfay;? wcGef;wnf; ajym
om;uk d twif ; zrf ; ac:oG m ;wJ h vl } uD ; awG y J ? r,f? ray;&if axmifxu J kd oGm; æ 'gy”J ?
om;a=umufw,f”? “tar æ tara& u|efawmfhukd u,f æ ”
“ra=umufygeJ@om;&,f ararvnf; &Sdae “ti,fav; æ ti,fav;a& æ tr,fav;
wmyJ”? u|erf uav;ukd u,f=uygO;D ”atmf[pfi, dk &dk if; tyl
“a[h æ wk;d æ rif; 'DrmS bmvmvkyaf ewm vH;k qk@d um jrjr0if;[m owdvpf vJusv@dk omG ;yg+y?D
vJuG/ [if; æ tla=umifa=umifawmh vkyfr,f ti,fav;uawmh æ æ æ
r}uHeJ@? 'DrSmjrifvm; xkdif;&JawG”vkd@ ajymajym jrav;ndK
qkq d ekd @J wk;d wk@d om;trdem;ukd a&mufvmygw,f? 23-12-2008?
161
Am&meoDqef;qef;vJh
ESihf at;jrESi;f &nf
csKd jrcg;ouf yef;yGirhf sm;
“a[haumifa& oZifvSuawmh aemuf “rde;f r[m rde;f rygyJ woman is woman
vife@J vdu k o f mG ;_yw
D uhJ mG / cav;wa,mufuadk wmh wJh/ raygif;vJcuf aygif;vJcuf? olwdk@rSm arG;&myg
xm;cJw h ,f/ ti,frav;udak wmh ac:oGm; owJ”h vkyfief;ESpfck &Sdw,f? cav;arG;ay;zdk@ a,musFm;eJ@
rsdK;rif;aZmfu tdrfwHcg;udk wGef;zGifh_yD; aer,f/ _y;D awmh ol@w@kd u, kd w
f ikd f wnfaqmufxm;
tdrfxJ0ifvkdufonfESifh [ef0if;armifudk owif; wJh tdraf xmufru + rBmudk ol@w@kd u, kd w
f idk f zsuq f ;D
ay; today;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf? ypf&r,f? 'gygy?J tJ'g igu ajymwmr[kwb f ;l aemf/
“rdef;rqdkwm 'DvkdygyJ/ azmufjyefwwf eD*±dk;wdk@/ rufqDudkwdk@ tar&duef tjzLaumif
-uwm[m olw@dk obm0yJ/ rde;f r[lonf aqmif; awGeJ@ tdyfazmf/ tdyfzufvkyf_yD; tdrfaxmifa&;
avyrmnD/ twGi;f oabm rwnf-unf/ ajymif;vJ azmufjyefomG ;-uwJh oZifv/S jrwfar/ rif;rif;at;
wwfonfæ wJh? avmueDwduvnf; rdef;rawG wdk@ eENm/ od *ôrdk;/ tda&$pifwdk@ ,k,kydkifwkd@u ajym
udk ESdrfhcswm[m tJ'D azmufjyefr+a-umifhyJ? ” wmaemf? ri,fat;/ tke;f pk;d / oif;cs,&f òD rdi/f pmO?
[ef0if;armifu ol@aumufE+wfcsufrsm; _yD;awmh udkxdef0if;rdef;r aemf&Dwm tJ æ tJ'D
udk v$wu f eJ ajymcsvu dk of nf? ememusiu f siEf iS hf azmufjyef ysufqD;oGm;-uwJh rdef;rawGu rdef;r
odrf;qnf;xm;aom aumufcsufrsm;ayvm;? qdw k hJ raumif;qd;k &Gm; uyfyg;aumif&ŒJ t"dyg` ,u f kd
rsdK;rif;aZmfu udkwifatmifOD;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdif zGifhqdkoGm;cJhwm? tkdif'kef@Edk;? igrodbl;? 'DòrdŒu
ukvm;xdik t f vGww f iG f 0ifxikd v
f u
dk o
f nf? pD;u&uf tysuftqD;pm&if;xJrSm urŠnf;xdk;oGm;-uwJh
rD;cdk;aiG@rsm;udk r+wfxkwf&if; [ef0if;armifudk trSD oyl&o d EG,0f if olawmfpif trsKd ;orD;awG&ŒJ trnf
vkdufajym&ef pum;pvdkufonf? awGudkom azmfxkwf a&;om;&&if pmrsufESm oHk;
162
rsuEf mS ausmo f mG ;&vdrrhf ,f? tar&duef ,Ofaus;r+ onfEiS hf tdyaf rmus iku d uf somG ;_yD; xdpyfaeaom
udk óudufvGef;vdk@ vif}uD;ikwfwkwfeJ@ ajymifajymif xdu±Hk;yifudkif;rSmvnf; tdyfarmus ikdufjrnf;
wif;wif; vifi,faeoGm;-uwm/ azmufjyefoGm; oGm;avonf? xdk xdu±Hk;ql;yif vlyk*~dKvfrsm;udk
-uwJh &GpH &maumif;vSwhJ rpifyyk /f tpkwx f yk af wG” olu qef@usifol? rESpfòrdŒol?
vGefcJhonfh av;ig;&ufu oZifvSwdk@/ “vGefcJhwJhwywfu trsdK;orD; tm;vHk;
jrwfarwdk@/ aemf&Dwmwkd@/ xkd@jyif ausmif;om; udk wrsKd ;wpm;xJ wef;!d_‡ yD; csKd ;csKd ;zJzh hJ uJ&h ŒJ ±HŒ+ cswhJ
acgif;aqmif udkcspfOD;.ZeD; 'Dyat;oDwmwdk@. udkvrf;-um;eJ@ r[mzdk0g'ukd qef@usifwJh uAsm
tdrfaxmifa&; azmufjyefcJh-uonfh t±+yftaxG; q&m OD;atmifopfwkd@ tjyeftvSef xdk;ESuf-uwJh
tjzpftysurf sm;u olw@kd a&SŒrSmyJ jzpfysucf -hJ uonf yGu
J dk rif;wd@k rawG@vu kd &f wmemw,f? yG}J u;D yGaJ umif;
r[k w f v m;? jrwf a r.cif y G e f ; uk d v G i f O D ; ES i f h aygh? udkvrf;-um;&JŒ tawG;tac:udk c|wfwJh t
[ef0if;armifu oli,fcsif;awG? awmxJwGif cef;aygh? ukdvrf;-um;wa,muf t±d+uf xdoGm;
ausmif;om;wyf&if;wckwnf;Y twlaecJh/ a&SŒ w,fav”
wef;wGif twlwu kd cf -hJ uonfh &JabmfawG? oZifv. S “b,fvkd t±d+uf xdoGm;wmvJAs æ
cifyeG ;f oef@ZifòrdiEf iS hf rsKd ;rif;aZmfw@kd u ok0ÀbHrk d ajymygtHk;”
oxHkòrdŒom;awG? cspfaom oli,fcsif;awG/ wdkuf [ef0if;armifu olw@kd . rde;f rrke;f wD;a&;/
azmfwu dk zf ufawG? [ef0if;armifEiS hf rsKd ;rif;aZmfw@kd ±H+Œcsa&; 0g'orm;rsm;bufu emusifoGm;yHk &
tcsDtcs twdkiftazmuf ajymqdk [pfaºuG;ae onf? bma-umifh t±d+uf xdk;cH&ovJqdkonfh
onfukd pl;pku d ef m;axmifaeolrmS udw k ifatmifO;D / rauseyfcsufu &ifxJrSm ay:xGufvmonf?
olu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ukdcspfOD;. &Jabmf uAsmq&m atmifopfqo kd u l bmrk@d v@kd v?J uAsm
rdwfaqG? q&mu bmaumifvJ? tjrif rwl&aumif;vm;
udkwifatmifOD;u olwkd@ESpfa,mufESifh qdk_yD; rausreyf jzpfvmcJhonf?
rwl? toufvnf; rwl? b0jzwfoef;yHjk cif;/ avh “udkvrf;-um; tcdkiftrm ajymwmu
vmyHkjcif;vnf; rwlawmh? ol. xl;jcm;csufrSm awmh b,frdef;rrS txif}uD;p&m r&Sdbl;wJh/ aiGeJ@
wpfavmuvH;k ESihf oufqikd o f nfh a,bk,s tqdk ayguf_yD;òzdcs&if olwdk@oduQmawG[m òydusoGm;
rsm;/ tºuGif;rJh tqdkrsm;udk ykdif;jcm; qef;ppfol? wmyJw/hJ òydusomG ;&rSmjzpfowJ/h wefb;dk r&Sb d ;l wJ?h
xdk@tjyif xdu±kef;ql;yifESifhwlonfh vlyk*~dKvfrsm; t&yfxJu rdef;rawGudk tomxm;tHk;? bk&ifh
udk qef@usif uef@uu G o f ?l pdwyf suof ?l wa,muf orD;awmif aiGe@J ayguv f u kd &f if ta&aysmu f somG ;
uajymvdkufonfh owif;wck/ aumufcsuftqdk &rSm jzpfw,fwJh? OD;atmifopfu orkdif;acwf
w&yfudk rqef;ppfravhvmyJ tvG,fwul vuf ajymif;vJa&;twGuf wkdufyGJawGxJrSm trsdK;orD;
cHvkduf_yD;/ tjcm; wOD;wa,mufudkvnf; xdkuJh awG[m trsdK;om;awGeJ@twl &ifabmifwef;_yD;
odk@yif vufcHapaomoludk xdu±Hk;ql;yif[kyif yg0ifcyhJ /kH bma-umifh trsKd ;orD;awG&ŒJ b0udk r[m
owfrSwfxm;-uonf? xdu±Hk; ql;yifwkdif;onf zd0k g'u zdErdS f xm;&ovJ? ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfacwf/
wyifv+yf&Sm; wyif tdyfarmusoGm;wwfonfh t&if;&Siaf cwfu trsKd ;orD;awG&ŒJ b0/ trsKd ;orD;
tyifrsdK;? rdk;odk@ qef@wef;um jzef@um;xm;onfh b0vGwfajrmufa&;[m Armjynf vGwfajrmuf
xdu±Hk;&Gufrsm;onf wckckESifh wdk@xd cHvkduf& a&;xJu }uD;rm;wJh tcef;u¾wck jzpfaeyHkawG
163
udk q&matmifopfu &Sif;jywmayghuGm? vlaer+ xJrSmyJ &Sdaew,f? 'DòrdŒrSm Arm'kuQonftjzpf

pepfawGa-umifh trsdK;orD;awG&J@ b0awG[m a&muf-uwJh rdef;rawGxJrSm udk,fh,Ofaus;r+/
edrfhusaewmjzpfw,f? aiGeJ@aygufvkd@ ta&aysmf udk,fhb0 udk,fhoduQmudk apmifhxdef;&if; jzLpifwJh
oGm;wJh trsdK;orD;/ oduQmwefzdk; r&SdwJh/ uif;rJhwJh trsdK;orD;awGvJ 'Dòrd@rSm &Sdaew,f? rif;rxdawG@
wcsdK@trsdK;orD;awG r&Sdbl;vm;/ &Sdw,f? odk@ayrJh &wJh ywf0ef;usif urBmavmuxJrmS vJ taxmif
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166
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‘vm&ifawmh a&mufrSmayghAsm/ ra&muf azsmuf+yD; olwdk@&J@oauFwjzpfwJh jcaoFhawG
&ifawmh rvmvdk@bJayghAsm’ awmif tpm;xkd;vdkuf=uao;w,f r[kwfvm;?
‘'Dae@r;kd uawmh tawmfaumif;w,fAsm? +yD;awmhvJAsm æ u|efawmfwdk@ 0efxrf;awG vpm
cifAsm; a&aEG;tdk;av;wvHk;avmuf rwnfbl; wdk;w,fwdk;w,feJ@ wu,fawmh olwdk@wdk;wm
vm;? rdk;av;wpdrfhpdrfhrSm a&aEG;c&m;wvHk;eJ@ av ueJeJ tjyifrSm0,fpm;&wJh ukefaps;E_ef;u rsm;
uef=uwmayg’h u|eaf wmh&f ŒJ t}uHòyoH? OD;bausmf rsm;qdkawmh b,frSmavmufEdkifrSmvJAsm æ’
u 'Dvkdjyeftajz ‘w,f+yD;yg+yD q&m&,f tqif ‘[kwfw,f æ [kwfw,f OD;ausmfa&Œ æ
oifhygyJæ rdk;aumif;qdk eufjzef tmZmenfae@ cifAsm;wkd@ac:ae=ujzpfwJh wyfcsKyf}uD;&JŒ vpmu
avAsm’ awmh q,fodef;}uD;rsm;awmif qdkyga&mvm;As æ
‘[m [kwfyg&JŒ æ tmZmenfae@awmif cifAsm;wdk@om ESpfaomif;avmufeJ@ auseyfae=u
eD;uyfvmae+yDyJ æ 'ga=umifv h J a&$r;kd ypPKefu oGef &wm æ 'gayghAsm ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdkwm oleJ@
cs/ =o0g' ay;aewmudk;’ ol&JŒtodkif;t0dkif; vlwpkpmtwGufbJ uGuf
u|efawmfxkdifv#uf tawG;awGudk jzef@ uGufuav;=unfh+yD; jynfolawG/ atmufajc
usufaerdw,f? tmZmenfae@ æ tmZmenfae@ 0ef x rf ; awG / v,f o rm;/ tvk y f o rm;awG /
æ [kwfygw,f ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdk iwfcsiif wf/ jywfcsijf ywf? igt h m%mwnf+rJb@kd om
ua&pD a &;wd k u f y G J w G i f wrsKd ; om;vH k ; twG u f t"duqkdwJh tvGeftu|H twW0g'D ppf&mZ0wf
toufay;I vlxv k w
G v f yfru_ kd xlaxmufco hJ ?l aumifawGayghAsm’
ol@u|efb0rS vGwfajrmufapol? AdkvfcsKyfESifhwuG u|eaf wmf a&aEG;=urf;wcGuf xyfi@JS +yD;rSm
EdkifiHacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; ajrc/ aºuGuscJh&onfrSm awmh OD;ausmf&J@rsufESmudk u|efawmf zwf=unfh
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aerdw,f? vuf&u dS mvwGif olonf pufrv _ ,f wdk@ q&mac:aeaom OD;ausmf.tudk pufydkif&Sif

,mrS 0efxrf;wOD;? xGefpufarmif;wa,muf? onf anmifESpfyifnDvmcHwuf&aom ukd,fpm;
,cifacwfawGuvkd pufrv _ ,f,mrS xGepf ufrsm; vS,af wmf}uD; jzpfaeaoma}umifyh if? ‘OD;ausmf æ
odyftvkyf rvkyf=u&awmh? awmrSm ukd,fydkif cifAsm;u vuf&dS (etz) udk jypfwifa0zefaew,f?
xGefpufawG/ *Gefa'gifawG/ v,f,m(16)awG/ rausreyfawGjzpfaew,f? cifAsm;aemifawmf}uD;
aygrsm;ae+yDqakd wmh pufrv _ ,f,m&JŒ tcef;u¾ u|efawmfwdk@q&muawmh nDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,f
aysmufae+yDav? olwdk@b0onf pufuav; }uD; jzpfaeawmh cifAsm;wd@k nDtudck si;f oifjh rwfr_
armif;ae&rS 'DZ,fuav;bmav; t}uHtzef a&m &Sd&JŒvm;As æ’
a&mif;ae&rS atmufqu kd af iG&Edik af om Xmersm;bJ
r[kwfvm;?
tvkyrf vky&f awmh 0ifaiGraumif;? 0ifaiG
[dkwkef;u tmZmenfae@ ra&mufcif
enf;vmawmh rdef;ru r=unfjzLawmh? aemuf av;ig;&ufavmufxJu AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ
qHk;awmh vuf&SdtajctaewGif rdef;ru raygif;
awmhojzifh tudk@opfpufwGif napmifhvmvkyf
rde@f ceG ;f awG tmZmenfae@ zG@J E@JG o=D uL;
ae&jcif; jzpfw,fav? OD;ausmf&JŒrsufESmudk zwf xm;wJh a':arvSòrdif&JŒ tmZmenf
=unfh&if;eJ@ OD;ausmf&J@&ifxJu &oajrmuf pum;
awG xyf+yD;=um;csifvmwmeJ@ pum;tpudk eJeJ
oDcsif;oHawG bmrSudkr=um;&awmh
qGJxkwfvdkufrdw,f? oxdawmif arharhawhawh jzpfawmhwm
‘aeygOD; OD;ausmf&/ cifAsm;wdk@ tdrfaxmif
a&;uvJ wu,fyJ uGJoGm;=u+yDvm;? q&mu
a&m bmrS =um;0ifajz&Sif; ray;bl;vm; æ’ ‘cufvdkufwm ukd,fhvl&m? cifAsm;wdk@u
‘tudkuawmh =um;0ifajymay;ygw,f vluJcwfnHh=uwmudk; æ 'DvkdAs æ tukd@wGuf
Asm? 'gayrJh u|efawmhfrdef;rudk,fwdkifu u|efawmhf a&;u bmyJjzpfjzpf olw@kd e@J tqifajyae&if pD;yGm;
tay: txifao;wm/ apmfum;wm? 0ifaiG& a&; æ vlr_a&; æ EdkifiHa&;tm;vHk; (OK) rSm
atmifr&SmEdkifwJh a,musFm;/ wm0efrauswJh jyaer,f? [kwfonfjzpfap/ r[kwfonfjzpfap
a,musFm;qdk+yD; a,musFm;oduQmeJ@ a,musFm; bmyJjzpfjzpf vl&dSefwmayghAsm æ tckyJ=unfhav
rmeudk ±dkufcsKd;awmh u|efawmfudk,fwdkifu tdrf 'Dòrd@rSm yk*~vdu udk,fydkifopfpufawG trsm;}uD;yJ
axmifa&;ukd pdwfukefoGm;wmayg@Asm æ 'Djzpf&yf [kwf? 'gayrJh b,fpufawGrsm; vnfcGifh cGJcGifh &cJh
awG jyef+yD; aumufcsufqGJ=unfh&if vuf&Sdusifh =uvdk@vJ æ 'DpufwvHk;xJ vnfcGifhay;xm;wm
oH;k aewJh ppftm%m&Sipf epfa=umifq h w
kd m ay:vGif r[kwfvm; æ'gu vufiif;tjrwfxGufaewm
ygw,fAsm æ’ av æ’
OD;ausm. f cHpm;r_y&kH yd rf sm;onf ESv;kH om; ‘[kwfw,fAs æ 'gawmh u|efawmfvnf;
rSwqifh rsufESmqDodk@ ul;pufjyef@ESH@vm aecdkuf odygw,f? ykvdyfyJjzpfjzpf/ opfawmXmeu awm
rSmbJ u|efawmhfyg;pyfu pl;prf;csifvmonf? ar; acgi;f bJjzpfjzpf vrf;rSm opfwifwv hJ n
S ;f eJ@ awG@&if
jref;csifvmonf? tb,fa=umifh[lrl u|efawmf awmifrS q&m@ypPn;f / q&m@pufukd oGm;yd@k rmS qd&k if
174
tm;vH;k tdak uw,fav/ u|eaf wmhval wGuv kd nf; a,muf avuef a0zefa&;awG vkyfae=uw,f
'Dtwdkif;bJ rSmxm;&wm ’ aygh æ 0dik ;f q&mtzG@J awG rygb;l vm; armifausmf æ’
‘aemuf&Sdao;w,fAs æ tusKd;cHpm;cGifh ‘[kwfw,ftudk}uD;/ 'Davmufrkd;rsm;awmh
awGayghAsm/ olwdk@nDvmcHwufwdkif; pufr_(1)u tdrfxGufysif;ae=uw,feJ@ wlygw,f? cGJp&muvJ
xkwfvkyfwJh pm;oHk;ukef/ vloHk;ukef pufypPnf; odyrf &Sb d ;l av? 'Dq&m@ ypPn;f a&mufvm&ifawmh
awGudk twGif;aps;eJ@ óudufoavmuf 0,f&w,f cGJp&mrsm;rSmyg?’olwkd@nDaemifESpfyg; ajym=u
Asm æ aemuf+yD; pufrZ_ ek x f wk wf hJ um;awGawmif onfhpum; u|efawmfu tckrSyif 0ifa&muf
0,fcGifhay;r,fqdkawmh cHpm;cGifhawGu woD}uD; axmufcH ay;vdu k o f nf?
ayghAsm ’ ‘[k w f w ,f q &ma&Œ æ rae@uxJ u
wwfEdkifygayh udkoef;a&$eJ@ppftkyfpk tzGJ@ u|efawmf wGef;vSnf;awGv$wfxm;wm æ nu
awG&,f æ cifAsm;wd@k uawmh tm%momwnf+rJ apmapmxGu&f if 'Dreuf pufxu J kd apmapma&muf
r,fqdk&if æ aiGay;+yD; 0,fvm;0,f&JŒ? cHpm;cGifh r,fxif+yD; u|efawmfvmapmifhaewm reJawmif
awG wyHkwyifay;+yD; r[kwfr[wf vkyfZmwf}uD; =umoGm;+yD æ u|efawmhftxifawmh rdk;rsm;aevdk@
udk twif;ucdkif;vm;cdkif;&JŒ? ausmif;om;aw/G 'DaumifawG rdk;cdkaewmbJ jzpfr,fxifw,f æ’
jynfolawG/ &[ef;oHCmawG&JŒ ZD0defaygif;ajrmuf ‘at;As/ 'gvJjzpfEdkifw,f æ +yD;awmh
rsm;pGmudk paw;vm;paw;&J@? aemufqHk;wck cifAsm;vrf;a=umif;udpP wGef;vSnf;orm;awG
wnf; usefygawmhonf? olwkd@tkyfpk tm%m b,fvdk rSmv$wfvkdufovJ’
wnf+rJvkdygu ukd,fhtareJ@ udk,fhESrudk jyefvnf ‘'guawmh q&m&,f æ xHk;pHtwdkif;aygh
I rk'def;usifh&rnfqdk&ifawmif jiif;y,frJh yk*~dKvf æ q&m@ypPnf;vdk@ajym/ q&m@pufxJydk@rSmvdk@ ao
rsm; r[kwfa=umif; u|efawmfawG;aerdpOf vrf; aocsmcsm rSmvdkufygw,f? 'DudpP u|efawmfoHo
xJodk@0ifvmaom w±kwfjynfvkyf (Ken Bo) ,r&Sdbl;? 'DaumifawG rdk;cdkae&if; ,rumrSD0J+yD;
qkdifu,foHukd =um;vdkuf&onf? wa,mufeJ@wa,muf pum;rsm;rSmyJ u|efawmf
‘a[m qdkifu,foHawmh=um;+yD OD;ausmf ylaerdwmyg æ q&m@ tvHawmf atmufrSm
a& æ q&mvm+yDeJ@wlw,f æ 0dkif;q&mawG qdkawmh u|efawmfwdk@ vHkòcHygw,f q&m&,f æ’
tzGJ@vnf; rvm=uawmhbl;xifw,f? q&mvm ‘u|efawmfvnf;apmapmxJu xGufbdk@
&if a wmh nD v mcH t awG @ tóuH a v; bmav; jyifwmbJAs æ rdk;uodyfjyif;aeawmh tdrfrSm
ar;jref;=unfh&OD;r,fAsKd@ æ A[kokwayghAsm’ enf;enf;tcsdefòzef;&if; zkef; apmifhaewmygAsm’
‘ar;=unfah yawmh uk, d vhf al & æ ol@cpH m; ‘b,fuzkef;vJq&m bmudpPvJ’
csuv f J od&wmaygAh sm? 'Dae@awmh rk;d rsm;aewmeJ@ ‘u|efawmhfoli,fcsif;qDuyg æ u|ef
0dik ;f q&mawGvnf; rvmEdik af wmhb;l xifw,fAsm’ awmfwdk@ nDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,fawG um;0,fcGifh
u|eaf wmfw@kd EpS af ,muf ajymae=upOf rSm &r,fvdkvdk/ bmvdkvdk/ toHawG =um;ae&vdk@ pHk
yJ q&m@qikd u f ,f puf±x kH 0J ifvm+yD; a'guaf xmuf prf;cdkif;xm;wmyg ’
puf&yfvdkufygonf? u|efawmhfudkjrifawmh q&m u|eaf wmh&f ifxJ q&m@pum;rsm;u pwif
u òyH ; jy+yD ; u|ef a wmf w d k @ pm;yG J q D vmae+yD ; 0ifa&mufI vrf;&Si;f ae=uav+yD? tmomjyif;jyif;
‘rdk;at;at;rSm a&aEG;=urf;wtdk;eJ@ cifAsm;wkd@ESpf odcsi&f if;&Sad eaom u|eaf wmhpf w d rf sm;rSwqifh E_wf
175
crf;yg;od@k tm;csi;f cdik ;f apaom trde@f wck csrw

S I
f twnfòyay;vkduf±HkygbJ? oufawmifh oufom
vufrSwfxdk; xkwfjyefvdkufawmhonf? ygAsm? tpuxJu nDvmcH}uD;[m twk}uD;bJ
‘q&ma& æ 'Dae@awmh 0dkif;q&m t&Snf Asm tppfrSr[kwfwm? u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fpm;
}uD;wkd@ rvm=uawmhvJ q&m@nDvmcH&JŒ tawG@ vS,fawGuawmh olwdk@ay;wJh tcGifhta&;awG
tóuHav;awGeJ@ nDvmcH aemufqHk; ed*Hk;ydkif;av; tm;vHk; ,l=uwmayghAsm’
odcsifw,fq&m&,f æ um;0,fcGif@ygrpfawGvJ ‘'gayghq&m&,f æ tcGifhta&;qdkwm
xkwfay;r,fqdkwmawmh u|efawmfvnf; }um;rd wcgbJ v mrS m av æ aemuf w }ud r f vmrS m
ygw,f’ r[kwfzl; æ 'DawmhvJ ay;wHk;rSr,l&if q&m
vlrdkufpm&if;0if jzpfoGm;rSmaygh? 'geJ@ q&mwdk@
nDvmcH aemufqHk;E_wfqufyGJav; usif;yyHk quf
olwdk@nDvmcHwufwdkif; pufr_(1)u &Sif;prf;ygOD;Asm ’
‘aemufqHk;E_wfqufyGJu jr&dyfndKa[mf
xkwv f yk wf hJ pm;oH;k uke/f vlo;kH ukef puf w,fu wm0ef,l+yD; csufòywfau|;arG;w,fAsm?
ypPnf;awGukd twGif;aps;eJ@ óudufo [if;qdkwmawmh rajymeJ@awmh a[hvla& æ o
abm&Sd atm&Sb d ?J w±kwpf m/ ukvm;pm/ jrefrmpm
avmuf 0,f&w,fAsm aemuf+yD; tm;vHk;ygbJ? óuduf&m[if;udk óudufoavmuf
pufrZ_ ek x
f wk w f hJ um;awGawmif 0,fciG hf pm;vdk@&w,fAs? tuef@towfrJhayghAsm? t&uf
trsKd;uvJ pHkvdk@ygbJAsm? bmajymaumif;rvJ
ay;r,fqakd wmh cHpm;cGiahf wGu woD}uD; ud, k af wGu ta&orm;r[kwaf wmh [if;aumif;
ayghAsm ’ rSefor#bJ vdkufwD;ypfwmayghAsm æ rl;wJhvlawG
uvJ taumif;pm;t&ufawGudk aomufvdk@
ruke&f if oGeyf pf=uw,fav æ u|eaf wmfawmh ES
‘at;Asæ wd w d u susod & atmif v d k @ ajrmvSoAsm? 'gayrJh olwdk@twGufuawmh olwkd@
u|efawmfholi,fcsif;udk pHkprf;+yD; ta=umif;jyefydk@ vdck siwf yhJ ef;wdik f vSr;f udik Ef ikd +f yq
D akd wmh b,favmuf
zke;f qufay;zd@k rae@uawmh ta=umif;=um; xm; ukeu f ek f *±krpdu k bf ;l av æ olw@dk vckd siw f m 'gb’J
rdw,f? 'Dae@rsm; zkef;jyefqufrvm;vdk@ apmifhae q&mu olodor#/ óuH&or#/ &Sif;jyae
wmyg? 'gayrJh tdrrf mS om;awmfarmifudk zke;f apmifh onf? u|efawmhfrSmom rSifwufrdvsufom;?
zdk@ wm0efay;cJh&w,f æ nDvmcHudpPawGuawmh u|efawmf=um;odxm;onfh tcsufwcsufudk
cifAsm;vJ odoifo h avmuf odaewmyJAsm? bmrS q&m@tm; ar;vdkufrdonf?
r[kwfygbl;/ olwkd@[molwdk@ óudwifqGJxm;+yD; ‘'geJ@q&m æ tJ'D zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
om;yg? u|efawmfwdk@awGu oufouf olwdk@&JŒ xJrSm u|efawmf =um;odxm;wJhtcsufwcsuf
toHk;cscHoufoufygAsm? vufn‡d;axmif/ acgif; ar;=unfhcsifw,f? tJ'gu (e0w) eJ@ (etz)
ndwfygbJ? bmrS wifjycGifh/ a0zefcGifh &Sd=uwmrS vufxufrSm vlxkukd&Sif;vif;okwfoif acsr_ef;
r[kwfbJ? acgif;pOfwckudk tpktzGJ@wcku wif& wdkufcdkufcJh&wJhudpPrSefor# rnfonfhw&m;±Hk;wGif
w,f? aemuftpkz@JG wcku jznfph u G w
f ,f? +y;D awmh rS w&m;qGJcGifhr&Sd EdkifiHawmftajctae t&yf&yf
176
a=umif h o mv#if òyrl c H & aoma=umif h j zpf w ,f rJu'fjym; xkwaf y;olxo H mG ;&ef vufrw S x
f ;kd um
qdkwJhtcsuf ygw,fqdkwm [kwfvm;q&m ’ rJjym;xkwf&onf? 'DrSmwGifbJ uvdefuuspf
‘aocsmwmayghAsm? tJ'gu olwkd@vdkcsif vkyf&yfu ay:vmonf? rJu'fjym; xkwfay;olu
wJh yGdKifhav æ 'gukdvdkcsifvdk@ 'DavmufaiGawG ‘rJu'fjym;udk 'Dpm;yGJay:rSmbJ trSefjcpf
tukeftuscH? tcsdefawG tukefcH+yD; vkyfZmwf oGm;yg ’
}uD; ujyae&wmayghAsm? uJ a[hvla& rdk;vJ u|efawmf rJjym;vufxJrSmudkifxm;+yD;
pJoGm;+yD/ u|efawmftdrfjyeftHk;r,f? zkef;vm&if jyefajymvdkufonf? ‘[dkrSmvkyfxm;wJh qENðycef;
[dkaumifu tqifajyatmif ajymEdkifrSm r[kwf qdkwm rJay;qEN&SifawG&J@ ol@qENudk olazmfxkwf
bl;? cifAsm;vJjyefcsifjyefav? wu,fvdk@ ypPnf; cGifhay;xm;wJh tcef;r[kwfvm; æ usKyf tJ'DxJ
vSJawGa&mufvm&if armifausmfudk tac:v$wf a&mufrS usKyfqENukdazmfxkwfr,fAsm? rJu'fjym;
vdkufr,f ’ ay;&rJhwm0efu cifAsm;wm0ef? qENðy+yD; rJyHk;xJ
‘[kwfuJhq&m æ u|efawmfvnf; jyef a&mufatmifx&hJ rSmu u|eaf wmhwm0ef? (Duty
ygtHk;r,f ’ is Duty) ayghAsm æ [J æ[Jæ ’
u|ef a wmf vS r f ; xm;wJ h rd k ; umtusô 'gu 'Dvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk odxm;wJh
jyef0wfvdkufw,f? OD;ausmfudk E_wfquf+yD; puf u|efawmfwOD;omv#if rdrdtcGifhta&;udk rdrd
0ef;xJu u|efawmf jyefxGufvmawmh u|efawmhf toH;k csciG hf &jcif;omjzpfw,f? bmrSrod&mS / pmay
ajcvSrf;rsm; tvGefaES;auG;aea=umif; odae rwwf / A[k o k w enf ; ol w k d @ ud k b,f a vmuf
onf? anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcH}uD;. twGi;f o±kyu f kd tEdkif,l+yD;+yDvJ? u|efawmfrodEdkifawmh? ighrSm
yDyjD yifjyif odvu kd &f onft h wGuf &ifrmS av;uef wm0ef&Sdw,f? 'Dvdk rodem;rvnfr_udk tcGifh
xdkif;r_dif; ndKnpfaeonf? ywf0ef;usif rkd;om; aumif;,l+yD; jynfolawGtay: rw&m;csKyfcs,f
wdrfvdyfwdk@ uif;ae+yDrdk@ aea&mifjcnfu vif; t"rRòyusifh=uwJh etz vufudkif'kwfawGudk
vufjzmusvsuf &SdaeqJ? pdwfcHpm;r_eJ@ jyify olwkd@vkdcsifwJh &mE_ef;jynfhr&&Sda&;? u|efawmf
o¾efonf ajzmifah jzmifq h ef@usiaf erSe;f u|eaf wmf vrf;xJtjrefjyefvmw,f? rJay;&efusefolawG
odonf? xufaumif;uif rdk;av0o tajctae udk tdrfay:ac:+yD; rJay;&rnfh enf;pepfrsm; t
onf vif;vuf=unfvifaeaomfvnf; u|ef ao;pdwfajymjy&onf? rJu'fjym;,l&ef/ qENòy
awmf.pdww f iG f cHpm;r_jzpfpOfonf xHx k ikd ;f r_id ;f a0 cef;xJ0if&ef/ txJwGif abmvfyifwacsmif;eJ@
tdòyd aeavonf? tdrb f ufo@kd OD;wnfjyefvmae pm;yGJi,fwvHk; csay;xm;onf? rJjym;ay:wGif/
aomfvnf; vGefcJhaom vtenf;i,fu jynfvHk; =uufajccwf trSwt f om;jcpf+yD;rS rJjym;udak cguf
u|wfqENcH,lyGJ rJay;&rnfh rJ±Hk (tru) uav; tjyifodk@jyefxGuf+yD; rJyHk;xJodk@ xJh&rSmjzpfa=umif;
qD pdwfua&mufoGm;jyefrdonf? u|efawmhfyg;pyfawG vSnf;ya'gif;vdkufatmif
tJ'Dae@u u|efawmfrJ±Hka&mufcsdefrSm awG@ol taygif;ukdajymjyrdonf? 'g[m igh&JŒ
eHeuf 8;00 em&D avmuf&Sdae+yD? wcsdK@vnf; rJ ordkif;ay;wm0efqdk+yD; u|efawmfysm,mcwf pdwf
ay;+yD;+yD? wcsdK@vnf; tdrfuyif rxGuf=uao;? v_yf&Sm;aeoavmuf æ
u|efawmfa&mufoGm;awmh rJ±HkrSL;u rJpm&if;pDeD nae 4;00 em&D avmufrSm rJ±HkydwfoGm;
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177
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ESifh ta&SŒav#muf taemufav#muf jzpfaecJh u|efawmhfrsufESmudk aumif;pGm zwfwwfae+yD?
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r&SiftzGJ@wkd@u òyH;òyH;&$if&$ifESifh usKyftdrfa&S@u tm; etzu vl@tcGifhta&;udk rk'def;usifh vdkuf
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rJ±HkrSL;eJ@tzGJ@ jyefajzvdkufyHku
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}uD;ygAsm æ [J æ [J ’ acwW- rJaqmuf
eHeuf 8;00 em&Davmuf rJ&rkH mS u|eaf wmf
ajymcJhonfhtwdkif; æ u|efawmf=um;Edkifatmif
ajymjcif ; jzpf a =umif ; od w ,f ? tJ ' D t csd e f u (28³ 8³ 08)
rif;odcF0wWKxJrS qm;ykvif;ESif;armifpwdkifeJ@
u|efawmfajymcJhwm olwkd@ aumif;aumif;od=u
ygw,f? nae 4;00 em&D avmufrSmawmh olwdk@
u acsy*dk;tjyif tEdkif*dk;yg xnfhoGif;oGm;cJhacs+yD?
vrf;xJrS vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk rJxJhenf;awG
b,favmufydk@csapumrl rJqEN&Sif ta&twGuf
ESifh rJjym;uGufwdr[kwfbJ tydkrJjym;rsm;eJ@ upm;
oG m ;cJ h a om upm;uG u f (uvd e f u uspf ) ud k ‘[dkrSmvkyfxm;wJh qENðycef;qdkwm
u|eaf wmfov d u
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tjynfheJ@ v_yf&Sm;cJhr_tay: jyefvnfoHk;oyf
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uuspfusvdk@igwdk@cH&wm æ 'gqdk æ vlowf
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jyef a &muf a eonf E S i f h ZeD ; onf u qD ; óud + yD ;
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pufxJrSm b,foleJ@ pum;rsm;cJhovJ? xrif; (Duty is Duty) ayghAsm
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178
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ta=umif; 0rf;omp&m pdwfcsrf;omp&mqkdvkd@ vkyfcukdav#mhay;/ vlukdzrf;+yD; 'kuQa&mufaewJh
wcgrSr&SdchJygbl;? pdwfqif;&Jp&m/ 0rf;enf;ausuGJ ae&mukdyJ twif;jyefykd@/ rdef;uav;awGusawmh
p&mawGyJ xyfqifx h yfqifh wk;d vk@d om vmygawmh jynfhwefqmb0a&mufukef/ tdrfazmftjzpf vkyf
w,f? jyefawmhvJ tdrf&Sifu ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy
wjynfvHk;rSm&SdaewJh vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol ypPnf;ckd;w,fpojzifh æ pojzifh pGyfp+GJ yD; rw&m;
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use;f rma&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&; qkid &f m qkid &f mawG[m txd =um;&awmh &ifurGJ wwf emusnf;cHpm;&/
csKd@whJ ysufpnf;aeum 'kuQyifv,fa0ae&w,f? a=uuGJ&ygw,f?
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tm;vHk;ukd o,fzkd@ twif;tm;"rR zrf;qD;+yD; twdwf&J@t&dyf[m r_ef0g;ae&mu w
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ckid ;f vk@d vrf;c&D;rSm roGm;Ekid f rvmEkid /f ro,fEidk w f hJ ajrmufa'o awmfvSefwhJ jynfolawGe@J jynfol@
tcg ±ku d Ef u
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179
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nwnrSmaygh? us,fjyef@nDnmwJh wvif;jyif}uD; awGukd csD;usL;*k%fjyK/ twk,kavhvmp&mrsm;
&JŒtv,f/ a±$0ga&mif aumufv_difyHk}uD;awG&JŒ tjzpf awmfvSefwhJ jynf olrsm;eJ@ pum;vufqHk
teD; nDi,fnDri,f/ armifr,fawGe@J rdbrsm;yg uscJhzl;w,f?
rusef cspf=unf&if;ESD;pGm 0kdif;zGJ@pum;ajymcJh=u vGefchw J hJ ESpf (50) ausmaf vmufu ysO;f rem;
w,f? &ufpuf,kwfrmvSwhJ ya'o&mZf ajr&Sif c±kid f ygwu D eG zf &ifh usi;f y &m yGcJ if;}uD;qDo@dk jcLoH
pepfukd qef@usif wkduf ckduf&if; pnf;vHk;nDnGwf wnHnHeJ@ vSnf;,Of u av;awGpD;+yD;/ waysmf
vmwJh v,form;xk }uD;[m xGefwHk; wkdufyGJ ukd wyg; yG=J unfha&mufvm wmawGukd jyefvnf jrif
qifEGJwJhtcg t±G,f eJ@rr# wnf=unf&J0HhpGm a,mifaerdw,f? aemuf wae@ae@vnfcif; wvif;
wyfO;D u yg0ifwu dk cf u
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ta=umif; æ ukd pm;jrKef@jyef&if;eJ@ qlnH
tzdESdyfcH jynfol aeawm@w,f?
w&yfvHk;b0vGwf tJ'D “arG arG;rdcif ”
ajrmufa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD qkdwhJ jyZmwfwkdav;[m
a&;/ +id r f ; csrf ; a&;wk d @ wem&DyJ tcsed =f umw,f?
twGuf wkdufyGJ0if&if; ol&@J xl;jcm;csufu Zmwf
usqH k ; cJ h & &S m wJ h ‘ awmf vrf ; tprS t qH k ; txd
vSefwJh trsdK;orD; ol&J aw;oDcsif;awGqkd+yD; [ef
aumif; rcifopf ’ &JŒ trlt&meJ@ aygif;pyfum
ta=umif; æ o±kyfazmfw,f? pum;
pwmawG ajymqk&d if; a±$0ga&mif aumufvid_ ;f vHk;0rajymbl;?
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rSef;ar#mfxm;wJh » atmifyef;ukdvJ » vSrf;um “[kdwkef;u ajrewforD; wyg;&Sdw,f? a&ewf
aeqJay » vGr;f &pfwhJ &Jabmftaygi;f av » opPm om;wyg;eJ@ arwWmr# aygif;zuf=u+yD;aemuf om;
"dÏmef +rJcidk =f uap » » ” qkw d hJ om,m +idrahf nmif; wyg;xGe;f um;cJw h ,f?‘tefw;D &mhpf ’vk@d ac:w,f?
wJh ukdomat;&J@ ykavGoHav;[m oif;ysH@}udKif 'Dom;awmf t±G,fa&mufvmwJhtcg b,fvkd
avSmufwJh aumufoif;&eH@ av;awGeJ@twl &efolrsKd;ukdrqkd ,SOf+ydKifwkduf&if (r,fawmfajr
axG;vHk;&pfywfvkd@ a&muf&Sdvmygawmhw,f? ewforD;&JŒ tultnDe@J ) om;awmfu tEkdif&cJh
'Dtcku d f oif;ysŒH ysŒH &eH@av;rsm;ukd tm;yg; wmcsn;f yJ? 'Dta=umif;ukd aumif;aumif;odaewJh
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180
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wku d af wmhw,f? r±_rvSe@J ppf±;H_ cJ+h y;D om;awmf[m ajy;p&mvJ ajrr&S d/ ay;p&mvJ
&efol ( [musLvD ) u yifv,fjyifxJ ukdifayguf aiGr&S djzpf=u&vk d@ wk dif;wyg;uk d
csvkdufwmukd cHvkduf&w,fwhJ ? ”
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ajr}uD;eJ@tvm;o¿mefww l hJ jynfovl xl }k uD;ukd vkyfcuk dav#mhay;/ vluk dzrf;+yD;
rypfy,f&bl;? ypfy,f&if ppf±_H;r,f? &efolukd
tEkid rf wku d Ef idk bf ;l vk@d ygwu
D ynmay;xm;wmyg? 'kuQa&mufaewJhae&muk dyJ twif;
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wkdav; ay:vmcJhwmyg? 'D jyZmwfukd vlxl}uD;u
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+yD; oH+ydKifqkdae=uw,f?
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» av;pm;cspf c if » ruif ; uG m atmif y if » pojzifh ------
vlxktusKd;ukd » o,fykd;Ekdif&if » b,fawmhrS
r±_;H Ekid f tqH;k wkid af tmifyif » igw@dk rcd if » xm0pOf
» vlxkyif »» ” wJh?
tDtcsdefrSm b}uD;ndK[m vufzuf&nf
=urf;ukd r_wfaomufvkduf/ wufnDvufnD pyg;
avS@ae=uwJh &JabmfawGe@J ±Gmom;awG (vlxak wG)
uk=d unfv h u dk ef @J yw
D ad wGjzma0aeygw,f? watmifh
avmuf=umawmh “ nuyG=J unfw h m arG;rdcifuk d
=unf&h if;eJ@ igph w d x f rJ mS wckay:vmwm&Sw d ,fuG ”
vkd@ tarjrukd vSrf;ajymvkdufawmh tarjru
“ bmrsm;vJ ukdnKd&ŒJ vkd@ jyefar;vkdufw,f?”
“ igpOf;pm;rdwmu 'DvkduG/ om;awmf[m r,f
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tm;xkwf&if ykdaumif;rSmyJ ” vkd@ ajymvkdufawmh » ol&Jaumif; » rSefaywm » » ” wJh? 'gwif
tarjruawmh +yHK;+yD;=unfhaeygw,f? 'DyHk&dyfukd bmutHk;rvJ? quf+yD; ay:vmwmuawmh æ
wajrŒajrŒ jyefvnfjrifa,mif aerdygw,f? “ jynfæol æ nD nm æ tm;pkumraoG
vGrf;armp&m twdwfu yHk&dyfawGukd æ wkduf=ur,fav æ atmifoajyyef;[m æ
jyefvnfjrifa,mifaerdckdufrSmyJ pm;yGaJ y:&Sd uuf jynfolawGom æ rkcsjref;&rSm æ ”
qufxJu atmifjrifcef‹jim;vSwJh awmfvSefwJh
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tr_u d yf ;Hk E_u
d +f yD; ta[mif; tjrif;aumufwo hJ el @J / w,f ? bmæw±k w f j ynf o G m ; tvk y f v k y f & if ;
olawmif;pm;tzG@J awG/ bde;f pm;awG/ bde;f a&mif;wJh }uD ; yG m ;csrf ; omwJ h o l b,f a vmuf r sm;ovJ
olawGaygh? olawmif;pm;tzGJ@qkdwm tzGJ@vkduf [kwv f m;? usKyfvJ ar;=unfch yhJ gw,f? wa,muf
vm/ trsm;pku uav;awGaygh? uav;awGukd avmufawmifrS emrnfemreJ@ ajymEkid af vmufol
tawmif;ckid ;f / vl}uD;vifr,m;aiGawmif;ckid ;f olu r&Sdao;bl;? tdrfukd aiGjyefykd@ay;Ekdifolu wòr@vkH;
ykdufqHodrf;/ olwkd@vifr,m;u vrf;cGqkHuae 3 a,mufavmufy J &Sdw,f? trsm;tm;jzifh
uav;awGukd apmifh&if; vufzuf&nfaomuf aecif;tvkyv f yk vf udk =f u/ nus rl;+yD; aomuf=u
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aumif;r&&if uav;awGudk rn‡mrwm ±ku d v f u dk f ,ufxkd;=u? 'grSr[kwf raumif;wJh rdef;rysuf
=u/ ESufvkduf=ueJ@? b,fuvm olwkd@om;orD; uav;awGe@J aysmyf g;=u? aiGr&bl;r[kw/f &w,f?
[kwv f rd rhf vJ? ck;d vmwJh uav;awGvm;/ bmvm; 'gayrJh tJovkd okH;ðzef;ypfwmeJ@ jyefp&maiG
awmh usKyfb,fodrvJ? jrifchJ&wm =um;cJh&wm awmif r&SdwhJ aumifawGcsnf;yJ?
ukdyJ ajymwm? usKyf&J@wlvm;? olvJ bmxl;rSmvJ? 'Dykwf
bdef;jzLorm;csif; wl&ifawmif Arm xJu 'Dy/J twlwle@J tElElyJ aerSmaygh? 'ge@J usKyf
bde;f jzLorm; tqifeh rd o hf wJ?h w±kwjf ynfbufrmS vJ olaeaumif;+yDqkdwm =um;wmeJ@ vSnfh jyefchJ
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olwkd@xJu wcsKd@u tqifhjrifhowJh? um;awG rSm? tjyefrSmawmh vG,f*s,fvrf;bufu vSnf
qdkifu,fawG a&$}uKd;awG/ rdef;rawGqkdvJ a&$awG hjyefchJwmav? 'ga=umifh 'DoabFm pD;jzpfwmaygh?
oD;aewmyJwJh? aewmxkdifwmvJ ArmawGvdk usKyfpD;vmwJh tacgufrSyJ oabFmu
pk w f p k w f jywf j ywf r [k w f y J oyf o yf & yf & yf / usyfvkdufwm vGefyga&mAsm? vlawGukd iydicsOf
om;om;em;em;wJh? vlwkdif;awmh r[kwfbl;? odyfovkd usyfnyf+yD; vkdufae=u&w,f? tay:
w±kwfjynf twGif;ykdif;txd oGm;vm+yD; bdef; qkH;xyf usKyfwuf=unfh+yD;+yD? rkd;uvJ &Gmaeawmh
a&mif ; Ek d i f w m ol w k d @ yJ w J h ? rd & if v J ES p f } uD ; eJ @ tay:xyfu trk;d tumr&Sed @J / rk;d vkw H hJ ae&mav;
ao'%fcH&&ifvJ olwkd@yJaygh? ArmawGuawmh uvJ rjzpfpavmuf?tJ'DrSmawmif vlawG jynfh
vrf;ab;rSm vljrifraumif;atmif/ odomatmif aewmyJ? tv,fxyfuawmh ae&maumif;aygh
v_y&f mS ;=u? bde;f jzLav; rjzpfpavmufa&mif;ay;/ Asm? ±kyfjrifoH=um;uvJ Zmwfvrf;acG xkd;jyae
xkd;ay;? Armbdef;pm;awGvJ bmrSrwefwmav; awmh tv,fxyfrSm vlawGykdrsm;wmaygh?
awG/ tvpfokwf=u/ ckd;=u? rdoGm;vkd@ ±kdufwm bk e f ; }uD ; wyg;uawmh ±k y f j rif o H = um;
ESufwm cH&&ifvJ 'DArmawGyJ? tJ'DbufrSmu ab;wnfw h nfrh mS ae&m,lxm;w,f? oluawmh
olckd;/ cg;ykdufE_dufqkd taotaus ±kdufypfwm? Zmwfvrf;=unfhvkd@ r&ygbl;? oleJ@u ab;wkduf
'Denf;eJ@ olrsm;wkdif;jynfrSm ukd,fhtrsKd;om; *k%f jzpfaewmukd;? toHawGawmh =um;ae&rSmaygh?
oduQmawG us+yD;&if; usaewmavAsm? 'umwa,muf ole@J pum;awG ajymae=uw,f?
awmfyg+yDAsm? 'Dta=umif;awG rajym w&m;pum;awG aerSmaygh? 0gwGif;}uD;rSm ta&;
csifygbl;? usKyfodwmuvJ enf;enf; &Sdygao; ay: udpP&Sdvkd@ xGufvm&wJh bkef;}uD;eJ@wlw,f?
183
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184
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185
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186
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187
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aumifawG [efvkyfwmaerSmyg? b,fwkef;u tazmfu ol@vufudk twif;aqmifq h +JG yD; ac:oGm;
'DaumifawG jynfol@tusKd; xrf;zl;vkd@v?J jynfol onf? “rif; 'gavmufnHh&ovm;/ tuif;vJ
awG o mru &[ef ; awmf a wG y g owf a ewJ h ryg;bl;? olwkd@u æ”[k wcsufajymvkdufrS [kdvl
ppfwyf r[kwfvm;? acgif ; yk 0 if o G m ;+yD ; usef w J h t&yf o m;awG u k d
olwkd@xrif;pm;=uawmh wyfom;awG vufrSwf qufppfaeonf?
yg tm;vkH;0kdif;pm;=uonf? [if;xrif;0,fzkd@ enf ; enf ; nOf @ euf v mcsd e f t xd ppf
ppfAkdvf. rdef;ru aiGxkyfay;onf? trSefu om;awG. zJ0kdif;u qlnHaewkef;? usefc&D;onf
wyfom;awG xrif;pm;wmtwGuf ppfAv dk u f om awG tdyfukef=u+yD? ±kyfjrifoH=um;u Zmwfvrf;jy
aiGxw k af y;&ayvdrrhf nf? olw@dk rmS bmta=umif; wmvnf; ydwfvkdufwm =um+yD? olwkd@zJ0kdif;u
&SdrSef;rod? aiGacs;ay;&wmvm; rajymwwf? b,fol@rS *±krpkdufyJ qlnHaomif;usef;wkef;?
naepmxrif;0kdif;qkdawmh ykvif;jym;av;awG zJ±;H_ olawGu ppfAv dk af v;. rde;f rukd “rwif=unf
olwkd@ qGJxkwfvm=uonf? ppfAkdvfu xrif; æ rwif=unf”[k oGm;E_d;+yD; aiG,l=uonf?
odyfrpm;? t&ufaomufvkduf/ [if;ukd jrnf; acs;wmvm;/ ay;wmvm;rod ? awmf = um
vkdufESifh? [if;xyf0,fwkdif; ppfAkdvf. rdef;ru aiG wa,muf v m aiG a wmif ; vk d u f / awmf = um
xkwfxkwf ay;ae&onf? aomufpm;+yD;awmh aemufwa,mufvm aiGawmif;vkdufe@J ?
ppfAkdvfu pD;u&ufav;aomufvkduf? rdef;rukd oef;acgif,H eD;vmcsdefrSm zJ0kdif;u
wGwfwD;wGwfwm ajymvkduf? ppfAkdvf. rdef;ru x&efjzpfonf? ppfom;tcsif;csif; &efjzpf+yD;
188
xkd;}udwfrvkdjzpfum qGJ=u/ xdef;=uESifh? wcsKd@ ol@trlt&mu aqmifhºum;ºum;? ppfom;jzpf

c&D;onfawGyif vef@Ekd;vm=uonf? ppfAkdvf. onfhtjyif wyfom;±kd;±kd; r[kwfonfhtwGuf
rde;f ru t&ifE;dk onf? ol@a,musmf ;ukd E_;d vku d +f yD; ykd+yD; rmewuf armufrmae[efwlonf?
tusKd;ta=umif;ajymrS ppfAkdvfu zJ0kdif;&Sd&m wc%t=um usaemfhteD; aemuf+yD;
oGm;um tm;vkH;ukd qJqkd}udrf;armif;/ aemuf+yD; xk d p pf o m;teD ; rS trsKd ; orD ; wa,muf jzwf
zJ0kdif;ukd todrf;ckdif;vkdufrS udpPjywfoGm;onf? av#mufvmonf? awmfawmfu h dk om;om;em;em;
uk,
d ef @J bmrSrqkid b
f J usaemf oufjyif; acsmacsmvSvS trsKd;orD;wa,mufyg? t0wf
wcsuf csvdkufrdonf? 'gavmufe@J qkd awmfao; tpm;uvnf ; wu,f h u k d om;om;em;em;
wmaygh? usaemfvJ pdwfat;vufat; tdyfrnf awmuf a wmuf a jymif a jymif ? txl ; ojzif h
}uHonf? tdyI f raysm?f awmifpOf;pm;/ ajrmufpOf; xk d t rsKd ; orD ; u uk d , f v k H ; uk d , f a yguf tvG e f
pm;ESifh wcgu usaemfvdkufygcJhzl;onfh oabFm xGm;usKid ;f ±krH u tquftayguu f sonf? tvGef
c&D;pOfta=umif; pdwfu a&mufoGm;onf? awmifw h if;onf? onftrsK;d orD;aemufrS vlwpk
xkdpOfu oabFmay:rSm t&yfom; vkdufygvmaomfvnf; xkdppfom;u jrif[efrwl/
wcsKd@ nuwnf;u ae&m,lxm;+yD;om;? 'gayrJh *±kpkduf[efrwl? yxr xkdppfom;u avwcsuf
ppfom;rsm; 'DoabFmESihf vku d rf nfqo dk nfh owif; c|efvkdufonf? aemuf+yd; “rif;uav;u w,f
vnf;&a&m/ reufykdif; b,ft&yfom;c&D;onf acsmygvm;/ w,fawmifhygvm;”[k ajymonf?
awGukdrS vufrSwfay;rjzwfawmh? tapm}uD; onfah emuf rzG,rf &m cyf=urf;=urf; pum;wcGe;f
uwnf;u vufrSwfjzwfxm;olawGukdyif ay; ajymvkdufonf?
rvkdufygbl; vkyfaeI renf;awmif;yefajymqkdrS zsef;ceJ yg;±kdufoH wcsuf =um;vkduf&
vkud cf iG &hf onf? atmfæppfom;awGuawmh tcGihf onf? teD;tem;u vltm;vk;H =um;&onftxd
xl;cHolawGukd;? usaemfu tapm}uD;uwnf;u toHus,fonf? trsKd;ord;u ±kdufonfr[kwf
vufrSwfjzwf+yD;om;qkdawmh 'DoabFmESifhyif yg? ol@aemufu oyfoyf&yf&yf om;om;em;em;
vkduf&onf? ppfom;awG w±kef;±kef;ESifhqkdawmh? 0wfxm;onfh vlwa,mufu ±kdufvkdufjcif;yg?
odwfpdwfrcsrf;om? pdwfav;aeonf? oabFm xkdppfom; rsufESmeD&JoGm;+yD; jyefvnfwkH@jyefzkd@
wpD;vk;H ppfom;awGu w0ufausmaf vmuf ygae vk y f r nf j yKpOf yg;±k d u f v k d u f a om ol u
onf? wcsKd@wavavmufyJ ppf0wfpkHESifh? trsm; “a[haumif æ rif;owdqGv J kdufprf;”
pku t&yf0wfESifhyg? wyfcsif;rwlonfh wyfom; usaemfhteD;u ppfom;rSm bmrS rwkH@
awGvJ a&mygvmykH&onf? ppf0wf 0wfxm;onfh jyef0Hawmh±kHr#ru csufcsif;owdqGJvkduf&onf?
wyfom;awGxrJ Smyif wHqdyfu rwl? “rif;wyf&if; b,favmufvJæbmtqifhvJ?
usaemf wG u f x m;onf h t wk d i f ; ygyJ ? ukd,fykdifeHygwf b,favmufvJ” yg;±kdufolu
jy\emu usaemf h t em;rS m yif pwuf a wmh tqifhqifh ar;jref;pkHprf;aeonf? yg;±kdufcH&olrSm
onf? wyf=uyfvm; bmvm;rod? t&yfom; usaemfxifxm;ovkdyif wyf=uyftqifhavmuf
t0wf aumif ; aumif ; rG e f r G e f 0wf x m;ol om &Sdygonf? aemufqkH; yg;±kdufolu “'gæ
wa,mufu t&yfom;awG txl;ojzifh rdef;rysKd igEh rS uGæ rif;wk@d Avdk u
f dk igq
h aD c:vmcJph rf; æ rif;yg
av;awGukd vkduf=unfh&if; [efa&;jyaeonf? jyefvu dk vf mcJ”h [k trde@f csvu dk of nf? t&yfom;
189
awGu 0kdif;=unfhae=uojzifh olwkd@tcsif;csif; uGrf;,m a&mif;olaumifrav;u rdef;uav;vkd

=um;rSm jy\em qufajz&Sif;rnfhykH aygufonf? 0wfxm;I ol@nDrjzpfolu a,mufsm;av;vkd
usaemf v J 'D v k d u d p P r sKd ; quf r =unf h v k d o jzif h 0wfxm;onf? a,mufsm;&Smav;vm; rodyg?
xkdtem;rS cGmvmcJhonf? pdwfxrJ Sm tawG;prsm; olvJ a,mufsm;&Smav; jzpf[efwlonfhwkdif
æ wu,fvkd@ yg;±kdufcH&olu wyf=uyfr[kwfbJ ol@trenf;wl tawmfuav; vSonf? *sif;
ppfAkdvfjzpfaev#ifaumæ 'Djy\em b,fvkd abmif;bD0wfxm;+yD; tusôtuGufuav;ESifh
jzpfrnfv?J tu,fI yg;±kdufvkdufolu usaemf jzLjzLacsmacsmav;? Zmwfvkdufrif;orD;uav;
xif x m;ovk d Ak d v f t qif h x uf }uD ; aomol usaeygonf? trjzpfolu ol@nDrukd uGrf;,m
r[k w f v #if a umæ æ ol w k d @ jy\ema=umif h r,map&yg? ol@ukd,fwkdif uGrf;,m,m+yD; nDr
usaemfhrSm [kdawG; 'DawG;ESifh tacsmufwkduf pdwf jzpfolu rkef@yJom;a&rsm;ukd ula&mif;vkduf/
qif;&Jae&ygonf? uGrf;&Gufuav; n‡yfay;vkduf vkyfay;aeygonf?
xkdpOfu olwkd@wGif armif
usaemf p D ; vmcJ h a om wa,muf v J &S d
oabFmwGif vufzuf zsef ; ceJ yg;±k d u f o H w csuf onf? xkdarmif
&nfqidk /f xrif;qkid rf sm; =um;vk duf&onf? teD;tem;u vltm;vkH; uav;u cyf
ygovkd tay:xyfwGif awmifhawmifhESifh
uG r f ; ,mqk d i f w qk d i f =um;&onftxd toH us,fonf? trsKd;ord;u a,musFm; +yDo
ygvmygonf ? uG r f ; ±k u d of nfr[kwyf g? ol@aemufu oyfoyf&yf&yf olyg? olwkd@armif
,mqkid af b;wGif ae&m u ab;u&yf
enf;enf; acsmifojzifh om;om;em;em; 0wf xm;onf h vl
w a,muf u =unf h a evk d u f ?
usaemf xkdtem; 0if ±k u d vf ku
d jf cif;yg? xk pd pfom; rsufEmS eD&oJ mG ;+yD; awmf=um [kdem;
xk d i f v k d u f y gonf ? 'D e m; c%xG u f
usaemfh t&if a&muf jyef v nf wk @
H jyefz k @
d vky frnf jyKpOf yg;±k u
d f oG m ;vk d u f / jyef
aeESifholrsm;rSmvnf; vk u d af om olu vmvdkufESifh?
awmol awmif o m; olwkd@u
rsm; jzpfojzifh usaemhf rEWav;u jzpfykH&
ukd ±kd;om;pGm ae&mwae&m =unf=unfjzLjzL onf ? nD t r 2 a,muf o}uF e f w G i f ; rS m
ay;ygonf? olwkd@rSm opftiSm; ckwf&aom oabFmESihf aps;a&mif;rvku d b f J rEWav;o}uFerf mS
opfckwftvkyform; wl0&D; 2 a,mufjzpf+yD; &yf u G u f r¾myf x J b,f v k d a&upm;rnf /
wljzpfwlrSm apmif}uD;+cKHum iSufzsm;wufae b,ft0wf tpm;0wfrnf? o}uFeftutzG@J xJ
&Smygonf? 0if u zk d @ tuwk d u f o nf h t xJ tcsd e f r &vk d @
usaemfvJ pdwf0ifpm;p&m wjcm; bmr# rygEkdifonfh ta=umif;awG ajymae=uonf?
r&Sdojzifh uGrf;,mqkdifokd@ vma&muf0,f=ucsrf; uGrf;,mvmpm;onfhtxJ t&yfom;
=uonfukd tjyif;ajy =unfhaerdonf? uGrf;,m awGomru ppfom;awGvnf; ygonf? t&yf
onf nD t rrS m tawmf u av; vS y gonf ? om; vli,fawGuvJ uGrf;,monfnDtrukd
190
yk d ; ovk d yef ; ovk d &d o J h o J h pum;/ tajymif ajymjyae=uavonf? ckeu uGrf;,m vmpm;
tavSmifpum;awG ajym=uonf? ppfom;vli,f =uaom ppfom;vli,fav;awGESifh ol@trukd
awGuawmh ykd±kdif;onf/ ykd=urf;onf? vlysKdtysKd aemufajymifonfhudpPta=umif;jyKI &efjzpf
obm0rSm ppfom;p±kdufawGyg aygif;vkdufawmh =uwmjzpfrnfqkdonfukd aA'ifrar;bJ usaemf
yGu
J em;axmif raumif;vSyg? xkt d cku
d f uGr;f ,m odaeygonf?
qkdifem;okd@ ol@armif jyefuyfvmonf? ppfom; tcsd e f t awmf } uD ; =umrS nD r jzpf o l
vli,fawGu *±krpkduf/ qufvuf pae=uonf? aqmif h a qmif h a tmif h a tmif h trl t &mrsKd ; jzif h
ol@armifu *sKd=unfh =unfhonf? ppfom;awGu jyefvmonf? “[Jhæ b,fvkdwhv J ?J ighukd jrefjref
cyfrmrm jyef=unfhonf? usaemfu &efjzpf=u ajymprf;? igrh mS pdwyf v
l u
dk &f wm aoawmhr,f”[k
rnf xif v k d u f o nf ? ok d @ &mwG i f bmr#rjzpf / trjzpfolu nDrjzpfol a&mufrqkduf qD;ar;
ppfom;awG uGrf;,m&ojzifh jyefoGm;=uonf? onf? “nnf;uvJ =umvkdufwm”
onfudpP usaemfarhavsmhoGm;onf? “=umrSmayghæoabFmay: ygvmwJh
tJ'Daemuf em&D0ufavmuft=um uGrf;,m ppfom;awGu wyfwwyfxJurS r[kwfwm?
qkdifokd@ vlwa,muf tajy;tv$m;a&mufvm+yD; b,fwyfuvJ/ wyf&if;b,favmufvJ? olwkd@
“a[hæcifarvGifeJ@ cifar=uifwkd@/ nDwkd@armif Akdvfu b,folv?J ol@ukd b,frSm oGm;awG@&rvJ
ppfom;awGeJ@ &efjzpfvkd@/ txkd;t}udwfcH&wm t=um}uD; pkHprf;ae&wm? oGm;awG@+yD; usrarmif
uGv J kd@ +yJvkd@/ 'gwifruao;bl;? tck ol@ukd }uKd;eJ@ yg? usrwkd@ukd [kdajym'Dajym ajymwmukd rcHEkdifvkd@
wkwf+yD; zrf;xm;=uw,f? nnf;wkd@ tJ'g vkduf jy\emjzpfwm/ ajz&Sif;ay;ygvkd@ajymawmh Akdvf
=uOD;? olwkd@ ppfAkdvfukd oGm;ajym” [k arm}uD; jzpfolu usrukd aumif;aumif;rGefrGef jyefajym
yef;}uD;ajymonf? nDtr ESpfa,muf rsufESm ygw,f? cifAsm;wkd@armif bmrS rjzpfap&ygbl;?
av;awG i,foGm;=u+yD; vkyfvufptvkyfav; c% ppfaq;pkHprf;+yD; ajz&Sif;ay;ygr,fwJh? 'geJ@
awG ta,mifa,mif trSm;rSm; jzpfukefonf? jyefvmcJh&w,f”
“tr eifaecJhæigvkdufoGm;+yD; ppfAkdvfe@J “[Jh-cifAsm;wkd@armif bmrS rjzpfap&
oGm;awG@r,f” nDrjzpfol a,musfm;&Smav;u bl;omqkdw,f 'kd@armifu uG+J yJaewJhtjyif }uKd;yg
cyfou G of u
G f ol@bmom qk;H jzwfcsucf s+yD; ol@bm twkwfcHxm;&wm r[kwfvm;”
om pdwfjrefvufjref xGufoGm;onf? trjzpfol “igvJ 'gukd ajymcJhygw,f? &efjzpfwm
rSm qkdifukd ypfxm;cJhvkd@r&ojzifh usefaecJhaomf qkdawmh 'g rwwfEkdifbl;wJh? quf+yD;awmh bmrS
vnf; pdwfajzmifh[efrwl? rsufESmav; n‡Kd;us rjzpfap&ygbl;wJh? }uKd;wkwfxm;wmawmh tck
aeonf? “ppfom;awG 'gavmuf trsm;}uD; ajzvkdufyg+yD? &mZ0wfr_rS r[kwf/ ukd,fu bmrS
ygvmcJu h wnf;u jy\emawG wufO;D awmhrmS yJ tjypfvkyfwmrS r[kwfwm? ppfom;qkd+yD; 'Dvkd
vkd@ usrxifaewm? ckawmh ukd,fhrSm jy\emeJ@ vkyfvkd@ b,f&rvJ”
wnfhwnfhwkd;awmhwmyJ”[k uGrf;,m0,fol “nnf;uom 'Dvkd vkyfvkd@ bm&rvJ
awGudk pdwo f ufom&m &vk&d jim; ajymjyaeonf? ajymaewm? vufawG@rSm ukd,fhbufu cHvkduf
uGrf;,mpm;olawGuvJ [kd=unfh'D=unfh tuJ &+yD;+yD? ppfom;eJ@ t&yfom;qkd ukd,fu cH&wJh
cwf&if; ppfom;awGqkd;ykH wkd;wkd; }udwf}udwf bufucsnf;yJ?” trjzpfolu wzspfawmuf
191
awmuf qufajymaeygonf? ar;aeonfh ar;cGef;ukd ppfAkdvfav;u ol@bmom

c%t=um oyf o yf & yf & yf 0wf x m; ajz&Sif;jyygonf? “'gu 'Dvkdygæppfwyfe@J yÃdyuQ
aom ±kyf&nfwifhwifhw,fw,f &Sdaom vlw jzpfatmif wrifvkyfwm/ jy\em&Smwm [kwf
a,muf uGr;f ,mqkid o f @dk a&mufvmygonf? uGr;f r[kwf usaemfodvkdygw,fæ'gu usaemfwkd@
,mvm0,fwmr[kwfyg?“usaemfu Akdvfjrifha0 bufu pkHprf;&r,fh 0wW&m;&Sdvkd@yg”
yg”[k ol @ uk d , f o l pwif rd w f q uf ygonf ? “trav;-Akdvf}uD;&,fæusaemfwkd@
nDrvkyfwJholuvnf; “ig ajymjywJh ppfAkdvfu armifu 17 ESpfyJ &Sdygao;w,f? ausmif;om; jzpf
oly”J [k trukd rdwfqufay; jyefyg onf? ±kHru t&ufrajymeJ@/ aq;vdyfawmif raomuf
“Akdvf}uD;&,fæusaemfharmifu wwfao;ygbl;? bm&mZ0wfr_rS r&Sdovkd EkdifiH
toufi,fygao;w,f? ol@trukd pvkd@ aemuf a&;qkw d m bmt"dym` ,freS ;f awmif odwm r[kwf
vkd@ rcHcsifjzpf+yD; &efjzpf=uwmygwJh? usaemfwkd@ ygbl;? oabFmqvif}uD;u usaemfwkd@e@J aqGrsKd;
oabFmrSmvkduf+yD; aps;a&mif;cJhwm =umyg+yD? eD;pyfawmfv@kd usrwk@d 'DoabFmay:rSm aps;a&mif;
ar;=unfhyg? bmjy\emrS r&SdchyJ gbl;? rdef;uav; zkd@ olu t}uHay;vkd@ usaemfwkd@ aps;a&mif;ae=u
awGayr,fh ±kd;±kd;om;om; wnfwnf=unf=unf wmyg? ck w ywf a wmh ol c G i f h , l x m;ygw,f ?
aewm tm;vkH;todyg? usaemfharmifu q,f aemuf+yD; usaemfwkd@ trsKd;awGuvJ ppfwyfxJ
wef;ausmif;om;yg? ausmif;ydwf&uf trawGeJ@ uygæ wyf&if;( )u Akdvf}uD;cspfxGef;[m
tazmf vkdufvmwmyg?” usaemfwkd@ OD;av;t&if;ygæ”
“Ak d v f } uD ; wk d @ u jynf o l @ wyf r awmf ppfAkdvfu acgif;w+idrfh+idrfh em;axmif
r[kwfvm;? jynfolwa,muf bmtjypfrS r&SdbJ aeygonf? tysKdav;awGa&S@ olvJ *kdufxkwf
'Dvv dk yk wf m rawmfygb;l ? Akv d }f uD;ukad wmh usaemf [ef v k y f a ewm ygonf [ k usaemf x if o nf ?
,kH=unfygw,f? usaemhfarmifukd tjrefqkH; v$wf rde;f uav;awGu t=um}uD; ol@armifupd P ajz&Si;f
ay;yg”nDrjzpfolu Zkd;Zkd;ZGufZGuf 0ifajymonf? ay;zkd@ awmif;yefae=uonfukd t&omcH em;
usaemfu om"ka&;onfh “wyfxu J jrwfukdukd” axmifae+yD;rS ol jyefoGm;onf?
rS rjrwfE, G . f p±ku
d u f dk jyefowd&vku d rf d ao;onf? aemuf rdepf 20 avmuf t=umrSm
“ppfAkdvfvkyfoluvnf; wcsuf +yKH; ol@armif jyefa&mufvmonf? rsufESmrSm tnKd
onf ? bmt"d y ` m ,f E S i f h +yKH ; rS e f ; awmh r od ? trnf;awGESifh? enf;enf;yg;yg; ayguf+yJwmvJ
“[kwfuJhæ usaemf ajz&Sif;ay;rSmygæ usaemf &Sdonf? trjzpfol qkH;jzwfcsuf cswmu odwfr
wcsuf ar;csifvkd@vmwmyg? cifAsm;wkd@armif[m qk d ; vS ? ol @ armif oabF m ay: quf & S d a ev#if
Ek d i f i H a &;eJ @ uif ; &S i f ; -ruif ; &S i f ; ? &mZ0wf r _ jy\emu odwfpdwfrcs&? ol@armifukd aiGwcsKd@
uif;&Sif;-ruif;&Sif; usaemf 'Dwcsuf odcsif ay;+yD; oabFmu qdyfurf;wck uyfonfESifh
ygw,f” [k ar;vmonf? ol@armifukd qif;ckdif;+yD; ukef;vrf;u jyefaponf?
“bk&m;a&”[k usaemfu =um;uae oabF m ay:u jy\emrS m xk d r #om
bk&m;wvkdufrdonf? vli,fbm0 trjzpfol ruyg? rsm;r=umrD oabFmay:rSm rSwfykHwifawG
twGuf &efjzpf=uwm EkdifiHa&;udpPeJ@ bmqkdif vkdfufppf=u/ ar;=u jref;=uESifh ±kwf±kwfoJoJ
vk@d v-J [k tH=h ojcif; jzpfro d nf? usaemf pdwx f u
J jzpfaeygonf? rSwfykHwif ppfonfrSm &Jom;rsm;
192
omru ppfom;rsm;vJ ygaeonf? tzsuform; onf jynfolawG tvGefpdwfqif;&J=u&ygonf?

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oabF m ay:u 'D t jzpf t ysuf r sm;uk d 9-10-2008
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196
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198
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vdrfhrnf?
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. “{nfhonf” uAsmæ ponfh uAsmrsm;enf;wl ukdav;armif.uAsmonfvnf; u|efawmfwkd@&ifxJ
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199
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(2)
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jzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif olonf u|efawmhftay:wGif xm0pOfv$rf;rkd;I u|efawmfhb0 tajymif;tvGJ
twGuf =oZm}uD;rm;pGm (taereD;bJESifh) yJhxdef;ay;cJholjzpfI ol@ta=umif;a&;zG@J vkdaom cHpm;r_rsm;
u|efawmfhrSm &Sdaeygonf?
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rSm pma&;q&mjzpfaeol) . tukd jzpfygonf?
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wGif tzGifh uAsmtjzpf a&SŒqkH;rSygvmaom ol.“wefckd;o#if”qkdaom uAsmyif jzpfygonf? onf
tcsdefu pmay0goemyg+yD; pma&;oifaep u|efawmfhtwGuf olonf tm;usav;pm;rqkH; jzpf&aom
wòrŒwnf;ae uAsmq&mwOD;tjzpf u|efawmfhtay: v$rf;rkd;cJhygonf? xkdtcsdefu ±_r0r*~Zif;wGif
tzGiu hf Asmtjzpf azmfjycJEh idk zf @dk qo
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oli,fcsif;u u|efawmfhxH wdwfwdwf,lvm+yD; ay;zwfv#if u|efawmfrSm 0rf;omrdonfESifhtwl
tm;uspw d rf sm; wzGm;zGm;ay:aygucf yhJ gonf? olu uAsma&;tm;aumif;aomfvnf; wcsK@d ol@uAsmrsm;
rSm tpk;d &cGijhf yKcsujf zifh xkwaf 0aom r*~Zif;rsm;wGif razmfjyEkid o f nfh uAsmrsm; jzpfaeygonf? ok@d aomf
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rom ck;d =unf+h yD; tuJcwf&ygonf? olEiS hf pum;rajym&yg? olu pum;enf;+yD; cyfwnfwnf aewwf
ygonf?
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200
aumfvmESifh &SyftusôtjzLukd 0wfxm;onf? u|efawmfod&Sdoavmuf olonf t+rJvkdvkd &Syftusô

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vSrf;=unfhvkduf+yD; ol@pmol jyefzwfaeygonf?
tdrfx0J ifoGm;onfhtcg u|efawmfhukd zrf;pm;vkdufonfu rSefbD±kdwvkH;wGif xnfhxm;aom
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rwk@d rxd&o J vkd u|eaf wmfth m;vnf; bD±v dk yS I
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201
ol. rxGufjzpfaom Tpmtkyfuav;. wefzkd;ukd u|efawmf ,ae@wkdif woaeqJ jzpfouJhokd@

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(3)
1962 ckESpfwGif u|efawmf wuUokdvf0ifwef; pmar;yGJ atmifchyJ gonf?

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uwnf;u uav;*sme,frmS pmpDpmuk;H +yKdiyf aJG wG qk&xm;/ q,fwef;ausmif;om;b0rSmvnf; +rKd@u
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0ifEz$J kd@ u|efawmf pdwftm;xufoefr_
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202
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oabmayguo f nf r[kwyf g? owif;pmawG/ pmtkyaf wGtjyif Ekid if aH &;pmtkyu f av;rsm; tenf;tyg;
pwifzwf±_vmrdojzifh tcsdef=umvmaomtcg u|efawmf oabmaygufvmygonf? u|efawmf
aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm; ok;H oyfrad omtcg &Suv f mygonf? Ekid if aH &;oabmxm; t&omruyg? uAsm
t&nftaoG;t&yif &Sufp&mjzpfrSef; u|efawmfodvmygonf? u|efawmfhuAsmu “vkyftm;wefzkd;/
cspfjrwfEkdf;I/ jynfusKd;wGufwm/ xrf;&Gufyg&ef/ vm=uukefaom vkyfom;wkd@”[k tpcsD+yD; puf±kHokd@0if
vkyftm;jy=u&ef v_H@aqmfxm;ygonf? wu,fhukd ppftpkd;& t}uKdufrsKd; jzpfygonf? 'kwd,qk&aom
“rmvmat;”u &GmwHwmav;ukd &GmtusKd;twGuf pkaygif;vkyftm;jzifh jyKjyif=u&ef av;csKd;vm;
a'G;csK;d vm;rod/ tcsK;d uav;jzifh a&;xm;onfurS ppftpk;d &t}uKduf wku d ±f u
dk rf a&;bJ vSvyS y jzpfae
ygao;onf? ausmif;ok;H pmtkyx f w
J iG f xnfo
h iG ;f jcif;cH&aom ol@uAsmurS u|eaf wmhx f uf t&nftcsi;f
&Sdao;onf? EkdifiHa&; pmtkyfrsm;/ EkdifiHa&; aqmif;yg;rsm; qufvufavhvmjzpfaomtcg u|efawmf
ykd+yD; &Sufvmrdygonf?
onf@aemufykdif; ukdav;armifESifh u|efawmf odyfrqkHpnf;rdawmhyg?
wESpfem;+yD; aemufwESpfY u|efawmf rauG;aumvdyfokd@ wufa&mufchJygonf? ukdav;armif
onfvnf; 1963 ckESpfwGif ppftpkd;&. tusOf;axmifwGif; usa&mufoGm;cJhavonf?
203
(4)
ukdav;armifESifh u|efawmfwkd@ aemufwacguf jyefvnf qkHawG@csdefwGifrl ola&m u|efawmf

a&m t&iftajctaeuESihf rwlawmh+yD? olu tusO;f axmifrv S w G vf m+yD;aemuf tcsed w f ck em;aeum
aemufyidk ;f rS rEWav;wuUov dk w
f iG f jyefvnfwufa&mufum Ekid if aH &;t& ykrd &dk ifuh suv
f mol? u|eaf wmf
u EkdifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;tygt0if pmtkyfrsKd;pkH qufvufavhvmjzpfum t&ifuxufpmv#if EkdifiHa&;
todtjrif wpkHw&m wkd;wufpjyKvmol?
u|efawmfonf toif;tyif; zGJ@pnf;cGifhr&Sdaom ppftpkd;&acwfY rauG;aumvdyfab;u
xef;awmxJrSm v#Kd@0SufzG@J pnf;cJhaom toif;tzG@J wckwGif yg0ifwm0ef,l+yD; xkdtoif;. axmufyH@
r_jzifh “tnmvrf;u a&csrf;pif”qkdaom pkaygif; uAsmpmtkyfuav;wtkyf xkwfjzpfcJhygonf?
onfuAsmpmtkyfuav; u|efawmfholi,fcsif;tm; ay;cJh&m olrSwqifh ol@tukd ukdav;armifvufxJ
a&mufoGm;cJhygonf? xkduAsm;pmtkyfuav;xJwGif u|efawmf. e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; uAsmwyk'fp
ESpfyk'fpvnf; yg&SdcJhygonf?
“tukdu rif;ukd awG@r,fwhJ? rif;[m “vkyftm;wefzkd; cspfjrwfEkd;”uAsma&;wm azmufjyef
w,f? tnmvrf;u a&csrf;pifrSm e,fcsŒJ qef@usifa&;uAsma&;wm wpkHw&m wkd;wufw,f? vlwef;
pm;t& atmufajcqif;&Jom; vlwef;pm; jzpfw,fwhJ” oli,fcsif;u onfokd@ ajymvmygonf?
olvnf; ausmif;ydwcf sed /f u|eaf wmfvnf; ausmif;ydwcf sed f tcsed w
f csed Yf olw@dk trd w
f iG f awG@jzpf
cJh=uygonf? oli,fcsif;u a&Smifay;+yD; ESpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajym&ygonf? {nfhcef;pm;yGJ [kdbuf
xdyfrSm oluxkdif+yD; onfbufxdyfrSm u|efawmfu xkdif&ygonf? q&mESifhausmif;om; awG@qkH&onfh
ykHpHrsKd;vkd jzpfaeygonf? awG@onfqkdaomfvnf; pum;rsm;rsm; ajym&onfr[kwfyg? u|efawmfwkd@
pum;0kdif;rSm tvGef wdus&Sif;vif;vSygonf?
“rif; armfpDwkef;a&;wJh ,iftef;rdef@cGef; zwfzl;ovm;” olu ar;onf?
“rzwfzl;ygbl;” u|efawmfu ajzonf?
“zwfcsifovm;”
“zwfcsifygw,f”
olu pmtkyfbD±kdxrJ S “,iftef;rdef@cGef;” t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pmtkyfwtkyf u|efawmhftm;
ay;vmygonf? (,iftef;rdef@cGef;oufouf t*Fvdyfbmoma&m/ Armbmomjyefpmtkyfyg &SdchyJ gonf)
“rif; t*Fvdyfvkd pmtkyfawG zwfaew,f r[kwfvm;”
“zwfawmh zwfygw,f? tukefvkH;awmh em;rvnfao;ygbl;”
“'Dvkdqkd&if Armpmtkyfyg ,loGm;/ r&Sif;vif;wJhae&mawGrSm wkdufzwf”
olu pmtkyfbD±kdxJrS ,iftef;rdef@cGef; Armbmomjyefpmtkyfukd xyf&Smay;jyefonf?
“aemuf+yD; 'Dpmtkyfukd zwf+yD;wJhtcgrSm rifhtjrifukd ige@J aqG;aEG;”
onfavmufyJ pum;ajym&+yD; pmtkyfESpftkyfukd u|efawmf,lum jyefchJ&onf?
u|efawmf ,iftef;rdef@cGef;pmtkyfukd ArmbmomjyefukdyJ t"duxm; zwfchJygonf? u|efawmf
. pmay t,ltqvrf;a=umif;ukd ajymif;vJoGm;aponfrSm ,iftef;rdef@cGef;pmtkyf jzpfygonf?
204
Tvrf;a=umif;ukd pwifn$efjyay;olrSm ukdav;armif jzpfygonf? onfawmhrSom jynfol@buf

&yfaom pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mjzpfzkd@/ zdESdyftkyfpkd;aom jynfol@&efol tpkd;&ukd qef@usifwkdufckduf
oGm;zkd@ u|efawmf yxrqkH;t}udrf av;eufjynfhpkHpGm od&Sdvmjcif; jzpfygonf? TonfrSm u|efawmfh
pmayt,ltqtjrif tvSnt hf ajymif;w&yf jzpfouJo h @dk Ekid if aH &;todtjrif tvSnt hf ajymif; w&yf
vnf; jzpfygonf? xkdr#omruao;yg? u|efawmhfb0twGufvnf; awmfvSefa&;orm;tjzpf
wav#mufvkH; &yfwnfoGm;aprnfh tvSnfhtajymif;w&yfjzpfa=umif; xkdpOfu u|efawmf rawG;rdchJ
ao;yg?
xkdpmtkyfukd u|efawmfjyefay;onfhtcgwGifvnf; ukdav;armifESifh u|efawmf ,iftef;rdef@cGef;
pmtkyfta=umif; ajym=uykHrSm wu,fhukd vkd/ wkd/ &Sif; jzpfchJygonf?
“'Dpmtkyfukd b,fvkd jrifovJ”
“tawmf av;eufygw,f? trSefw&m;vkd@vnf; xifygw,f”
“rif; vufcH&ŒJ vm;”
“vufcHygw,f”
“vufrcHEkdifwJhtcsufawG rygbl;vm;”
“rygbl;”
onfokd@ESifh pmtkyfta=umif; aqG;aEG;r_ +yD;qkH;oGm;onf?
“tJovkdqkd tJ'Dtwkdif; &yfwnfEkdifatmif }uKd;pm;/ pmtkyfawG rsm;rsm;avhvm/ ighnDqDrSm
zwfp&mpmtkyfawG igay;xm;r,f? rif; ol@qDu ,lzwf”
onfokd@ESifh u|efawmfwkd@pum;0kdif; +yD;oGm;&jyefygonf?
xkdpOfurl ol@vkyf&yfESifh ol@oabmxm;ukd u|efawmf aumif;aumif; em;rvnfcJhyg? ,ck
tcsed rf mS rS olu ol@nu D adk &m/ u|eaf wmfuh adk &m awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;ay:ok@d pnf;±k;H wify@dk cjhJ cif;jzpf
a=umif; em;vnf oabmayguv f m&ygonf? u|eaf wmft h m; awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;ay: a&mufvm
atmif yxrqkH; qGJwifolrSm oljzpfonf? olu t&rf;uma&m pnf;±kH;onfr[kwfyg? qk&uAsm
a&;pOfu u|efawmhfukd ol qef@usifonf? okd@aomf b0t& u|efawmf. vlwef;pm;ESifh u|efawmf.
vlra_ &; tajctaeukd ol@nrD w S qifh olavhvm+yD; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmonf? u|eaf wmf. pdwaf e oabmxm;/
pmayavhvmr_tm;ukd pl;prf;onf? u|efawmf. pmayb0 tajymif;tvJESifh b0tajymif;tvJwkd@ukd
qufvuf apmif=h unfah e+y;D oifah wmfonft h csed af &mufrS u|eaf wmfEiS hf pwif pum;ajymvmjcif; jzpfygonf?
awmfvSefa&;orm; wa,muf. b0vrf;a=umif;ay:okd@ u|efawmfa&muf&Sdvmjcif;wGif
u|eaf wmft h m; ±ku
d cf wfcahJ om tjcm;ta=umif;tcsuw f csuf tvsO;f oifI h ajymvkyd gao;onf? olw@dk
tdrfrS OuUXarmf. a&;om;csuf trsm;tjym;ukd u|efawmf iSm;,l zwf±_&ygonf? ‚txJwGif
armfpDwkef; =o0g' pmtkyfeDuav;vnf; yg&Sdygonf? vlawG ao=u&mrSm aojcif;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdw,f?
wcsKd@u jynfol@ tusKd;aqmif&if; ao=uw,f? wcsKd@u jynfoltusKd; qef@usif&if; ao=uw,f?
jynfoltusKd;twGuf ao&wm rGefjrwfwhaJ ojcif;yJ? xkdufawmif xufav;wJh aojcif;rsKd; jzpfw,f?
azmufjyefwhJ tvkyfvkyf&if; aowJholawGuawmh iSufarG;xufawmif ayghao;w,fæ [k qkdvkdaom
(twdtus ukd;um;csufr[kwfyg) =o0g'tay: u|efawmfwkd@&Jabmfrsm; tav;teuf awG;awm
205
pOf;pm;cJh=uygonf? (aumufEkwfcsuf =o0g'

pum;xuf usr;f &if;wckv;Hk ukd bufaygi;f pkH qufpyf
oabmaygufr_u ykdrkdrSefuefonf[k ,cktcsdef
vl@b0a&mufvm+yD;v#if wae@rmS
wGif em;vnfvmaomfvnf; aumufEkwfcsuf vlwk id ;f ao&onfcsnf;yif? ao&
pum;uvnf; ol@xda&mufr_ESifhol tusKd;ouf
a&mufEkdifonf[k ,kH=unfqJyg?) vl@b0a&muf
onf c sif ; twl w l u|ef a wmf w k d @
vm+yD;v#if wae@rSm vlwkdif; ao&onfcsnf;yif? ayghorG ;f aom aojcif;rsKd;jzifh rao
ao&onfcsi;f twlwl u|eaf wmfw@dk aygo h rG ;f aom
aojcif;rsKd;jzifh raocsifyg? t"dy`m,f&Sdaom
csifyg? t"dym` ,f&Sad om/ av;eufaom
av;eufaom aojcif;rsKd;jzifh aocsifygonf? aojcif;rsKd;jzifh aocsifygonf?
wkdif;jynftwGuf/ ukd,fhtrsKd;om;twGuf/ vl@
avmu}uD;twGuf t"dy`m,f&Sdaom/ tusKd;jyK
wk dif;jynftwGuf/ uk d,fhtrsKd;om;
aom vkyfief;rsm;vkyf&if; aocsifygonf? okd@qkd twG uf / vl @ avmu}uD ; twG uf
v#if u|efawmfwkd@EkdifiH/ u|efawmfwkd@ a&muf&Sd
aeaom acwftaetxm;t& av;eufaom
t"dy`m,f&Sdaom/ tusKd;jyKaom
aejcif;ESifh av;eufaomaojcif; jyKzkd@qkdonfrSm vkyif ef;rsm;vky&f if; aocsifygonf?
awmfveS af &;orm;tjzpf &yfwnfz@dk yif jzpfa=umif;
u|efawmfwkd@ awG@&Sdvm&ygonf? ,ae@tcsdef
txdvnf; wkdif;jynftwGuf jynfoltwGuf
wu,fwrf; tvkyftau|;jyKrnfqkdv#if awmf
vSefa&;vrf;onf tpGef@pm; tpGef@v$wf&qkH;ESifh
trGefjrwfqkH;aomvrf; jzpfaeqJ[k xifygonf?
rnfonfhvrf;a=umif;jzifh awmfvSefrvJ? ukd,fh
awmfvSefa&;&nfrSef;csuf a&mufa&;twGuf 'grS
r[kwf wkdif;jynfukd u,fwifa&;twGuf trSef
uefq;Hk vrf;[m bmvJ? u|eaf wmfw@dk rmS a&G;cs,f
ykdifcGifh &Sdygonf? vrf;wav#muf yef;awG a0ae
onf? wcsK@d u jzLjzL/ wcsK@d u 0g0g/ wcsK@d u jymjym/
u|efawmfuawmh ESif;qDeDukd a&G;cs,fchyJ gonf?
u|eaf wmfw@dk wawG olcspaf om ygwu D ydk J
cspcf =hJ u+y;D olav#mufcw hJ hJ awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;
twkdif; rqkwfrepf av#mufvSrf;aeqJukdawmh
ukdav;armif odroGm;yg? olodv#if a&muf&m
t&yfrS 0rf;om auseyfaevdrfhrnf xifygonf?
206
(5)
ukad v;armif.nDxrH S u|eaf wmf avhvmzwf±c_ &hJ onfrsm;wGif Ekid if aH &;pmtkyf pmwrf; rsm;om
ru ukdav;armif. EkdifiHa&; rSwfpkpmtkyfrsm;ESifh uAsmrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
rSwfrSwf&& tjzpfqkH;rSm tdef*,f. “'l;&if;okd@acsycsuf”tay: ukdav;armif. avhvma&;
rSwpf yk if jzpfygonf? olw@dk trd o f mG ;onft h cg 'l;&if;ok@d acsycsuf t*Fvyd bf mompmtkyt f m; a&S@rmS csI
yufvufuv k m;xkid af y:rS ukad v;armif pma&;aeonfudk u|eaf wmf jrifz;l cJyh gonf? aemiftcsed u f sawmh
ukdav;armif. vufa&;ESifh ol@avhvma&; rSwfpkpmtkyfukd u|efawmfzwf&ygonf? ol bmomjyef
xm;wmr[kwfyg? tdef*,f. oabmw&m;ukd tajccHvkduf/ ol@pOf;pm;okH;oyfcsufrsm;ukd rSwfpk
a&;vkdufESifh jyKpka&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vufa&; ao;ao;vSvSav;awGESifh? (ol@ vufa&;u
vnf; tawmfvSy xl;jcm;ojzifh u|efawmfhvufa&;ukd ol@vufa&;ESifhwlatmif usifhchyJ gao;onf?
teD;pyfqkH;vnf; wlygonf?)xkdtcsdeftcgu u|efawmfha&csdeft& ol@rSwfpkpmtkyfukd jynfhjynfhpkHpkH
em;rvnfcyhJ g? ok@d aomf Tusr;f ukd zwf±+_ yD; ol@tawG;tjrifEiS ahf ygi;f um ok;H oyfa&;om;jcif;jyKEkid af om
ol@avhvmtm;ukd u|eaf wmf tvGet f m;uscyhJ gonf? tcktcsed f jyefpOf;pm;rdawmh rmhupf 0f g'ukd onfo@dk
tywfwukwf}uKd;pm;r_rsKd;jzifh ol@,kH=unfcsufukd ykdrkdckdifrmatmif ol wnfaqmuf cJhwmyguvm;
[laomtcsufukd qkyfukdifrdygonf?
“wHwkdif;ausmuf±kd;/ r_efokd;okd;ESifh
aESmifpkd;csKyfavSmif/ tusOf;axmif?”
ol tusOf;uscHchJ&pOfu ol@axmifwGif; tawG@t}uKHESifh cHpm;csufrsm;ukd uAsmawG a&;zG@J chJ
ygonf? ol@uAsmwyk'f. tzGifhpma=umif;ukd txufygpmom;rsm;jzifh ola&;om;cJhonfukd u|efawmf
,cktcsed w f idk af tmif rSwrf ad eygao;onf? tusO;f axmifwiG ;f rS }uHcidk pf +GJ rJaom ol@,=Hk unfcsu/f &efo@l
tay: jywfom;aom pdwf"mwf/ axmifwGif;rSm olawG@vmcJh&aom b0wltusOf;om;rsm;xJrS
&ifeifph &m b0av;rsm;/ axmifwiG ;f a&muf wkid ;f &if;om;vli,fav;wOD;ESihf OD;av;t&G,w f a,muf.
b0ta=umif;/ axmifwiG ;f rSaeI ol@cspo f t
l ay: ol@cpH m;csurf sm; ponfjzifh ol uAsma&; zG@J cahJ =umif;
jyefvnf pOf;pm;rdygonf? ol &Srf;jynfokd@ acwWc% oGm;tvkyfvkyfpOfu }uKHawG@cJh&aom tjzpf
tysufukd rlwnfI wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,fwOD;ta=umif; ola&;zGJ@cJhaom uAsmwyk'fukdvnf;
u|efawmf tawmfav; cHpm;ESpfouf cJhzl;ygonf?
ol. rxkwfa0jzpfaom “aEGOD;acsmif;ESifh yef;avmif;avS” uAsmpmtkyfxJrSm uAsm
pmrlrsm; ol@vuf0,f usef&pfaeojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ zwfcJh&ygonf? &Srf;jynfe,frS jrpfzsm;cHum
aEGOD;ayguf pD;qif;vmaom prf;acsmif;uav;ESifh avmif;avSuav;rsm;vkd pD;arsmaeaom yef;awG
ta=umif; vSvyS y &uf,, S o f zD @JG aom ol@uAsm&Sn. f tESpo f m&rSm tzdEydS cf H vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH jynfowl @dk
.b0ESifh vlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolwkd@ vufwGJwkdufyGJ0ifa&;ukd wifpm;csufrsm;jzifh oG,f0kduf zGJ@EGJ@aom
uAsm[k u|efawmfcHpm;rdygonf? xkdr#ru rEWav;wuUokdvfu a&eDajrmif;ta=umif;ukdvnf; ol
vSvyS y zG@J qcdk yhJ gao;onf? olu a&eDajrmif;teD;u tdrjf zLawmf[k trnfay;xm;aom aq;jzLokwf
0g;uyfwJ tdrfcef;wcef;rSmaeum ausmif;om;wkdufyGJ/ jynfol@wkdufyGJrsm;twGuf EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;
207
vkyfaqmifcho J l r[kwfygvm;? “tnmajracwf uAsm”pmtkyfxJrSmvm; rodyg? jynfwGif;ppftwGif;

a=u;pm;ppfom;tjzpf ygoGm;ol om;jyeftvmukd rD;tdrfukdifpGJ+yD; apmifh}uKdaeaom rdciftkdwOD;
ta=umif; ol uAsmwyk'fa&;cJhygonf?
om;vmvrf;ukd
apmifhvifh}uKdqkd rdciftkdtm;
“rSeftdrfrD;om
+i‡drf;vkdufyg”
[k uAsmq&mu wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf? om;jzpfol a=u;pm;ppfom; jyefrvmEkdifawmh-[k qkdvkdjcif;
jzpfygonf? jynfwGif;ppfukd rkef;aomtrkef;/ rdciftkdukd u±k%moufr_/ azmufjyefaom ppfwyfrS
a=u;pm; ppfom;b0. tem*wfra&&mr_ ponfwkd@ukd cHpm;+yD; uAsmq&mu a&;zGJ@cJhjcif; jzpfonf?
xku d Asm aemufq;Hk pma=umif;av;tm; u|eaf wmfpvJG rf;+y;D qifyh mG ;cHpm;csurf sm;jzifh “om;vmr,fv
h rf;”
uAsm&Snfukd ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o yefqef;wGif u|efawmfa&;cJhygonf? xkduAsmukd Ekdif0if;aqGu
“rD;ZmrSeftdrf jr‡ifhxm;w,f”trnfjzifh toHv$ifhjyZmwftjzpf zefwD;um jynfol@toHrS toHv$ifh
cJhzl;avonf?
onfokd@ u|efawmfhtay: EkdifiHa&;=oZma&m/ uAsm=oZmyg v$rf;rkd;cJhaom ukdav;armiftm;
ausmif;ydwf&ufuav;rsm;rSmrS acwWawG@xd&aom u|efawmhftwGuf onfhaemufykdif;rSm xyfrHawG@
&Sd&ef tcGifhromawmha=umif; odvkduf&ygonf? ta=umif;rlum; rEWav;wuUokdvfwGif ausmif;jyef
wuf&if;rS EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;/ ajratmufv#Kd@0Sufvkyfief;rsm; qufvufvkyfukdif&if; 1966 ckESpfwGif
ukdav;armif aemufw}udrf tzrf;cHoGm;&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? &Jabmfzkd;oHacsmif;wkd@ESifh wokwf
wnf; tzrf;cHvkduf&um rEWav;axmif/ ppfaxmif ponfjzifh axmifawGajymif;&if; aemufqkH;
ukdukd;u|ef;okd@ a&mufoGm;onf[k =um;odvkduf&ygonf?
(6)
u|efawmf tvkyftukdif &&Sdonfhtcsdef a&mufonfhwkdifatmif ukdav;armifukd t+rJvkdvkd

owd&aerdygonf? owd& vGrf;qGwfp&m ta=umif;wckuvnf; &Sdaeygonf? u|efawmfwkd@+rKd@rS
um;pD;oGm;v#if em&D0ufausmaf usmf wem&Dc&D;uGma0;aom EGm;xk;d }uD;+rKd@ tpk;d &txufwef;ausmif;Y
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220
trSwf (20) azazmf0g&D/2009
EdkifiHwum jzef hcsda&;wm0efcHrsm; opP m awmf v S e f a &;pmaywk d u f r S

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MINATO KU (2) yef;ig;yGifh tvuFm (uAsmpmtkyf)
HAMAMATSU CHO 1-5-14 (3) ndKxuf (vrf;opfOD;) .
KOPO NAKANO DAI(2) “rcspfrESpfoufolwkd@. rD;awmif”
NO, 302 ;TOKYO JAPAN
Phone; 080-315-592-15
(4) 0if;wifhxGef;. “ 6 wkdufrSm
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soeapril93@gmail.com (5) armifpGrf;&nf.
4636; S.Lasayette, St; “bmvJ[Jh armifpGrf;&nf”
Fort Wayne; IN - 46806 (aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf)
U.S.A (6) armifpkd;csdef.
Phone; 260-745-7458
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(±kyfyHkv$maygif;csKyf)
Thitsar
Phone; 089-641-1187
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221

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